Next Generation Networks and QoSNext Generation Networks and QoS

Koichi AsataniKoichi AsataniKogakuin University, TokyoKogakuin University, Tokyo

Chair Emeritus, IEEE CQRChair Emeritus, IEEE CQR--TC Advisory BoardTC Advisory Board

APNOMSAPNOMS 2006 2006 SeptemberSeptember 2929, 2006, , 2006, BusanBusan, Korea, Korea

Global Access ArrangementsGlobal Access ArrangementsNumber of access linesNumber of access lines（（BillionBillion））

18981898 20182018

11

33

22

00

WiredWired

CableCable

WirelessWireless

19581958 19781978 199819981938193819181918YearYear Source: ITUSource: ITU

Global Broadband PenetrationGlobal Broadband Penetration

Source :Information & Communications in Japan 2005,

InfoCom Research ,Inc.

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

18,000,000

USA UK France Germany Korea Japan0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Subscribers(%)

4.64M@end of 2005

DSLCables

BB PenetrationFTTH

Penetration

Broadband in JapanBroadband in Japan

S1

0

50

100

150

200

250

1985

200520

00199519

90

Global International Call GrowthGlobal International Call Growth

source: http://www.dri.co.jp/auto/report/telegeo/telegeotg04.htm

Total Traffic (PSTN+VoIP)

VoIP

Note: Forecasted Data for 2003 and after

Billion Minutes

VoIP Penetration VoIP Penetration •Japan：7.83 M(End of 2004*1)•USA： 1.10M *2

•Germany:0.11M, France:0.22M, UK: 50Th*3

*1 MIC *2 INFONETICS RESEARCH Press Release, 2/22 2005.*3 http://www.itfacts.biz/index.php?id=P2589*4 March 2005

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Dec. 2003 March 2004 June 2004 Sept 2004 Dec.2004

Million

Evolution in Networks and ApplicationsEvolution in Networks and Applications

WWW

NGI

Internet

ARPA

Packet SwitchedNetwork

B-ISDN

ISDN

Digital TelephoneNetwork

Analog TelephoneNetwork

ftp telnet e-mail

Internet access

Datacommunications

Telephone

BroadbandStreamingADSL

FTTHFWA

nGWL

NGNBurst, StreamingUnicast, Multicast

Voice sound Video Mutlimedia

FRATM

P2P

Network EvolutionTelecomApplications

InternetApplications

SDH

FAX

IP Telephony

-Packet-based network-Use of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies-Service-related functions independent from underlying transport-related technologies-Unfettered access to networks and to competing service providers/services-Generalized mobility, allowing consistent and ubiquitous provision of services

Source:Rec.Y.2001

Target Standards Area

Generalized Mobility Convergence btw. Fixed & Mobile

Unrestricted Access Open Access I/F

Separation Services with Transport Architecture and Open API

QoS-enabled Transport

Multiple-BroadbandManageable Broadband

Definition & Features of NGNDefinition & Features of NGN

Next Generation Networks (NGN)Next Generation Networks (NGN)

NGN Transport Functions

NGN Service-Related Functions

Telephone Services

Data Services (WWW, e-mail, etc.)

Video Services (TV, movies, etc.)

Internet Protocol(IP)

Anything and Everything

Everything(Any and All Network Technologies)

(Any/All Applications

e.g., voice, data, video)

Scope of the

Internet

“Service Stratum”

“Transport Stratum”

Source: ITU-T Recommendation Y.2011 — General principles and general reference model for next generation networks

NGN Release 3-RFID

NGN Release 2-Entertainment-Home Networks

NGN Release 1-Multimedia-PSTN/ISDNEmulations

Services and Capabilities

Mid of 2006

Enhancement to Release 1Capabilities

Enhencementto Release 2Capabilities

Mid of 2007? End of 2008

-Multimedia-PSTN/ISDNEmulations

- Streamingservices

- Ubiquitous services

Release Approach for NGNRelease Approach for NGN

Transport and service configuration of the NGNTransport and service configuration of the NGN

LegacyTerminals

Note: Gateway (GW) may exist in either Transport Stratum or End-User Functions.

*

LegacyTerminals

Transport Stratum

Service Stratum

End-UserFunctions

Application Functions

Core transport Functions

NGNTerminals

CustomerNetworks

Other N

etworks

Application Support Functions and Service Support Functions

Core TransportFunctions

Other N

etworks

Transport Stratum

EdgeFunctions

Access Transport Functions

ServiceControl

Functions

Network AccessAttachment Functions

NAAF

Network Attachment Control Functions

(NACF)

Access NetworkFunctions

Resource and AdmissionControl Functions

(RACF)User

ProfileFunctions

T. UserProfileFunctions

GWGW

Other Multimedia ServiceComponents …Streaming ServiceComponent

PSTN / ISDN EmulationService Component

IP Multimedia Component&PSTN/ISDN Simulation

IP MultimediaService Component

S. UserProfile

Functions

GWGW

Applications

LegacyTerminals

Note: Gateway (GW) may exist in either Transport Stratum or End-User Functions.

*

LegacyTerminals

Transport Stratum

Service Stratum

End-UserFunctions

Application Functions

Core transport Functions

NGNTerminals

CustomerNetworks

Other N

etworks

Application Support Functions and Service Support Functions

Core TransportFunctions

Other N

etworks

Transport Stratum

EdgeFunctions

Access Transport Functions

Access Transport Functions

ServiceControl

Functions

Network AccessAttachment Functions

NAAF

Network Attachment Control Functions

(NACF)

Access NetworkFunctions

Resource and AdmissionControl Functions

(RACF)User

ProfileFunctions

T. UserProfileFunctions

UserProfile

Functions

T. UserProfileFunctions

GWGWGWGW

Other Multimedia ServiceComponents …Streaming ServiceComponent

PSTN / ISDN EmulationService Component

IP Multimedia Component&PSTN/ISDN Simulation

IP MultimediaService Component

S. UserProfile

Functions

GWGWGWGW

Applications

Y.NGN-FRA Figure 8 -

NGN example of service domains NGN example of service domains

TransitNetwork

Internet Operator A

IP ConnectivityAccess Network

Core TransportNetwork

TransitNetwork

InternetServices

InternetServices

Operator B

Core TransportNetwork

IP ConnectivityAccess Network

AccessNetworkLaptop

Core Network FirewallIMS

Services

Non-SIPServices

AccessNetwork

Core NetworkIMS

Services1

32

1

32： IMS services： Non SIP service： Internet service

Y.NGN-FRA Appendix I Figure I.5:

Complexity of NGN QoSComplexity of NGN QoS

•• UserUser--perceived QoS is endperceived QoS is end--toto--end (cf. E.800)end (cf. E.800)•• NGN QoS is complex becauseNGN QoS is complex because

–– NGN applications have diverse performance needsNGN applications have diverse performance needs–– IP is not designed for consistent application performanceIP is not designed for consistent application performance

•• Various mechanisms have been introduced with specific Various mechanisms have been introduced with specific applicability applicability

–– Diversity in an endDiversity in an end--toto--end path is common owing toend path is common owing to•• Different levels of QoS support in endpointsDifferent levels of QoS support in endpoints•• Varying types of QoS support in the transportVarying types of QoS support in the transport•• Multiple provider domainsMultiple provider domains

Multi-Service Packet Transport

802.xxAccess

2G/3GWireless

Cable

xDSL

Domain 1IntServ

Domain 4Over-Prov

Domain 2DiffServ

Domain 3MPLS-TE

N G N

Effective management of resource contention

CNAN ANCPN CPNTE TEUser User

Network Performance for NGN

Quality of Service for NGNQoE QoE

Man-Machine Interface

Man-Machine Interface

Network Interface

Network Interface

End-to-end or network elements capabilities

Between (at) service access points

User subject

Focus on planning, development (design), operations and maintenance

Focus on user-observable effects

Focus on user-expected effects

Connection/Flow element attributeService attributeUser behaviour attribute

Provider orientedUser oriented

Network PerformanceQuality of ServiceQuality of Experience

Ref. Configuration of QoS, NP and QoERef. Configuration of QoS, NP and QoE

ITUITU--T RACF ArchitectureT RACF Architecture

Rs

Rw

Service Stratum

Transport Functions

PolicyDecisionFunction

Transport Resource Control

FunctionRACF

Transport Stratum

Service Control Functions(part of IMS or else)(part of IMS or else)

Rt

RdRp

RcRn

Ru

Other N

GN

s

Ri

TransportEnforcement

Function

Interconnection Functions PolicyEnforcement

Function

Network Attachment Control Functions

• Policy Decision Functionservice facing, transport independent

• Transport Resource Control Functionservice independent, transport dependent, possibly network-segment specific

• Policy Enforcement Functiontypically part of border transport elements

intraintra--domaindomaininterinter--

domaindomain

RACF augments native transport QoS support

Preempting transport congestion at the service control layer

All applications (VoIP, IPTV, etc.) involving network-based control can make use of RACF via Rs

Roles of RACF and Related EntitiesRoles of RACF and Related EntitiesPolicy Decision Function• Makes the overall admission decision

based on policy and resource availability• Applies resource controls to the transport

for bandwidth reservation, packet marking, gating, NAPT, etc.

Transport Resource Control Function• Tracks transport resource usage and

network topology• Checks resource availability• Applies L2 resource controls to the

transport

Policy Enforcement Function• Enforces controls applied by PDF• Provides resource information to TRCF

Overall, RACF supports Relative and absolute QoS, including priorityEndpoints of varied QoS control capabilitiesPush and pull models for policy installationMultiple transaction models for resource requestsVarious resource management methods based on accounting, measurement and reservationExisting and emerging transport QoS mechanisms

A Configuration ExampleA Configuration Example

Network Attachment

Control Functions

Ru

Service StratumTransport Stratum

Core Network

Rs

RwRw Rc

Rt

RdPDF

Service Control Functions

Access Network

Rs

RwRw Rc

Rt

PDF

PEF

Service Control Functions

PEF

TRCF TRCF

Rp

PEF

Other N

GN

s

CustomerPremisesNetwork

PEF

Ri Ri

The Policy Enforcement Function can reside in the• Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)• Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN)• Session Border Controller (S/BC)

• Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS)• Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS)• Border gateway

Y.123.qos and Y.enet under way apply RACF to Ethernet-based IP access networks and Ethernet-based NGN, respectively

Key QoS Topics under Study in ITUKey QoS Topics under Study in ITU

• Performance objectives, including– Network performance classes– Network performance allocation

• Dynamic QoS controls, including– Signaling of performance requirements– Resource and admission control– Interworking of QoS mechanisms– Inter-domain considerations– Frameworks and guidelines

• Performance measurement and management

• Performance assessment

SG 4SG 12SG 13FGNGNSG 12

SG 12SG 16FGNGN

SG 11 SG 13FGNGN

A major goal is to develop an end-to-end QoS solution that allows incremental deployment

19

Service Provider A Service Provider B

Summary reports,measurement requests

PerformanceReportingSystem

Collection Platforms

Control,Reports

Control,Reports

Config,Reports,Policing info

PE/CE PE/CE

Probes,Policing info

Probes,Policing info

Delay/LossProbes

Config,Reports,Policing info

PerformanceReportingSystem

MeasurementPlatforms

Collection Platforms

InterInter--Domain Performance Measurement and ManagementDomain Performance Measurement and Management

• Definitions of attributes to be measured— Mean delay, delay variation, packet loss, path unavailability (cf. Y.1541)

• How attributes are measured, e.g.,— Active or passive measurement (cf. Y.1711 and Y.1731)— Active probes tailored to Y.1541 QoS classes— Clock synchronization to Coordinated Universal Time through GPS or the like

• Management requirements for discovery, inter-PRS communication, etc.

Source:Source:Y.pmmY.pmm

IPIP--based network performancebased network performance

U

U

U

U

Class 5

1*10-6

1*10-5

50 ms

100 ms

Class 6

1*10-61*10-4Upper bound IPER

1*10-51*10-31*10-31*10-31*10-31*10-3Upper bound on the packet loss

probability IPLR

50 msUUU50 ms50 ms

Upper bound on the 1-10-3 quantile

of IPTD minus the minimum

IPTD

IPDV

400 ms1 s400 ms100 ms400 ms 100 ms Upper bound on the mean IPTD IPTD

Class 7Class 4 Class 3 Class 2 Class 1 Class 0

Nature of Network

Performance Objective

Performance Parameter

Y.1541

Object Quality Assessments ModelObject Quality Assessments Model

G.1030 Annex A(Web -browsing)

G.Chirp(Web -browsing)

One -wayData

Application Scenario

BS.1387 -1One -way(Listening quality)

G.OMV(Videophone)

J.148 (Multimedia)

Two -way

One -waySpeech/Audio and Video

?.YYY (Cable TV)?.ZZZ (Multimedia)

J.144 (Cable TV)?.XXX (Multimedia)

One -way(Viewing quality)

G.107(Telephone-band)G.WBEM(Wideband)

Two -way(Conversational quality)

P.563, P.VTQ P.862/P.862.1 (Telephone-band)P.862.2(Wideband)

One -way(Listening quality)

Network planningNon -intrusive monitoring

Benchmarking/Intrusive monitoring

Estimated

subjective quality

G.1030 Annex A(Web -browsing)

G.Chirp(Web -browsing)

One -way

Application Scenario

BS.1387 -1One -way(Listening quality)

Audio

G.OMV

J.148 (Multimedia)

Two -way

One -way

?.YYY (Cable TV)?.ZZZ (Multimedia)

J.144 (Cable TV)?.XXX (Multimedia)

One -way(Viewing quality)

Video

G.107

G.WBEM(Wideband)

P.CQO (Telephone-band)Two -way(Conversational quality)

P.563, P.VTQ P.862/P.862.1

P.862.2(Wideband)

One -way(Listening quality)

Speech

Network planningNon -intrusive monitoring

Benchmarking/Intrusive monitoring

Media

(Telephone-band)

NGNNGN--relatedrelated Standardization OrganizationsStandardization Organizations

USA

Europe

ATISTTC

TTA

CCSA

IETF

ETSI

ITU

AsiaTISPAN 3GPP

Next Generation IP Network Promotion ForumNext Generation IP Network Promotion Forum

• Established on Dec. 16, 2005• Based on a report from MIC Study Group

on Next Generation IP Infrastructure• To Promote evolution to IP-based Networks

in Japan• Under close cooperation among industries,

government and academia

Next Generation IP Network Promotion ForumNext Generation IP Network Promotion Forum

• Membership: operators, vendors and academia

• Study technical standards for Next Generation IP Networks

• Verifies interoperability through experiments

• Promotes R&D and standardization

ObjectivesObjectives

• Leading ICT by 2010• through all IP-based networks• maintaining security, reliability and

interoperability• providing safe and convenient services

Forum StructureForum StructureNext Generation IP Network

Promotion ForumChair: Prof. Tadao Saito (University of Tokyo)

Technology GroupChair: Prof. Shigeki Goto (Waseda University)

R&D and Standardization GroupChair: Prof. Koichi Asatani (Kogakuin University)

Planning and Promotion GroupChair: Dr. Yuichi Matsushima (NICT)

IssuesIssues

• Promotion of R&D and standardization for next generation networks

• Promotion of international cooperation• In particular, cooperation among Asian

countries

Nationwide Test Bed JGN IINationwide Test Bed JGN II

GG

大阪堂島

100km

NW-A : NW 運用管理技術の研究開発

NW-B : テラビットクラス実現のためのテストベッド

GMPLS 相互接続技術

10 G (1G × 8)

当初 10 Gベース

NICT北九州 ITセンター金沢

10 G10 G

10 G×2

10 G NICTつくば RC

大手町

NICTけいはんなセンター

NICT小金井

10 G

10 G

NICT鹿島

10 G

仙台

札幌

1G

1G

長野

高知名古屋

1G 1G

1G福岡

堂島

10 G (1G× 8) 10 G

(1G×8)

光光

1G

沖縄

10 G

10 G (1G×8)

岡山

NICT神戸

1G

金沢

金沢

福岡

福岡

堂島

堂島

岡山

大手町

産学 IT北九州

NICTけいはんな つくば

NICT鹿島

つくば RC大手町堂島

NICTけいはんなセンター

光NW : 物理的な検証も可能な光テストベッド

NW-A : NW Management

NW-B : Test bed for tera bit

GMPLS Interconnection

10 G (1G × 8)

10 G

NICT KitakyushuITKanazawa

10 G10 G

10 G×2

10 G NICTTsukuba RC

OtemachiNICT Keihanna Center

NICT Koganei

10 G

10 G

NICT Kashima10 G

Sendai

Sapporo

1G

1G

Nagano

KochiNagoya

1G 1G

1GFukuoka

Dojima

10 G (1G× 8) 10 G

(1G×8)

1G

Okinawa

10 G

10 G (1G×8)

Okayama

NICT Kobe1G

KanazawaFukuoka

Fukuoka

Dojima

Okayama

Otemachi

ITKitakyushu

NICT Keihanna Tsukuba

NICT KiajshmaKanazawaDojima

Source:NICT