nigerian women and journalism practice: the quest …€¦ · emancipation, women in different...

IntroductionThe United Nations' December 10, 1948 Declaration of inalienable human rights for all human beings irrespective of sex, laid the foundation, and promoted the seemingly latent agitation for freedom from discrimination and equality among all sexes in all ramifications. It declared that: 'All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, and that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion'(United Nations, 1948, Article 1).Thus, the stage was set for serious agitations, especially from the women folk, who hitherto had complained of marginalisation, discrimination and inequality in all spheres of life. In an attempt to redress all lop-sidedness, several conventions and conferences were held at international levels which were well attended by governments (representatives),Non-Governmental Organisations(NGOs), Community Based Organisations(CBOs) and representatives of women organisations and bodies.

NIGERIAN WOMEN AND JOURNALISM PRACTICE: THE QUEST FOR GENDER EQUALITY

Tokunbo Alex Adaja, Felix Olajide Talabi and Eze Nwali Micheal

AbstractWomen agitation for gender equality in all disciplines and professions, including journalism, has been in the front burner of international discourse since the 1990s,especially after the Beijing Conference in 1995. One of the important submissions of the Beijing Conference was that females should be encouraged to study Mass Communication so that they can inject gender sensitivity into the practice of journalism. The study was carried out to find out the encouragement female students of Mass Communication received before enrolling for Mass Communication as a course of study as well as to investigate the willingness of female students of Mass Communication to practice journalism upon graduation. The study was limited to 400 level female students of Mass Communication, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago – Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria. Survey research design was used to carry out the study while Taro Yamane was used to determine the sample size. And it yielded 65 as the sample size. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents for the study. The study revealed that most of the students enrolled for Mass Communication without any form of encouragement from any organisation. The study recommended that female students should be encouraged not only to study Mass Communication, but to practice journalism.

Keywords: Gender Equality, Journalism, Journalism Practice, Nigerian Women, Quest

Tokunbo Alex Adaja, PhD, Department of Mass Communication, Joseph Ayo Babalola University; Felix Olajide Talabi PhD,Department of Mass Communication, Redeemer's University and Eze Nwali Micheal, Doctoral Student at Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State, Nigeria

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In the pursuit of UN Charter (Article I) which is 'to achieve international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for all human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion' (United Nations,1948), the United Nations General Assembly declared 1975 as the international women year and staged in Mexico City, the first world conference on women. One of the major highlights of the various discussions at the conferences and conventions on women was the issue of gender equality across board. For example, the fourth World Conference on Women (WCW) held in Beijing, China in1995 adopted a Platform for Action (PFA) which identified and noted for change twelve critical areas among which is 'women and the media' (9th item). Under the item, the conference specifically recommended that 'women should be encouraged to study Mass Communication so as to inject a gender sensitive touch to the media sector' (Odah,2001, p.122).

Statement of the Problem The agitation among Nigerian women for gender equality in all spheres of life precipitated the establishment of women associations across all disciplines and professions to press home their demands for equality, justice, freedom and an end to gender based discrimination. As fallout of the international conferences on women emancipation, women in different occupations and professions, including journalism, have made the struggle for gender equality and mainstreaming a priority.

A UNESCO bulleting (2009, p.57) expressed satisfaction on the improvement in the number of women in journalism over the last 25years, However, the bulletin submitted that, if the current rate persists, it will take about 75 years to achieve gender equality in the media industry. It must equally be noted that the Beijing Conference of 1995 specifically recommended that, women should be encouraged to study Mass Communication so as to inject a gender sensitive touch to the media sector. Thus, in line with the above recommendations, the study was conceived to investigate how many female students studying Mass Communication would like to become journalists as well as to investigate whether they received encouragement to study Mass Communication.

Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are to find out whether female students of Mass Communication received encouragement to study Mass Communication and to investigate whether female students of Mass Communication would like to become journalists upon graduation.

Other objectives are.i. To find out whether female students of Mass Communication intentionally applied to

study Mass Communication.ii. To find out whether female students of Mass Communication got sufficient

information about the risks and opportunities involved in practicing journalism.iii. To find out the extent to which female students of Mass Communication are satisfied

with their course of study.

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Babcock Journal of Mass Communication, Vol. 3, No. 1, April, 2018

Research Questions.The study was guided by the following research questions.i. Did female students of Mass Communication intentionally apply to study Mass

Communication?ii. Did female students of Mass Communication get sufficient information about the

risks and opportunities involved in practicing journalism?iii. To what extent are the female students of Mass Communication satisfied with their

course of study?

HypothesesThe study was guided by two hypotheses.H1:Female students of Mass Communication received encouragement to study Mass

Communication.H2:Female students of Mass Communication will like to become journalists upon

graduation.

Theoretical FrameworkThis study is anchored on two relevant communication theories viz:(i) Agenda Setting Theory: The theory, according to Anaeto (2008) was propounded by McCombs and Shaw in 1972. It is a 'process whereby the mass media determine what we think about and how we should think about it in terms of how media make visible selected items in the public sphere and thereby dominate the creation of pictures in our head' (Adeniran, Sulaimon, Ajaga& kayode (2015, p.169). Agenda setting shows precisely 'media's capability of raising the importance of an issue in the public's mind' (Ngoa,2012, p.3).

Agenda setting is not to direct, control or determine the opinion of the audience or public, but to present important issues of the day requiring attention or calling for public discussion. It states that, the more attention given to an issue by the media through reporting, the greater the importance members of the public will attach to the issue. Thus, issues requiring attitudinal changes can only be achieved through constant and persistent media reportage. The central idea of agenda setting, according to McQuail (2005, p.512) is that 'news media indicate to the public what the main issues of the day are and this is reflected in what the public perceives as the main issues.' McQuail (2005, p.513) while citing Rogers and Dearing (1989) states that, there is the need to distinguish clearly between three different agendas, namely, the priorities of the media (media agenda); the priorities of the public (public agenda) and, the priorities of policy (policy agenda). All the agendas interplay and are inter- dependent. Thus, adequate attention must be given by media agenda setters, public agenda setters and policy agenda setters to the promotion of gender equality in the journalism profession. This will blur out the age-long tradition and belief that the journalism profession must be reserved exclusively for men.(ii) Mainstreaming Theory: The theory otherwise known as synchronisation theory, according to Folarin (2002) can be seen as a complement to cultural norms theory. The theory evolved from the 1970s' project of Annenberg School of Communication in the United States of America. According to Folarin (2002, p.77),Mainstreaming Theory is

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Women and journalism practice

anchored on 'providing a strong cultural link among the cross-section of society'. It is such a link that blurs out all the observable distinctions. The theory negates media traditional methods of creating divisions as well as stereotypes with regard to sex roles; where men are presented as dynamic and aggressive and women are portrayed as passive and domestic. The theory advocates turning people into 'one dimensional human beings'(Folarin,2002, p.77) whereby all forms of distinctions and differences are neutralised. Thus, the myth surrounding journalism from inception, as a male-dominated profession will become demystified such that the cultural barriers preventing women from going into journalism are removed thereby creating a level playing field for both male and female journalists.

Literature Review Women and the Quest for Gender EqualityWomen agitation for restructuring and redefinition of the relationship between men and women underscores the lop-sidedness recorded at the beginning of the creation. It must be appreciated that God in his wisdom and purpose, hinged the creation of one on the other. One was extracted from the other, giving the impression that 'a part of the whole cannot be greater than the whole.' The Holy Bible in Genesis 1:21-23(Authorised King James Version, 2006) says:

And the Lord caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept; and he took one of his ribs and closed up the flesh instead thereof. And the rib which the lord God has taken from man, made he a woman and brought her to the man. And Adam said, this is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh, she shall be called woman, because she was taken out of man.

Besides this, other portions of the Bible alluded to the subjugation of the women folk to the men folk. Ephesians 5:22-23; states, 'Wives subject yourselves unto your husbands, as unto the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife...' Probably, all the biblical injunctions culminated into the socio-cultural constraints foisted on the womenfolk to always play the second fiddle, and perpetually accept their supplementary roles to the men folk. For centuries, women became complacent, and perfunctorily carry out their roles as mothers, kitchen lords, petty traders, etc. without venturing into more demanding and challenging occupations and professions.

Ikem(1996, p.186) citing Bello- Imam (1985) states that '...aside from cultural values and religious tenets constituting obstacles to women participation in public life, most are themselves the architects of their own level of participation'. In furtherance to this, Ikem (1996, p.186) states further that,'...while ...women participation in public life is desirable, they could not do so because many women were committed to playing a vital and necessary role as complements to their husbands, who were ministers and members of parliament.'

Although, United Nations' Declaration of Human Rights for all in 1948 accentuated the agitation to end all forms of discrimination, and granted all human beings equal rights; the level of participation of women in public life has been abysmally low. Thus, the agitation by women led the United Nations General Assembly to declare 1975 as the International Women Year, and organised the first world conference on women held in

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Mexico City in 1975. The conference declared the years 1976-1985 as the UN Decade for Women.

The declaration heightened world leaders' interest in women issues and led to the establishment of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) charged with the responsibility of promoting and streamlining women issues (Odah,2001).Between 1975 and 1995, four of such women conferences were held (Mexico 1975; Copenhagen 1980, Nairobi 1985 and Beijing 1995) in order to ensure the right of women is upheld.

One issue that dominated the discussions of participants at the four conferences was the desire to achieve gender equality by removing all forms of discrimination against women. As a result, four world agencies, the UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW), the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues, and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (UN-INSTRAW) were created for the achievement of gender equality and women empowerment. However, on July 2,2010, the UN General Assembly merged the four agencies, and created a single UN body known as UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women or simply UN women (UNESCO Handbook,2009).

The fourth world conference on women which was held in September 1995 in Beijing, China marked a turning point in the history of the struggle for women emancipation. According to Odah (2001, p.iii), 'the conference was attended by 46,000 women from over 150 countries. It provided a unique avenue for mapping out strategies for the emancipation of women in all spheres of human endeavour...'.Again, according to UNESCO Handbook (2009, p.34), the UN Division for Women in its review of the four world conferences states that:

The fundamental transformation that took place in Beijing was the recognition of the need to shift the focus from women to the concept of gender, recognising that the entire structure of society, and all relations between men and women within it, had to be re-evaluated. Only by such a fundamental restructuring of society and its institutions could women be fully empowered to take their rightful place as equal partners with men in all aspects of life.

Nigerian Women, Journalism and Gender EqualityJournalism in Nigeria, like most nations, began as a profession exclusively reserved for men. Although, one could not deny the fact that Nigerian Journalism was influenced by the British and American mass media; it is however 'ironical to note that the exact origins of Nigerian journalism are somehow unclear, in the sense that it is very difficult to find clear-cut records of its exact beginning' (Akinfeleye, 2003, p.6). According to Akinfeleye, media historians have argued for and against the fact that journalism existed in Nigeria before the arrival of the Europeans in about 1551. However, Akinfeleye (2003, p.6)submits that 'most African historians, journalists and scholars have agreed on the fact that modern journalism, that is, the regular printing and publishing of newspapers was brought to Nigeria in 1859 by one of the early European missionaries, the Rev. Henry Townsend.'

According to Omu (1996, p.13)'until probably the second republic, the profession was almost entirely a male affair...' This assertion was corroborated by Ikem (1996,

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p.188) by stating that; 'journalism was strictly a medium of political opinion and had little else to interest an average reader and that most news of interest to women were lacking'. However, apart from religious injunctions and culturally prescribed roles for women, there is no known law prescribing restriction, discrimination or domination of the womenfolk by the male folk. The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in Section 42 guarantees all citizens' rights to freedom from discrimination as a result of ethnic group, place of origin, sex, religion, or political opinion. So, one may agree to certain extent the submission of Ikem (1996) that, the women are themselves the architects of their own level of participation in that most women have become complacent with the complementary and supportive roles they play to their husbands.

However, it must be noted that women agitation for representation, inclusion, involvement and participation in public life and policies as well as eliminating all forms of discrimination against women in Nigeria did not begin with the world conference on women of the 1970s. It is on record that Nigerian women at different times and places organised protests against observable injustices, and to free the womenfolk from the shackles of oppression. Such protests, according to Odah (2001) included the Native Revenue Ordinance in South Western Nigeria, the Market Ordinance in Calabar and the Aba Riot of 1929. All these protests demonstrated and confirmed the skills and managerial acumen of Nigerian women to handle and prosecute life-changing campaigns. Reaffirming his earlier statement, Odah (2001, p.1) states that,

Of note in these agitation movements was the organising ability of Nigerian women in handling public matters. The capacity to plan and conspiratorially execute effectively, taking the government by storm, emphasised the leadership role of women. Their unity of purpose whenever necessary, their dexterity, determination and the power of women's collective action.

However, it must be pointed out that all the agitations at that time never resulted into corresponding participation and power sharing in the post-independence period in Nigeria. Ikem (1996) is of the view that the first breakthrough for women in journalism was recorded in 1926 when the Nigeria Daily Times was established, and carried lively feature articles with boxed title- heads. Also, the establishment of West African Pilot in 1937 by Dr Nnamdi Azikwe brought greater prominence to women's columns in newspapers because it carried comments and pictures on women affairs. Between 1950s and 1975, the media industry witnessed a proliferation of women in journalism. Even though, it was as some results of domestic, social shop talk of female writers. Macharia (2016, p.110-111) in citing Sharma (2012), put it right that: 'In print media, women are not portrayed as intelligent professionals but as submissive and subservient to men'. It must be noted that the Nigerian media landscape has since changed. Today, the story is different. Though, men still dominate the profession, but women have since broken the male monopoly, making in-roads into almost all areas of the profession in its main divisions, that is, print and electronic journalism. Nigerian women journalists are not only line-editors or deputy editors but substantive editors, editors–in-chief, publishers, directors, general managers, etc. The breakthrough and prominence recorded by Nigerian women journalists in 1980s and beyond that led to the emergence of women editors, publishers, directors, etc. may certainly not be unconnected with the series of

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international conferences on women and other programmes organised by the United Nations. One of the fallouts of the world conferences on women in Nigeria was the establishment of many women organisations and associations to defend and pursue women's interests. Some of the associations are, Nigerian Association of Media Women (NAMW), Nigerian Association of Women Journalists (NAWOJ), Women in Nigeria (WIN), Women Leadership Group (WLG), Women Centre for Peace and Development in Nigeria (WOPED), among others. All the associations shared one thing in common, to project and demonstrate the importance of women, fight discrimination and oppression as well as integrating Nigerian Women into the mainstream of socio-political and economic activities in Nigeria. Opubor (1982) cited by Ikem (1996, p.185) noted for example, the main objective of the Nigerian Association of Media Women (NAMW) was the promotion of training and job opportunities for women in the mass media profession... to promote through programmes and articles the full integration of women within society and to deepen their consciousness of development issues.'

Thus, Nigerian women journalists have been re-awakened to key into the new paradigm of 'gender mainstreaming' otherwise referred to as 'gender equality'. The UNESCO Handbook (2009) citing the International Labour Organisation (ILO) publication titled ABC of Women Workers' Rights and Gender Equality states that gender equality does not mean that women and men have to become the same, but that their rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female'. According to the UNESCO Handbook (2009, p.6), gender equality'…is about equal treatment of all men and women, and encompasses issues such as equality in access to human capital and other productive resources that enable opportunity, and equality of voices (the ability to influence and contribute to the development process).'

However, it is debatable whether Nigerian women journalists have achieved their goal and whether it will be possible to achieve gender equality in journalism in the nearest future. According to Chambers, Steiner and Fleming (2004, p.2):

… although the number of women in journalism has risen impressively over the past two decades, this rise has been patchy. Women have not yet reached a critical mass in serious news beats … they remain a minority in the top management jobs in news organisations, where a glass ceiling continues to limit women's promotion to key decision making positions, equal pay for equal work, … In journalism, it also means fair gender portrayal in the news...

Nigerian women have become more conscious about their rights as well as their skills and natural potentials to assume responsibilities hitherto reserved for men. The agitations for equal opportunities and treatment under the law have formed the bedrock of so many associations and organisations. Akinwumi (2013, p.66) citing the World Bank (2001) captures women's request as, 'gender equality in terms of equality under the law, equality of opportunity including equality of reward for work and equality in access to human capital and other productive resources that enable opportunity, and equality of voices.' According to the UNESCO Handbook (2009, p57), 'over the last 25years, there are more women in the media and more female executives than ever before' but if the current rate is sustained, 'it will take 75years to achieve gender equality in media'. This is indicative of the interest shown to journalism by the womenfolk. Ikem (1996, p.191)

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corroborates thus: though their (female) entrance into journalism increased in recent past, their involvement is still that of 'mere appearance and visibility'. They are yet to make full impact... Besides, except for a pocket of instances, female journalists are yet to generate enough serious interests in non – traditional female related areas.

MethodologyThe study adopted survey research method because the researcher was interested in getting first-hand information from the respondents. Since the study has to do with Mass Communication students, only students studying Mass Communication in Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago - Iwoye were used for the study. The researcher purposively used students in 400 level for the study because the researcher believed that the students have got enough exposure to the profession, and have completed their industrial training (IT) programme which would have exposed them to the nitty–gritty of the profession. The class consisted of 175 students, 97(55.43%) males and 78(44.57%) females. Taro Yamane formula was used to determine the sample size which yielded 65 sample size. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents for the study. A 23-item questionnaire was used as instrument of data collection.

Findings Out of the 65 copies of questionnaire administered, 52(80%) copies were returned and fully completed while 13(20%) of the copies were not returned or fully completed. Demographic findings revealed that out of the 52 copies of questionnaire returned, 28(54%) of the respondents were between 19 and 21years old while 24(46%) fell between 22 and 24years. All the respondents were female students in 400 level (final year).

Research Question 1: Did female students of Mass Communication intentionally apply to study Mass Communication?

Table 1 ; Showing whether Mass Communication was the first choice in JAMB

Responses Frequency Percentage

Yes 52 100.0

No - -

Can’t say - -

Total 52 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2017

The table above shows that all the respondents intentionally chose Mass Communication as their first choice course.

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Research Question2: Did female students of Mass Communication get sufficient information about the risks and opportunities involved in practising journalism?

Table2: Showing whether female students of Mass Communication got sufficient information before choosing the course

Responses Frequency Percentage

Yes 45 86.5

No 7 13.5

Can’t say - -

Total 52 100.0


Table 2 shows that 86.56% of the respondents did ask about the good and bad sides of Mass Communication before choosing it, while seven representing 13.5% did not.

Research Question3: To what extent are the female students of Mass Communication satisfied with the course?

Table3: Showing the extent of satisfaction with their chosen course

Responses

Frequency

Percentage

Great extent 41 78.8

Little extent 11 21.2

No extent/Not at all - -

Total 52 100.0


Table 3 reveals that 78.8% of the respondents said that they are satisfied with the course to a great extent, while 21.2% said that they are satisfied with the course to a little extent. However, it must be noted that none of the respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the course.

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Responses Observed Expected O-E (O-E)2 Chi-

Square

P

Yes 23 26 3 9

No 29 26 3 9 0.692 <.05

Total 52

Source: Field Survey, 2017Calculated value = 27.77Tabulated value = 8.25 at 5% level of significance

Table 4 presents the chi-square of whether female students of Mass Communication will like to become journalists upon graduation. It shows that out of the 52 female students of Mass Communication sampled, only 14 (27%) wanted to become journalists, 22 (42%) wanted to become public relations practitioners, 14 (27%) wanted to become advertising practitioners while 2 (4%) wanted to become government information officers. The chi-square calculated value of 27.77 is greater that the tabulated value of 8.25. Statistically, it shows that there is a significant evidence to conclude that female students of Mass Communication will not likely end-up as journalists.

Discussion of FindingsThe study revealed that all the respondents originally applied to study Mass Communication. Again, it is very important to note that 86.5% of the female students of Mass Communication used for the study asserted that they sought for information about the risks and opportunities involved in practising journalism. It means they were well informed about the profession before applying to study Mass Communication.The study equally revealed that the respondents had nothing to regret about for choosing Mass Communication because all of them (52) indicated that they are satisfied with their chosen course of study to a great or little extent. It shows that they got what they expected bearing in mind that the students were in their final year having spent either four or three years (in case of direct entry students) in the department and in the university.

HypothesesH : Female students of Mass Communication received encouragement to study 1

Mass Communication.

Table 5: Chi-square analysis showing whether fem were encouraged to study Mass Communication.

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However, it is very important to note that less than one-third (27%) of the respondents had the ambition of becoming journalists, while more than two-thirds (73%) expressed their intention to go into sub-disciplines or professions like public relations, advertising, and public information officers. This revelation may not be unconnected with the curriculum most universities run. Mass Communication is used as the 'umbrella' course to house all the communication sub-disciplines like advertising, public relations, development communication, journalism (print and broadcast), photojournalism, etc., which does not allow students to specialise or seek admission directly to their choice of career or profession.

Furthermore, the study revealed that despite the recommendation of the Beijing Conference of 1995 that women should be encouraged to study Mass Communication so as to make the profession of journalism gender sensitive; not enough has been done to encourage ladies to study Mass Communication, and ultimately go into journalism practice. About 53% of the respondents never got encouragement from any quarters to study Mass Communication. All those that got encouragement got it from friends, relations, parents, etc and not from any women organisation or body.

RecommendationsConference declarations on gender mainstreaming are not enough, rather, practical actions and programmes must be put in place to encourage women to study Mass Communication as well as practice journalism. All the respondents agreed that women must be encouraged to study and practice journalism and that, the myth about journalism as a male profession should be demystified. Respondents concurred that, once this is done, female students would be motivated to study Mass Communication as well as practice journalism.

Again, women associations and organisations should establish endowment funds through which scholarships could be given to female students to study Mass Communication. According to the respondents, this will go a long way in arousing the interest of younger women to go into journalism practice.

Also, women organisations and associations should be ready to mentor the young ones as well as create job openings for them after completing their programmes in the university. Over 70% of the respondents agreed that, if there are job opportunities, many ladies would take to journalism. Creation of special beats, units, sections, etc where women would enjoy some privileges or preferential treatments over and above their male competitors will encourage them to go into journalism practice.

Above all, it is necessary for universities as well as other regulatory bodies

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like National Universities Commission (NUC) to review Mass Communication curriculum. Mass Communication should be split into different sequences such as advertising, public relations, print journalism, broadcast journalism, photojournalism, applied communication, etc to allow for specialisation. Individuals should be given the opportunity to go into their preferred profession right from the beginning.

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