niso oct 16 virtual conference: revolution or evolution: the organizational impact of electronic...
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About the Webinar The impact of electronic content cannot be understated. Through constantly evolving technologies, electronic content has made its way into almost every facet of our lives. Platforms are evolving and improving at a breakneck pace, prices for devices are accessible in a way that they weren’t just a few years ago, the e-content is becoming richer and more interactive, and publishers are developing profitable business models to respond. Many higher education institutions find it an ongoing challenge to respond to the latest technology changes. Compounding this problem is the fact that electronic content has now become a priority and expectation for the academic and publishing community. NISO’s third virtual conference examines the issues and opportunities this rapid growth of electronic content has presented and challenged our community with, as well as thoughts on the future and how information organizations can successfully serve their patrons.TRANSCRIPT
NISO Virtual Conference: Revolution or Evolution:
The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
October 16, 2013
Speakers:
David W. Lewis, Todd Carpenter, Charles Watkinson, Carl Grant, Jill O’Neill,
Lee-Ann Coleman, Keith Webster
http://www.niso.org/news/events/2013/econtent
NISO Virtual Conference: Revolution or Evolution:
The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
Agenda
Introduction - Todd Carpenter, Executive Director, NISO
11:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Keynote: Envisioning a 21st century Information OrganizationDavid W. Lewis, Dean of the Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) University Library
12:00 p.m. – 12:45 p.m. Information Organization’s Most Valuable Resources: Engaging and Teaching the Necessary Skills for SuccessTodd Carpenter, Executive Director, NISO
12:45 p.m. – 1:30 p.m. Lunch break 1:30 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. Library/Press Collaborations: Serving A Spectrum of Scholarly Publishing NeedsCharles Watkinson, Director, Purdue University Press, Head of Scholarly Publishing Services, Purdue Libraries
2:00 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. The Impact of Cloud, Mobile, and Managing the Changing Platforms of Digital Collections Carl Grant, Associate Dean, Knowledge Services & Chief Technology Officer, University of Oklahoma Libraries
2:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Good Connections Are Always Worth Preserving: Publishing and Social TechnologiesJill O'Neill, Director of Planning & Communication, NFAIS
3:00 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. Break 3:15 – 3:45 p.m. Latest trends in Data Analysis for the Scholarly and Academic Publishing CommunityLee-Ann Coleman, PhD, Head of Science, Technology and Medicine, The British Library 3:45 p.m. – 4:30 p.m. Looking to the Future: What’s the Mindset for a Successful Information Organization?Keith Webster, Dean of the Libraries, Carnegie Mellon
4:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Conference RoundtablePresenters return for a Q&A discussion lead by Todd Carpenter, Executive Director, NISO
Revolution for Sure
David W. Lewis
NISO Virtual Conference: Revolution or Evolution: The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
October 16, 2013
© 2013 David W. Lewis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
“That is what real revolutions are like. The old stuff gets broken faster than the new stuff is put in its place.”
Clay Shirky, “Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable,” March 2009. Available at: http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/03/newspapers-and-thinking-the-unthinkable/
Resulted in:1. Scientific Journal2. Novels3. Use of alphabetical order as a means of
organizing knowledge4. Silent reading
Resulted in:5. Literacy became an amateur activity6. Institutions that had controlled of
information lost that control7. Renaissance, Reformation, 100 Years War,
etc.
Agenda
• Ronald Coase• Job to Be Done• Tyler Cowen and Freestyle Chess• Michael Buckland• Digital Documents• Open Access as a Disruptive Innovation• The Flip• Subsidy Perspective
Ronald Harry Coase
“The Nature of the Firm” Economica 4 (16): 386–405 1937
Question: If markets are efficient, why do we have firms?
Ronald Harry Coase
“The Nature of the Firm” Economica 4 (16): 386–405 1937
Question: If markets are efficient, why do we have firms?
Answer: Transaction Costs
Ronald Harry Coase
“The Nature of the Firm” Economica 4 (16): 386–405 1937
• Where the market has high transactions costs firms bring activities in house
• When transaction costs are low, the market works and in house activities are dropped
“The Nature of the Firm” and Libraries
• In the past the market could not answer questions
• Now the market can answer many kinds of questions easily
“The Nature of the Firm” and Libraries
• In the past the market could not manage collections
• Now access to many kinds of collections is easy
• What is hard now is curation and preservation of locally produced and special materials
“The Nature of the Firm” and Libraries
Critical Question:
What knowledge management problems do our institutions and communities have that the market can’t efficiently solve?
These are the problems we need to focus on
Clayton Christensen
“Job to Be Done”
Carmen Nobel, “Clay Christensen’s Milkshake Marketing,” Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School. February 14, 2011. Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6496.html Clayton M. Christensen, Scott Cook, and Taddy Hall, “What Customers Want from Your Products,” Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School, January 16, 2006. Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5170.html
• People have jobs they need to do in their lives
• They want to do these jobs in the fastest, easiest, and cheapest ways possible
• They hire products and services to do these jobs
Clayton Christensen
“Job to Be Done”
Carmen Nobel, “Clay Christensen’s Milkshake Marketing,” Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School. February 14, 2011. Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6496.html Clayton M. Christensen, Scott Cook, and Taddy Hall, “What Customers Want from Your Products,” Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School, January 16, 2006. Available at: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5170.html
• What jobs are scholars and students hiring the library to do?
• How do we provide products that do these jobs quickly, cheaply, and easily?
"People don't want to buy a quarter-inch drill. They want a quarter-inch hole!” — Theodore Levitt
People don’t want a library. People want information and answers.
“We're close to the point where the available knowledge at the hands of the individual, for questions that can be posed clearly and articulately, is not so far from the knowledge of the entire world...”
Tyler Cowen,Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
“Whether it is through Siri, Google, or Wikipedia, there is now almost always a way to ask and—more importantly—a way to receive the answer in relatively digestible form.”
Tyler Cowen,Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
• Freestyle chess• Professionals will be teamed with intelligent
machines• The combination of person and machine can be
much better than either alone, though the machine alone will be often superior to the person alone
Tyler Cowen,Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
• As a professional you need to add value above what the intelligent machine can do alone
• This is a different skill set than simply doing the task yourself
Tyler Cowen,Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation(New York: Dutton, 2013), page 7.
“Moore’s Law,” Wikipedia. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_law
• Watson’s hardware cost $3,000,000 in 2011• By 2020 the same hardware can be expected
to cost less than $50,000• By 2030 it should cost less than $750
“The central purpose of libraries is to provide a service: access to information.”
Usually by providing access to documents
Michael Buckland,Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto (Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
HTML version of the text is available at: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Literature/Library/Redesigning/html.html
1. Paper Library — both bibliographic tools and document are paper
2. Automated Library — tools electronic and documents paper
3. Electronic Library — tools and documents electronic
Michael Buckland,Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto (Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
• Library collections serve two purposes1. Dispensing role2. Preservation role
• In the paper world the dispensing role is where the most money is spent
Michael Buckland,Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto (Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
• When documents are paper, people and documents need to be brought together
• Best way to do this is local collections
• Libraries bring documents from the world to their local communities
Michael Buckland,Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto (Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
• When documents are electronic, people can get them at a distance and instantaneously
• Bibliographic tools and documents move to world/web scale
• The dispensing role becomes cheaper• The preservation role becomes more important
Michael Buckland,Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto (Chicago: American Library Association, 1992).
Melvil Dewey
Our practices and values come from the Paper Library
Paper Digital
• Localized• One use at a time• Not easily copied• Inflexible, not easily
modified or annotated
• Storage bulky and expensive
• Universal• Many users at a time• Easily copied• Flexible, easily
modified and annotated
• Storage does not require much space and is cheap
Paper Digital
• Publishers needed• Long lasting medium• Preservation
strategies understood• Emotional
attachment to books as objects
• Anyone can Publish
• Vulnerable• Long-term
preservation uncertain
• Print books delivered nearly as quickly as digital files
• Digital readers nearly as good as print books
Content Supply Chain is All Digital
Content Supply Chain is All Digital
• You can purchase/access content only when it is actually needed
• Inventories of content are no longer required• Inventories become expensive overhead
Opportunity Costs of Print Collections
$5.00 to $13.10
$28.77
$50.98 to $68.43
Life cycle cost based on 3% discount rate. From Paul N. Courant and Matthew “Buzzy” Nielsen, “On the Cost of Keeping a Book,” in The Idea of Order: Transforming Research Collections for 21st Century Scholarship, CLIR, June 2010, available at: http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub147abst.html
$141.89
Content Supply Chain is All Digital
• Because marginal cost of distributing content is zero, new business models are possible
• Open Access is the most important so far
Open Access
• Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.
• OA removes price barriers (subscriptions, licensing fees, pay-per-view fees) and permission barriers (most copyright and licensing restrictions).
Peter Suber, Open access overview, at: http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm
Open Access
Open Access is:
1. A movement — response to excessive price increases by commercial journal publishers
2. A new business model for scholarly communication — costs covered upfront and the content is then given away
Disruptive InnovationClayton Christensen
Clayton M. Christensen, SC10 Keynote with Clayton Christensen, December 4, 2010, video running time: 1:00:28, available at: http://insidehpc.com/2010/12/04/video-sc10-keynote-with-clayton-christensen Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Prescription: A Disruptive Solution to the Healthcare Crisis, May 13, 2008, video, running time: 1:27:38, available at: http://video.mit.edu/watch/the-innovators-prescription-a-disruptive-solution-to-the-healthcare-crisis-9380/ Maxwell Wessel and Clayton M. Christensen, “Surviving Disruption,” Harvard Business Review 90(12):56-64 December 2012.
Clayton M. Christensen, Michael B. Horn, Louis Soares, and Louis Caldera, Disrupting College: How Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Affordability to Postsecondary Education, February 8, 2011, Available at: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2011/02/08/9034/disrupting-college/
Disruptive Innovation
• Needs– New Technology (simplified solution)– New Business Model – New Value Chain
• Starts as being not good enough and gets better fast and comes to dominate the market
• How products become cheaper, faster, and easier
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Pace of Substitution of Direct Gold OA for Subscrip-tion Journals
Laakso, et. al. Estimates S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2000-2009
S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2005-2009
David W. Lewis, “The Inevitability of Open Access,” College & Research Libraries September 2012. Available at: http://crl.acrl.org/content/73/5/493.full.pdf+html
David W. Lewis, “The Inevitability of Open Access,” College & Research Libraries September 2012. Available at: http://crl.acrl.org/content/73/5/493.full.pdf+html
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Pace of Substitution of Direct Gold OA for Subscription Journals (log scale)
Laakso, et. al. Estimates S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2000-2009
S-curve Extrapolation Based on 2005-2009
David W. Lewis, “The Inevitability of Open Access: Update One.” Available at: https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/3471
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Pace of Substitution of Direct Gold OA for Subscrip-tion Journals Based on Additional 2011 European
Commission Data
Laakso, et. al. Estimate with EC Data Extrapolation Based on 2000-2009
Extrapolation Based on 2005-2009 Extrapolation Based on 2000-2011
Extrapolation Based on 2005-2011
Old Model
Old Model“Good Old
Days”
Old Model“Bad Old
Days”
Open AccessFuture
Open AccessFuture
The Flip
• In a paper world libraries brought documents from the world to the local community or institution
• In the digital world libraries collect and curate “documents” created by or of importance to the local institution or community for the world
The Subsidy Perspective
• If information is not cheap and easy, people will not use it to the extent that will maximize societal benefit
• Information needs to be subsidized
• Libraries have been one important means of providing this subsidy
See: David W. Lewis "What If Libraries Are Artifact Bound Institutions?" Information Technology and Libraries 17(4):191-197 December 1998. Available at: https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/434.
The Subsidy Perspective
• What matters is that information is cheap and easy
• Preserving the subsidy matters
• Preserving the institutions that once provided the subsidy is not what is important
The Subsidy Perspective
• What matters is getting the most scholarship to the most people
“That is what real revolutions are like. The old stuff gets broken faster than the new stuff is put in its place.”
Clay Shirky, “Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable,” March 2009. Available at: http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/03/newspapers-and-thinking-the-unthinkable/
Questions/Comments
© 2013 David W. Lewis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
LIBRARY/PRESS COLLABORATIONSSERVING A SPECTRUM OF NEEDS
NISO Virtual Conference: Revolution or EvolutionThe Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
October 16, 2013
Charles WatkinsonDirector, Purdue University PressHead of Scholarly Publishing Services, Purdue Libraries
MISSION-DRIVEN PUBLISHINGEACH “FIELD” HAS ITS OWN PLAYERS, BUSINESS MODELS, VALUES, MEETINGS, etc.
University Presses
Society Publishers
Library Publishers
“Publishing is a complex and highly differentiated world but it is not without order. It is structured by the existence of a plurality of fields which have their own distinctive properties and by the existence of networks and organizations of various kinds which operate in one or more of these fields.” John B. Thompson, Books in the Digital Age (Polity, 2005), p. 38
OUR POSITIONINGTHE AIM IS TO OFFER PUBLISHING SERVICES ACROSS A SPECTRUM OF NEEDS and to CREATE A SYNERGY BENEFICIAL FOR THE UNIVERSITY
University Presses
Library Publishers
Purdue University Press & Scholarly Publishing Services
MEETING A SPECTRUM OF NEEDS
59
BOOKSE-BOOKSAPPSJOURNALS
TECHNICAL REPORTS
CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS
PRE- and POST-PRINTCOLLECTIONS
PURDUE UNIVERSITY PRESS
SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING SERVICES
- Purdue UP: branded; peer-reviewed; books and journals aligned with Purdue mission; discipline-focused- Scholarly Publishing Services: “white label”; less formal; e.g., tech reports, conferences; institution-focused
TWO IMPRINTS, ONE STAFF, SHARED INFRASTRUCTURE
PURDUE UNIVERSITY PRESSPEER-REVIEWED BOOKS AND JOURNALS
SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING SERVICESOA JOURNALS, TECH REPORTS, OPEN TEXTS, CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS, POSTPRINTS, etc.
www.lib.purdue.edu/publishing
“The publishing division of Purdue Libraries enhances the impact of Purdue scholarship by developing information products aligned with the University’s strengths.”
BEHIND THE SCENESPHYSICAL COLLOCATIONADMIN INTEGRATIONSHARED MISSION
PHYSICAL COLLOCATION
Center of power
Now – 2013 (above)
Then – 2009 (below)
ADMINISTRATIVE INTEGRATIONDean of Libraries
(James L. Mullins)
Director of PUP & Head of SPS
(Charles Watkinson)
Managing Editor(Katherine Purple)
Production Editor (w/JTRP) 0.5 FTE(Kelley Kimm)
Editorial Assistant (JTRP)
Alexandra Hoff
Production Editor (w/Shofar) 0.5 FTE(Dianna Gilroy)
Sales & Marketing Manager(Bryan Shaffer)
Communications Assistant
(Heidi Branham)
Repository Specialist (Purdue e-Pubs)
(Dave Scherer)
Repository Assistant(Eric Thompson)
Repository Assistant(Lauren Weldy)
Repository Specialist (HABRI .75 / Purdue e-Pubs .25)
(Marcy Wilhem-South)
Communications Assistant
(Megan Kendall)
Admin Assistant(Becki Corbin)
JPUR Coordinator (UG)
(Brooke Haltema)
Editorial Assistant (Jennifer Lynch)
AD for Academic AffairsAD for Technology and AssessmentAD for Planning and AdministrationAD for Research
Director of Financial AffairsDirector of University Copyright OfficeDirector of AdvancementDirector of Strategic Communication
University ArchivistBooker Chair in Information Literacy
Planning and Operations CouncilDean’s Council
Information Resources CouncilDigital Scholarship Council
SHARED MISSIONUNIT PLANS LINK TO JOINT STRATEGIC PLAN
TOGETHER WE BETTER . . .SERVE CAMPUS NEEDSSUPPORT DISCIPLINESSOLVE ISSUES IN SYSTEM
SERVE CAMPUS NEEDSHOW CAN WE ADVANCE INSTITUTIONAL PRIORITIES?
Library skills: instruction, assessment, institutional outreach.
Publisher skills: content selection, project management, editing, design.
85 article proposals lead to 11 articles, 35 “snapshots”
High impact learning practices; student retention
Student authors, editors, designers. Faculty reviewers and advisory board
Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Researchwww.jpur.org
SUPPORT DISCIPLINES
Library skills: bibliographical research, taxonomy, metadata, licensing, preservation.
Publisher skills: financial management, acquisition of original content, marketing.
17,500 bibliographic entries(600 full text Open Access)20 discussion groupsEvents and jobs boardsBlogs, wikis, workspacesca. 7,000 visitors per month
Interdisciplinary field, many outside academy, gap between (often NIH-funded) research and on-the-ground practice
HOW CAN WE BETTER SERVE DISCIPLINARY COMMUNITIES?
HABRI Central – Resources for the Study of the Human-Animal Bond, www.habricentral.org
SOLVE ISSUES IN THE SYSTEM
HIDDEN PRINT AND UNSTABLE ONLINE becomes DISCOVERABLE IN PRINT AND ONLINE
HOW CAN WE ADDRESS LARGER SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES?
Joint Transportation Research Programdocs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp
Library skills: digitization, metadata, online hosting, linked data, preservation.
Publisher skills: management of peer-review, production process redesign, project management, identifiers
Gray Literature
FUTURE PROSPECTS
PLANS FOR THE FUTURE• Expansion of campus publishing services with more
systematic cost-recovery. Conferences offer a special opportunity.
• More support for new models of publication, e.g., better capacity to handle multimedia and links with data.
• Move up the value chain from technology and science areas where we have established relationships through our informal publishing activities. E.g., books in civil engineering.
• Promote larger scale opportunities for library/press collaboration.
WHAT HAPPENS IF WE SCALE THIS UP?
» Ca. 130 organizations.
» Focus on formal, peer-reviewed publications.
» Sales income is primary source of funding.
» Ca. 110 organizations.
» Focus on informal, lightly-reviewed publications.
» Institutional subsidy is primary source of funding.
• Unique positioning on campuses, close to the authors and users of information.• Shared belief in the importance of maximizing access to scholarly information.• Both oriented toward construction of “unique collections” and “distinctive lists.”• Track record of collaboration across as well as within institutions.• Priorities not dictated by financially-motivated shareholders.
“OH, THE PLACES [WE] WILL GO!”
With apologies to Dr. Seuss
THANK YOUCharles [email protected] 494 8251
Organization Infrastructure: The Impact of Cloud, Mobile, and Managing the Changing Platforms of Digital Collections.
Topics we’ll cover• Introduction (2 minutes)
• Directions we’re headed (5 minutes)
• How do we do that? (5 minutes)
• Concerns (5 minutes)
• Wrap-Up (2.5 minutes)
• Q & A (10 minutes)
Total (30 minutes)
“One of the biggest flaws in the common conception of the future is that the future is something that happens to us, not something we create.”
MICHAEL ANISSIMOV
Directions we’re headed
“The MISSION of LIBRARIANS is to IMPROVE SOCIETY through FACILITATING
KNOWLEDGE creation in their COMMUNITIES”
R. David Lankes
PC Magazine, January 1, 2013
“Gartner’s Top 10 Tech-Trends for 2013”
1. Mobile Device Battles. 2. Mobile Applications and HTML5. 3. Personal Cloud. 4. Enterprise App Stores. 5. Internet of Things. 6. Hybrid IT and Cloud Computing. 7. Strategic Big Data.8. Actionable Analytics. 9. In Memory Computing.
10. Integrated Ecosystems.
Cloud Computing
Source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/10/124#
“A week’s worth of the New York Times contains more information than the average seventeenth-century citizen encountered in a lifetime.”… “In the year 2013, the human race is generating five exabytes of information every 10 minutes.”
“Ipv6 has enough room for 340 trillion, trillion, trillion unique addresses, roughly 50,000 trillion, trillion addresses per person.”
Source: http://hothardware.com/News/Intel-Announces-New-Z670-For-Tablets/
Growth in Tablet PC’s
Source: http://www.digitalbuzzblog.com/2011-mobile-statistics-stats-facts-marketing-infographic/
Source: http://www.digitalbuzzblog.com/2011-mobile-statistics-stats-facts-marketing-infographic/
“Many young people will never own a traditional PC, the phone/tablet is all
they’ll need and ever use.” John Bloom, Author of Content Nation
Image Source: www.apple.com
“With over five billion individuals currently armed with mobile phones, we’re talking about unprecedented levels of access and insight in the psyches of over two-thirds of the wrold’s population. …. By 2020, nearly 3 billion more people will be added to the Internet’s community.”
Page 148-149
Other considerations: Learning styles
Support diverse learning styles "on average studies have shown roughly 29% have a visual preference, 34% auditory and 37% tactile”
SMITH (IN TRUNER,T & FROST, T. 2005, 146)
IDC predicts that in the near future, nearly 70% of the digital universe will
be created by individuals
Source: http://cdn.reelstatic.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/4-chart-video-growth-600x362.gif
http://www.emc.com/collateral/about/news/idc-emc-digital-universe-2011-infographic.pdf
BrightPlanet has estimated the size of the Dark Web to be 500 times the size of the
Surface web, which would make it approximately 550 billion web pages
Creative Commons:
“Very few of today’s students press beyond the first level of the Web which contains only 7% of the data appropriate for academic work… the deeper Web contains information that is 1-2K times better in quality than the surface Web.”
Creating the Academic Commons Loc 340.
“A library in New York or in Kansas is no long the library for patrons in those geographic areas, but to all of those potential patrons residing anywhere on the planet.”Creating the Academic Commons. Loc 234
As librarians, we have to get ready to massively SCALE
everything we do.
How do we do that?
It won’t be with the systems of
yesterday.
“We are interpreting a global world with a system built for local landscapes.”
“Today’s average low-end computer calculates at roughly 10 to the 11th, or a hundred billion calculations per second…. The average $1,000 laptop should be computing at the rate of the human brain in fewer than fifteen years. Fast-forward another twenty-three years and that same machine will be computing at a rate equivalent to all the brains of the entire human race.”
“Twenty years ago, most well-off US citizens owned a camera, alarm-clock, encyclopedias, a world atlas.. And a bunch of other assets that easily add up to more than $10,000. All of which comes standard on today’s smart phone, or are available for purchase at the app store for less than a cup of coffee.”
Page 239
Cloud Computing
Analytics
Knowledge MapSource:
“Clickstream Data Yields High-Resolution Maps
of Science”
Bollen J, Van de Sompel H, Hagberg A, Bettencourt L, et al. (2009) Clickstream Data Yields High-Resolution Maps of Science. PLoS ONE 4(3): e4803. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004803 http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004803
Libraries will go from being reactive and generic service organizations to proactive and highly personalized service organizations.
Concerns
“A cloud may seem to be beyond the purview, both in staff training and technical expertise – of the average library. It must not be so, however, if libraries are to remain leaders in their own field of expertise and in academic research.”
Creating the Academic Commons Loc 1908
Librarians and Access (Specifically Discovery)
For our services to have value they must offer differentiation.
Collaboration
Requires planning for:
• Highly scalable data storage
• Jim Neal (Columbia) points out that networking capacity must be built out to support:
• Connectivity
• Reliability
• Capacity
• Performance
• Security
Research data & BIG data
As Neal also points out, these will be:• Accessed well beyond institution that created it
• Extracted
• Reused by other applications
• Collaborated around and upon
• Used to drive visualizations/simulations/gaming
• Used in conjunction with analytics to drive decision making
Research data & BIG data
Issues include:
• Usage rights
• Intellectual property
• Copyright
• Ownership
• Licensed vs. open
• Rights management
• Preservation
Research data & BIG data
• Licenses / Limitations• Pricing• First-sale-doctrine• Who “owns” the data?• What if library data is “enhanced”? Who owns
it then?• Rules governing API’s and their usage?• Extracting library owned data.• Privacy • Preservation
e-data in the Cloud
When is the next
“Carrington Event”?
The last one was in 1859
Or, hurricane(s)?
Wrap-Up
Topics we covered
• Directions we’re headed
• How do we do that?
• Concerns
“Larry Page of Google asks:
Are you working on something that can change the world? Yes or no? The answer for 99.99999% of people is “no”. I think we need to be training people on how to change the world.”
Q & A
Carl Grant Associate Dean for Knowledge Services
Chief Technology Officer M: +1-540-449-2418E: [email protected]
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/carl_grant Personal Blog: http://thoughts.care-affiliates.com
Good Connections Are
Always Worth Preserving
The Publishing Community’s Use of Social Media
Jill O’NeillNISO Webinar, October 16, 2013
On Twitter: jillmwo
First, Some Numbers
“You Want to Tell Me and I’ve no Objection to Hearing it”
Some Statistics (Global Web Index, Second Quarter 2013)• Facebook:
• 1.1 billion monthly active users• 751 million mobile users every month• 189 million mobile only every month
• YouTube• 1 billion unique monthly visitors
• Google+• 359 million monthly active users
• Twitter • 288 million monthly active users
• Pinterest• 10 million monthly active users but fastest growing service
Coming Up Fast
• Launched in 2010, Acquired by Facebook 2012
• 150 million monthly active users
• Still photos as well as video
• Tumblr
• Launched 2007, Acquired by Yahoo 2013
• ~30-50 million monthly active users with average length of visit being 14 minutes.
• Text, quotes, video, audio, photos, etc.
Why Are Businesses Interested?
• Increased awareness of our organization, products or services among target customers
• (Effective users of social media listed this as key benefit (61%))
• More favorable perception of our organization, products or services
• (Effective users of social media listed this as key benefit (31%))
• Increase in new business• (Effective users of social media listed this as key benefit (22%))
The New Conversation: Taking Social Media from Talk to Action Harvard Business Review Analytic Services, 2011
Mining The Data (NLM)By examining relevant tweets and other comments, NLM will gain insights to extent of use, context for which information was sought, and effects of various health-related announcements and events on usage patterns including:
• Relative frequency with which various NLM resources are mentioned
• Comparison of NLM mentions with mentions of "competitors“
• Identification of urgent information requests for which NLM could "push" vetted information free of advertising or commercial interest
• Effects of topical health issues such as "mad cow" or West Nile Virus or disasters etc. on use of NLM resources
• Effect of changing NLM's interface design and textual/graphic style on usage by consumers
• Effectiveness of NLM use of social media to distribute health information
• Comparable analyses of other NIH, DHHS and private sector health information sources
• Demographic characteristics of those whose messages are being examined to the extent permitted by privacy regulations.
• Ascertaining public interest in using social media for health-related purpose
• Value of tweets and other messages as teaching tools and change-agents for health-relevant behavior
https://www.fbo.gov/index?id=c3e93d0a23196ef473370c9208f4fb19
Volume of Activity on Social Media by Content Providers
Commerical STM Provider
Commercial STM Provider (Two Divisions)
Content Aggregator
Government Agency
Twitter Accounts
117 68 13 14
Facebook Pages
38 49 9 6
LinkedIn Groups
23 10 1 corporate page; 1 group
YouTube Channels
5 2 1 1
Google+ Accounts
5 20 2 2
Blogs 14 2
Social Media: Different Uses,
Different Audiences,
Different Formats
“Such a Transformation”
Presence (Blogging)
Combining Social Feeds (Blog, Oxford University Press)
Content for an Elite Brought Into The Mainstream
Presence (Online Networks)
Google Plus Social Network (Elsevier)
Facebook Page (Temple University Press)
Facebook for Single Title Promotion(Yale University Press)
Pinterest (Yale University Press)
Twitter (University of Minnesota Press)
Twitter (Yale University Press)
Twitter (The Lancet)
Twitter (EBSCO)
YouTube (ProQuest)
YouTube Isn’t Just About Training
Tumblr – Brevity and Mobility!
Good Connections: Adapting and
Unfolding
“You Were Our Audience and Our Prompter”
Flipboard – Mobile First
Flipboard – Tablet Display
Academia.edu (Scholarly Social Network)
Jellybooks.com (Small Independent Presses)
Rifflebooks.com (Trade-oriented)
Job Qualifications for Social Media Coordinator (2013)• Strong writing, communication, and organizational skills• Some experience in editing and copyediting• Knowledge of major and emerging social media platforms, digital
trends, and best practices• Strong proficiency in Wordpress, Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Google
Plus, Pinterest, and working knowledge in other areas of social media• Proficiency in Microsoft Office including Word, Excel, Powerpoint, and Outlook
• Basic understanding of HTML • Preferable but not required: Basic understanding of CSS and other web languages
• Preferable but not required: Experience with video and audio production including filming, iMovie, and Final Cut
Audience and Prompter
A National Library: Playing a role in data
Lee-Ann Coleman PhD
Head of Science, Technology & Medicine
@ScienceBL
www.bl.uk 163
Custodians of old books
www.bl.uk 164
National library of the UK
Here for everyone who wants to do research
Archiving since 1662
Provide access to 45k eJournals & newspapers, eBooks, datasets &
800 bibliographic databases
2M sound recordings, 4M maps, 5M reports, theses, conference papers, the world’s largest patents collection (c.50M) & 8M stamps
Legal deposit incl. non-print publications (from April 2013)
Print occupies > 600km shelving
300TB of data in the Digital Library
And we are embracing digital
www.bl.uk 165
Science team
Catering for contemporary science
Developing services Engaging and inspiring
Collaborations & PartnershipsResearch
Managing collectionsDelivering new content
www.bl.uk 166
Information lifecycle
www.bl.uk 167
The value of research data
• Data are a vital part of the scientific record
• But what is/should be/will be the role of libraries in this changing landscape?
• Data as a format is very different from traditional library content, so are libraries equipped with the knowledge, technology and capacity to deal with it?
• How should libraries prepare for this?
We examined the landscape of data and assessed the services that the British Library might offer
www.bl.uk 168
Testing dataset discovery
A service involving a ‘new’ material type raised questions about:
• Users• Selection• Metadata• Operational sustainability
Preliminary work:• Studies conducted on our behalf• Literature review of user behaviour• Internal scoping to define suitable
processes and systems
Lead to a pilot service, using existing systems
SD
AS
M A
rchi
ves.
Pub
lic D
omai
n V
ia F
lickr
www.bl.uk 169
Selection criteria
These considered:
Scope: Subject Value to research
Access: Restrictions Stability Copyright
Quality: Creators Publishers
www.bl.uk 170
Datasets discovery in Explore the British Library
170
>500 research datasetsEnvironmental ScienceTropical & Rare Diseases
www.bl.uk 171
Sub-d
iscipline
Publisher / cre
ator
Access restrictions
Usage restrictions
Meth
odology
File forma
ts / m
edia
Tools / fun
ctions
Geographic coverage
Temp
oral coverage
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Metadata for SEARCH
Results
• Usage statistics suggest the service was used to find research data
Octob
er '10
Novemb
er
Decem
ber
January '11
FebruaryMa
rch
April '11 Ma
yJun
e
July '11
August
Septemb
er
Octob
er '11
Novemb
er
Decem
ber
January '12
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
% conversion from dataset view to click through
• A wide variety of approaches were used to search
www.bl.uk 172
The benefits of citing data
• Checking facts
• Obtaining easier access to data
• Enabling re-use of data
• Providing acknowledgement to a wider group – the data centre, curators etc.
• Supporting openness and transparency
Reich NG, Perl TM, Cummings DAT, Lessler J (2011) Visualizing Clinical Evidence: Citation Networks for the Incubation Periods of Respiratory Viral Infections. PLoS ONE 6(4): e19496. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019496
www.bl.uk 173
Why finding and citing data is not easy
• No widely used method to identify datasets
• No widely used method to cite datasets
• No effective way to link between articles and datasets
• How can we solve these challenges?
www.bl.uk 174
The Digital Object Identifier is a persistent identifier that directs users to an online object, even if it changes location.
Why DOIs?
• Most widely used identifier for research articles
• Researchers and publishers already know how to use them
• Puts datasets on the same playing field as articles
• The DOI system offers an easy way to connect the article with the underlying data
Why DOIs?
www.bl.uk 175
DataCite
• Established in 2009 as a not-for-profit organisation
• A member of the International DOI Foundation
• A Registration Agency for DOI names
• 18 full members from Europe, North America, Asia and Australia (2m DOIs)
• Members work with data centres in their own countries
• Provide a shared infrastructure for minting DOIs
www.bl.uk 176
British Library's role in DataCite
International DOI Foundation
DataCite
MemberInstitution
Data CentreData CentreData Client
Member
• The British Library is one of 18 international members of DataCite
• We are an allocating agent
• We provide the DataCite infrastructure, enabling UK Data Centres to ‘mint’ DOIs for data
• While the aim is to support researchers, we do not work with individuals - they must deposit to a data centre/institution
www.bl.uk 178
Examples of UK data centres with DOIs
DOI:10.5285/1a91c7d1-ec44-4858-9af2-98d80f169bbd
www.bl.uk 179
Thank you!
• bl.uk/science
• bl.uk/datasets
• datacite.org
• E-mail: [email protected]
180
Looking to the future: what’s the mindset for a successful information organisation?
Keith WebsterDean of University Libraries16 October 2013
Our Professional Future
Access to information, ideas and works of imagination is an essential characteristic of thriving democracies, cultures and economies. This is increasingly so in the global information society. Information is a cultural, social and economic resource and a commodity of crucial importance in a huge range of diverse enterprises. Librarians and information scientists can be at the heart of this revolution, in demand for their creative, technical and managerial expertise.
Library Association/Institute of Information Scientists, 1999
Overview of remarks
As a profession we add valueNot everyone recognises that!There are tremendous opportunities to
deploy our skillsThere isn’t much money to pay for
more of usWe need to rethink our business
operations to free up our people
How do we add value?
British Library adds £419m of value to the economy each year
http://www.bl.uk/aboutus/stratpolprog/increasingvalue/britishlibrary_economicevaluation.pdf
Australian research study
Contingent valuationRespondents were presented with
different hypothetical scenariosThey were asked about their
willingness to pay, and the amount they would expect to pay
Webster (2012) The evolving role of libraries in the scholarly ecosystem
Use of print resources
Frequently Sometimes Never
Journal articles 748 328 99
Books 557 565 53
Abstracts, indexes and bibliographies 342 458 375
Standards and specifications 32 264 879
Conference proceedings 163 633 379
Technical papers 144 408 623
Patents 10 116 1,049
Government publications 148 554 473
CDs, DVDs, etc. 65 432 678
Other 27 51 206
Use of electronic resources
Frequently Sometimes Never
Journal articles 1,112 57 6Books 307 611 257Datasets 204 411 560Databases 624 371 180Standards and specifications 52 275 848Conference proceedings 250 667 258Technical papers 174 432 569Patents 27 167 981Government publications 195 565 415AV materials 73 415 687Other 18 23 213
Time devoted to using information resources
Personal expenditure on information resources
Nothing 15.4
$1-250 33.4
$251-500 23.9
$501-1000 16.3
$1001-1250 4.3
$1251-1500 1.7
Over $1500 5.1
How much does it all cost?Respondents asked to indicate annual spend
on collections - to nearest $1 million6 said $30 million + (3 reported $100m +)51 less than $1,000,000600 don’t knowUQ mean of $11.3 millionEquates to mean of $1,760 per capitaActual spend is $2,797 per capita (37.1%
under)
Value for money
Excellent Very good Good Fair Poor
Value for money relative to the level
of expenditure disclosed
182 118 53 16 10
Where else would you go for stuff?
Another university to which I am also affiliated 106Other universities to which I have no affiliation 173
National Library of Australia 113State libraries 149
Other public libraries 58Overseas universities 97
Learned Societies 36Specialist subject-focused research institutions 73
Institutional and open access repositories 160Purchase from publishers or document delivery
intermediaries 172
Obtain from colleagues/authors 183Other 23
Time mattersLess time than now – I could work more efficiently 1
None – it would make no difference to me 8
Up to 10 per cent more time 15
11-15 per cent more time 15
16-20 per cent more time 33
21-25 per cent more time 44
26-30 per cent more time 36
31-35 per cent more time 17
36-40 per cent more time 19
Over 40 per cent more time 191
Medium-long term effect on research
Volume of research outputs
Volume will increase 16
Volume will remain unchanged
37
Volume will decrease 326
Total responses: 379
Quality of research
Quality will increase 15
Quality will remain unchanged
62
Quality will decrease 302
Total responses: 379
Key impacts of free access to information on research
Access to information is indispensible for research (91% strongly agree)Maintain comprehensive overview of developments in field (77%)Eliminate unproductive time (74%)Avoiding duplication of research done elsewhere (50%)
Funding scenarios
Current spent on information resources across the three sites is $2,496 per capita
Respondents were asked to recommend a budget for the purchase of single-user access to the resources they need - average $3,511 per capita
Respondents were also asked to estimate the costs if they had to be self-sufficient (purchases, travel to libraries etc) - average $5,894 per capita
Summary findingThe final scenario would result in total costs to the institution of $81.4m compared to actual spend of $34.5m - a financial return of 136 percent
Making a difference
Adverse event avoided Percent
Hospital admission 11.5
Hospital acquired infection 8.2
Surgery 21.2
Additional tests/procedures 49.0
Additional out-patient visits 26.4
Marshall (1994) The impact of information services on decision making
Making a difference
Adverse event avoided Percent
Hospital admission 11.5
Hospital acquired infection 8.2
Surgery 21.2
Additional tests/procedures 49.0
Additional out-patient visits 26.4
Patient mortality 19.2
Marshall (1994) The impact of information services on decision making
What is happening in the world is bypassing university libraries
Peter Murray-Rust The scientist’s view
JISC Libraries of the future debate, April 2009
“…contact with librarians and information professionals is rare”
“…researchers are generally confident in their [self-taught] abilities.., librarians see them as..relatively unsophisticated”
“…librarians see it as a problem that they are not reaching all researchers with formal training, whereas most researchers don’t think they need it”
“The bad news is that I’m not sure they understand what goes on in the library other than taking out books.”
Benton Foundation, 1996
“User perceptions negatively affect the ability of librarians to meet information needs simply because a profession cannot serve those who do not understand its purpose and expertise.”
Durrance, 1988
•Within five years, graduate students and faculty will fill all their information needs online, never coming into the library
•Libraries will open up their space to other areas of the university, and develop designer spaces for students
•All library collections and services will be delivered from the cloud, and 90% of information needs will be met by non-Library providers
http://taigaforumprovocativestatements.blogspot.com/
The transformed library of the future will be at the core of teaching, learning and scholarship
• partnering with academic departments to create learning activities and environments
• helping to build an infrastructure for learning
• creating an intellectual commons for the community
Guskin (2004) Project on the Future of Higher Education
205
Demands for our core skillsData servicesDigital researchOpen scholarshipEvidence-based medicineKnowledge-based professions
Collection-centric - 1st generation
Client-focused - 2nd generation
Experience-centered - 3rd generation
Connected Learning Experiences - 4th generation
Current priorities in academic libraries1. Continue and complete migration
from print to electronic and realign service operations
2. Retire legacy collections3. Continue to repurpose library as
primary learning space4. Reposition library expertise and
resources to be more closely embedded in research and teaching enterprise outside library
5. Extend focus of collection development from external purchase to local curation
Lewis (2007); Webster (2010)
Barriers to implementation
Hybrid environmentFaculty (and librarian?)
resistanceCosts of space redevelopmentLibrary staff trainingFaculty receptionInstitutional acceptance of
repository services
• Local access costs low - saved time allowed for research productivity
• Library costs high - acquisitions, maintenance, curation, buildings
• Correspondence between library reputation and research quality
• Great libraries attracted great scholars
• Great scholars attracted great funding
In the print library
Research publication is essential to future research
Technology reduces costs of production and distribution
Demand from academy is for online content
Almost all new content born digital
Large swathe of scholarly print material now digitised
What might this mean?
Ongoing acquisitions will require increasingly less space
Substantial parts of existing collections can be relocated off-site and replaced with digital versions
As services like Google books mature this will accelerate (subject to statutory provisions)
This will provide new space opportunities for universities and their libraries
What’s involved in storing books?Open shelves in libraries
Accessible, but expensive centre of campus real estate
Highly compact off-site configurationsLow storage costs, better preservation
but high access costsVery different to electronic storage!
Courant and Nielsen (2009) On the Cost of Keeping a Book
Storage costs for pbooksEstimated over time to exceed purchase price on average by 50 percent (Lawrence et al, 2001)Grow over time as acquisitions continueRequire either more storage, more discards or more efficient storage
Open stack Warehouse10 year
open then WHS
20 year open then
WHS
141.89 28.77 50.98 66.43
Indicative costs
Compare with ebooksHathiTrust will archive and backup an ebook at $0.15-$0.40 per annum (using same discount rates as for print books that equates to $5-$13)
Use of print collections
Pittsburgh study1979
40% of collection never circulates
If a book isn’t borrowed during first 6 years, only 2% chance it will ever be used
Cornell study2010
55% of books purchased since 1990 never borrowed
65% of books purchased in 2001 hadn’t been borrowed
13%
Average circulation from open
shelf collections
1%
Average circulation from high density
collections
~0%Average
circulation from off-site
storage
Moving forwardRuthless move towards digital only - acquisitions policy, relocation to storage, collaborative retention, disposalLobbying publishers and aggregators for better ebook termsSecuring campus buy-in
Accelerate the reduction and removal of routine transactions
- Increase use of web-based activity- Increase use of self-service- Close labour-intensive low volume services
Prefer digital form at all timesPatron-driven acquisition as
supplementBetter discovery services - eg
Summon
Identify opportunities to leverage economies of scale
- Buy publishers’ bundles to reduce need for selection decisions
- Consolidate distributed collections, warehousing or disposing of obsolete material
- Consolidate and multi-purpose service points
Library redevelopmentLots of success storiesUnderstand need for different spaces on your campus - do good research
ActivitiesIntentions Achievements
What did you do in the Library?
Use a computerQuiet studyMeet friendsGroup workFind course materialsThinkCoffeeBorrow books
Library redevelopmentLots of success storiesUnderstand need for different spaces on your campus - do good researchShowcase good examples (e.g. Hunt Library, UQ)
The role of librarians
Current state
Many libraries retain large numbers of librarians to catalogue and count
Even more librarians wait at service desks ‘just in case’
Few librarians leave the library building
Future state
Librarians embedded in research and teaching activities
Librarians become campus specialists in areas such as e-science, academic technology and research evaluation
Librarians have meaningful impact
Current barriers
Many librarians lack skills and useful qualificationsMany librarians are resistant to changeAcademics do not believe librarians are useful or credible partners
W(h)ither the Library?
Local distributio
n1990s
Global digital2000s
Cloud-based models2010s
Convergent media services
NISO Virtual ConferenceRevolution or Evolution: The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content
NISO Virtual Conference • October 16, 2013
Questions?All questions will be posted with presenter answers on the NISO website following the webinar:
http://www.niso.org/news/events/2013/econtent
Thank you for joining us today. Please take a moment to fill out the brief online survey.
We look forward to hearing from you!
THANK YOU