new level 4 cotton-comfortable medical barrier … · slide1 new level 4 cotton-comfortable medical...

NEW LEVEL 4 COTTON-COMFORTABLE MEDICAL BARRIER FABRICS MADE WITH COTTON, SPUNBOND AND BREATHABLE COATINGS

Larry C. Wadsworth (Speaker) and Peter P. Tsai The University of Tennessee, TANDEC Building 1321 White Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996-1950

Karen K. Leonas

College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia 317 Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602

ABSTRACT Cotton-comfortable multi-ply breathable liquid barrier fabrics have been developed at The University of Tennessee’s Textiles and Nonwovens Development Center (TANDEC) which have at least one barrier fabric layer that is impermeable to liquids such as water and body fluids. Furthermore, the new protective fabric provides wearing comfort by transporting perspiration from the body either as moisture vapor through the micropores of a microporous (MP) film or by chemical absorption of water through a monolithic (ML) membrane thereby promoting evaporative cooling. In addition, a cotton-rich nonwoven layer is incorporated on the body side (BS) to provide the aesthetics and comfort of cotton. All of the spunbond (SB)/MP Film/Cotton-Surfaced SB Nonwoven (CSN) tri-laminates containing fluorochemical (FC), antimicrobial (AM), latex, or combinations of these finishes, applied by spraying or padding applications passed the Synthetic Blood Penetration Test (ASTM F1670), but failed the Viral Penetration Test (ASTM F1671). Nevertheless, even unfinished SB/MP PP/CSN and unfinished SB/MP PE/CSN laminates passed ASTM F 1670 after being coated on the SB outer side with a breathable monolithic (ML) film. Furthermore, the ML coated tri-laminate with MP PP film in the center layer passed ASTM F1671. Also, a simple ML coated CSN consisting of 20 g/m2 of 60% cotton/40% PP on 12 g/m2 SB PP with no MP film passed ASTM F 1670, and shows promise of passing ASTM 1671 with further development work. Additional tri-laminates were produced and different protective finishes were applied to each side using the 40-inch Foam Finishing Technology (FFT) treatment system in tandem with a tenter frame at Cotton Incorporated to achieve more controlled and uniform application of finishes. These FFT finished tri-laminates were also ML coated and tested by ASTM F 1670 and F 1671, as well as for effectiveness of AM finish. The ML coated tri-laminates, which were first foam treated with FC on the outer SB side and with Latex plus AM on the cotton side passed ASTM 1670, and had a virtually 100% kill rate to bacteria. Furthermore, representative fabrics that were FFT treated with FC on the SB side and Latex plus AM on the cotton side passed ASTM 1671.

New Level 4 Cotton-Comfortable Medical

Barrier Fabrics Made with Cotton, Spunbond and Breathable Coatings

Larry Wadsworth and Peter TsaiUniversity of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA

Karen LeonasUniversity of Georgia

INDA & AATCC

Nonwoven Enhancements

St. Louis, MO - Sept 19, 2005

Highly Breathable Medical Barrier Fabrics for Protection Against Biological Threats

• Protective garment fabrics developed at UT - TANDEC

• Patent Pending technology• Thermally bonded Tri-

Laminates – Spunbond (SB) outer side (OS) – MP film – Cotton-surfaced SB nonwoven

(CSN) body-side (BS)• Breathable barrier coatings,

FC and AM treatments

Highly Breathable Medical Barrier Fabrics for Protection Against Biological Threats

Protective fabrics also utilize Noveon breathable barrier ML coatings on:

• Cotton-Surfaced Nonwoven– ML film on the SB side of a CSN

• Thermally bonded tri-laminates– OS of SB with MP PP or MP PE films– ML breathable coating for enhanced

barrier properties– CSN for comfortable feel

Preparation of Cotton-Surfaced Nonwovens (CSNs) on Spunbond Line

ovenoven ovenoven

230-250F 230-250F

Base coat30,000-50,000 cps

(optional) Top coat 10,000-20,000 cps-

Application of Noveon Breathable Barrier Coatingto Tri-Laminate or CSN Protective Fabric

Bonded Protective Garment Fabric with Breathable Monolithic Film

SB OuterSide

CSN Side

CSN Only Fails CSN with Noveon Coating Passes

Synthetic Blood Penetration of Protective Fabrics

Composition of Medical Barrier Fabrics with MP Films

• OS layer of pigmented 25g SB PP• Center of Aptra™ Classic MP PP Film or

EXXAIRE® MP PE Film• BS layer of 13 or 20 g 60/40 C/PP on 17g SB

PP (CSN)• MP PP first laminated to outer SB and then

CSN formed on top and bonded on SB line- Calendering Conditions: 129 C Top Diamond

Roll/127 C Bottom Smooth Roll; 518 PLI- Winder Speed: 64 m/min

Table 1. MVTR of Non-ML Coated and Non-FC Treated Medical Barrier Fabrics

780513g C/17g SB PP CSN25g MP PE25g SB PPB/W 30-3

Tri-laminate CSN

330513g C/17g SB PP CSN25g MP PP25g SB PP29-2A

Tri-laminate CSN

363520g C/17g SB PP

CSN25g MP PP25g SB PP29-1A

Tri-laminate CSN

InsideMiddleOutsideSample No.

MVTR (g/m2/24hrs)

Sample No./Description

Coated Fabric MVTR = appox. 20% lower values

Table 2. Synthetic Blood Penetration of Non-ML Coated and Non-FC Treated Medical Barrier Fabrics (ASTM 1670)

FAIL20g C/12gSB PP CSN-W/W 8-2-04

CSN Only

FAIL13g C/17g SB PP CSN25g MP PP17g SB PPB/W 8-2-04

Tri-laminate CSN

FAIL13g C/17gSB PP CSN25g MP PE25g SB PPB/W 30-3

Tri-laminate CSN

FAIL13g C/17gSB PP CSN25g MP PP25g SB PP29-2A

Tri-laminate CSN

PASS20g C/17gSB PP CSN25g MP PP25g SB PP29-1A

Tri-laminate CSN

Pass/FailInsideMiddleOutsideSample No.

SyntheticBlood PenetrationSample No./Description

Application of Finishes to Medical Tri-laminate Fabrics

• Outer SB PP Fabrics (Based on 100% Wet Pickup)- No Finish- 4% Dupont Zonyl 7040 Fluorochemical (FC)- 4% FC + 4% SiShield SARS 200

Antimicrobial (AM)• Finishes were sprayed onto SB side (bath

conc. increased for 50% WPU) and dried/cured at for 90 sec in a tunnel oven and 70 s on a drum at 121 C

Finishing of Tri-laminates with CSN on Body side

• Body-side fabrics consisting of CSNs finished by Padding:- 4% AM if applied alone- Combination of 6% AM and 20% Noveon

Hystretch V-29 (soft latex)• Finishes were padded (100% WPU) and

dried/cured in a tenter oven for 3 min at 121 C

Table 3A. Synthetic Blood Penetration of Finished Fabrics (ASTM 1670)

XXX13g C/17g SBFC + AM

25g MP PP

25g SBFC+AM7

XXX13g C/17g SBLatex+AM

25g MP PP

25g SBFC Only6

XXX5 Same as 3

XXX20g C/17g SBLatex+AMMP PP25g SB

FC Only4

XXX20g C/17g SBLatex+AMMP PP25g SB

FC+AM3

XXX20g C/17g SBFC+AMMP PP25g SB

FC+AM2

XXX20g C/17g SBAM OnlyMP PP25g SB

FC Only1

FailPassInsideMiddleTopSample No.

SyntheticBloodPenetration

Sample No./Description/Finish

PASS13g C/17g SB PP CSN25g MP PE25 g SB PP B/W 30-3

Tri-laminate CSN

Pass/FailInsideMiddleOutsideSample No.

PASS

20g C/12gSB PP CSN(CSN Only)----W/W 8-2-04 CSN

PASS13g C/17g SB PP CSN25g MP PP17 g SB PP B/W 8-2-04

Tri-laminate CSN

SyntheticBlood PenetrationSample No./ Description

Table 3B. Synthetic Blood Penetration of Non-FC Treated Medical Barrier Fabrics with Noveon Breathable ML Coating (1670)

Coating Weight = 40.7g

Table 4. Viral Penetration (ASTM 1671) of *ML Coated and Non-ML CoatedNon-FC Treated Medical Barrier Fabrics (ASTM 1671)

FAIL20g C/12g

SB PP(CSN Only)

----W/W 8-2-04 CSN Coated

PENDING13g C/17g SB PP CSN25g MP PE17g SB PP

B/W 8-16-04Tri-laminate CSN

Coated

PASS13g C/17g SB PP CSN25g MP PP17g SB PP

B/W 8-2-04Tri-laminate CSN

Coated

FAIL13g C/17g SB PP25g MP PP17g SB PP

BW 8-2-04Tri-laminate CSN

Non-Coated

PENDING20g C/12gSB PP

(CSN Only)----W/W 8-17-04 CSN

Coated & FC Treated

Pass/FailInsideMiddleTopSample No.Viral PenetrationSample No./Description/Finish

*Coating Weight = 40.7g

Table 5. Tests of Antimicrobial (AM) Finishes on Garment Fabrics(AATCC 100)

Top: -1.25Inside:

2.39

Top: -0.17Inside: 99.59

13g C/17 g SB

FC+AMMP PP

25g SBPP

FC+AM7

Top: 0.79Inside:

3.22

Top: 84%Inside: 99.939

20g C/17g SB

Latex +AM

MP PP25g SBPP

FC+AM

3

Top: -0.92Inside:

3.43

Top: -7.3%Inside: 99.963

20g C/17g SB

AM Only

MP PPFilm

25g SBPPFC

1

InsideCoreTopSampleNo.

Log 10 Reduction

Reduction%

Test ResultsDescription/Finish

Non-ML Coated Fabrics

• Tri-laminate protective fabrics with MP PP and MP PE films – High MVTR rates of up to 3635 and 7805 g/m2/24 hr

• Uncoated Tri-laminate protective fabrics of MP PP and CSNs with 20 g of C/PP on 17 g SB PP – Passed ASTM-1670, Synthetic Blood Penetration Test

• Uncoated Tri-laminate protective fabrics of MP PP and CSNs with 13 g of C/PP on 17 g SB PP – Failed ASTM-1670, Synthetic Blood Penetration Test

• Uncoated CSN protective fabrics, 20 g of C/PP on 12 g SB PP – Failed ASTM-1670, Synthetic Blood Penetration Test

Non-ML vs ML Coated

• ML breathable barrier coatings applied to Tri-laminate protective fabrics (with MP PP) with no FC or Antimicrobial treatments– Passed ASTM-1670, Synthetic Blood Penetration Test– Passed ASTM-1671, Viral Penetration Test

• Monolithic coating seals micropores withoutloss of HMVTR

Non-ML Coated vs ML (Cont.)

• ML breathable barrier coatings applied to CSN protective fabric - 20 g of C/PP on 12 g SB PP– Passed ASTM-1670, Synthetic Blood

Penetration Test• no FC treatment

• MVTRs in decreasing order were: ML Coated CSN with Finish; SB/MP PE/CSN; SB/MP PP/SB

• UT patent pending technology using CSNs and other Cotton-based Substrates and ML Breathable Barrier Coatings provides economical methods to produce Level 4 Protective Fabrics with Cotton-Comfort properties.

Application of Protective Finishes to Tri-lamintes by

Foam Finishing Technology (FFT)

Table 6. Application of Protective Finishes by FFT

Combination 220g C/17g

SBLatex +AM

MP PP25g SBPP

FC+AM

UTF 2

Combination 1

13g C/17g SB

Latex + AM

MP PPFilm

17g SBPPFC

UTF 1

InsideCoreTopSampleNo.

FFT Finish Type

Description/Finish

Table 7A. Synthetic Blood and Viral Penetration Resistance of Control Fabrics

Failed13g C/17g SBLatex +AM

MP PP17g SBFC +AM

UTF 2, Not ML Coated

Failed13g C/17g SBLatex +AM

MP PP17g SBFC Only


Failed13g C/17g SBMP PP17g SBUTCon, Not Fin.

and Not Coated

16711670InsideMiddleTopSample No.

Pass/Fail 1670 & 1671


Table 7B. Synthetic Blood and Viral Penetration Resistanceof ML Film Coated Fabrics FFT Finished with Combination 1

PassPass13g C/17g SBLatex +AMMP PP17g SB

FC Only15/ BB 2415E; Addon-1.1oz Finish 1

Pass13g C/17g SBLatex +AMMP PP17g SB

FC Only14/ BB 2415D; ML Addon-1.1

Pass13g C/17g SBLatex +AMMP PP17g SB

FC Only13/ BB 2415C; ML Addon-1.2oz Finish 1

Failed13g C/17g SBLatex +AMMP PP17g SB

FC Only12/ BB 2415B; ML Addon-1.4oz Finish 1

PassPass13g C/17g SBLatex +AM MP PP17g SB

FC Only

11/ BB 2415A; ML Addon-1.5oz/yd2, Finish Comb 1


Pass/Fail 1670 & 1671


Table 7C. Synthetic Blood and Viral Penetration Resistanceof ML Film Coated Fabrics FFT Finished by Combination 2

Pass20g C/12gSB PPMP PP

Coated w 40.7g ML Film

20/ BB 2415E; Addon-1.1oz Finish 2

Failed13g C/17g SBLatex + AMMP PP17g SB

FC + AM19/ BB 2415D; addon-1.2oz

Failed13g C/17g SBLatex + AMMP PP17g SB

FC + AM18/ BB 2415C; Addon-1.1oz Finish 2

Pass13g C/17g SBLatex + AMMP PP17g SB

FC+AM17/ BB 2415B; Addon-1.3oz Finish 2

Pass13g C/17g SBLatex +AMMP PP 17g SB

FC +AM16/ BB 2415A; Addon-1.6oz Finish 2


Pass/Fail 1670 & 1671


Table 7. Percent Reduction in the number of CFUs of the Test Fabric Compared to the number of CFUs of the Control Fabric at 12 Hours (AATCC 100)

3.331.9959.8562.1558.6558.752415E-Fin 220

93.671.9911.1216.57-0.8917.682415B-Fin 217

0.010.0199.9910099.9999.992415E-Fin 115

0.000.001001001001002415D-Fin 114

0.000.001001001001002415C-Fin 113

1.891.6486.8885.0587.3888.212414A-Fin 111

0.010.0110010099.99100Fin Comb. 2UTF 2

0.040.0499.9810010099.93Fin. Comb 1UTF 1

C of VStd. Dev. AverageRep 3Rep 2Rep 1Tri-Lam BB#

Sample

Summary and Conclusions• Unfinished and non-ML coated Tri-laminate

containing 17 g outer SB, 25 g MP PP in the center, and inside layer of CSN consisting of 13 g Cotton/PP Staple on 17 g SB PP failed ASTM 1670

• Unfinished and ML-coated Tri-laminate passed both ASTM 1670 and 1671

• Unfinished and non-ML coated CSN of 20 g Cotton/PP on 12 g SB PP failed 1670 but passed 1670 when ML coated

Summary and Conclusions-Continued

• All of the finished SB/MP PP/CSN laminates containing the 25 gsm outer SB treated by spraying and padding applications of FC, AM, latexes, or combinations of these finishes passed the Synthetic Blood Penetration Test (ASTM 1670)

• Surprisingly, these finished Tri-laminates failed the Viral Penetration Test (ASTM 1671), although 1-2 individual tests passed

• The Bonding Pressure/Temperature may have been too high causing pin holes


• Good kill rates (99+%; log reductions of 2.39-3.43) of S. aureus (AATCC-100) were obtained on the CSN body-sides of the AM treated fabrics finished by spraying and padding methods

• Applying AM only or FC + AM to the SB side appeared to be less effective in killing bacteria


• FFT treated Tri-laminates with either FC alone or FC and AM on the outer 17 gsm SB PP side and latex plus AM on the cotton side failed ASTM 1670

• Most of the ML-coated Tri-laminates, which were first foam treated with the protective finishes passed ASTM 1670.

• Also the two ML-coated FFT finished tri-laminates passed ASTM 1671


• Again with FFT treatments, the addition of AM plus FC on the outer SB PP fabric, when ML coated, appeared to be ineffective at imparting bacterial resistance to the SB side

• However, with the FFT-treated and ML-coated Tri-laminates, applying AM to the cotton side was highly effective against bacteria

Acknowledgements• Cotton Inc. for funding project and UTK Agricultural

Experimental Station for additional support• U.S. Pacific for paying expenses for finishing in

China• DuPont and Noveon for providing FC and latex,

respectively• SiShield for providing and discounting cost of AM

finish• Research and engineering professionals at TANDEC,

U.S. Pacific, and in China

BACKGROUND Unfortunately there is need for greater personal protection in all aspects of life in a world under constant danger from terrorism. Towards this need, fabrics with breathable films, fluorochemical (FC) repellent finishes, and antimicrobial (AM) treatments have been developed at TANDEC by Drs. Larry Wadsworth and Peter Tsai to either repel or deactivate air- and liquid-borne microbes such as Hepatitis B, Avian Flu (Bird Flu), AIDS, and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus. This technology is assigned to The University of Tennessee Research Foundation (UTRF) and is in the process of being licensed world-wide. It should be noted that the special antimicrobial (AM) finish to be applied to these fabrics, SiS 200 SARS (SiShield Technologies File No. 221) was only recently developed by SiShield Technologies Inc., 5555 Glenridge Connector, Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 303342. SiS 200 SARS is based on their very successful SIS 500 TEX, an organosilane quaternary amine AM agent, which has been effectively applied for a number of years to conventional textiles and to nonwovens to inhibit growth of odor causing bacteria, prevent growth of mold and mildew and for dust mite control. Furthermore this product has been proven to be durable to at least 50 launderings, even without the addition of latex binders to possibly further enhance its retention by the fabric. This is an excellent feature for nonwovens even if they are used only one time or a limited number of times and disposed since the AM finish may not migrate from the fabric in sufficient quantity to cause skin irritation. Both SIS 500 TEX and SiS 200 SARS are approved by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. According to its MDS dated 01/02/03, the ingredients include 3-(Trimethoxysilyl) propyldi, methyloctadecyl ammonium chloride, and four other proprietary ingredients. EXPERIMENTAL

Preparation of Cotton-Surfaced Spunbond Nonwovens Cotton-Surfaced Spunbond (SB) Nonwovens (CSNs) were prepared on the 1.0 meter Reicofil® 2 SB line as shown in Figures 1 and 2, in which 13 and 20 g/m2 carded bleached cotton/polypropylene (PP) staple fiber webs (60% cotton/40% PP) were thermally bonded to 12 and 17 g/m2 SB PP webs during SB production (Wadsworth, 2000 and Sun, 2000).

Figure 1. Preparation of Cotton-Surfaced Nonwovens (CSNs) on SB line.

Figure 2. Photo demonstrating production of CSNs on Spunbond Line

Preparation of Thermally Bonded Tri-laminate Fabrics The preparation of the thermally bonded tri-laminate fabrics on the SB line at TANDEC is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. The SB filaments are extruded and laid down onto the porous conveyor belt and then a thermally fusible breathable film is laid onto the un-bonded SB web. In the next in-line step, a CSN or hydroentangled cotton web with synthetic fibers (HEC/SF) is laid onto breathable film and the ensemble is then bonded together in the point-bonding calendar. In this study, 25 g/m2 microporous (MP) PP (Aptra® Classic) and MP PE (EXXAIRE®) were the breathable films used. CSNs, which had 13 and 20 g/m2 60/40 cotton PP on 12 and 17 g/m2 SB PP webs were laid onto the MP films in an arrangement that would allow the cotton/PP blend to be worn against the body for better wear comfort.

Figure 3. Preparation of Thermally Bonded Protective Garment Fabric. Application of Protective Finishes In the first phase of this work, protective finishes were applied to the fabrics prepared at TANDEC by spraying or padding techniques on a 1-meter spray-dry-cure line and a 2.0 meter padder/Tenter frame in China. Later in this study the finishes were applied from foam by Foam Finishing Technology (FFT) on the 40-inch FFT/Tenter equipment at Cotton Incorporated, Cary, NC. To determine the relative effectiveness of each treatment of the breathable barrier fabrics that may contribute to protection from viral and bacterial penetration, the following combinations were first evaluated using the spraying and padding techniques:

1) Thermally bonded breathable protective laminate with an outside layer (OS) of 25 g/m2 SB PP and body side (BS) CSN consisting of 13 or 20 g/m2 carded 60/40 cotton/PP on 17 g/m2 SB PP. The center layer was MP PP. The OS was given a FC finish only and the BS was given an AM finish only.

Figure 4. Photo of Thermally Bonded Tri-laminate Produced on Spunbond Line.

2) Same as 1 above, except center layer was a MP PE. 3) Same as 1 and 2, except both the OS and BS were given a combination of FC

and AM finish. 4) Same as 1 and 2, except the OS 25 g/m2 SB PP was treated with a FC only

and the CSN on the BS was treated with a combination of latex binder (Noveon Hystretch V-29) to prevent linting of the cotton and to better tie down the AM finish.

5) Same as 1 and 2, except the OS 25 g/m2 SB PP was treated with a FC and AM and the CSN on the BS was treated with a combination of latex binder (Noveon Hystretch V-29) and SiS SARS 200 AM finish.

After being finished on the 1.0 meter two-station spray-dry-cure line at the factory in Guangzhou, China, the CSN sides of the bonded garment fabrics were treated with the combination of latex and AM finish by padding application on a two-meter padding/tenter frame range at Hangzhou, China since the latex could not be applied by spraying because it de-emulsified due to the shear in the spray nozzle. Spraying and Padding Application of Protective Finishes

I. Spraying of Repellent (FC) Finish Alone Spray-Dry-Cure Application of Repellent Finish

Preparation of Spray Formulation 50% Wet Pickup (WPU) & Bath Volume of 5.0 liters Ingredient Composition (Wt% of Bath) Amount (g/5,000 g) 1) Distilled Water 91.5 4,575 2) 1-Octanol 0.5 25 Disperse in water at high speed to prevent “oiling out” 3) DuPont Zonyl 7040 (FC) 8.0 (as-received) 400 Total Bath Weight 5,000 g Dry-Cure The tunnel oven and the steam heated drum were set at a temperature of 121°C and the total fabric exposure time in the oven and on the heated cylinder was 105 seconds. It should be noted that with the laminates containing MP PE, the maximum temperature during drying/curing was set at 107°C.

II. Spraying of Antimicrobial (AM) Finish Alone Spray-Dry-Cure Application of AM

Preparation of Spray Formulation 50% WPU & Bath Volume of 5.0 liters Ingredient Composition (Wt% of Bath) Amount (g/5,000 g) 1) Distilled Water 91.5 4,575 2) 1-Octanol 0.5 25 3) SiS 200 SARS (AM) 8.0 (as-received) 400 Total Bath Weight 5,000 g Dry-Cure Same as above.

III. Spraying of Combined FC and AM Finishes Spray-Dry-Cure Application of Combined FC and AM Finishes

1.0 Preparation og Spray Formulation 50% WPU & Bath Volume of 5.0 liters Ingredient Composition (Wt% of Bath) Amount (g/5,000 g) 1) Distilled Water 79.5 3,975 2) 1-Octanol 0.5 25 3) Zonyl 7040 (FC) 8.0 (as-received) 400 4) SiS 200 SARS (AM) 12.0 (as-received) 600 Total Bath Weight 5,000 g Dry-Cure Same as above.

IV. Padding Combined Latex and AM Finishes

Pad-Dry-Cure Application of Latex and AM 1.0 Preparation of Pad Bath

100% WPU & Bath Volume of 10.0 liters

Ingredient Composition (Wt% of Bath) Amount (g/10,000 g) 1) Distilled Water 77.75 7,775 2) 1-Octanol 0.25 25 3) Noveon Hystretch V29 16.0 (as-received) 1,600 4) SiS 200 SARS (AM) 6.0 (as-received) 600 Total Bath Weight 10,000 g

Dry-Cure The Tenter oven was set at 121°C and the dwell time was 3.0 minutes with the tri-laminate containing MP PP. Unfortunately, the operators failed to lower the oven temperature to 107 °C and the tri-laminates containing MP PE were heat damaged and discarded.

Foam Finishing Technology (FFT) Application of Protective Finishes

V. FFT Repellent Finishing Only of SB PP Outer Side FFT-Dry-Cure Application of DuPont Zonyl 70-40 Fluorochemical (FC)

Prepare FFT Bath 100% Wet Pickup (WPU) & Bath Volume of 20.0 liters Ingredient Composition (Wt% of Bath) Amount (g/20,000 g) 1) Deionized Water 93.5 18,700 2) Cinwet NR-30 1.5 300 3) Dupont Zonyl 7040 5.00 (as-received) 1,000 Total Bath Weight 20,000 g

FFT-Dry-Cure FFT foam blow ratio of 30:1-40:1; fabric speed of 5 yd/min; Tenter Frame set at a temperature of 121°C (250°F) with 3 minutes dwell time.

VI. FFT Combined Application of FC and AM Finish to Outer SB

FFT-Dry-Cure Application of DuPont Zonyl 70-40 Fluorochemical (FC) and SiS 200 SARS AM 100% Wet Pickup WPU) & Bath Volume of 20.0 liters Ingredient Composition (Wt% of Bath) Amount (g/20,000 g) 1) Deionized Water 17,500 2) Cinwet NR-30 1.50 300 3) Dupont Zonyl 7040 5.00 (as-received) 1,000 (Add Z 7040 and then SiS SARS & mix both with gentle agitation) 4) SiS 200 SARS 6.00 (as-received) 1,200 Total Bath Weight 20,000 g FFT-Dry-Cure

FFT foam blow ratio of 30:1-40:1; fabric speed of 5 yd/min; Tenter Frame set at a temperature of 121°C (250°F) with 3 minutes dwell time.

VII. FFT Combined Application of FC and AM Finish to Inner CSN

FFT-Dry-Cure Application of Noveon Hystretch V-29 Latex and SiS 200 SARS AM

75% Wet Pickup WPU) & Bath Volume of 20.0 liters Ingredient Composition (Wt% of Bath) Amount (g/20,000 g) 1) Distilled Water 12,766 2) Cinwet NR-30 1.50 300 3) Hystretch V-29 26.67 (as-received) 5,334 (Add V-29 and then SiS SARS & mix both with gentle agitation) 4) SiS 200 SARS 8.00 (as-received) 1,600 Total Bath Weight 20,000 g FFT-Dry-Cure FFT foam blow ratio of 30:1-40:1; fabric speed of 5 yd/min; Tenter Frame set at a temperature of 121°C (250°F) with 3 minutes dwell time.

The B/W 8-2-04 tri-laminate samples which were FFT finished with a FC on the outer SB side and a Latex plus AM on the CSN side were labeled as having been treated by Finish Combination 1 and similar base fabrics treated with FC plus AM on the outer SB side and Latex plus AM on the CSN side were labeled as treated by Finish Combination 2. Application of Monolithic Breathable Coating Selected CSNs and tri-laminates containing MP films were coated on the outer SB side a dry add-on of 0.9-2.0 oz/yd2 in a two or three step coating and oven drying procedure as shown in Figure 5. The ML coatings were applied to selected fabrics with and without protective finishes.

Figure 5. Application of Breathable Monolithic Film Coating to SB Side of CSNs and to SB Side of Tri-laminates Containing MP Film. Candidate protective fabrics, which were coated on the SB PP side with a breathable ML film forming resin, consisted of the following constructions:

1) Blue SB PP outside layer (OS) and white CSN body-side layer (BS) consisting of: a) OS of 17 g/m2 blue (pigmented) SB PP

oovveenn oovveenn

230F 230F

Bonded Protective Garment Fabric with Breathable Monolithic Film

SB Outer Side

b) Middle layer of 25 g/m2 MP PP film c) BS of CSN consisting of a 13 g/m2 carded 60% cotton/40% staple PP

bonded to a 17 g/m2 SB PP 2) Blue SB PP OS and white CSN BS (Sample B/W 30-3) composed of:

a) OS of 25 g/m2 blue (pigmented) SB PP b) Middle layer of 25 g/m2 MP PE film c) BS of CSN consisting of a 13 g/m2 carded 60% cotton/40% staple PP

bonded to a 17 g/m2 SB PP. 3) White CSN (W/W 8-2-04) composed of a 20 g/m2 carded web of 60% cotton/40%

staple PP bonded to a 12 g/m2 SB PP

Barrier and Antimicrobial Testing The protective garment fabrics were tested after thermal bonding and before finishing for moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) in grams of water per square meter per 24 hours by China Standard GB/T 12704-91 (equivalent to ASTM E96). These tests were performed at U.S. Pacific Nonwovens in Dongguam, China. Synthetic Blood Penetration before and after finishing was performed at TANDEC per ASTM F1670-2003. Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens (Viral Penetration Test) per ASTM F1671-2003 and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Finishes per AATCC 100-1999 on the protective fabrics were performed by Nelson Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah. However, the tri-laminate fabrics which had been treated by FFT application of protective finishes at Cotton Incorporated were tested before and after addition of the ML coatings by a co-author, Karen Leonas, at The University of Georgia (UGA) for ASTM F1671-2003 and AATCC 100-1999. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It should be noted that the spray-dry-cure application of Noveon Hystretch V-29 Latex and SiS 200 SARS AM to CSNs for topically finishing the thermally bonded garment fabrics containing CSNs on the BS could not be employed for spray application because the latex quickly plugged the small holes in the spray nozzles that were available for this procedure. Apparently, the shear forces developed with these spray nozzles was great enough to destabilize the latex emulsion and form cakes of latex particles in the nozzles. Thus the thermally bonded protective garment fabrics which contained CSNs on the inside (body-side) had to be first finished on the opposite SB side by spray application of the FC or combination FC/AM finishes followed by drying and curing in the tunnel oven and on the heated drum. Then these garment fabrics were treated with the padding Formulation IV, followed by drying/curing in the tenter oven. Although these later fabrics were exposed to Finish IV on both sides, it was believed that the FC or FC/AM finish previously applied by the spray-dry-cure procedure to the SB side of the garment fabrics would effectively prevent minimize the pickup of Finish IV on the SB PP side during padding. On the blue SB side of samples B/W 8-2-04 and B/W 30-3 and on the SB component of the CSN (W/W 8-2-04), a breathable monolithic (ML) film was applied using the coating procedure as described below:

Dry Add-on of Noveon Permax BB2415 HMVT Breathable Coating: 40.7 gsm Two Pass Coating (double coat) Knife-on-Glass Table (similar to Figure 5) using a Sharp Knife Blade Dried/Cured at 230ºF (110ºC) for 5 minutes after each coating

It should be noted that the above three ML coated samples were not further treated with FC or AM of FC/AM or Latex/AM finishes, although some of these additional finished may be applied in commercial products. Furthermore AM compounds may also be mixed with the ML coating prior to applying the coating, and other protective finishes may be applied as well. In Table 1, the moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) values are reported as the grams of water per square meter of fabric for 24 hours. The MVTR for the 25 g/m2 Aptra™ Classic microporous (MP) film itself was reported by its manufacturer to be 5000 g/m2/24hr as tested by ASTM E96, Procedure B. The unfinished thermally bonded fabrics were tested by China Standard GB/T 12704-91, which is equivalent to ASTM E96, Procedure B. Samples 29-1A and 29-1B are replicate samples which both have an OS of 25 g/m2 SB PP, middle layer of 25 g/m2 MP PP and BS CSN composed of a carded 20 g/m2 60% cotton/40% staple PP web bonded to a 17 g/m2 SB PP. Sample 29-2A is similar except the BS CSN composite has a lighter 13 g/m2 carded 60/40 cotton/PP web bonded to a 17 g/m2 SB PP. The MVTR of all three of these samples are considered high for good thermal comfort, ranging from 3275-3635 g/m2/24hr. However, thermally bonded B/W 30-3 has the same construction as Sample 29-2A, except it has a 25 g/m2 EXXAIRE® MP PE film in the middle layer, but has over twice the MVTR (7805 g/m2/24hr) as the garment samples with MP PP in the center. Furthermore, the sample with MP PE has a much softer hand than those with MP PP and is also much less noisy when squeezed or flexed. In Table 2, the Synthetic Blood Penetration tests as determined at TANDEC by ASTM F 1670-2003 of thermally bonded unfinished fabrics are given. Replicate Samples 29-1A and 29-1B which have a 25 g/m2 MP PP film and a BS CSN with 20 g/m2 of 60/40 cotton/staple PP on 17 g/m2 SB passed in that none of the three specimens that were tested from each sample showed any evidence of synthetic blood penetration under 2 psi air pressure and after one hour of sitting without applied pressure. Also the 25 g/m2 Aptra MB PP film tested alone passed ASTM 1670. It would be anticipated that unless the thermal bonding conditions were precisely controlled that bonding would increase the likelihood of pin hole formation. However, Sample 29-2A, which was similar but had the lighter CSN with 13 g/m2 cotton/PP on 17 g/m2 SB PP had one specimen to fail so the sample is recorded as a failure. The 25 g/m2 EXXAIRE® MP PE film passed the synthetic blood penetration test, but Sample B/W 30-3, which has the middle layer of 25 g/m2 MP PE failed the test. Sample B/W 8-2-04 without the Permax ML breathable coating also failed 1670. Also, not surprisingly the CSN Sample W/W 8-2-4 consisting of only 20 g/m2 of 60/40 cotton/PP on 12 g/m2 SB PP without the ML coating failed ASTM 1670 immediately, even before pressure could be applied to the sample holder.

Table 1. MVTR of Unfinished Garment Fabrics

Sample No./Description

Sample No. Top Middle Inside

MVTR (g/m2/24hrs)

_ 25g Aptra™ Classic PP MP Film

5000*

29-1A Control

25g SB PP

25g MP PP 20g C/17g SB PP 3635

29-1B 25g SB PP 25g MP PP 20g C/17g

SB PP 3275

29-2A 25g SB PP 25g MP PP 13g C/17g

SB PP 3305

B/W 30-3 25g SB PP

25g EXXAIRE® PE MP film

13g C/17g SB PP 7805

* Supplier’s specification As shown in Table 3, the finished protective garment samples 1-7 which had received protective finishes as noted by the above spraying and padding applications passed ASTM 1670. Furthermore, the thermally bonded laminates B/W 8-2-04 with the MP PP film and Sample B/W 30-3 with the MP PE film passed 1670, but most surprising was the fact that the simple CSN Sample W/W 8-2-04 with the Permax ML coating on the SB side passed the Synthetic Blood Penetration Test. This means that the ML coated Sample W/W 8-2-04 meets the requirements for the highest level of protection, Level 4, for surgical drapes and drape accessories, even though no repellent finish had been applied yet to the ML coated CSN. To be classified as Level 4 (ANSI/AAMI PB70:2003) for surgical gowns and other protective apparel, the sample would have to pass the Viral Penetration Test (ASTM F1671). As shown in Table 4, the Viral Penetration Test F 1671-2003, was passed by only one protective apparel fabric, Sample B/W 8-2-04 with the Permax BB2415 HMVT Breathable Coating. This is also remarkable since this ML coated fabric has not been repellent finished. The ML coated laminate can be made even more protective by adding an AM agent to the ML coating and or applying the AM and possibly AM+FC finishes to the OS and BS sides of the laminate. Table 5 gives the test results of the AATCC Test Method 100-99, “Antimicrobial Finishes on Textile Materials: Assessment of,” which were performed by Nelson Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah. In this test both the OS SB and BS CSN layers were inoculated with S. aureus organisms. It can be seen that with Sample 1, in which the OS SB was finished only with FC that there was no effectiveness of the FC finish on the SB in killing bacteria. However, the CSN side treated with AM only had a 99.963% reduction (log10 kill rate of 3.43). When the OS SB PP side in Sample 2 was finished with FC plus AM, the kill rate was greater than Sample 1 at 84% (log 10 reduction of 0.79), but was much lower than the CSN BS which was finished with Latex+AM

(99.939% reduction; 3.22 log10 reduction). With Sample 7, the OS SB was also treated with FC+AM, but did not kill bacteria. On the other hand, the CSN on the BS with FC+AM had a 99.59% kill rate (log10 2.39). This supports the premise of theses authors that the cotton component can be more effectively finished with antibacterial agent than synthetic hydrophobic fabrics such as SB PP. The relatively small amount of cotton on the CSN also gives the bonded laminate more body than if SB PP was used on both sides, and the cotton feels more comfortable against human skin. Although formulations and procedures for spraying and padding applications were employed with many favorable results as noted above, it is believed that foam application of the finishes should result in more uniform application with less penetration on each side of the laminate to enable more exacting differential finishing of the opposite sides. Thus, additional 45-inch wide tri-laminates were produced at TANDEC during April 2004. To determine the relative effectiveness of each treatment of the breathable barrier fabrics that contributes to protection from water and air-borne pathogens, the following finish combinations were applied by FFT: Sample UTF 1 (FFT treated with Finish Combination 1

- Outside blue SB PP foam finished with FC only - Body Side (BS) CSN foam finished with Latex + AM

Sample UTF 2 (FFT treated with Finish Combination 2 - Outside blue SB PP foam finished with FC + AM - BS CSN foam finished with Latex + AM

As noted in Table 6, the Control tri-laminate (UTCon) which was not finished and not ML coated failed the Synthetic Blood Penetration Test (ASTM F 1670-2003). Likewise, the FFT treated tri-laminates, UTF 1 and UTF 2, with protective finish Combinations 1 and 2, respectively, both failed ASTM 1670. All of the remaining tri-laminates were coated with the Noveon BB 2415 formulation and oven dried for a total of three times to achieve the reported ML add-on levels given in Table 10. Most of the ML coated tri-laminates, which were previously foam treated with Finish Combination 1 or Finish Combination 2, passed ASTM 1670. Furthermore, the two fabrics (11 and 15) treated by Finish Combination 1, that were the only two samples tested for ASTM 1671 at UGA, also passed ASTM 1671. Only one of the five ML coated tri-laminates treated by Finish Combination 1 failed ASTM 1670; whereas, two of the five ML coated fabrics treated by Finish Combination 2 failed 1670. The only difference between these two treatments is the fact that Finish 2 has FC plus AM on the outer SB PP side; whereas, Finish 1 has only FC on the outer SB. As was noted above in the discussion of the results in Table 9 from the testing of the antibacterial effectiveness of selected fabrics given protective finishes by spraying and padding application, the addition of AM in addition to FC on the outer SB PP fabric appears to be ineffective in imparting bacterial resistance to the SB side while the AM on the cotton side was highly effective. In Table 7, the non-ML coated Samples UTF 1 and UTF 2 show average reductions in colony forming units (CFUs) of bacteria after 12 hours in the AATCC 100 test of 99.98%

and 100%, respectively, compared to the non-finished and non-ML coated control fabric. Aside from an effective bacteria kill rate of 86.88% with Sample 11, which was first FFT treated with Finish Combination 1 and then ML coated, the remaining tri-laminates with Finish 1 had average bacterial kill rates of 99.99-100%. Again, the two ML coated tri-laminate samples shown in Table 7, treated with Finish Combination 2, had much lower kill rates of 11.12% and 59.95%. The additional ingredient of the AM agent along with the FC on the outer SB fabric in Finish Combination 2 appeared to have a detrimental effect on both the ASTM 1670 test performance and the antibacterial effectiveness of that tri-laminate when ML coated. In any respect Finish Combination 1 FFT-treated tri-laminate was found to be most effective when ML-coated in regards to ASTM F 1650, F 1671, and effectiveness of antibacterial finish (AATCC 100). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Non-ML versus ML Coated Fabrics

• Tri-laminate protective fabrics with MP PP and MP PE films had high MVTR rates of up to 3635 and 7805 g/m2/24 hr, respectively.

• Uncoated tri-laminate protective fabrics with a 25 g/m2 outer SB PP fabric, center layer of 25 g/m2 MP PP film and a CSN with 20 g/m2 of 60/40 cotton/PP on 17 g/m2 SB PP passed ASTM-1670, Synthetic Blood Penetration Test.

• Uncoated tri-laminate protective fabrics of MP PP and CSNs with 13 g/m2 of 60/40 cotton/PP on 17 g/m2 SB PP failed ASTM-1670.

• Uncoated CSN protective fabric of 20 g/m2 of 60/40 cotton/PP on 12 g/m2 SB PP failed ASTM-1670.

• Monolithic breathable barrier (ML) coatings applied to tri-laminate protective fabrics (with MP PP) with no FC or AM finishes passed ASTM-1670, Synthetic Blood Penetration Test, and passed ASTM-1671, Viral Penetration Test.

• ML coatings applied to CSN protective fabric of 20 g/m2 60/40 cotton/PP on 12 g/m2 SB PP passed ASTM-1670, Synthetic Blood Test, with no FC treatment.

Non-ML Coated Tri-laminates Treated by Spraying or Padding Application

• All of the finished SB/MP PP/CSN tri-laminates containing the heavier 25 g/m2 outer SB fabric and treated by spraying and padding applications of FC, AM, latex or combinations of these finishes on the outer and inner layers passed ASTM-1670.

• Surprisingly, these finished tri-laminates failed ASTM-1671, Viral Penetration Test, although one to two individual tests passed, and it was surmised that the bonding pressure/temperature may have been too high causing pin holes.

• Good kill rates (99+%; log reductions of 2.39-3.43) of S. aureus (AATCC-100) were obtained on the CSN body-side of the AM treated fabrics that were finished by the spraying and padding methods.

• Applying AM to the SB PP side appeared to be less effective in killing bacteria.

ML-Coated Tri-laminates Treated by Foam Finishing Technology (FFT) • The FFT treated tri-laminates with either FC alone or FC and AM on the outer SB

side and latex plus AM on the cotton side failed ASTM 1670.

• Most of the ML coated tri-laminates, which were first foam treated with FC or FC plus AM on the outer SB side and with Latex plus AM on the cotton side passed ASTM 1670. Furthermore, the two ML-coated fabrics that were FFT finished with FC on the SB side and Latex plus AM on the cotton side also passed ASTM 1671.

• As was noted with spraying and padding applications of protective finishes, the addition of AM plus FC on the outer SB PP fabric, when ML coated, appeared to be ineffective in imparting bacterial resistance to the SB side while the AM on the cotton side was highly effective.

Acknowledgements

• Cotton Incorporated for providing funds for the project and for use of the

FFT/Tenter line with the assistance of Ken Greeson, and UTK Agricultural Experimental Station for additional support

• U.S. Pacific Nonwovens for paying expenses for finishing of fabrics in China • DuPont and Noveon for providing FC and latex, respectively, as well as for the

application of breathable ML coatings to selected fabrics by Noveon. • SiShield for providing and discounting cost of AM finish. • Research and engineering professionals at TANDEC, U.S. Pacific, Noveon,

Cotton Incorporated, and in China.

References

ANSI/AAMI PB70:2003, “Liquid barrier performance and classification of protective apparel and drapes intended for use in health care facilities,” October 2003. Wadsworth, L. C., H. S. Suh and H. C. Allen, Jr., “Cotton-Surfaced Nonwovens for Short-Wear-Cycle Apparel,” International Nonwovens Journal 9 (2), 13-17, 2000. Sun, C. Q., D. Zhang, L. C. Wadsworth and E. M. McLean, Jr., “Processing and Property Study of Cotton-Surfaced Nonwovens,” Textile Research Journal 70 (5), 449-453 (2000).

Table 2. Synthetic Blood Penetration of Unfinished Protective Fabrics (ASTM 1670)

Sample No./Description Synthetic Blood Penetration

Sample No. Top Middle Inside Pass Fail

- 25g Aptra™ Classic PP MP Film XXX

29-1A Control

25g SB PP 25g MP PP 20g C/17g

SB PP XXX

29-1B 25g SB PP 25g MP PP 20g C/17g

SB PP XXX

29-2A 25g SB PP 25g MP PP 13g C/17g

SB PP XX X

- 25g EXXAIRE® PE MF XXX

B/W 30-3 25g SB PP 25g MP PE 13g C/17g

SB PP XXX

B/W 8-2-04 w/o ML F

17g SB PP – Not Coated

25g MP PP 13g C/17g SB PP XXX

W/W8-2-04 w/o ML F

Not coated - 20g C/12g

SB PP XXX

Table 3. Synthetic Blood Penetration of Finished or ML Film Coated Fabrics (1670)

Sample No./Description/Finish Synthetic Blood Penetration


Pass Fail

1 25g SB FC Only MP PP 20g C/17g SB

AM Only XXX

2 25g SB FC+AM MP PP 20g C/17g SB

FC+AM XXX

3 25g SB FC+AM MP PP 20g C/17g SB

Latex+AM XXX

4 25g SB FC Only MP PP 20g C/17g SB

Latex+AM XXX

5 Same As 3 XXX

6 25g SB FC Only

25g MP PP

13g C/17g SB Latex+AM XXX

7 25g SB FC+AM

25g MP PP

13g C/17g SB FC + AM XXX

8/ B/W8-2-04

ML Film

17g SB PP – Coated w 40.7g ML Film

25g MP PP

13g C/17g SB PP XXX

9/ B/W 30-3 ML Film

25g SB PP Coated w 44.7g ML Film

15g MP PE

13g C/17g SB PP XXX

10/ W/W8-2-04

ML Film


20g C/12g SB PP XXX

Table 4. Viral Penetration of Protective Fabrics (ASTM 1671)

Sample No./Description/Finish Viral Penetration

Sample No. Top Middle Inside Pass Fail

1 25g SB PP FC Only MP PP 20g C/17g SB

AM Only X XX

3 25g SB PP FC+AM MP PP 20g C/17g SB

Latex+AM X XX

7 25g SB PP FC+AM MP PP 13g C/17g SB

Latex+AM XX X

8/ BW 8-2-04

w/o ML F

17g SB PP – Not Coated


8/ B/W8-2-04

ML Film

17g SB PP Coated w 40.7g ML Film


10/ W/W8-2-04

ML Film


20g C/12g SB PP XXX

Table 5. Tests of Antimicrobial (AM) Finishes on Protective Fabrics (AATCC 100)

Test Results Description/Finish


% Reduction Log 10 Reduction

1 25g SB PP FC

MP PP Film

20g C/17g SB AM Only

Top: -7.3% Inside: 99.963

Top: -0.92 Inside: 3.43

3 25g SB PP FC+AM

MP PP 20g C/17g SB Latex +AM

Top: 84% Inside: 99.939

Top: 0.79 Inside: 3.22

7 25g SB PP FC+AM

MP PP 13g C/17 g

SB FC+AM

Top: -0.17 Inside: 99.59

Top: -1.25 Inside: 2.39

Table 6. Synthetic Blood and Viral Penetration Resistance of ML Film Coated FFT Finished Fabrics and Control Fabrics

Sample No./Description/Finish Pass/Fail 1670 & 1671

Sample No. Top Middle Inside 1670 1671

UTCon, Not Fin. and Not Coated 17g SB MP PP 13g C/17g SB Failed


17g SB FC Only MP PP 13g C/17g SB

Latex +AM Failed


17g SB FC +AM MP PP 13g C/17g SB

Latex +AM Failed

11/ BB 2415A; ML Addon-1.5oz/yd2, Finish Comb 1


Latex +AM Pass Pass

12/ BB 2415B; ML Addon1.4oz Finish 1


Latex +AM Failed

13/ BB 2415C; ML Addon-1.2oz Finish 1


Latex +AM Pass

14/ BB 2415D; ML Addon-1.1


Latex +AM Pass



Latex +AM Pass Pass

16/ BB 2415A; Addon-1.6oz Finish 2

17g SB FC +AM MP PP 13g C/17g SB

Latex +AM Pass

17/ BB 2415B; Addon-1.3oz Finish 2

17g SB FC+AM MP PP 13g C/17g SB

Latex + AM Pass

18/ BB 2415C; Addon-1.1oz Finish 2

17g SB FC + AM MP PP 13g C/17g SB

Latex + AM Failed

19/ BB 2415D; addon-1.2oz

17g SB FC + AM MP PP 13g C/17g SB

Latex + AM Failed



MP PP 20g C/12g SB PP Pass

Note: With Samples 11-20, addons reported are from total of 3 ML coatings.

Table 7. Percent Reduction in the number of CFUs of the Test Fabrics compared with the number of CFUs of the Control Fabric at 12 Hours (AATCC 100)

Percent Reduction from Control Sample at 12 Hours Sample Tri-Lam BB# Rep. 1 Rep.2 Rep. 3 Average Std. Dev. C of V UTF 1 Fin. Comb 1 99.93 100.00 100.00 99.98 0.04 0.04 UTF 2 Fin. Comb 2 100.00 99.99 100.00 100.00 0.01 0.01

11 2415A-Fin 1 88.21 87.38 85.05 86.88 1.64 1.89 13 2415C-Fin 1 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 14 2415D-Fin 1 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 15 2415E-Fin 1 99.99 99.99 100.00 99.99 0.01 0.01 17 2415B-Fin 2 17.68 -0.89 16.57 11.12 10.42 93.67 20 2415E-Fin 2 58.75 58.65 62.15 59.85 1.99 3.33

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