D-AlM 804 NIGH TEMPENfTURE SOLID LIARICATIOU BY CATALYTICAtLLY 1/1GENERAiTED C130(U) RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INST TROY NV DEPT OF MECHICAL ENOIN.. J L LAUER ET A. IM?

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UNCLASSI~FIED MASTER COPY -FOR REPRODUCTION PURPOSEQ I'7_ .- ' -Krsr CnCgA , 7161 ;=)~ A,

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4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBE%4Y*'

6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATIORensselaer Polytechn-ic T (if applicabie) ON01

Institute j _______ U. S. Army Research Office J-6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Cod.) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State. and ZIP Code)

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering P. 0. Box 12211 IRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteReerhTinlPakNC27921110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180-3590RearhTinl Prk NC 27921

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* U. S. Army Research OfficeBADDRESS (City. State, and ZIP Code) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS

P.0.Bx 221PROGRAM IPROJECT TASK IWORK UNI4T

* ~Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-22 11ELMNNO NON. AESI O

11. TITLE (Include Security Classification)"High Temperature Solid Lubrication by Catalytically Generated Carbon"

Q2. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)

*13a. JYPE QF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 114. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Montht,Day) S11. PAGE COUNTKeD rant FROM _____TO

16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION -The view, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those

of~e uhr()adsh uld not ,be conLt a sa an ffcial D tm of the Army positon17 COSATI CODES 1S. SUBJECT TERMS (Continum on reverse if necessary and identify by block numrbe7)

TIJELD GROUP SUB-GROUP ribochemistry, High Temperature Solid Lubrication, ChemicallyJReactive Gases, Pin-on-Disc Friction Tests, Carbon Film

Lubrication, Catalytic formation of Lubricants* ABSTRAC7 (Continue on rovers* if necessary and identif by block number)

The wear vrocess in bearings generates a clean active surface. Carbon is known to formIreadily: on catalytic surfaces through the reduction of carbon oxides or hydrocarbon.Carbon, through the adsorpition of hydrocarbons, water vapor, or oxygen, becomes an

*ffc iv lbrcat. if 'these three phenomena can be made to work together, a new* - .:conceot of hig-h temperature lubrication would be available.

This paper presen 3 laboratory investigations towards the development of-.this concept.Carboii has been successfully produced through catalytic reduction of ethyfe'ne on a varietyof matallic and ceramic surfaces containing nickel. This carbon has been shown to reducefriction at a sliding interface at elevated temperatures.( I

*C3UNCLASSIFIEOAJNLIMITE D 0 SAME AS RP? r OTIC USERS Unclassified

00 FORM 1473, a4 MAR 3APR edition may beused until xnausted. SECURTY CASSIFICATION OF -wfS PACEAll other editions are obsolete. IT:0LNCLASSFIED

PREPRINT NO. 87-TC-20-1A

STLE

High Temperature Solid Lubrication by Catalytically

Generated Carbon© __

JAMSES L. LAUER and BRUCE C. BUNTING___________

Rensselaer Pols echnic Institutei! tis~inTrov, New Ytork 12180- 35Yf0

L and/or

iDist Sjpcc ia

The wear process in bearings generate.I a clean active 3urjace. (is paper, Would be to chiemically fot ti thre I11) ilk ii. 94-iCarbon is known to form readily oil cataly~tic aur/aces through the rectdy on the bearing surfa.ces Irtirti a gaseous feud Ilisici if.-

reduction of carbon oxides or hydrocarbons. Carbon, through the This concept is no( enitireiv newv. Dentoirst i aiLmo lwhi cic

adziorpton o01 hydrocarbons, water vapor, or ox~ivgen, becomtes ant made using various sultfur or chlorine Loiifunii.s iid os\i((c

effective lubricant. If these three phenomnena canl be made to wvik fi fins (I), (2) airc a U.S. patent has bCCII INNI~led 10 lI f . is

together, a new concept of high teirperature lubrication would be phase conversion o[ hs1-Calr hr to CUi 1)01 In 14111, ti. c-

available. ment bearings at 510 0 C (3). Nonte of thtese litiici ni 1.1,LTlu paer resntslabrulry nvstialim lwar. he levl- been used in coimmiercial appi Ication.Thu ape prseits abortort ivesigaionatowrdsThedL5 eI his paper deals specincaflv With ft 10i1n i 0iM li III-

otninerluthis concept. (arbort /ts been ucsflvfoicdhrgh bricating properties of'c~irfiir which is fir Oii N i,

cataltic reduction of eth -ylene onl a varietv of mietallic anud ceramnic dehiydrngenatioin or cracking iif' h~d roc,;ibn . )ii piii--sum/ce coiang ickel. This carbuit hai been ihown to iciloce tiafly tribofogical suiflaces. In .r p'f' ii us j; pallr (4)i %c slisi

] rctoii at a sliding iterace- at eilevated temiperataucsi. thaint the carbon, for ited biy cai m in fyi t iii ss il, ii d ch lIt Li,

on surfaces containitig on kel. svoii gi vif I cilisv 0it IsII

INTRODUCTION tini1 t eficint 'If', niCkel CUifi 1W III Wl t oit dii i jii c s

metaf. a-, iii affov cottsrituent, ais a iretait I iii tiii .tm PSeverail possibilities exist for high termperature lubrica- a~ ceraniiC su.rface, or is I hider ii tici cii , \, ,5iis

tiun. The 'y are each fJ-sied here wvith a mrjir drawback iftidh result of' the depositioni iii (.ii bli it1 5OWithN o(i 'Ii hs III :%

needs to he overcome. oi t I r ttltI ( ) IIIa A in ti- I(r l li li't llt' - s 5' -

Syntlic fluids: 510C msaximumt Use tCitil)eI.1tLoIC ie inirrcutlrii, iipu i it(,~,i ~So lid lubfiricants: re plen isfint ihrrisrursjirilcfci isiiiil.[ii.i

Nfoften glse: Solid at rison trnpr;Ir ireC. bnoii1 Iiiol aond i %Caf snI t hiigh ilpsi i

Onfi solid fubiricariits show .irivpronriise olsiper~ittitoutI 1nCOoss Witfi the 4gliiissi ollthel' t io im lit;iloibierit to ibolve 5ilC. .Ipifalr lts, oii 11f s.ic, siiO.isiiilo :III k, 1. 111,i

.Solid lubricants soilt have to he repferishe if iiii ci to sot COINltsc (.iiSCdi -I Iapitl shuii 111 ± Isoi it o il

prrovrue long lite anid reliable opet;itoiit mi ligh ttipia- as 011)8 it 500ipC W\ilco the ciidct-in .i1 111., si'I nis% '1,!111micrs. Va~riouis ivp)t5 if releniishimenit sitetit liat Oven ll. iloiisfs it[iiil 0 t siiipi o seI l is is 11, 55

st'esd.arid fihes il tuftI suchI riCtfuouf,, iS. be reUenteIf~ by rICHILrIoiicsi of sthle CHIi sot \1s.,4( I i

* I~~~~1 Stuck 'or Poiwder Feedfic rniisesle ifitleir.1 ssisltI.iiii ,

*2. (,.iseuus sor Liquidr Sirspersin feedf ~ifiit tike paeril .a~ i it~, !h .l.h IIci I3. lIncorporrrurr it pockets sor ret.rirers itisperstLuiei-iifthg .5 il I

4I (,.isetits iniaerrals %%ltuclt reitac t it lie soilt ie, par ito, to) test . a t .ilct. oI iiatnttss, .s is s 1111 I I.I[ l i l

1.11tu lus. I llcc iriict' lii, III( lisufil Iitil- 11s .% 1i :],1,

Ani extamtple of this L~ist niethoif. irliii h is ft )ublctti if aiud I tHitueIMd C.0 bldfcs*

Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers BACKGROUND 0paper at the STLEJASME Tribology Conterence

In San Antonio, Texas, October 5-8, 1981 1 .~ itusu sitol i .ii boltt I s 1il i 11 1i is 1 , ssi 00Final mnanuscript approved August 21. 1987 '1sst 0.iif li irtIr-ttil iliC11iLiirisiuiu It 1 siti 1411k 111

%-

'V2 J. L. LA\ui.R ASND 1. G. HUN I I.(

problem and sometimes dlesired and has been studied lin 3. Graphitic structure, at .350' to 525*C

relation to such diverse fields as: 4. Encapsulating structure (thick1 gi aplrite laver) it 60t)

1. Deactivation of catalysts in hydrocarbon processing t 0*

2. Precipitation of carbon onl heat excanrger surlfaces ofi At high temiperattures, cmt bl soltiililiN lilt saa' md

gas cooled n uclea r reactor s S UrIl aCC carbon begins to) dissokes mltillt- htilk iii.ita'l .*l N,

3. M~anufacture of' lamip black anl CXan1ipiC, tlias occur at ;Abtiil0 ForIL 101 1KINlI anld I hiin'

4. Coating of waste nuclear fuel pellets for silicon carbide. Dependiiag on thle i elause Iatais tt for

5. Coating of electron tube elements to increase einissiv- mation and solution, carbon may or miay not be pi cseiit off

ity. the surface during this process. Oni cooling., tis cal bil iila

6. Generation of carbon fibers for high strnthl coin- precipiate Out of the bolk and lotin ai uiilaai fin. glassv gi a-

* . posites. phitic layer (encapsulating cutrbon) of low si lc .tt1151'

%lh hasbee (loe i d~ he cndiionsaid Carbon call also be fornmed bV gas phaseW pieatijnIi.iiti1iat.Much work ha en(oei efning tiecniin ld very high temperatures and subseqtientlN settle on i( Ij.itxi ii

* ~~~types of surfaces necessary for the deposition or- re~moval sufcsTistpofalbi nbelitleciinilitlof' carbon and on thie type of carbon formed. Tule largest sucbst.o ehigis typ ofca but ticaily be al c tiiriIi mi1 ii-i)

aiid most carefully documnne oyct'ofttee ar eas

is that oif hydrocar bon processing catalysis. Thle miajority ofl1tl:vros(pso abo.gaht , ,cNULi*thle basic research has been doune using ntickel, ironi, or ino 0s ta v~~cariolubicant and crii.apit is s A old'. Ausual~

lybdenum surfaces atal simpla' carbon containing gases such by pteig, sue sapnutv ufa oitV~iu

as CO. C2.H,, and CF-b Examples oC this type o' ivork are lubricanterong i etad copue a ic~ ()OI ilier NIs esoh.iLia

given in the Refs. (5). k6). lbiatollI~li optrdss te N) 0 A ol

High temperature applications of metals and ceramics such as carbidic carbons. arekiii ii1 ii

irqu ire lorin tilatio ns whtich di(emonlst rate hiighI St reinig th I*iiid MATERIALS- a~~lcemical Iiiertnuess (or sell -protections) iii thre en'. roniirieit

* intended for their use. Surfaces are desired which possess I lie purpose of these tests '.as ii explio e ihie bieltits iniiiimpori)sitv and chemical activity. In oxidiziga- o a osmtra oiiito. l eiint ii hli

nI'osphlCS, such aS eXISt In gas tur binies, miater ials are gen- to form lubricating caaboiu. 'Ilie tests caitinttacd .1.1

crallv lirocftecd by tire addiuioii of aluninion. siliconi dun- of tolihirratiotis of mectal .ini) cel':tiriua ntisl .n1) l1tN ti1d

lii in, arid 'at (icr craiie clenirnts 'l-iese naieriahs Jot 1ii oxti , li' iitaJhit i irisa P ted)J I I0 i thie (115 iS I hi Ci J~I P)i[C 1nl.11IRII I IN

whiich are tierinodiivlatriicaliiv stable aiid ishitLi ate also lel- .n1e desigialted ANIs fibbedtt 1.iiI'S' sIUC OiWN \stI C' ii li IIca

- ~~ativeis itei Iand niorpori ofs. M.ost coimriiercial ceramics .ne by rrantiall rithbitug . ic~ o tilte iiieiil .ig~aii ., tLi aniit

**protected b'. alUmiT1um11 or silicon oxides and mrost metals (IMi Until a1 visiblC Idhu %,;I, fll 11td RililtCu t1h1u11 lill ILIi

ilre iinueujed b'. aluirsitnio iirciioiiiiin oxides. .etii toighi froin iransfer i'lin ita i thu titu .[Ir tI)IIdat ii hiCltu .1 1ast

SIhICaC )Xjai(-s ale l~it(i'eiV inert Or I)1ilecliv. %allititlis ')I is begun %dhiihe lv.koiislilthu iii' piltitlt niltii .aaa 1-

111Cm lie NsiuCie' usel Ill Cnnnrierciaul cmalvsis aind c;iialvsi hrntiil a rIarCalla pil I dIhIi I [Ii, til ta-usa ,ll, It -I

sn'tlppIs Aditiuoiial mlet~ alsi also hie ruin lpaiated ntoii eNAILniAuei Ill iiu-. iests. It IIC taois atlltiiiaal t)ls

lltse rirliieritlls b. .a %aliieiv it pint s"e . I t li e polssile illiterlails in utah's sual 'ire lislt) Ini ita silt ai aia\tlI

a oI ti ia) I misairiu t .1 ( t s iu ai ti titile ~ t I ~ l C I ~ V O i ( l F A t i l .Iti t I - 1 C 'lt o c il .g a ii l i s it I r' i i t .t t i i 'i n Ii a .s s

111(slil l ~i 1ii lit 'atli bol a tictiimih isrs omdii %ith i -heIll CCiii' .l iiio5 Ill~ iC% -t taatI IiCiCtIl I ll' aug t( Itia.tialil

!1 lIh a t i )1411u i IC egeV ;ti~l[itr V i lift I Ab l I i 1 1SIIiAIN i lt' a Il -~.k oili ti lt' sI at)% i '. (I i tn li st' a i. ' 1d 0\ it i al a is. 11

jtN aIt l l~ b fA n i (C N 0 d ~ j t Aal ,Ttt.l a ih'ii Ii i li a l u Iit is itN a ilIlaitig attt 1Nian'laa.'mc d) \\i Ill(1 l") .1it l Iata I il. I I

assll 1s i4lai1't tilla Itilti V c I~r I(I il iiailtiioi. tti l t i111 1 l atr~l is tIsi tt.' -l a i )aIat l is\ 1tti11 il it INC I aI ,(It aI l at

inl~ ~i li' a rIiiiiti aliianr, ili\ is lii 1 taiiii at m .at'l'asi 'lt l.lhlit r li' i illti til I I t itillli i~l.

* )ilinpiiatill at) iiiatithiiig iiiltsjtlttl t itl aiiiiltlllsi laI ' taiii'slie .pai llts %, [I' lai ti.(hls\ sait l d t .il

ill tast lii ,a iresseth a Oftiinl 1 iij ita %%VI isa laiiiii it t 1 1t. i) tilt' It I ta i t's ,l lilt

* ( ~~~..arhlaon a ar tail Ill atit stat i.i 's Ill sa 1li tI'lls t ') ltal stilati- , 0iISililll \1'..i'at %ii aisaal is, all 11ai 1 . ..s pkiil 4c

a rlit Ilii trlinui r ia(- a1,11 ainid kitilIa % a)I ilt' aiNtvli Iltli atil l sh0TN10 ill tial .llatitihICIsia a1ra itt' 1111Ltt aIataa I

l1t a u.iil5ihtaisi al h l t til us11N Iftatd l uau , it'N h% .'Ill aI') vI (.11 11111 iliC i A t s C in tai , i .1 111 a' .11111 ' ut1 111 1 1 s, hil ~iiesv'la i ls ac

71, iXn'i I I I isailis a iii a5' 41'lta'l ii/ea

* h~~~~Into (lit. hailolaa fig a asli a i li ltti l t -iIi l iuairl aP) 11 iaaaEXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

fit tel Ifonun ailINIclit'

'.1ti0i last- %IS it' - tu''att a

Ii l tat St'a' a )sti

2 tltla s(illItlit at 1 hut t t f 'ii Il l sta.hh'1all, t

-V%% . .4"Vrk Ui

High T'emperatUre Solid Lubrication by Catalytically Generated Carbon 3

. P

TABtLE I -NI ATER IA LS TE.STED

CODE MATERIAL 17 NICKEiL CewirositI its4 Not Is v

A Nickel 11ta 99.997 Ultraptire

1B 304 Stainless Steel 10 Commercial Allov

Metail

C Inconel 600 Metal 77uCommercial Alloyte

D Inconel 718 Ntetal 52 Commtetial Alloy v

E Silicon Nitride - NI ot i rstalline, %wit 8" ?I''tlt i

Ceramtic oxide

F Aluminum Oxide - NIU11LINitvslljtte. )J.5 'i.ii

Ceramiic

G Alimnuin Oxide - Syithetic Sappire

Ii Titanium C.rbidle 25 2(,Nce "%'Ih~~I~

Li____ Cemented Carbide Binder

I Tutigsien Cirbidc 6 6t', Nekl BideitCeinemed Carbide

B~oroni Nitride f9xgia'i5""' Vile

B Ioroin Nitride - ixgoil 95,Pl

B.Ioron Nioride With Fiiaiin Dih..ideti

Coint-posite

Ci nltosi te

2 Its catalticr behavior is very well dtcumtenitedl typical test run with) it Dait.i oitit is III t I., i,,II I)p

3 It is a %cry elfectivt- catalsst charts, c(tibrated to reid (Iite ctl it I\I I

4 It is Inexpensive anid eajss tim .ibrwuitc, It Fig 2. vve Nee: thtiit 0t lisi , Iisiiliii mi,,t-iiSCMtiotS. It WAiS Iegtmi III All m1iCt t ItiiiiiS)lteI C (g.1% 1 11

Nit kl by itsci is not suitable .IN hilgh temperature bectr-

tng miaterial because )It its low strength at elevated tent- romtt''it mm to l tot I Iao\lti ii i t ii -iiiit in-IIIL III

pCtItUres. However, nickelI rtits thie bamse filo iimny high - it

temperature alloys ,iid is %sidlv used as a binder it stoteted uo~hr.gs2 sstutdti.1 l tlii htitii

Wottlimg tootl tmaterials. Stalingmt. with ple [ticket Cleated If tmatlv W ii ltu I ) ItI~). 'IL' (lAI . I.ii iic III I a base IIII IIt tests %, tt these itai'al is ANWell. ~e ihdentiI.ttrsli i . ntiiitI

OU r tests were roun w ith a pi antd disc IlIitioi tester. L tl t 0.57i over 1 30) i itti e it Ii .(. .\I ihII cii I .) i it I,

diameter pin. spherically tipped. 60) graim load, 4 RI'M speed. dt') II s..i toam .1ottita ed tii0.iiisili i~iih~i

muttimsec 1hidinig speed.) In a cotjimoled attttusplutt c at iii)Iiii)iittII

teinperitur,,s op to 6i5d0 C. III this tester we iotuld sittitl-

LtrteottsiV genler-ae ttlbtmt ott .i sit late ini I evalttieItiie EPRMETLREUTIII tricttori brouight altout by 1diC cambom. Figitiic I sltiosV 1 EPRMNA EUT

shteiitAic ti;tgraitu 0I dhts ippaitius intl Iig 2 sttitis a All (lie tests i epoird ate mtiinliiIII -iig '2 mdi. It- 1 ,1

at 5410,1C (e%,ccl)t 10i th tettlit M tI nteWI -11 Itt ILN IIi it, i H.

I 5it 2 t~s Iit i s t.1 begutit .1 a n ttit i ttpeumitti e III gas I jutl tit-I ititiild 1( 111,

%I [ it r i' III(N\ ls Iehit itestlo e itte. lisshs~pii i itiii i

.inutpleu gd 21LCYtJ iligti st t tis i sitit Imm .11 1it-

251 I tirig.i tt iil tes 't u Iod with ga I[ I. \Iti 0 41 tli s I( it .- 5

2~ Wt 5i

5 *om a Ilaod l m ll II cSl I litP -, "111 .11 1

A 5 % IC in os lir - % 2)ainc * thi I, III(

4 L. L. L f. A Ni) B. G Biv V I.

r-Ea

Fig.2-Tyic igh empratue pi ondisctesMateial ey Gs Ke

p~n:: Nikel Helum +Argo

dlscE: Slicn Nikel2 Etylee + rgo

pe t of th arciil r c s .T e e t,[d s rp in tv 0 1 ld 1e a o llr a~ l o lIl c .1 1 o1

th n fo l we y t ove al dic si n 11)I Icio I tie iIt.111,p ll gl

RbeMealcFlsoSiioNirdNikloing MaeralFer. 1uHigh teeratu re rn ifition testing appaltusl~lra ic l lcalcadIo r I( c1 ) tddLiioc

*.E[le is ilnoa p t ike J-N0ilA a dtl ,l-.OUOFl m l..hclg hll j ,dhq~c.411 wIw

ond w s Inc nel 6 0 (as.tea a Q . Btoth..,o fi tstpo ue tlo p ee(rr . )t[ito I(to d IIe

%, %

High Ternperattre Solid Lubricition bv CataktizallY Generatcd Carbon J,

Z 2~

I- GNS 2

6

4 I-I ,

I 2.

6 -

C~ 0.

2 2

0 S 1 i 2 2 3

A iklE Sico Nitid I Heiu 2rgon

B 304 Stainless teel F Aluminum Oxide 2 Ethylene , ArgonC Inconel 600 G Sapphire 3 Ethylene +- Hydrogen ArgonP

uS 2

- 4.

S .20 I .0 2 a s 4 s "

OE iI EN TM MNUE

C inoe 0 apie2 Ehln ro

5 0 S 2 25 0 2 40 5 %COEFF (NT TME%;!NTI%:.%OFFR 3NSi

6 J. L L.A ui.K AM v- tB. G. 13 L N IIN 6

-AS GI 4 A

1.0

.6-

Li .2

S 0 -

.8 GA j 4-GAs 2- c~s Gs

a-WO .2__

.' -GA .*- As 2- + -Gm3- j s I-- -

Z .4

cc C6 ccz7 1 7

G"_ ±G~s -c -- - C -

% _ _ _ _ __ _ _

N.~c '_0__ __

S 2

~COEFFICIENTTMEMNEOF FRICTIO TIE.MNUE

~~.1~*Fig. S-Olscs of nickel Containing Materials run with sapphire pinsMaterials Key Gas Key

-A Nickel I Helium + ArgonD Inconel 718 2 Ethylene - ArgonG Sapphire 3 Ethyiene Hydrogen + Argon

-~H Titanium Carbide + Nickel + MolybdenumI Tungsten Carbide + Nickel

":I g i vt.iiinici . IlvnitovI.~ wa Vs iltnoiocei. Metallic Pins on Ceramic Materials

Sapphire and Nickel Pins on Sapphire .iiirc 7 Comiiiijcts ts (it pmii i. klI kiii.tici .il

IIgUrc 6j sIiinws the ii:Ntlts lot injs test series. W hell 30-1 Slioliics'1 sirtI1 (Itti)AClt Bui I ) ii (iiMN -1 111 - ii III

beitefttii th). il aue i . li thu iikkt : iii Int i Wi

f.l)Iih fli es ! ;ttiipi le (h ws rune .)Igdt(Ist PodIlihed ausc lV.is ;iitd to 0 owet cliNaleit I s i Ici*i fil k c I.ro.'I~f 1 1 1 ) ' i ol% 1 0 C I I I L1 1 A R d ( I o h l .1 1 1 ) -

list-11 III thi Wis~ s i sit . ( ipii i scgtleil i C tli was trotICI~ it\ii il oCiiii ii I ii-

iit Ira It tol~iit it l.ilit.spliit (gils 2 and1 (tIle~h~t Na ihil olt et N!C111O M M IIII .1

shiiitiid ilt 1111 i t Iv Li tii it ItsI suvlaae iti ills listII ,L td \ iw ni

Is iti I, ,.i I I iS it' tl iitiptl 1 il i Borons Nitrid Tests )i

17 .7 Y

High Temperature Solid Lubrication by Cataiytically Generated Carlbon

sapphire pins (material G) produced some grooving of the J and K) and not on the boron nitride niixttucs ii(niriale',discs. The test results are shown in Fig. 8. The process and M). These boron nitrides were of , hcxagoial crs-i"lappears to work on tihe two p)ure boron nitrides (materials structure.

. .- - .- . ... o 's 2 - T C As G- 2- A. 1- G

.6

%

.2III

GAS - - GAS 2- 3 -GAS 3 I

.8 ____z .2

0' %

S.2

0 5 10 is 20 25 30 35 40 45 so

LCOEFFICIENT TIME. MINUTESOF FRICTION

Fig. 6-Sapphire and nickel pins on sapphireMaterialsKeys Gas Key

A Nickel 1 Helium + ArgonG Sapphire 2 Ethylene + Argon

3 Ethylene + Hydrogen + Argon

S ,-.. - ,.i4 -,

x . 0

~%

a. 0,1

- 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 .15 50COEFFICIENT TIME. MINUTESOF FRICTION

Fig. 7-Metallic pins on silicon nitride NMaterials Key Gas Key

A Nickel I Helium + Argon

8 304 Stainless Steel 2 Ethylene + ArgonE Silicon Nitride 3 Ethylene + Hydrogen + Argon

%'€'t / .- ~r,.,%.¢ ,- . w-€" ¢" r .4- - .- % *"*" " N

8 J. L. LALLK vNi) BI. G;. 131.' N

--- G.AL - -- As 2-4- -- AS 1---

Wj .2

.6.

a -GA-GASGAS j- -- A

U 2

z 2a

S 10 Is 20 25 30 35 40 45 50-COEFPICJEiiT

TIME. MINUTESOf ;FAICTION

Fig. -BSoron nitride testsMaterials Key

Gas KeyG Sapphire L Boron Nitride + Titanium Olboride I Helium &Argon ''4 Boron Nitride M Boron Nitride + Aluminum Oxide 2 Ethylene +i Argon 'K Boron Nitride 3 Ethylene ,- Hydrogen + Argon

*Effect of Temperature Cuss. hitl adItioli dhuh II .11 akiiId 'l-fI(-(itii 1111 h r W n

F1 iure 3i shoiws tests 11111 to) etvji c (Ile effect tcztt- li- hll tlg It' iItIs))pltce (g:Is 3)w %Is lilt] )(ILi vd .I~c .111 -

tittride di~~csfmatiijuu F.) with (3-bc iiiic 11ni ln ei+A and erip h v ru lls fdiiii lii G iji. VY h~rjtjc. A Siilit MOifi

to ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I) 1350iC %Ir ruI is 'Ih~v hol) [lie\ strip I1 harts Ai Nso,1t 0 tlopi 0 - 1ill ) l I ,

of~~~~~.11 11(. 1,1. % nFttHII (

A So li' tidirlal suiit a the ititutics t ri saiittss ttti ~ 10- ( 1iC illtI I 0 tlt tlI tli spi ci.t C'l IIud I)l tz 't u t u .i i

DISCUSSIO

C~ol )II ng i lno phel . I as 3 (I EM IL11 5 p j, -5-

g ull %V1 10 1, lil otig ( o lv cl lo o n ) I1 - , li t' l 1

High Temperature Solid LubriCation by Caitalytically Generated Carboni

.4l

.5 o~ 1 GAS 2- -4- --CAS-- --- A

_ _ _ _ _ .4 _

cc _

6 L iz- ±ii ~ 's

GA 1- -4-S 2_ -~ Gp-

~~mu~2 -__

4 - - 5 N. GS

4

z

10 5 10 15 20 5 0 25 4( 45 '0-COEF FICIENT 'IME MINUTES

OF FAICTION

Fig. 9--Ettecl of temperatureMaterials Key Gas K.,

A Nickel 1 Helium ' ArgonE Silicon Nitride 2 Ethylene ArgonG Sapphire 3 Ethylene Hydrogen *Argon

Iiiisliit ! fgis . T iss ISiiidiciti liv the ) ell l op11 21 xid 2 1 it Spow 'I till ifi hit il 1.1 it,, 5114 . I

Ill .L It 1111 4)( tic ioll oll thl alilos lic e as Sho n [t I-III .jlip c N IIII1C

31,tsi 19. fll ili [(Iitll eSts -1, ots6 .1 itd I l i)Clto%( i si 19 tit S SI IhI 1ttlilICl s ih tfct I (-~ III lt i It li 111 11

%td'cjI/'l r% ~ - %,'% ' titke I~u iwwl lo e i-nrlil 111 VL1 ( ~* 11 11t10 1% r Il ( tij nt-ion wilh )liv om e-k i rlin ria(C ial il i m rilci ,) Fjp jij Il

-; . '-. m- -, l * h* .N.'i . "-,, , V ? .:, ;. ., , wu-) -, . o . .. ,,- - ,, d,, ." ,

I) . I... ,LAUVR AN!) It. (. Bt , I I .

N . -

I a/

ea i

Fig. 10-Summary of temperature testMaterial Key Gas Key

pin G: Sapphire 1 Helium + Argonrubbed film :A:Nickel 2 Ethylene + Argondisc:E:Silicon Nitride 3 Ethylene + Hydrogen + Argon

1%

.Bi L 3-Ox R.R LL S t IN Wix\ EXVI, RNIi ,N lIxi D\I .N

I Sla

T i. Niv. "T Ni l. I il-~i 4

lbINIli , , IN NIN

+ l'l , ; \ l J'Lx 1)o + I.'. F .'xilt

il I (stl -' Li 2I; !lxl ' \Ii

RI, Ir i FL .-\ i RU)) - J 7 \S I2

( IF 31 5111 1) IS ) I IW III NI 2 i

I 3l: 51) 1) 1 I3I 013o :1) MI2 hI

L~~~~,, 0 1)1 1) .2I 15 I) 11 1I iI

\vc h,,r (1 - 'I 5 0)1 IJ s 1) 21 12 ,it - -

I -' [Is 5')o It 1,7,) 1)i

P"lilll I II I

'l, ,:c'a t Cl - I'. ]l /, "5ii I I- I I.-) -- IIIl I

-: A 1 200 0) . 'I It I I *

K 2t I 52l i! I2lS 3 ' 1, -

l I. -1O 1) li) 1121 1f 121 1 I,

Ilt llt'i .- A. i i ) II - I i II 'i i

-A ht, 1 to 1) 1) , 1 o 2' 1) , 1 iA(. 1 500i) I) S I) ;I) ,I 2'" kitls

G .A I'. t70 0 ll) !231 1) 1 .117 0 I, Ii,"A; 1 i-S 1( 1;)J I 7 0 5I 3l 1J 'I o7l 1 '

7 I-o o t " ll il I 1 I) )1 II I ' I' I

1',, 271it tl 1,., Oit

.\,, m tt i- I In i , 1 It. N - j~l t 2i; i)I- I t,, * A.1 '15i

it% K"*I

[ t'! .i1 11, -- I+

7 : ili) I ) I H O .... l l i l l i ,

V-,D1!d

% i, 6tl l[ III~~~~~ilillilll (.Jl~~~ hile + I ....... i l~ l I th lll + . ~ r +4i

S N af !'.r '-Plil % ll il ,ll ]lhl l~ l< Itltl l~llil"l

High Temperature Solid Lubrication by Catalytically Generated Cal ibontI

For nickel, it appears that a tenmperature of at lea.. 450'C CONCLUSIONSis required to produce It less than 0.10 with the ethylene-containing atmosphere (gas 2) and that at 650'C, the process Incclso we an ay ubit gciuifiitmay be loosing some of its effectiVeness as intdicated by the cning pr oce by e oil ic d~nilil Sit I.f S LlhCslower rate of the decrease of . on introduction of tis cnann topee nncc otinig~iI ~ hatmosphere. In addition, the 500'C test appears to have a niklcnbprsta auceenman ocmociEP

a metallic rubbed film, a metallic transfder fiii, in asj .'hillcibetter wear life for- the carbon film compared to the 600 incrmc' Pl toIand 650'C tests. incrmccomposintes. Parallt the lrodctii Of tis%

Tabl 3 pesets a ovrallsumary f te daa i tablar carbon, we found a drop in I.' to values below 0. 10 nicastitem

Form as read from the Strip charts and Fig. I I Shows low a lvtdtmeatrs h rcs asvicsn tlimagnification SEIM and optical microscope photographs of' oxygen partial Pressures which, however, % ei-e Still itic--

repiesentaiive samples. The appearance of' the carbon on oyimclycpal fpouigoidsnideimtithe surfaces and in the wear tracks is clearly visible ott somne itvvd noygnwsondtbeaciattnlfli

of he am ~esfilmns by Auger surface anlal'sis.

Of th samles

~N

Run 19.-Niccet pin on scratched sapphireOptlcal-oxWear traci s upper left to lower right. Carbon has forinedon wear track. Run 24-Sapphire on boron nitride

Wear track Is vertical in canter of picture. No carbon formed.

itN -A

Run 37-Rubbed nickel film on silicon nitride before exposure to Run 10-304 Stainless sieei on silicon nitride%ethylene Oiptical-i DOXSEM-10OX Wear track is lower left to upper right. Carbon has fonmedNo wear track, shows appearance ot nickel on Silicon ni- on wear track.tride surface.

Fig. 11 -Typical appearance of wear tracks

%F

* . . . . .. . .- , _ . --K

1. Lu, %L 1, R t t B, G B I .>o,,;

"S

aa

& 'il', ~ r n n od nckei JJim on silicon nitride Run 31-Sapphire on iriconel 718%

... s - oI? etoure to ethylene Wear track is Wear track is vertical in center of picture. Carton has formed

.1'. e -'!~ I P.Ct.40 Carbion lies formed over aillot on wear track. 10

-,REFERENCES

* .'l ." ""I. V . "

t, k J1 1- 1 .. 1 - .. 1 + . ,in 01) 1) -,i J,:

0, Ii'.)10i' 1

U , . -.. L .. ) 1 11 i

+:S{ W, ; : .-0w,:. 19 . :,, ;-7-:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... I.

. - . . .. 7,

S,, .... .E

A l )ML . , .. e A. Ao-o 'ezas October 5-$ 1987 2. . \. lh h,.C AS

-. ~ * iL~ .L &..'.~i i*p, 5 :,at, i j. ',4

r0 .... .... !-U, 03\ n '10-1

... Gr I L E

%'+162, 1,' ,1,16-l [1) tI 1t % ,~ ' ( % tt l~ ll % 1 m :

- - - - - --

~ .5,. .%*~* .. * Sq-Sn-A

-s

5,...

5- .l.*

55%

U ~0

5'?

5%-'.

5--.

S

~5 .5,.

S..-5-

5,5S55~~

5555%

S

'5-...