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WIRELESS

SENSORNETWORKS

NITESH AUL

(11081970)

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INTRODUCTION.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless

network consisting of spatially distributed

autonomous devices called Nodes to monitor physical

or environmental conditions.

WSNs are small , battery powered devices with On-

Chip processing, communication and sensing

capabilities.

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INTRODUCTION Conti..

The distributed measurement nodes communicate

wirelessly to a central gateway, which provides a

connection to the wired world where you can collect,

process, analyze, and present your measurement data.

To extend distance and reliability in a WSN, you can use

routers to gain an additional communication link between

end nodes and the gateway.

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SENSOR NODES.

A Sensor Node, also known as a 'mote, is a node

in a wireless sensor network that is capable of

performing some processing, gathering Sensory

information and communication with other

connected nodes in the network and also with the

base station.

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COMPONENTS OF SENSOR

NODES.Chip Set

Transceiver

Memory

Power source

One or more sensors.

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ROUTING.

Since it is a distributed network having

multiple nodes , there may be multiple paths

from the source to the destination. Routing

methods can be ..

- Fixed Routing Scheme.

- Adaptive Routing Scheme.

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ROUTING Conti..

FIXED Tech. Uses Routing Tables.

Same path is used every

time for same source and

destination.

Congestion is not

considered.

Collisions occur at times.

ADAPTIVE Tech. Congestion status of the

route is taken into

consideration.

Route can vary every time.

Collisions are rare.

No routing tables are used.

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TOPOLOGIES.There are mainly three types of topologies that are applied in the

establishment of a typical wireless network. These are

Static: It is the Traditional topology that uses the wires for as

the communication medium.

Mobile: It is that topology that uses the microwave for thesending and receipt of data i.e. communication.

Hybrid: In this topology, we find the combination of both thetopologies. The wireless systems operate on the outside worldand the internal communication takes place through the wires.

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Point To Point Technology.

This is one of the most reliable topology because there is only

one point of failure in this topology and that is the host itself.

This topology is simple enough and requires less expertise but

when it comes to operate multiple hosts the complexity

increases in geometric fashion.

In this topology, each sensor node needs a separate connection.

Due to the use of this, the cost increases and the management

become difficult.

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MULTI DROP. In this topology, the bus topology was

used as to reduce the number of wires . All

the sensors are connected to each other andthe central host.

Multidrug network, each sensor node puts its

information onto a common medium. The

single-wire connection represents a potential

single-point failure.

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Web Technology It is that topology in which all the hosts must be operating andconnected all the time. It is possible only when the vendors

agree on a common protocol so that all the hosts can

communicate with each other to server to their near system.

They automatically make a configuration for the reliable

service. These sensors are co-operating and form a temporary

configuration to replace the host and in the future.

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OPERATING SYSTEM.

TinyOS is the first operating system specifically designed for wireless

Sensor Networks. Tiny OSs component library includes network protocols,

distributed services sensor drivers, and data acquisition tools. The TinyOS

system and programs was written in special programming language calledNesC. NesC is the extension of the C-language.

Contiki , it is another open source Operating System designed specifically

for WSNs.It supports the multithreading on a perfect application basis.

Contiki kernel supports IP

communication in both IP

v4 and IP

v6. SOS embed operating system is another OS for WSNs. It supports loadable

modules.

LiteOS is another type of OS for WSNs developed in UNIX. It is possible

to operate one or more WSNs in UNIX.

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USER AUTHENTICATION.

UA is one of the most important.

Security services to protect WSN data Access

from unauthorized users. Providing suitable security.

UA should provide both Mutual

Authentication and session key

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SYNCHRONIZATION. Time Synchronization in wireless networks is extremely important for basic

communication, but it also provides the ability to detect movement,location, and proximity. The synchronization scheduler consists of fourparts: send time, access time, propagation time, and receive time.

The first is relative timing and is the simplest. It relies on the ordering ofmessages and events. The next method is relative timing in which thenetwork clocks are independent of each other and the nodes keep track ofdrift and offset. The last method is global synchronization where there is aconstant global timescale throughout the network. This is the most complexand the toughest to implement.

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ADVANTAGES. Limited Power . Ability to withstand harsh environmental

conditions.

Ability to cope with node failures. Mobility of nodes. Dynamic network topology. Communication failures. Heterogeneity of nodes. Low cost. Small size.

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DISADVANTAGES. Short communication distance.

It is quite easy for hackers to hack it, as wecant control propagation of waves.

Comparatively low speed of communication.

Gets distracted by various elements like Blue-

tooth.

Still Costly at large.

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APPLICATION

MILITARY APPLICATION

MEDICAL APPLICATION

HOME APPLICATION

ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION

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REFRENCES. www.google.co.in

www.ieee.org

www.techminds.com

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ANY QUERIES.

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