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ã2017 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. NISAR: The NASA-ISRO SAR Mission Fire management Environmental protection policies and resources to manage public lands have remained relatively constant, yet high impact fires are becoming more common as urban sprawl into wildlands grows. In 1995 the cost to fight wildland fires was approximately 16% of the US Forest Service budget but by 2015 it had grown to 52% of the annual budget (USFS 2015). Fires are crucial to many ecosystems, yet often threaten developed urban areas, protected lands and regional air quality. Categorizing fire danger, detecting fires, identifying area burned and quantifying the severity of fires is critical for mitigating the impacts of fire. Modern Technology and Fire Fire management includes a combination of ground tactical strategies, inter-agency coordination, simulation modeling, pro- active fuels management, and post-fire remediation. These activities are informed by field observations and make use of satellite and airborne observations in the visible to thermal infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum such as MODIS and VIIRS, which provide a continuous record of global fire detections since 2002, or Landsat sensors that provide area burned and land cover and land use information. The use of remote sensing data in the fire management community is prolific, however optical imaging methods can be ineffective in cloudy areas and at high latitudes when daylight hours are short, e.g., Alaska. Radar imaging can help fill these information gaps. The NISAR L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar The NISAR mission will carry an advanced sensor, the L-SAR or L-band synthetic aperture radar, that will provide nearly global coverage of the Earth’s land surface at 15 m resolution every 12 days. The instrument is the first-ever spaceborne implementation of a new technology known as SweepSAR, which combines high spatial resolution with large imaging swath. The L-SAR instrument is built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which is NASA’s only Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC). JPL is no stranger to the danger of forest fire: The image to the left shows the JPL against the backdrop of the 2009 Station Fire, which burned 650 km 2 of land in southern California. The heroic efforts of firefighters spared the lab from damage. Smart Firefighting: Arming land managers with vital information Photos (clockwise): USFS/Mike McMillan, NASA/JPL-Caltech, USDA, Flickr: Lisa, CC BY-NC 2.0 S Photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech S

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Page 1: NISAR: The NASA-ISRO SAR Mission Smart Firefighting ...NISAR: The NASA-ISRO SAR Mission Land and fire managers are looking for as much information as possible to help manage fires

ã2017CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Governmentsponsorshipacknowledged.

NISAR:TheNASA-ISROSARMission

FiremanagementEnvironmental protection policies and resources tomanage public lands have remained relatively constant,yet high impact fires are becoming more common asurban sprawl into wildlands grows. In 1995 the cost to

fight wildland fires was approximately 16% of the USForestServicebudgetbutby2015ithadgrownto52%oftheannualbudget(USFS2015).

Firesarecrucialtomanyecosystems,yetoftenthreatendevelopedurbanareas,protectedlandsandregionalairquality.Categorizingfiredanger,detectingfires,identifyingareaburnedandquantifyingtheseverityoffiresiscriticalformitigatingtheimpactsoffire.

Modern Technology and Fire

Firemanagementincludesacombinationofgroundtacticalstrategies,inter-agencycoordination,simulationmodeling,pro-activefuelsmanagement,andpost-fireremediation.TheseactivitiesareinformedbyfieldobservationsandmakeuseofsatelliteandairborneobservationsinthevisibletothermalinfraredportionoftheelectromagneticspectrumsuchasMODISandVIIRS,whichprovideacontinuousrecordofglobalfiredetectionssince2002,orLandsatsensorsthatprovideareaburnedandlandcoverandlanduseinformation.Theuseofremotesensingdatainthefiremanagementcommunityisprolific,howeveropticalimagingmethodscanbeineffectiveincloudyareasandathighlatitudeswhendaylighthoursareshort,e.g.,Alaska.Radarimagingcanhelpfilltheseinformationgaps.

TheNISARL-bandSyntheticApertureRadarThe NISAR mission will carry an advanced sensor, the L-SAR or L-bandsynthetic aperture radar, that will provide nearly global coverage of theEarth’slandsurfaceat15mresolutionevery12days.Theinstrumentisthefirst-ever spaceborne implementation of a new technology known asSweepSAR,whichcombineshighspatialresolutionwithlargeimagingswath.TheL-SARinstrumentisbuiltattheJetPropulsionLaboratory(JPL),whichisNASA’sonlyFederallyFundedResearchandDevelopmentCenter(FFRDC).JPLisnostrangertothedangerofforestfire:TheimagetotheleftshowstheJPLagainstthebackdropofthe2009StationFire,whichburned650km2oflandinsouthernCalifornia.Theheroiceffortsoffirefighterssparedthelabfromdamage.

SmartFirefighting:Arminglandmanagerswithvitalinformation

Photos(clockwise):USFS/MikeMcMillan,NASA/JPL-Caltech,USDA,Flickr:Lisa,CCBY-NC2.0S

Photo:NASA/JPL-CaltechS

Page 2: NISAR: The NASA-ISRO SAR Mission Smart Firefighting ...NISAR: The NASA-ISRO SAR Mission Land and fire managers are looking for as much information as possible to help manage fires

ã2017CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Governmentsponsorshipacknowledged.

NISAR:TheNASA-ISROSARMission

Land and fire managers are looking for as muchinformationaspossibletohelpmanagefires.Becauseofthe dangerous nature of fires and their sometimes-remotelocations(yetregionalimpacts),remotesensingisa widely used and accepted tool used by national andinternationalorganizationstodetectactivefires,monitorimpacts from fire and assess fire danger. The NationalInteragency Coordination Center (NICC), the US ForestServiceWildlandFireAssessmentSystem(WFAS),theUSForestServiceRemoteSensingApplicationCenterandtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAgency(NASA)areamongthekeyorganizationsproviding information to landandfiremanagersofdailyandseasonalprojectedfiredanger,active fire detections, area burnt, and fire severity. Firedanger is determined by current moisture conditions,duration of those conditions, and vegetation watercontent, while fire severity refers to the total changeenvironmental change caused by fire. Managerscustomize this information based on local expertknowledgeofthetotalfuelsavailabletoburntoprovidepublicserviceannouncementsanddevelopmanagementstrategiestomitigatepotentialimpacts.

The upcoming NISAR mission will address firemanagement needs through a dependable observingstrategythatwillcollecthighresolution(25m)over90%oftheEarth’slandsurfaces30timesperyear.SARimagesfromsatellites,suchasNISAR,areknownfortheirabilitytopenetratethroughclouds,andtheirday/nightimagingcapability. Hence, rather thanmakingdowith threeorfouropticalimagescollectedthroughoutthefireseason,SAR imagery will provide bi-weekly observations thatcomplement optical data and provide independentinformationthatissensitivetothechangingstructureandmoisture conditions of terrestrial (land) ecosystems.Specifically,radarremotesensingwithNISARcanprovideobservations detecting disturbance, vegetation and soilmoisturethatareuseful formonitoring firedanger,andbiomassthatisusefulforquantifyingtotalavailable fueltoburnandemissionslosttotheatmosphere.Alloftheseobservationscanhelpmanagersmakeinformeddecisionsofhowtoallocatelimitedresources.

NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration Formoreinformation,visithttp://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/applications

JetPropulsionLaboratory/CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology/Pasadena,California/www.jpl.nasa.gov

Active Fire Perimeter Mapping using RadarObservationsoftheEarth’slandsurfacesfromspaceusingactivemicrowavesensorsallowsforreliableandrepeatedmeasurementstobemadethroughouttheyeardespitevaryingdurationofdaylighthoursormeteorologicalconditionssuchasclouds.Thestructuresofdifferentlandcovertypesprovidearichvarietyofresponsestotheradarilluminationintermsofvaryingpolarizationandfrequencysignatures.Becauseoftherapidchangesinstructureandcompositionafterdisturbancelikewildfire,Informationlikethiscanbeusedtodetermineareaburnt,evenwhentraditionalmethodsmaynotworkaswell.Shownatrightisthefireburnscarofthe2015LakeFireinSanBernardinoNationalForest,California.TheimageontopshowsprobabilityofchangederivedfrominterferometricSAR(InSAR)using14pre-eventSARimagesandoneSARimagefromanairborneoverpassJune29,2015withtheJetPropulsionLaboratory(JPL)UninhabitedAerialVehicle(UAV)SARL-bandinstrument.Forcomparison,belowisanimageoftheLandsatdifferencedNormalizedBurnRatio(dNBR)fireseveritymap.AlthoughitwaspossibleinthisfireusebothLandsatandInSARdata,therearemanyareas(e.g.,Alaska)whereitisfrequentlytoodarkorovercasttoproducemapsfromopticaldataonaregularbasis.Thus,useofradarcandrasticallyimprovemappingcapabilities.


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