Next Generation Mobile

Networks:

An industry perspective with a

focus on Cellular – V2X

technologies

Dr Ilaria Thibault

Principal Researcher

Vodafone Group R&D

Bologna

24th November 2017

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About myself

• PhD in Information and Communications Technologies from the University of Bologna, Italy, and

the Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.

• Worked for Inmarsat in 2013

• Joined Vodafone Group R&D in November 2013

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A few words on Vodafone

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Vodafone Group – Technology, Enterprise & Commercial

Vodafone Group (CEO, CTO, CMO etc)

Group Technology Group Enterprise

Strategy, Innovation & Standards (inc. R&D)

• e.g. Cloud, MEC, analytics, architecture,

video/TV etc.

Group Enterprise Technology

• inc. IoT product development

Consumer Products & Services

Regional operational teams (engineering)

IoT inc. Automotive

Enterprise products

Total Comms

Connectivity products

Global Enterprise

26 Operating Companies (e.g. Vodafone UK, DE, ES, IN etc.)

Partner Markets (worldwide), Roaming partners

Consumer products

• Inc. comms, infotainment,

mCommerce, IoT

Unified Communications

Analytics & Big Data

Group Commercial

Vodafone Group Technology

Vodafone Group Chief Technology Officer

Technology

Africa, Middle-East,

Asia Pacific

Consumer Products

& Services

Enterprise Technology Architecture & Strategy

Operations & Delivery Technology Security

Technology/IT Strategy

Networks

Cloud Infrastructure

Data Analytics

Research & Development

Network Virtualisation

Video

Future

Technologies

Access

Standards

Network &

Internet

Standards

Innovation Lab Security, Spectrum

Auctions

Operating

Company CTOs

We create Vodafone’s technology

future and deliver innovations

customers love that work all the

time

R&D: Our Vision

R&D priorities 2017-2018

•Vodafone leadership in 5G

•Deliver the right industry standards to underpin RAN,

System and Core Network innovations

•Leadership in future M2M /IoT technology

•Innovation in future Transport/Internet/IT

technologies

•Deliver Spectrum auction, Security and EMF H&S

guidance

•Create differentiation through Innovation and

Intellectual Property (IP)

•Strengthen R&D Network Innovation Lab

R&D deliverables

Responsibility for 5G Strategy, Collaborative Research, and Communications

Trials of emerging and disruptive technologies and concepts

Participation and leadership in international standards

Advanced end-to-end lab to evaluate new technologies

Evolution of telecoms security and long term spectrum

R&D ecosystem

CARE: Customer centric

Inventive

Open minded

Flexible, fast and pragmatic

Subject matter experts

Multiple disciplines

Opinionated

New technology

innovations

Introduce

innovative new

suppliers

Right standards

delivered on

time

Architecture &

blueprints

Spectrum

auction expertiseRadar on

emerging

threats /

opportunities

Live pilots and trials

R&D Lab

Expert advice

Standards

Research

Security

IPR

Universities Industry

IPR strategy

Centres of Excellence

TLT / ExCo

Strategy

Group Commercial

Support Business

Opportunities

Technology Security

OpCos

Group Regulatory

VPC

Group Public Policy

Technology Academy

Group Legal

Group Finance

5G

R&D

• Radio coverage tools development & planning (Analogue, GSM, GPRS)

• 2.5G data (GPRS) – Vodafone R&D introduced transport layer & application layer solutions for

better operation of IP services over GPRS – including modelling, design & product testing

• 3.5G data (HSPA) – Vodafone R&D involved in the testing & deployment of HSPA to support

mobile broadband

• All-IP (IMS) – pioneering the deployment of IP-based services (voice, video, smart messaging)

through pilots and demonstrations

• Video optimisation – Vodafone R&D introduced first video optimisation for mobile video delivery,

continuing to support testing & development of traffic optimisation solutions

• Fixed-mobile convergence – security solutions, public trials (Mobile-WLAN Access Convergence)

R&D Programmes over the years

Today: 4G Advanced, 5G, NB-IoT/LPWA, MEC, C-V2X

Carrier aggregation

LTE-V

LTE on trains

NB-IoT

R&D adding value to Vodafone

Radio planning tools,

GSM SIM security

TCP/IP & content

optimisation over

mobile

Spectrum Auctions

IP Multimedia

Subsystem,

VoIP over mobile

HSPA trials

Traffic management (QoE)

Spectrum Auctions

Beyond 3G –RAN trials

Fixed-Mobile

Convergence

5G deployment policy,

C-V2X

spectrum policy

1985-1990s early 2000s late 2000s early 2010s Mid 2010s Today

R&D Innovation pipeline

MISSION

Find / create /

pioneer the

innovations which

allow us to deliver

on our Technology

Vision

Create differentiation through Innovation:

• Delivering new concepts into market operation

• Facilitating / nurturing the successful transition of innovation

projects between stages, particularly into local markets.

• Partnering with established suppliers, small companies and start-

ups across multiple themes

Note: Mainstream technologies fall outside this pipeline

Discovered/

In prospect

Lab trial/

Proof of Concept

Field Trial 1st commercial

deployment

Standard

deployment

Innovation Pipeline at a glance as of Sept 2015

• 516m mobile customers

• 40m IoT connections

• Largest international network

• 92% 4G coverage in Europe

•World’s #1 provider of M2M

Vodafone OperationsOctober 2017

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Our vision for 2020

CLOUD

Gigabit Vodafone

4G+/5G

Internetof Things

Fiberisation

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So, why 5G?

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Our service offerings

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65%5%

30%

Mobile

Fixed voice, broadband and TV

Financial services and other value added services

IoT

Total communications

Internet of Things (IoT)

Cloud and Hosting

Carrier Services

5 % Other

Split of

service

revenue

30 % Enterprise

65 % Consumer

76 % Mobile Service Revenue

24 % Fixed Service Revenue

516mMobile

Customers

17.9mFixed

Customers

13.8mTV Customers

3.8mConverged customers

Source: www.vodafone.com

Data consumption keeps increasing driven by…..

Device

Evolution

Service

Evolution

Customer

Evolution

•Higher speeds (Gbps+)

drive higher usage

•Ubiquitous mobile data

coverage still to come

Network

Evolution

•New/evolved services

(Everything in the Cloud)

•New commercial models

drive usage

•20-40% customers still

not using data today in

many markets

•New generations will be

“mobile native”

•New device types

•New flexible form factors

due to material evolution

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The challenge: Data revenues are not keeping pace with traffic!

Several orders of magnitude growth in data over the years but not in revenue

New network capabilities are needed to provide new services which will generate new revenue streams

* Source: Cisco Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast; Yankee, Ovum Telecom, Analysis Mason (2013)

Historical Data and Revenue Growth

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5G is a flexible platform that enables new business opportunities

SMART

AGRICULTUREFLEET

MANAGEMENT

SMART

METER

LOGISTICS

TRACKING

TRAFFIC SAFETY

& CONTROL

INDUSTRIAL

APPLICATION &

CONTROL

REMOTE

TRAINING

REMOTE

MANUFACTURING REMOTE

SURGERY

SMARTPHONESHOME

NON-SIM

DEVICES

ENTERPRISE

VENUES

MOBILE/

WIRELESS/

FIXED

4K/8K UHD

BROADCASTING

VR/AR

LOW COST, LOW ENERGY

SMALL DATA VOLUMES

MASSIVE NUMBERS

ULTRA RELIABLE

VERY LOW LATENCY

VERY HIGH AVAILABILITY

Critical MTCMassive MTC

Enhanced mobile broadband

5G in a nutshell

21

5G will be characterised by a new air interface, access to larger spectrum bands and an

evolution of the EPC

New flexible radio supporting new use cases

Evolved MOBILE BROADBAND

(eMBB)

• Consistent user experience

NEW “VERTICALS”

• ESSENTIAL for NEW revenues

£ € $€ £

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The transition to the Gigabit Society embraces multiple components

4G Evolution (4G Evo)* New Radio (“5G NR”)

Architectural Evolution

• Co-exists with legacy 4G on same carrier

• Addresses new services across large areas

• Design unencumbered by legacy constraints

• Most demanding speed & delay requirements

• Covering Network Virtualisation, Software Defined Networking, Cloud-RAN, and Mobile Edge Computing

4G Evo and 5G “New Radio” are

complementary

(*) 4G Evo – 3GPP Release 13 and beyond, also known as “LTE Advanced Pro”

Capabilities 4G Evo 5G NR

Massive MIMO

Low Latency

Bandwidth >20MHz (carrier

aggregation)

4G legacy support

mmWave Spectrum

The path from 4G to 5G, moving forward as an industry

New radio

• Spec started 2008

• OFDMA and MIMO,

20MHz channels, TDD

and FDD

• Spec started 2010

• Carrier aggregation,

small cell support

• Spec started 2014

• Narrow Band IoT, Licence

Assisted Access,C-V2X,

4x4 MIMO

• Initial phase of standards

process for 5G has started

• Flexibility, large bandwidths,

massive MIMO, low latency

• Network evolution including

virtualisation, SDN, network

slicing, edge computing

LTE evolution

Commercial networks

2017 2018 2019 2020

Re-use 4G core for 5G

3GPP Rel 14

Non-standalone 5G Standalone 5G Full IMT-2000 requirements

NR / NGCN

4G Evolution

3GPP Rel 16 3GPP Rel 173GPP Rel 15

Network virtualisation & SDN

Edge computing

Network slicing

5G core

Narrow Band IoT

4G Carrier Aggregation & 4G Massive MIMO 5G radio & Massive MIMO

Low latency

Standards

Architecture

Radio

Up to 800 Mbps 1 Gbps >1 Gbps

10-20 ms <2 ms

Speed (peak)

Radio latency

3GPP timeline for 5G

5G standardised and

pre-commercial trials

4G Evo and pre-

standard 5G trials5G Technology ready for launch

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C-V2X eC-V2X

•Support of rapid growth in Mobile Broadband

•Enables new capabilities building on 4G foundations

•A clear roadmap towards delivery of 5G New Radio

• Industry alignment towards a single global standard, massive

economies of scale

A global 5G standard has key role to play in the gigabit society

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Early “5G” capabilities

>1M

Addresses immediate 5G use cases

Massive connection density

Power efficient, best coverage

Standards completed in June16

Deployments in 2017

Addresses immediate vehicle safety use cases

Builds on existing 4G framework

Offers a single family of technologies for ITS

(Intelligent Transportation System)

Standards completion March 2017

Cross industry initiatives gaining traction

Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) Cellular V2X

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V2X

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Vehicular communications.. What for?!

V2N

Vehicle

Diagnostics

C-V2X eC-V2X

M2M

Safety Cooperative

awareness

Out of

coverage

operation

Autonomous

vehicles

Remote

control

2G, 3G

3GPP C-V2X

Commercial offerings Recently standardised Research

Infotainment

Safety

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Autonomous Vehicles to AnythingCellular Vehicle to Anything

Vodafone Connected car services today

Vodafone IoT Vodafone Automotive

•Global M2M connectivity, GDSP platform, eCall

•Internet In The Car (IITC) to a WiFi hotspot

•Vodafone Automotive provides E2E services including

telematics, end user applications, devices

•Stolen Vehicle Tracking (SVT), Usage based Insurance

(UBI) and Fleet Management

car OEM

car OEM

Vodafone

Automotive

car OEM

car OEM

Vodafone

Internet

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Vehicle

So far the connected vehicle use cases focused on value added services

to vehicle owners

• Focus on value added services to owners of

connected car

• Proprietary solutions (based on industry

standards)

• Goal: Brand loyalty and Revenue generation

Automotive Service

Automotive Service Examples

• Vehicle diagnostic, support and maintenance

• Navigation and maps

• WiFi hotspots/Infotainment services

• Emergency services (eCall)

• Vehicle tracking/Stolen vehicle Recovery

• Fleet Management

• Usage based insurance

Vehicle OEM

Cloud OTT Cloud

MNO

Network

E.g. E.g. E.g.

2G/3G/4G

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Vodafone Internet of Things (inc Automotive) LoB

*At Year End 15/16

**At end of Q3 16/17

***At end of Q3 16/17

IoT Verticals:

• Automotive

• Utilities

• Healthcare

• Smart Home & Office

Example IoT products

• Point of Sale devices

• Connected vending cabinets

• In-car Internet

• Usage Based Insurance

• Bike tracker (GSM)

• Amazon e-readers

Vodafone IoT pioneered the ‘permanent roaming SIM’ model for M2M/IoT connections

• Simplifies billing process

• National roaming for improved coverage

Safety

Vehicles communicate with each other, and with other

elements of the transportation infrastructure system

Our vision: connected for safety, automated and shared

The digital future of transportation will transform the way we live and work

Automated

Vehicles become increasingly automated – from today’s

lane assistance and automatic parking systems, to

tomorrows fully autonomous vehicles

Shared

Vehicles are used on demand and insured accordingly.

Behaviour models change

›

›

›

4G/5G

Based on Cellular V2X

(C-V2X) and its

evolution to 5G

ConsumerEnterprise

Internet

4G/5G

V2V

V2P V2I

V2N

V2V

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Candidate technologies for vehicular communications

33

‘99 ‘04 ‘08 ‘10 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16

IEEE WAVE

In US FCC allocates

75MHz at 5.9GHz for

V2X

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EC allocates 50MHz at

5.9GHz for ITS Europe

wide

ETSI ITS-G5 Rel.1

3GPP Rel14 C-V2X

3GPP starts

standardising C-V2X

Many years of standardisation efforts… but no

commercial solution yet for DSRC!

But.. WHY?!

WAVE: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments DSRC: Dedicated Short Range Communications ITS: Intelligent Transport Systems

DSRC

Use cases for V2X

Safety-Related • Traffic Signal Violation Warning

• Stop Sign Violation Warning

• Left Turn Assistant

• Stop Sign Movement Assistance

• Intersection Collision Warning

• Blind Merge Warning

• Pedestrian Crossing Information at Designated

Intersections

• Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning

• Emergency Vehicle Signal Pre-emption

• SOS Services

• Post-Crash Warning

• In-Vehicle Signage

• Curve Speed Warning

• Low Parking Structure Warning

• Wrong Way Driver Warning

• Low Bridge Warning

• Emergency electronic brake lights

• Safety function out of normal condition warning

• Emergency vehicle warning

• Slow vehicle warning

• Motorcycle warning

• Vulnerable road user Warning

• Wrong way driving warning

• Stationary vehicle warning

• Traffic condition warning

• Signal violation warning

• Roadwork warning

• Decentralized floating car

• Forward Collision Warning

• Control Loss Warning

• V2V Use case for emergency vehicle warning

• V2V Emergency Stop Use Case

• V2I Emergency Stop Use Case

• Queue Warning

• Road safety services

• Wrong way driving warning

• Pre-crash Sensing Warning

• V2X in areas outside network coverage

• V2X Road safety service via infrastructure

• Curve Speed Warning

• Warning to Pedestrian against Pedestrian Collision

• Vulnerable Road User (VRU) Safety

Traffic Management

• Cooperative Vehicle-Highway Automation System

(Platoon)

• Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control

• Intelligent On-Ramp Metering

• Intelligent Traffic Flow Control

• Regulatory/contextual speed limits

• Traffic light optimal speed advisory

• Traffic information and recommended itinerary

• Enhanced route guidance and navigation

• Intersection management

• Co-operative flexible lane change

• Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control

• V2I / V2N Traffic Flow Optimisation

• Automated Parking System

Infotainment

• Point of Interest Notification

• Instant Messaging

• Map Downloads and Updates

• GPS Correction

• Point of interest notification

• Automatic access control/parking access

• Local electronic commerce

• Car rental/sharing assignment/reporting

• Media downloading

• Map download and update

• Ecological/economical drive

• Instant messaging

• Personal data synchronization

• SOS service

• Stolen vehicle alert

• V2V message transfer under operator control

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RELIANT ON V2V DIRECT COMMS

RELIANT ON V2N

3GPP C-V2X Architecture IEEE WAVE Architecture

ConsumerEnterprise

Internet

4G/5G CN

V2VV2V

V2P V2I

Broadcast (1-2-many)

V2N

Point-to-Point (1-2-1)

ConsumerEnterprise

Internet

4G/5G CN

V2VV2V

V2PV2I

Broadcast (1-2-many)

V2N

Point-to-Point (1-2-1)

C-V2X

system

Cellular

system

V2RSU

IEEE WAVE

system

DSRC

Supporting

Network

External

system

Cellular V2X builds on the global success of 4G

European 4G Population Coverage

and Total Connections

Source: GSMA Intelligence, 16Q3

84% coverage, 15Q3

92% coverage, 16Q3 Extensive geographic coverage

Supporting many V2X services already ›

V2X uses most advanced technology features

V2V works with both “in-coverage” and “out-of-coverage”

Extends range by using optimised radio interface

Delivers superior performance relative to existing

technologies

Reuses best available service & application layers

›

V2X continues to evolve to address new use cases

Technology evolution roadmap for 5G to address e2e latency

of less than 5ms and 99% reliability

›

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679

454

Total

Total Connections vs

Unique Connections

(mln)

Unique

IEEE 802.11p has established the foundation for V2X. However, it has

been around for 10+ years and gained no commercial traction till today

<2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

FCC allocates 75MHz at 5.9GHz for V2X (1999)

EC allocates 50MHz at 5.9GHz for ITS

ETSI ITS-G5 Rel. 1

PHY/MAC based on 802.11p

IEEE 802.11p / WAVE

IEEE802.11p (known as DSRC or ITS-G5) Based in WiFi technology – 802.11p standard

Established security and upper layer specifications

Path to DSRC rulemaking in USA by NHTSA expected

to start in 2016

Large scale field trials completed over the last decade

Standard associated with the only ITS specific

frequency band (5.9GHz)

Requires high-density 802.11p infrastructure

Performance unproven in dense environment

No commercial model for infrastructure

No commercial devices on market after +10 years

NOTE: (1) NHTSA – National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

(2) DSRC – Dedicated Short Range Communications

2004

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Safety Related Traffic Management Infotainment

•Emergency electronic

brake lights

•Safety function out of

normal condition

warning

•Emergency vehicle

warning*

•Slow vehicle warning

•Motorcycle warning

•Vulnerable road user

Warning

•Wrong way driving

warning

•Stationary vehicle

warning

•Traffic condition warning

•Signal violation warning

•Roadwork warning

•Decentralized floating

car data

•Overtaking vehicle

warning

•Lane change assistance

•Pre-crash sensing

warning

•Co-operative glare

reduction

•Across traffic turn

collision risk warning

•Merging Traffic Turn

Collision Risk Warning

•Hazardous location

notification

• Intersection Collision

Warning

•Co-operative forward

collision warning

•Collision Risk Warning

from RSU

•Regulatory/conte

xtual speed limits

•Traffic light

optimal speed

advisory

•Traffic

information and

recommended

itinerary

•Enhanced route

guidance and

navigation

• Intersection

management

•Co-operative

flexible lane

change

•Limited access warning,

detour notification

• In-vehicle signage

•Electronic toll collect

•Co-operative adaptive

cruise control

•Co-operative vehicle-

highway automation

system (Platoon)

•Point of interest

notification

•Automatic access

control/parking

access

•Local electronic

commerce

•Car rental/sharing

assignment/reportin

g

•Media downloading

•Map download and

update

•Ecological/economic

al drive

• Instant messaging

•Personal data

synchronization

•SOS service

•Stolen vehicle alert

•Remote diagnosis and

just in time repair

notification

•Vehicle relation

management

•Vehicle data collect for

product life cycle

management

• Insurance and financial

Services

•Fleet management

•Vehicle software/data

provisioning and

update

•Loading zone

management

•Vehicle and RSU data

calibration

V2V services present new challenges (regardless of the technology)

Unicast Services

Multicast Services

Vehicle-to-vehicle services

Communication method :Multicast and Vehicle-to-Vehicle capabilities

are essential for future ITS safety services

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ETSI TR 102 698 V1.1.1 (2009-06

In order to roll-out V2V-type of services….

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Car OEMsMobile

network

operators

Road

operators

Smart phone

manufacturers

Application

developers

Stakeholder

alignment is

needed for the

roll-out of a

successful service

Security

framework

Spectrum

regulators

Government

policies and

rules

Chip

manufacturers

Connected Vehicle deployments driven by market opportunities but we

need to ensure the ecosystem can support the potential use cases

Intelligent Transport System (ITS)

Autonomous Driving

Connected Vehicle

Use Cases

Extended Coverage

Mobile Edge Computing

Security

eMBMS

Safety

Traffic Efficiency

Infotainment & Telemetric

5Yr Strategy

•Per market deployments driven by

Market Opportunities,

Regulatory Requirements,

Operating Model & Business

Case

•Drive adaption of 100% 4G support

in modems installed in new cars

•Promote technology neutrality in

5.9GHz ITS-G5 band to enable LTE

V2V deployment in this band

•Drive the adoption of VoLTE eCall in

time for 2G shutdown

V2N eMBMS

V2N (Unicast)

MEC/V2X Server

V2V

V2I

V2P

Potential Operating Models

National Tender

Single Operator

Mandate

All Operators1 12

3

Network Requirements

LTE-V

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Building the ecosystem

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• Projects,

• demonstrations,

• MWC

• Lead partner in automotive

trials

3GPP Specifications

ETSI / MEC

Joint founders of 5GAA

• Successfully shaped

harmonised standard

• 5G Innovation Centre

• Lead partner for MWC17

• Industry partnerships

Cross-industry collaboration is key for the success of a specific V2V technology

Automotives

df

RegulatoryStandards

/ industry

initiatives

InnovationEcosystem

Industry

Leadership

Ecosystem and standards

V2X in standards Trials

The Vehicle Manufacturers &

Suppliers

The consumer/ businesses & their journey experience

Local & National Highways

Authorities

CommsCompanies & Infrastructure

Providers

Stakeholders

Rel 13, &14

Rel-15

Cellular based

ITS G5 IEEE WAVE

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Policy and regulatory

CEN and CENELEC are business catalysts in Europe, removing trade

barriers for European industry and consumers. Their mission is to foster

the European economy in global trading, the welfare of European

citizens and the environment. Through their services they provide

platforms for the development of European Standards and other

technical specs.

The Radio Spectrum Policy Group

(RSPG) is a high-level advisory group

that assists the European Commission

in the development of radio spectrum

policy.

The national independent regulator

and competition authority for

communications industries.

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Connected and autonomous vehicles – key policy topics

B2B B2C

3G/4G

Internet

B2CB2B

V2VV2V

4G/5G

+ Broadband access

(In-car Wi-Fi hotspot)+ V2X communication

Now Evolution

V2N

V2P V2I

Evolving regulatory framework

• European Commission – Intelligent Transport Systems

strategy, covers topics including:

o Mandated introduction of systems in vehicles

o Geographical scope of regulatory obligation

o Models for industry collaboration

o Spectrum

o Access to in-vehicle data

o Privacy and Security

o Interoperability

• National consultations, covers topics including:

o Role of Central Government

o Public acceptance

o Review of regulation (e.g. liability)

o National autonomous vehicle trials

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• Government intervention to promote take-up of specified automotive applications is

warranted, as it is it is unlikely that the market will deliver a number of V2I or V2V applications, in

particular those that have broader societal benefits.

• Creation of an environment that promotes the sharing of open road infrastructure data, to ensure

that such public sector data is findable, accessible, interoperable and re-usable.

• Ensure publically owned fibre is utilised. The available fibre should be mapped and proactively

made available to providers looking to drive innovation in this area.

• Existing spectrum at 5.9GHz is made available for C-V2X services and relevant standards

developed in a technology neutral manner.

• As part of national test bed activity, involving relevant players in the supply chain, develop cyber

and security best practice and standards expertise for testing and certification of technologies.

• Connectivity providers need to be able to provide differentiated Quality of Service (QoS) for the

different types of V2V and V2I applications.

Vodafone’s automotive policy considerations

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Industry Initiatives

5G Automotive Association European Automotive Telecom Alliance (EATA)

To develop, test, and promote communications solutions, initiate their

standardisation, and accelerate their commercial availability and global market

penetration to address society’s connected mobility and road safety needs with

applications such as autonomous driving, ubiquitous access to services and

integration into smart city and intelligent transportation.

September 2016 September 2016

To promote the wider deployment of connected and automated driving

in Europe. The first concrete step is the advancement of a pre-

deployment project aimed at testing three major use-case categories:

automated driving, road safety, and digitalisation of transport and

logistics.

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• European Automotive and Telecommunications Alliance (EATA) (September 2016)

– To promote the wider deployment of connected and automated driving in Europe. Comprised of six leading sectorial

associations (ACEA, GSMA, CLEPA, ECTA, ETNO and GSA), as well as 37 companies, including telecom operators,

vendors, automobile manufacturers and suppliers for both cars and trucks.

– Managed by ERTICO, key deliverable is Pre-Deployment Project.

• 5GAutomotive Association (5GAA) (October 2016)

– To develop, test and promote communications solutions, initiate their standardization and accelerate their

commercial availability and global market penetration to address society’s connected mobility and road safety

needs with applications such as autonomous driving, ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart city

and intelligent transportation.

Vodafone’s membership of C-ITS related industry initiatives

5GAA members

as of February

2017

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• Founded in September 2016

• Board Members: Audi, BMW, Daimler, China Mobile, Vodafone, Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Intel, Qualcomm

• Mission statement:

– Develop, test, and promote communications solutions, initiate their standardisation and accelerate their commercial availability and

global market penetration to address society’s connected mobility and road safety needs with applications such as autonomous driving,

ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart city and intelligent transportation.

• Working Groups (WG):

1. Use cases & technical requirements

2. System architecture & solution development

3. Evaluations, testbeds, and pilots

4. Standards, spectrum, and regulatory aspects

5. Business models & go-to-market strategies

5G Automotive Association (5G AA)

End-to-end solutions for future mobility and transportation services

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The challenge

50

• To translate the requirements and

priorities of car manufacturers and

road operators into technical

requirements for the telecom

community and ultimately into

commercially viable technical

solutions.

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C-V2X Reference Architecture

Picture courtesy of Qualcomm

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Short-range V2V: who are the candidates?

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Candidate technologies for vehicular communications

53

‘99 ‘04 ‘08 ‘10 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16

IEEE WAVE

In US FCC allocates

75MHz at 5.9GHz for

V2X

C1: Public

EC allocates 50MHz at

5.9GHz for ITS Europe

wide

ETSI ITS-G5 Rel.1

3GPP Rel14 C-V2X

3GPP starts

standardising C-V2X

Many years of standardisation efforts… but no

commercial solution yet for DSRC!

But.. WHY?!

WAVE: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments DSRC: Dedicated Short Range Communications ITS: Intelligent Transport Systems

DSRC

IEEE WAVE protocol stack(Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment)

54

C1: Public

WAVE PHY

WAVE Lower MAC

WAVE Upper MAC

LLC

IPv6

TCP / UDP WSMP

(Wave Short

Message Protocol)

Security Service

Application (Safety/Non-Safety)

802.11p

1609.4

1609.3

1609.2

1609.1

Parameters 802.11p

Waveform OFDM

Channel bandwidth 10 MHz

Bit rate (Mbps) Min 3, Max 27

Modulation modes BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

QoS support 4 classes of QoS (Enhanced Distributed

Channel Access extension)

Media access technique CSMA/CA – no scanning, no association

(carrier-sense multiple access with collision

avoidance)

Security support No authentication prior to data exchange.

Packet are used for authentication by

certificate-based digital signatures

Max Tx Power 30 dBm (with 6 dBi additional antenna gain)

Range ∼ 100m

Native support of V2V, multi-hop, and geo-casting

ETSI ITS-G5 Rel. 1 Stack

55

• Access layer relies on

European variant of 802.11p.

• Geo-networking supported.

Release 2 expected to be completed in 2017, and it will include more advanced crash avoidance

features, communication improvements, and increased security and privacy.

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3GPP D2D Rel. 12: Proximity Services

56

E-UTRAN

4G

4G

MME

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HSS

S-GW P-GW

Core

D2D Feature Public Safety

Use Case

Commercial

Use Case

Discovery Yes (only for in

coverage, but

not needed for

communication)

Yes

(in coverage)

1:1

Communication

Yes (in & out of

coverage)

No

1:Many

Communication

Yes (in & out of

coverage)

No

Resource allocation:

• eNB scheduled

• Autonomously by UEs from pre-configured

resource pool

Enhancements in Rel. 14

address vehicular scenarios

3GPP C-V2X Rel. 14 as an enhancement of D2D Rel. 12

C1: Public

57

PHY

MAC

RLC

PDCPD2D

protocol

PNon-IP

3GPP scope

IEEE / ISO Security Services

IPv6

UPD/TCPIEEE / ISO /

ETSI Transport

Message sublayer

Applications: Safety and non-safety

Reuses established service and application layers

Already defined by the automotive community,

e.g., SAE

Reuses existing security and transport layers

Defined by ISO, ETSI, and IEEE 1609 family

Enhancements to Rel. 12 LTE D2D PHY/MAC

To address latency-critical, reliable V2X

communications

Based on SC-FDMA PHY

Other

standards

3GPP C-V2X defines two complementary transmission modes

• PC5 Interface / Direct communications • Uu interface

58

Builds on LTE D2D Rel 12 design with enhancements for

high speeds / high Doppler, high density, improved

synchronization and low latency.

Range ~ 100s of meters.

Operates both in-and out-of-coverage

Periodic broadcast messaging

Latency-sensitive use cases, e.g. V2V safety

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Wide area network communications

Leverages existing LTE networks

More latency-tolerant use cases (V2N)

C-V2X is designed for both in-coverage and out-of-coverage

V2V out of coverage Distributed Scheduling

Common V2V frequency

V2V

(PC5)GNSS timing

Common frequency

V2I (PC5)

eMBMS

V2V in-coverage eNB scheduling

V2N (Uu)

V2V

(PC5)

Road Side Unit (RSU)

V2X Server

V2P (PC5)

59C1: Public

Direct communication and control over PC5 interface

Semi-persistent transmission and re-selection

Prone to persistent collisions

Direct communication over PC5 interface

Control over Uu interface

Resources assigned by eNB, collision free within a cell

Semi-Persistent Scheduling

C-V2X supports many V2X scenarios and performs better than IEEE 802.11p

V2V specification

3GPP Rel 14

V2X specification

2016 2017

LTE-V

IEEE802.11p / WAVE

Pre commercial trials

Note: (1) Cooperative Awareness Message

170

45

375

90

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Highway 140km/h Urban dense 15km/h

802.11p LTE V2V

Co

vera

ge

Ra

ng

e (

m)

802.11p vs C-V2X

Estimated CAM 1message Coverage Range @ 90% reliability

10 messages/s 2 messages/s

(6GHz, BW 10MHz, Tx power 23dBm, Antenna gain 3dB)

Ref: Ericsson [Ricardo Blasco, Hieu Do, Serveh Shalmashi, Stefano Sorrentino, Yunpeng Zang, “3GPP LTE Enhancements for V2V and Comparison to IEEE 802.11p”, EU ITS Congress 2016 ]

120%

100%

60C1: Public

<2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

FCC allocates 75MHz at 5.9GHz for V2X (1999)

EC allocates 50MHz at 5.9GHz for ITS

ETSI ITS-G5 Rel. 1

PHY/MAC based on 802.11p

IEEE 802.11p / WAVE

2004

IEEE 802.11p: Poor scalability

61

• Packet: 300 Bytes

• Beacon Periodicity: 10Hz

• The packet is considered delivered

successfully if it is received within the

beacon period.

Source: A. Vinel, "3GPP LTE Versus IEEE 802.11p/WAVE: Which Technology is Able to Support Cooperative Vehicular Safety Applications?," IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 1,

no. 2, pp. 125 - 128 , Apr. 2012 .

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IEEE 802.11p: Poor range

62

Source: X. Wu, S. Subramanian, R. Guha, R. G. White, J. Li, K. W. Lu, A. Bucceri and T. Zhang, "Vehicular Communications using DSRC: Challenges, Enhancements and Evolution," IEEE Journal on Selected

Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 399 - 408 , July 2013 .

• Packet: 300 Bytes

• Beacon Periodicity: 10Hz

C1: Public

IEEE 802.11p: Risk of unbounded packet delays

63

Sources: Z. Hameed Mir and F. Filali, “LTE and IEEE 802.11p for vehicular networking: a performance evaluation,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2014, no. 89, p. 1–15, May ‘14.

W Sun et Al, “Analytical Study of the IEEE 802.11p EDCA mechanism”, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, ‘13.

• 5 × 5 Manhattan grid

• Roads spaced 400 m

• Communication range: 250m

• Packet: 256 Bytes

End-to-End Delay vs. Beacon

Transmission Frequency

Packet Delivery Ratio vs. Beacon

Transmission Frequency

Although studies also show that EDCA helps in containing delays for safety-critical packets

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The importance of setting requirements

• Among the requirements for safety-

related applications, we have:

– 100ms End-to-End Latency

– 10Hz Beacon Periodicity

64

C1: Public

But… what do these requirements really mean?

• Maximum time a packet is in use by an application.

• It translates into a V2V error for safety-applications.

• It is a trade-off between beacon periodicity and E2E packet

latency :

– Data Freshness = Latency + 1/(Beacon Periodicity)

Data freshness for periodic awareness beacons

To achieve a given data freshness:

If latency

Beacon periodicity has to 65

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Impact on safety distance of data freshness

C1: Public 66

D

Speed = 130 Km/h

Cooperative Awareness Messages of 100

Bytes.

Safety distance D

Impact on safety distance of data freshness

C1: Public 67

D

Speed = 130 Km/h

Cooperative Awareness Messages of 100

Bytes.

Safety distance D

Braking

Distance [m]

GPS Error [m] Data Freshness

(DF) [ms]

V2V Error (DF

x speed) [m]

Safety Distance

[m]

Resource

utilisation*

[Kbps]

93 5 100 3.6 101.6 8

*Assuming zero latency

Impact on safety distance of data freshness

C1: Public 68

D

Speed = 130 Km/h

Cooperative Awareness Messages of 100

Bytes.

Safety distance D

Braking

Distance [m]

GPS Error [m] Data Freshness

(DF) [ms]

V2V Error (DF

x speed) [m]

Safety Distance

[m]

Resource

utilisation*

[Kbps]

93 5 100 3.6 101.6 8

93 5 10 0.36 98.4 80

*Assuming zero latency

Impact on safety distance of data freshness

C1: Public 69

D

Speed = 130 Km/h

Cooperative Awareness Messages of 100

Bytes.

Safety distance D

Braking

Distance [m]

GPS Error [m] Data Freshness

(DF) [ms]

V2V Error (DF

x speed) [m]

Safety Distance

[m]

Resource

utilisation*

[Kbps]

93 5 100 3.6 101.6 8

93 5 10 0.36 98.4 80

93 5 1 0.036 98 800

*Assuming zero latency

Impact on safety distance of data freshness

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D

Decreasing the data freshness has little impact on the safety distance,

but HUGE impact on RESOURCE UTILISATION.

Speed = 130 Km/h

Cooperative Awareness Messages of 100

Bytes.

Safety distance D

Braking

Distance [m]

GPS Error [m] Data Freshness

(DF) [ms]

V2V Error (DF

x speed) [m]

Safety Distance

[m]

Resource

utilisation*

[Kbps]

93 5 100 3.6 101.6 8

93 5 10 0.36 98.4 80

93 5 1 0.036 98 800

*Assuming zero latency

Some food for thought…

• Requirements should be

aligned with vehicle

capabilities and

limitations.

• Need for close

collaboration with car

OEMs.

• Mobile networks should not be over-engineered to

meet unreasonable

targets.

• All vehicle capabilities

should be leveraged.

71

Network design V2X requirementsCommercial

viability

• Investments are only

justified by commercially

viable solutions.

C1: Public

BASE algorithm for efficient resource utilisation in V2V safety use casesBeaconing Adaptation for Safety Enhancement

72

Car A Car BCar A Car B

Dmin

Is D>Dmin ?

BP=BPmax

BP can be

reduced

NO

YES

D

63% less traffic!

C1: Public

Priority use cases have been agreed by stakeholders

Priority (day 1) Services Communication

requirement

Category

Emergency braking V2V Safety

Emergency vehicle

approachingV2V Safety

Slow or stationary vehicle V2V Safety

Traffic jam ahead V2V Safety

Hazardous location

notificationV2I Motorway

Road works warning V2I Motorway

Weather conditions V2I Motorway

In-vehicle signage V2I Motorway

In-vehicle speed limits V2I Motorway

Probe vehicle data V2I Motorway

Shockwave damping V2I Motorway

Time to Green V2I Urban

Intersection safety V2I Urban

Signal priority request V2I Urban

source: C-ITS Platform (2016) Final Report, p26

• Essential services prioritised by a cross-industry

panel, C-ITS, on behalf of European Commission

(from Nov14-Dec15)

• Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) requirements are not

onerous for day 1 requirements (messages are

infrequent and low volume) and can be served by

LTE-V

• There is no requirement for latency that is unable

to be met by todays 4G network architecture

• Remaining (V2I) messages are able to be served

with existing cellular infrastructure, probably with

Multicast support

C1: Public

Secondary use cases have also been identified

Secondary Services Communication

requirement

Category

Collision risk avoidance V2V Safety

Motorcycle approaching V2V Safety

Off street parking info V2I Parking

On street parking info V2I Parking

Park & Ride Automation V2I Parking

Fuelling & Charging stations V2I Smart routing

Traffic info and smart routing V2I Smart routing

Zone access control V2I Smart routing

Loading zone management V2I Freight

Vulnerable road user V2I Safety

Wrong way driving V2I Safety

source: C-ITS Platform (2016) Final Report, p26;

source: C-ITS Platform WG1 Annex 1 (2016) category description

• Collision risk avoidance – main purpose is to

support traffic at intersections, eg. notification of

change of direction associated to

joining/departing a road.

• Most demanding V2V collision avoidance

requirements with lowest latency (for

autonomous driving) may be best covered by on-

board sensors.

• Remaining (V2I) messages are able to be served

with existing cellular infrastructure, probably

with Multicast support.

• NOTE: Platooning is not a C-ITS Platform use

case/service.C1: Public

The majority of the V2X communications requirements can be

supported by existing 4G capabilities

Capability Solution Strengths Challenges

V2N Unicast

LTE/5G or

LTE with

MEC

Available now (without Rel 14 enhancements)

Wide area deployment

Geo messaging /services

MEC reduces latency & hosts local content

100% geographical coverage

Support for ultra low latency use cases

(without MEC)

MEC standards immature

V2N

Multicast/Broadcast

LTE/5G

eMBMS

Technology exists

Group messaging

Rel’ 14 SC-PTM doesn’t require network sync

100% geographical coverage

Network upgrade cost

V2V/V2I/V2P -

network based

unicast

LTE/5G

Available now (without Rel 14 enhancements)

Wide area deployment

100% geographical coverage

Support for ultra low latency use cases

Use of licensed MBB spectrum

LTE/5G with

MEC

Reduces network latency

Host localised content / applications

MEC standards immature

Network investment

Use of licensed MBB spectrum

V2V/V2I/V2P direct LTE/5G V2X

No macro coverage req.

Low latency

Potential use of ITS5.9GHz spectrum

Standards immature (Rel 14)

Technologies (i.e. LTE-V & DSRC) will

interfere when used in the same band

75C1: Public

• Information sharing for limited/full

automated driving

• High density platooning

• Video data sharing for assisted and

improved automated driving

• Pre-processing for high accurate

digital maps

• Automated cooperative driving

• Cooperative collision avoidance

• Collective perception of environment

(e.g. bird’s eye view, see-through

driving)

• Emergency Trajectory re-planning

/alignment

• Remote driving

New connected vehicle use cases addressing assisted & automated

driving are emerging

Assisted Driving Automated Driving

Traffic Safety & Efficiency

76C1: Public

• Forward collision warning

• Control loss warning

• Road works/hazard warning

• Emergency vehicle warning

• Queue warning

• Cooperative adaptive cruise

control

• Wrong way driving warning

• Emergency stop

• Parking information

• Digital road sign

• Warning to pedestrian

• Vulnerable road user safety

• In-vehicle speed limits

• E-tolling

• Pre-crash sensing warning

NOTE: (1) Pre-crash Sensing Warning require 20ms

< 100ms

E2E latency

req.

< 5ms

< 10ms

E2E

latency

req.

< 100ms

< 20ms

However, our network can support subset of new connected vehicle

V2N use cases, enabled by 4G and 4G Evolution capabilities from 2018

77C1: Public

Capacity & Speed Coverage

4G carriers will be deployed to meet

capacity demand with evolving speed

targets (i.e. 90% of DL Data samples

>5Mbps from 2018)

3

5 5

8 8 8

0

2

4

6

8

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

4G Coverage will be completed in

leading markets by 2020 ensuring

best customer experience

Network Speed Targets (Mbps)

Population coverage – 1 Mbps

Outdoor (EU)

Low Latency

Target deployment of low latency

solutions across network on low

band coverage layer from 2018 to

reduce the Radio Latency by ~80%

Carrier Aggregation (CA)

Radio Evolution Features

MIMODL 256QAM Rx Diversity Inter-eNB CA / Dual Connectivity

Interference Cancellation Coordinated Scheduling

Instant UL Access

Shorter TTI

UL 64QAM

87%

90%

95%

98%99%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Unlike present connected vehicles that use only vehicle to network

communication, new use cases require vehicle-to-everything (V2X)

Vehicle OEM

Today

ITS

e.g. Road Operator

MNO MNO MNO

Future (V2X)

V2N V2V V2P

MNO

V2V (via

network)

V2V

(direct)

V2P (via

network)

V2P

(direct)

V2I (via

network)

V2I

V2I

(direct)

RSU

Backhaul

(optional)

NOTE: (1) ITS – Intelligent Transport System (2) RSU – Road Side Unit78C1: Public

V2N

MNO

ITS

e.g. Road Operator

Vehicle OEM

Vehicle-to-Network Vehicle-to-Vehicle Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Vehicle-to-InfrastructureVehicle-to-Network

Latency reduction can also be achieved by architectural evolution such

as Optimised Technology Centres and MEC

79C1: Public

Optimised Technology Centres

e.g. Automotive

OEM Cloud

IP Ethernet

Network

Central Cloud

Distributed Cloud

MEC

MEC

2

31

4

Mobile Edge Computing

eNB TC

• EPC

• Services

• Content

e.g. 20ms “rest of network”

Today

eNB Local TC

(National)

~5ms ~10ms

Target TC Hierarchy & Latency

Remote Edge

(e.g. PoC)

Future: Network ‘Cloudified’

1. Application traffic termination on MEC platform (client / server)

2. Passing traffic through to telecoms core network (can inspect, modify,

change at edge cloud)

3. Passing traffic from edge cloud directly to enterprise cloud

4. Local routing of traffic between cellular end points

Mobile Edge Computing Application Flows

New connected vehicle use cases may benefit many market segments.

However, operating models and business cases are not developed at present

80C1: Public

Automotive Services Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)

Beneficiary Business Consumer Public Authority Society at Large Business

Benefits (e.g.)Value added

services

Road

services &

Information

Efficient road use,

charging & traffic

management

Improved road safety,

Enhanced mobility &

Reduced congestion

Autonomous vehicle, Efficiency (e.g.

platooning)

Communication V2N V2N, V2V, V2I V2N, V2V

Key

Requirement1Highway/in-road coverage

Highway/in-road coverage, E2E Latency, Support across multiple OEM vehicle,

Multicast/Broadcast

TechnologyExisting ‘Connected Car’

capabilities + MBB evolution

Existing ‘Connected Car’ capabilities +

MBB evolution + eMBMS + LTE-V + MEC

Business Model ExistNew business

opportunity

Monetisation

challengingNew business opportunity

Key Challenge Secure new vehicle OEMs

•Government/regulatory intervention at

regional & national level to align rollout

•Network upgrade cost

•Dedicated solutions & vehicles

designed to common specification

•Establish MNO role

NOTE: (1) In addition to population coverage and additional capacity need

An example: A case study on highway

high-density truck platooning

Based on a joint research project by Vodafone,

Nokia, and Poznan University

(results currently under review for publication)81C1: Public

• Founded in September 2016

• Board Members: Audi, BMW, Daimler, China Mobile, Vodafone, Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Intel, Qualcomm

• Mission statement:

– Develop, test, and promote communications solutions, initiate their standardisation and accelerate their commercial availability and

global market penetration to address society’s connected mobility and road safety needs with applications such as autonomous driving,

ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart city and intelligent transportation.

• Working Groups (WG):

1. Use cases & technical requirements

2. System architecture & solution development

3. Evaluations, testbeds, and pilots

4. Standards, spectrum, and regulatory aspects

5. Business models & go-to-market strategies

5G Automotive Association (5G AA)

End-to-end solutions for future mobility and transportation services

82C1: Public

The challenge

83

• To translate the requirements and

priorities of car manufacturers and

road operators into technical

requirements for the telecom

community and ultimately into

commercially viable technical

solutions.

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C-V2X Reference Architecture

Picture courtesy of Qualcomm

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Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) uses cases and the transition to

autonomous driving requires V2X communication

Cross-industry panel, C-ITS identified primary (16) use cases on behalf

of European Commission (Dec. 2015)

Safety

Emergency breaking

Slow/stationary vehicle

Traffic jam ahead

Motorway Urban

Road works warnings

Weather conditions

In-vehicle Speed limits

Intersection safety

Time to Green

Wrong way driving

Intelligent Transport System

Type of Communication Requirement

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)

Infotainment &

Telemetric

Map/media download,

InCar WiFi, Point of

interest, Vehicle

diagnostics, Support &

maintenance

Autonomous Driving

Safety & Traffic Management

Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)

Vehicle-to-Network (V2N)

Vehicle-to-Network

(V2N)

Combination of ultrasonic sensors , trifocal

visual cameras and radars are used in current

autonomous vehicles

• Autonomous vehicles are being developed

without MNO support

• V2X communication expect to have a role in

addressing requirements not addressed

already

V2V, V2I & V2N

85C1: Public

Communication is only a small part of a complex system

• Autonomous vehicles are being

developed without MNO support

• Automotive companies view

cellular (V2V) as “just a better long-

range sensor”

• The most challenging

requirements on latency can be

handled with local sensing and

compute on the vehicle

• For the MNO to have a role it must

address those requirements not

already addressed and do so at a

low marginal cost

Example configuration based on Tesla (Jan2016)

– 16 x ultrasonic sensors with 3600 vision

– 1x front facing trifocal visual camera

– 4 x visual cameras around the vehicle

– 1x front facing radar

Source: Texas Instruments

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Future looking use cases: Platooning or “Road Train”

• Following truck has reduced air drag of 50%

• Incremental fuel savings of about 6%

• Approximately €1800/year/truck savings

• Assumes vehicles have similar braking capacity,

sensor platform, system redundancy, and v2v

communications for emergency braking

• Licenced lead vehicle driver required

source: SARTRE Project (2012) Final Report

Description and Rationale

Commercial Aspects

• Communications required for handling

subscriptions, localising road-train, apportioning

costs and benefits

• Benefits must accrue for lead vehicle, following

vehicle, manufacturers, and service providers

• Monthly subscription and PAYG model have been

proposed

• Single haulier approach avoids administration and

simplest route to early marketC1: Public

88

Platooning as an emerging C-V2X use case

When vehicles autonomously follow one another, they become a platoon.

This brings lower fuel (or battery) consumption, higher road capacity, better driver comfort.

0 1 1 0 0

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 0

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control is the main enabler for high-density platooning.

C1: Public

From automotive KPIs to radio KPIs

89

Automotive KPI Communications

KPIs

In-car technology Enabling wireless

technologies

IEEE 802.11p

3GPP C-V2X

Latency and reception

rate

Cooperative Adaptive

Cruise Control:

in-vehicle sensors

+

wireless

communications

Inter-vehicle

distance

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Service-level performance with different radio technologies

90

3GPP C-V2X Mode 4

3GPP C-V2X Mode 3

IEEE 802.11p

d

3 x d

13 x d

10-truck platoon, trucks use CACC, 4-lane highway, 20 cars/lane generating

interfering traffic around the platoonC1: Public

91

• The choice of the solution depends on many factors:

– Service-level automotive requirements,

– Business case / commercial constraints,

– Regulatory aspects (e.g., min braking distance),

– Network performance

C1: Public

Technical analysis is only the first step in identifying the optimal technology and 5GAA

has the tools and expertise to carry out a broader analysis that explores all the above

dimensions

Trials, testbeds, and demonstrations

C1: Public 92

V2X demo with JLR and Huawei – Summer 2015

C1: Public

• On-going collaboration with JLR and

Huawei to study the role of LTE for safety-

related vehicular communication.

• A test network was set up in Gaydon

during the summer to test pre-standard

LTE V2X technology for safety-critical

applications (Emergency Electronic Brake

Lights).

• In the next phase a more robust test

network will be deployed within the scope

of UK CITE, and new test cases will be

considered (e.g., platooning, etc..).93

• The project is trialling

– Mixed road types & speeds up to 70mph in Coventry – Birmingham area

– Functionality, Safety and Convenience

- Both ITS G5 802.11p and LTE V

- Wi-Fi services on the move

– Road network efficiency and modelling

– Multipath broadcasting using multiple communications methods

– Whole journey experience - Interlink between the urban and Strategic

Road Network

• Test site access

– Access for vehicle manufactures and technology companies once

operational

The Vehicle Manufacturers

& Suppliers

The consumer/

businesses & their journey experience

Local & National Highways

Authorities

Comms Companies & Infrastructure

Providers

Stakeholders

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A45

A46

M40

M40

M42

A4114

Solihull Coventry

J3A

A46

M42

A4053

Royal

Leamington Spa

JLR (Gaydon)

Vodafone Group R&D UK CITE Test Route - Road and Track

• Five different road types

1. Smart Motorway (M42)

2. Motorway (M40)

3. Expressway(A46)

4. A-road (A45)

5. Urban (A4114/A4035)

• Mixture of technologies

1. DSRC V2V (802.11p)

2. Cellular V2V (LTE-V)

3. Cellular LTE-MEC

4. Cellular & DSRC V2I

5. Cellular V2N

• 1st June 2016 – 31st December 2018

DSRC only sites

No V2X sites

LTE-V only site

Existing LTE (M42 coverage

indicated only)

Coleshill

(M42 LTE-MEC)

Coventry CC

(A4114/A4035 LTE-MEC)

HORIBA

MIRA

Co-sited DSRC and LTE-V

LTE-MEC

C1: Public

Stakeholders in UK CITE Consortium

The Vehicle

Manufacturers &

Suppliers

The consumer/

businesses and their

journey experience

Local and National

Highways

Authorities

Communications

Companies and

Infrastructure

Providers

Stakeholders

C1: Public

Barcelona-Catalunya Circuit: MWC 2017

Test Area

Location relative

to MWC

C1: Public

Site Photos (source: Huawei)Index

C1: Public

Proposed Use Cases

• Collision Warning

• Emergency Braking

• Intersection warnings

• Speed advisory approaching

traffic lights

Safety Related (V2V)

• Lane Changing Assistance

Driver Assistance (V2V)

Traffic Flow Optimisation (V2I)

• Enhanced driver visibility

“See Through Visibility”

(Edge Compute)

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Vodafone Germany C-V2X testbeds

• We are supporting Cellular V2X

testbeds in Germany:

– Vodafone and Bosch are testing

C-V2X technology on the public

A9 road.

– Uses the ITS 5.9GHz frequency

band.

– Fast and direct V2V

communication is being used to

optimise traffic flow and reduce

accidents.

– Together with the overarching

mobile network, it provides the

basis for fully networked road

traffic (i.e. V2X) in the future.

Additional Cellular

V2X testbed being

discussed in The

Netherlands and

Spain

A9 Autobahn C-V2X test bed

C1: Public

BMBF Project “NetMobil” – within 5G Tactile Internet programme

• Research Consortium to develop new Car2X technology beyond state-of-

the art (4G+/5G), Platooning (+1000 cars) , City crossing

• Lead by TU Dresden / Bosch , with VW, BMW, Claas, Nokia, Ericsson.

• Start 03/2017

AP1 – Requirement Definition

AP2 – System concept and –architecture

AP3 – Tactile Radio Interface

AP4 – Agile Edge Computing

AP5 – Flexible Network Configuration

AP6 – Evaluation & Validation / Proof-of-Concept

AP7 – Project Management und LiaisonsC1: Public

Challenges ahead

C1: Public 102

Network Evolution plan

103C1: Public

Step 3Step 2 Step 1

• LTE-V (optional) unicast capability to

deliver subset of V2N based use

cases

• Deployment of ‘geo-service’

capability using unicast to deliver

messages based on geo information

(e.g. service area, area of relevance,

etc.)

• LTE-V direct V2X operate in ITS

spectrum (5.9GHz), in ‘Out-of-

coverage’ mode for safety use cases

• Benefits from ongoing E2E latency

optimisation in radio, transport and

core

• Depending on the use case take up

and traffic volume, evolve from

unicast based delivery to more

efficient eMBMS based V2N

• Depending on the ITS regulatory

requirements, operating model and

business case, rollout of ‘In-coverage’

mode LTE-V direct V2X

• As per demand, deploy MEC to

deliver ‘ultra low latency’ use cases

• Further reduction in the radio latency

via shorter TTI etc. enable new use

cases

• Support ultra low latency

use cases reliably over 5G

• V2X network slice

• Highways and country

roads coverage

Under Development

3GPP use cases & latency req. for V2X /eV2X communications services

Type Safety Use CasesTraffic

Efficiency UC

V2V Forward Collision Warning, Control

Loss Warning, Emergency vehicle

warning, Emergency Stop Use Case,

Queue Warning, Wrong way driving

warning, Pre-crash Sensing Warning

Cooperative

Adaptive

Cruise Control

V2I Emergency Stop Use Case Automated

Parking

System

V2P Warning to Pedestrian, Vulnerable

Road User (VRU) Safety

V2N Traffic Flow

Optimisation

V2X - LTE Rel. 14

Maximum latency: 100ms (20ms1)

Maximum message frequency: 10 msg/s

eV2X – 5G

NOTE: (1) 20ms latency comes from Pre-crash Sensing Warning

Use Cases Latency

Remote Driving, Collective Perception of

Environment, Emergency Trajectory

Alignment

≤ 5 ms

Vehicle Platooning, Automotive: Sensor

and State Map Sharing, Automated

Cooperative Driving, Cooperative

Collision Avoidance (CoCA) of connected

automated vehicles, Video data sharing

for assisted and improved automated

Driving

≤ 10 ms

Information sharing for limited/full

automated platooning, Teleoperated

Support

≤ 20 ms

Information sharing for limited/full

automated driving ≤100 ms

V2V V2I

V2P V2N

104C1: Public

• Designing for super low latency and reliable networks

• Cost Effective Coverage & Capacity

• Breakthroughs in new human interface interfaces – e.g. Total Recall!

• Quantum Computing – e.g. security, virtualisation,

• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

• Massive Commoditisation – what are the implications?

• Energy Consumption

Research challenges and opportunities

C1: Public

106

NGMN Task Force on 5G Extreme Requirements

Scope of the 5G Extreme Requirements TF

To answer the following questions:

– To which extent can the 5G extreme services be delivered on existing

deployments?

– What modifications, if any, are required in the radio access network and

from an E2E perspective to deliver the 5G extreme services?

107

5G Work Programme - Overview

108

Eco-system

Building and

Interaction

Evaluation

of Trials, Tests,

and Proof of

Concepts

Guidance to

SDOs and the

Wider Industry

Spectrum

V2X

IPR Forum

BASTA

E2E Architecture:

− Framework and Principles

− Service-based Architecture

− RAN Functional Split

− Management & Operations

Security Competence Team

Extreme Requirements

Trial & Testing

− Tech. Building Blocks

− Proof of Concept

− Interworking

− Pre-commercial NWs

Overview Workstreams and -leads

Plus: “3GPP Reporting” on SA,

CT, and RAN done by

Structure of the work

Overall lead: Vodafone

Phase 1: Operators’ view on fundamental trade-offs (Vodafone-

led)

Phase 2: Network deployment for extreme services

– Phase 2.1: Radio Access Network deployment models (Ericsson-led)

– Phase 2.2: End-to-end considerations

– (Huawei-led)

109

Time line and milestones

110

2017 2018

May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Kick offD1: Fundamental trade-offs

D2.1: RAN deployment models

D2.2: E2E considerations

White paper

D1 delivered and publicly

available very soon!

Phase 1: Results

111

What are the effects of making radio requirements extreme?

112

Methodology

Baseline: IMT-Advanced radio technology in an

urban macro environment.

Use-case agnostic analysis.

Question: Can a packet of a given size be

delivered in the UL with given latency and

reliability constraints?

Objective: to identify the capabilities of today’s

deployments and measures that need to be

adopted to address extreme requirements.

113

3GPP TR 36.912

Quantifying the impact of extreme requirements on the coverage area

114Assumption: 40 Bytes of TCP/IP overhead.

Conclusion

Delivering extreme services on existing deployments is challenging. New

deployment strategies will be required

UL coverage availability can be boosted with higher diversity orders, larger

bandwidth, or site densification

Light protocol stacks might be needed for the delivery of small packets with low

latency and high reliability

This analysis will be extended in Phase 2 with system-level simulations

115