NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS

Instructor: Mr. Vaglio

I. Shaping/ Peopling of Americas

- Pangaea- 10 million years ago – North America was created- 2 million years ago – Ice Ages began and ended

10,000 years ago – Bering Strait - By 1492 when the Europeans came – 54 million

people populated the Americas- 2000 separate languages

- Countless tribes

Incas – Peru

Mayans – Central Mexico

Aztecs – Mexico

Relied primarily on the cultivation of mazie – fed 20 mil in Mexico alone

Built very impressive cities without animals such as horses or oxen

Corn was developed about 5,000 BC form a staple of wild grass –foundation of Aztec & Incan Societies

Corn reached the Pueblo people of Rio Grande about 1200BC (intricate irrigation systems)

No dense populations or complex nation states existed outside of Mexico (north)

Anasazi – 600 room Pueblo (Chaco Canyon)Mississippian Settlement – Cahokia – home to 40,000 Cultivation of corn reached Atlantic region 1,000 AD –three sister farmingHighest densities of population on NA – Cherokee, Choctaw,Creek

Iroquois – created closes civilization to that of Aztecs & Incas – inspired by legendary leader Hiawatha!

Most part natives in NA were living in small scattered bands upon European arrival

Men hunted/ women gathered (matrilineal culture)

1492 only 4million native in NA

II. Indirect Discoverers of the New World

1,000 AD (Norse) The Vikings discovered present day Newfoundland – colony failed

The Crusades – created “European Sweet Tooth”

Marco Polo – how can he be considered a indirect discoverer of the New World?

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.

4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

5. Technological advances.

6. Fame and fortune.

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

III. Europeans enter Africa

1450 Prince Henry the NAVIGATORInventionsBartholomieu Dias 1488

• Trading posts• Madeira, Canaries, Sao Tome, Principe

( Significance?)

Vasco Da Gama 1498

Spain – united with the marriage of Ferdinand & Isabella – (Reconquista)

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

School for Navigation, 1419

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.

2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.

3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.

Calicut.

4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

IV. Columbus comes to the New World

Reasons for continued explorationThirst for spices at cheaper prices (how)

Africa source of cheap slave labor – sugar plantations

Renaissance• Printing Press

• Mariners Compass

Columbus – set sail August 1492 six weeks later found land October 12,

Believed he has skirted the rim of the “Indies”

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

His discovery would bring into contact 4 Continents creating an Interdependent Global Economic System.

EUROPE – markets, capital, technology

AFRICA - furnished the labor

NEW WORLD (NA/SA) – raw materials

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

V. When Worlds CollideItems offered by the New World

IguanasSnakesMaize, beans, tomatoes, tobacco,Potatoes3/5ths the crops in the world originated in the AmericasIntroduction of New World Foodstuffs offset Slave Trade

Items offered by the Old World

Cattle, swine, horses• APACHE, SIOUX,

BLACKFOOT

SUGAR REVOLUTION

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

VI. The Spanish Conquistadors

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

Spain became the dominant exploring and colonizing power of Europe in the 1500s

Balboa - 1513

Magellan (1519 – 1522) 5 ships – 1ship

Juan Ponce de Leon- discovered Florida

Francisco Coronado – Grand Canyon, Colorado River

Hernando de Soto – Mississippi River

Francisco Pizarro - conquistador

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

VII. Conquest of Mexico

Cozumel,Malinche, Noche Triste

20 million to 2 million in 1 century

Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Spanish Colonial Structure

Peninsulares, Creoles, mestizoInfluences – laws,crops, language, religion, animals – all proved adaptable (assimilation)

Encomienda System –

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

New Laws New Laws 1542 1542

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans.

2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives

Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World1. Encomienda

or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.

New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement.

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission

VIII. Spread of Spanish AmericaSpanish cities and towns flourished within a half century of 1492

University of Mexico at Mexico City University at Lima, Peru

Other Imperial countries became interested in the New World – Spain secured her Northern Periphery

John CabotVerrazanoJacques Cartier*** 1565 St. Augustine Florida

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.

3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.

Surat in NW India in 1608.

4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged

by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade

5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade

Troubles in Mexico

Don Juan de Onate-

Pope’s Rebellion

Alamo – response to Robert de la Salle

California – Father Junipero – 21 missions

“Black Legend”