Slide 1

Immobilization of enzymeRepresented to: Dr. Syed Aun MuhammadRepresented By: Kiran jameel 22 (M) Zainab Akhtar 20 (E) Huma Mujahid 11(M) Iqra Aziz 05(E) Kauser Parveen 22(E)

What is immobilization?The act of limiting movement or making incapable of movement.IntroductionImmobilization of enzymes can be defined as the Confinement of enzymes (bio-catalyst) in a distinct phase, separated from the bulk phase but allowing it to exchange with the latter.Bulk phase consists of a substrate, an effectors or inhibitor.Immobilized enzymes is either Physically entrapped or covalently bonded by Chemical means to an inert insoluble matrix or carrier in other words, it involves the restrictive localization of enzymes.Matrix is generally High molecular weight polymer EX; cellulose ,polyacrlamide and alginate etc.Need for immobilizationAccelerates the chemical reactions

Specificity and un-modified enzymes

Cost effective

Not difficult to separate

Attachment to polymers/matrix , causes re-use.Carrier for immobilized enzymes Ideal characteristics of the carrier

Low cost and of optimum quality.Inertness Physical strengthStabilityRegenerabilityEnhancement of enzyme specificityReduction of product inhibition

Types of carrier Naturally occurring Structural proteins(Ex, ceratin ,collagen) Globular proteins (Ex, albumin) Carbohydrates (Ex, dextran) Synthetic organic Ex Polyvinyl, Epoxide etc Inorganic Ex glass, silicate, bentonite,titania etc.Methods of ImmobilizationPhysical Methods

AdsorptionEntrappingMembrane confinement Chemical Methods

Covalent bondingCross linking Complexation and chelationParameters for method selectionOverall catalytic activityEffectiveness of the catalytic utilizationDeactivation and regeneration characteristicsCost effectiveIntended application of immobilized enzymesToxicity of immobilized enzyme Waste disposal

Physical Methods

Adsorption Non-specific bonding like electrostatic or hydrophobic affinity binding to special ligand Mostly explained in following term: Static pores Dynamic pores Reactor loading Electro depression

Advantages Simple & economical Limited loss of activity Can be recycled and regenerated & reused Disadvantages Relatively low surface area for bonding Exposure of enzyme to microbial attack Smaller particles cause high pressure drop in continuous Packed bed reactor Yield are often low due to inactivation & desorptionEntrappingEnzymes are held or entrapped within the suitable gels or fibreIn a gel it may causes: Matrix polymerization Precipitation CoagulationEntrapment in calcium alginate is the most widely used for entrapment for: Microbial Animal Plant enzyme/or cellEx: Glucose oxidase + polyacrlamide