NEW L I T E R A T U R E

Books and C o l l e c t i o n s

Nuclear energy in England, 195q. The English Central Information Bureau in 1957 published a brochure called "Nuclear Energy in England." This publication contains information on the state of research In nuclear physics in England before the war, during the war, and immediately after the Second World War; the various establishments and organizations which are responsible for coordinating and carrying out research and work in nuclear energy in England are described and it Is reported that inFebruary of 1957 a national institute for nuclear research was formed whose main purpose will be to assist universities and other organizations in the utilization of equipment and expensive installations; a program for the construction of electrical power stations was also announced.

It is reported that in 1967 the power requirement of the country will be increased by 50% as compared with the present level. Inasmuch as ordinary power sources are limited a comprehensive program for the construction of nuclear power stations is being undertaken.

On March 5, 195q, the government published a tentative program, according to which the power developed by nuclear stations in 1965 will be 5-6 million kw (15% of the entire electrical power available) instead of the 1.5-2 million kw which had been originally planned. The total capitalization costs required to realize this pro, gram, including the auxiliary installations for transmission of the electrical power, are estimated~as 3350 million pounds. The cost of obtaining thermal-fission elements from natural uranium for use In reactors will depend on certain conditions; however, for the first power stations, this figure will run to about twenty thousand pounds per ton. In a graphite-moderated reactor with a capacity of 150 thousand kw approximately 250 tons of nuclear fuel are required. This is approximately equivalent to the initial capitalization cost (30 pounds per kw of electrical power). If it is assumed that the loading factor is 75%, the cost of a kw-hr will be approximately 0.06 pence.

The raw material requirements will be met for many years at the beginning of the program. However, at the end of 60 years, because of the intense development of nuclear power stations the uranium requirements will increase. The development of improved reactors within the next 70 years should make it possible to increase the power of nuclear power stations without increasing the natural uranium requirements.

Up to this time a search for uranium in England has not uncovered any deposits, the development of which would be profitable from an eonomie point of view. The uranium used in England fs obtained from the Belgian Congo, the Union of South Africa and Australia.

A great deal of attention is being given to the production and use of isotopes and radioactive materials, particularly in medicine. For example, at one hospital an installation has recently been completed for the treat- ment of cancer by radioactive cesium. This is the first case of the utilization for medical purposes of radioactive by-products at Windseale. Radioactive cesium ts now being produced in England in large quantities.

At the present time England is also exporting a large number of radioactive isotopes. More than one thou- sand firms are now concerned with the manufacture of apparatus, Instruments, and materials needed for the develop- ment of atomic energy in England.

Technical cooperation between England and other countries Is carried out on the basis of bilateral agree- ments. For example, it is reported that a contract has been signed with Western Germany for the construction of a nuclear power station of the Calder-Hall type. The export of equipment for nuclear power stations to Japan, Italy and Holland has also been given consideration.

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A. I. Danilin, Application of Nuclear Radiation in Hydro-Meteorology (Hydro-Meteorology Press, Leningrad, 1957), 69 pp., 1 r, 30 k.

This monograph Is concerned with problems which arise in the application of radioactive isotopes in hydro- meteorological measurements. It is intended for engineers and tectmtclans who work in meteorology and hydro- logy and are interested in moisture conditions in soil and the ground.

Iu. D. Ianlshevskii, Actinometric Instruments and Methods of Observation (Hydro-Meteorology Press, 1957), 413 pp., 16 r 80 k.

This is a handbook on measurements and detection of radiation in the atmosphere. Descriptions are given of Instruments used in meteorological stations and by expeditions. The book is intended for geophysicists and meteorologists concerned with the calculation of radiation and teachers in courses on meteorology and agro- meteorology.

_Problems of Kinetics and Catalysis, IX. Isotopes in Catalysis. Edited by Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences A. Z. Roginskii and others (Acad. Sci. USSR Press, 1957), 443 pp., 23 r "/4 k.

Collection IX presents lectures delivered at a scientific conference on isotopes and catalysis (Moscow, March 31 to April 5, 1956). The collection starts with the lecture by S. Z. Roginskii, "Isotopes in Catalysis." The collection is made up of the following sections: catalytic reaction, catalytic oxidation, catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons, other catalytic reactions, isotope exchange, investigation of catalytic agents by isotope methods, the isotope effect, physical and physicochemieal methods of investigation, synthesis of tracer materials.

This collection is intended for specialists in physics, inorganic, organic, and analytic chemistry, scientists in general and university teachers.

A. I. Shatenshtein, E. A. Iakovlev, and E. N..Zviagintseva and others. Isotopic Analysis of Water. Second edition (Acad. Sci. USSR Press, 1957), 236 pp., 14 r.

This book offers a critical analysis of problems which arise in isotopic analysis of water. Data are given on the isotopic composition of natural water and methods are described by which water is purified. In the first part of the book the theoretical bases for the methods are described, the conditions upon which the accuracy of the measurement depend are considered and methods of carrying out the calculations are treated. The second part of the book is a practical handbook on the application of methods of isotopic analysis of water (in the form of detailed instruction).

Research in Measurement of Ionizing Radiation. Trudy VNIIM No. 30 (90) edited b y K. K. Agltntsev. (Standards Press, Moscow-Leningrad, 195~), 14B pp., 4 r 65 k.

This collection presents the results of work carried out at the radiometry laboratory of VNIIM on the repro- duction, maintenance and transfer of values of standards used In radioactivity, x-ray work and y -radiation.

A. A. Kanaev, Water Mill to Atomic Engine (Mashgiz, 195'/), 236 pp., 6 r 35 k.

This book describes the development of power machinery from primitive times to the present. About half of the book is devoted to the utilization of atomic power. A brief schematic presentation is given of the struc- ture of the atom and the principles of nuclear fission. Particular attention is paid to a description of apparatus and principles of operation of nuclear power reactors. The feasibility of using atomic engines in ships, airplanes

and locomotives is discussed.

This book is semi-popular and meant for a wide readership.

Izvestia Akademiia Nauk 22, 1 (1958).

This journal contains material presented at the First All-Union Conference on the synthesis and investiga- tion of scintillators for detection of nuclear radiation, which was held in Moscow October 23-25, 1956.

The various talks are concerned with problems associated with the production of different scintillators, measurements of luminescence and scintillation properties, the development of new photomultiplier tubes, and the application of these devices in physics research and in industry. A number of articles describe methods of growing scintillation crystals. The amplitude resolution of NaI -T1 crystals under excitation by ~-radiat ion from Cs Is7 is 8-~t2% (when used with photomultiplters such as the FEU-C or FEU-24.

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The properties of a number of scintillators in the detection of fast neutrons and slow neutrons are considered. BaF~ crystals (without an activator); LiI activated with TI or Sn; scintillators containing organic compounds, in- dustrial types of detectors for thermal neutrol~s and fast neutrons, etc.

Several reports are concerned with plastic scintillators. These discuss methods of producing scintillators using a polystyrene base with good transparency for natural radiation and the best ratio of energy yield to flash duration Be / r . The resnlts of studies of the mechanism for the transfer in energy in scintillators, the dependence of lumination yield on temperature and damage to plastic scintillators by ionizing radiation are considered.

The constructional and operational parameters for new domestic photomulttpliers such as the 1S, 1B, 1V, 2M and 2B are described. Scintillation methods of detecting /5- and y -radiation in various instruments based on these methods were also described.

Short Glossary of Various Terms and Definitions Used In Nuclear Power, Nuclear Weapons and Protective Shielding, compiled by Ia. M. Gorelik, M. B. Dobrovol'skii, and S. B. Rubin (DOSAAF Press, 1958), 62 pp.,1 r.

This pamphlet is the fixst attempt in the USSR to systematize and explain new terms which are used In con- nection with the development of nuclear power. The glossary contains about 300 terms; the majority of these re- fer to mili tary applications of nuclear power whtle the remainder are applicable in reactor design and nuclear physics.

J o u r n a l A r t i c l e s

L. P. Adamovich and B. V. Iutsich, '?hotometric determination of beryllium in compounds of black metals ," Ukrainian Chemical Journal 23, 6 (195q).

Kh. L Amirkhanov et al., "Determination of the absolute age of sedimentary minerals by radioactive methods," Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 11"/, 4 (195'/).

M. S. Bykhovskaia, nComparative evaluation of various methods of determining beryllium and its com- pounds as applied to the analysis of air," Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Disease No. 6 (1957).

Ia. M. Varshavskii and S. E. Vaisberg, "Thermodynamic and kinetic features of isotopic exchange reactions in hydrogen," Progress of Chemistry 26, 12 (1957).

Ia. M. Varshavskii et al., *Isotopic exchange between gaseous hydrogen and solid polymers under, the in- fluence of nuclear radiation," Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 118, 2 (1958).

V. M. Vdovenko, *Extraction as a method of separation and study of radioactive elements," J. Inorg. Chem. 3, 1 (1958).

V. M. Vdovenko and L. N. Lazarev, *Extraction of uranium in the form of anilinuranyltriaeetate," J. Inorg. Chem. 3, 1 (1958).

S. A. Voznesenskii et al., "Absorption of radioactive isotopes by aluminum hydroxide," J. Inorg. Chem. 3, 1 (1958).

V. A. Vodianitskii, *Is it safe to deposit wastes from atomic industries in the Black Sea ?" Nature 2 (1958).

A. M. Gabril ' ian, "Some data on the total isotopic composition of water in petroleum deposits in Fergan," Izv. Akad. Nauk Uzb.SSR Geological Series 4 (1957).

M. L. Col'din, "Calculation method for determining the density of mud by ~ -ray absorption," Cement 6 (195'7).

V. I. Grebenshchikova and V. N. Bobrova, "Deposits of lanthanum, cerium and americium in potassium sulfur dioxide," J. Inorg. Ctmm. 3, 1 (1958).

A. A. Grinberg, "Value of complex compounds in radiochemistry," J. Inorg. Chem. 3, 1 (1958).

G. s "The effect of ionizing radiation on meat (Problems of cold sterilization)," ~ ~ t,. Industry 6 (1957).

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Iu. L. Egorov, "Material on the gross features of flames of rare m e t a l s - tantalum and niobium," hldustrial Hygiene and Occupational Disease No. 6 (195"/).

G. Ershov, "Instrument with radioactive thulium for determining and rotting of live trees. (From the foreign literature)," Timber Economy 12 (1957).

A. K. Klr'ianov, "Prospective application of radioactive isotopes in the copper industry," Proc. Ural Scien- tific Research Inst. for Copper Industry No. 2 (1957).

N. I. Krylova and M. N. Nablev, "Investigation of certain properties of ammonium nitrate by means of radioactive isotopes," Acad. Set. Ukr.SSR Press, Chemical Science Series No. 4 (195'/).

J. D. Lawson, "Certain crlterta relating to the operation of thermonuclear power reactors. Problems of contemporary physics," Collection of Translations from the Foreign Literature No. 1 (1958).

S. V. Maleev, "Polarization of slow neutrons in scattering in crystals," J. Exptl.-Theoret. Phys. (USSR) 34, 1 (1958).

A. N. Proptopopov and V. P. Eismout, "Angular anisotropy for fragment emission in fission of Pu ~a9 by 14 Mev neutrons (letter to the editor)," J. ExptL-Theoret. Phys. (USSR) 34, 1 (1958).

O. V. Prudkovskaia, "Theory of diffusion oscillations in the plasma of a gas discharge," Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 117, 4 (1957).

J. Rtdberg and B. Bernstrom, "Study of the extraction of complex metall ic compounds. Distribution of cer- tain fission products between methylisobutyl-ketone and water solution of HNO 3 and Ca (NO3)z," Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Collection of translations from the foreign literature No. 1 (1958).

M. Rozenblat and K. Lougmire, "Stability of a plasma confined by a magnetic field," Problems of Con- Contemporary Physics, Collection of translation from the foreign periodical literature, No. 1 (1958).

R. V. Teis, et al., "Determination of paleotemperature by the Isotopic composition of oxygen in organte calcite," Bulletin of Moscow Naturalists' Society, Ser. Geol. Vol. 32, No. 6 (1957).

V. F. Turchtn, "Excitation of optteal oscillations of a crystal by slow neutrons" (letter to the editor), J. Exptl.-Theoret. Phys. 34, 1 (1958).

N. N. Shumtlovskii and L. V. Mel'ttser, "Quality control by radioactive methods," Standardization No. 6 (195'7).

V. Ia. Eidman, "Radiation of an electron moving in a magneto-active plasma," J. Exptl.-Theoret. Phys.

USSR 34, 1 (1958).

J. G. Ball, "Metallurgical research in the nuclear power industry," J. Brit. Nucl. Energy Conf. 3, 1, 1 (1958).

C. Beets and H. Breny, "Use of nuclear emulsions for measuring the density of thermal neutrons in homo- geneous media ," J. Nucl. Energy 6, 3,197 (1958).

I. B. Bernstein et al., " Energy principles in problems of hydrodynamic stability," Proe. Roy. Soc. A 244,

17 (1958).

L. CollI et al., "Further measurements of the (n, p) reaction for 14 Mev neutrons," Nuovo cimento 7, 3

400 (1958).

A. H. Cottrell, "Effect of neutron irradiation on metals and alloys," I. Brit. Nucl. Energy Conf. 3, 1, 50

(1958).

P. C. Davtdge and C. J. L. Lock, " Poisoning of reactors by gaseous fission products," J. Nucl. Energy 6,

3, 191 (1958).

"Progress of construction at Bradwell," Engineer 205, 5321, 85 (1958).

"Utilization of atomic energy in Sweden," Engineer 205, 5321. 111 (1958).

K. E. Larsson et al., "Measurement of the slow neutron spectrum at the Swedish Heavy Water Reactor RI,"

I. Nucl. Energy 6, 3, 222 (1958).

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G. J. McCallum,~'Total neutron cross section for U ~'s4 and U~SS," J. Nucl. Energy 6, 3, 181 (1958).

A. B. McIntosh and K. Q. Bagley, "Choice of a material for the shell of the TVE reactor with cooling by sodium potassium and carbon dioxide," J. Brit. Nuel. Energy Conf. 3, 1, 15 (1958).

M. J. Makin and F. I. Minter, "Effect of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of titanium and zirconium," J. Brit. Nucl. Energy Conf. 3, 1, 68 (1958).

M. I. Makin and E. Gillies, "Effect of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of molybdenum and tungsten," J. Brit. Nuel, Energy Conf. 3, 1, 74 (1958).

H. M. Skarsgard and C. J. Kenward, "Measurements of the energy dependence for effective number of second- ary neutrons in Pu ~9 and U =s over the energy range 0.006-0.36 ev," J. Nuel. Energy 6, 3, 212 (1958).

G. W. C. Talt, "Problems of population safety tn reactor operation," Nucleonics 16, 1, '/1 (1958).

K. M. Towers, "Possible energy-storage methods and their economy," Nucl. Eng. 3, 23, 4'/(1958).

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