New Leaders ,New IdeasNew Leaders ,New Ideas

The Soviet UnionThe Soviet UnionChanges in LeadershipChanges in Leadership

Joseph Stalin died in Joseph Stalin died in March 1953.March 1953.

His death caused His death caused Americans to wonder Americans to wonder what policies his what policies his successor would enact.successor would enact.

Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev emerged as the new emerged as the new leader.leader.

The Soviet Union The Soviet Union remained a Communist remained a Communist dictatorship.dictatorship.

The Warsaw PactThe Warsaw Pact

The Soviets created the The Soviets created the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact in 1955. in 1955.

It was a military alliance It was a military alliance with the Soviet-with the Soviet-dominated countries of dominated countries of Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.

Uprisings in Poland and Uprisings in Poland and Hungary were ruthlessly Hungary were ruthlessly suppressed.suppressed.

Soviets made it clear Soviets made it clear that they were in control that they were in control of Eastern Europe.of Eastern Europe.

Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev

Born 1894, son of a coal minerBorn 1894, son of a coal miner Fought in Red Army during Civil WarFought in Red Army during Civil War Worked for Communist Party in Moscow and Worked for Communist Party in Moscow and

received Order of Lenin for work on Moscow received Order of Lenin for work on Moscow UndergroundUnderground

1949, appointed to run Soviet Agriculture1949, appointed to run Soviet Agriculture Khrushchev emerges as new leader of Soviet Khrushchev emerges as new leader of Soviet

Union following Stalin’s death in 1953Union following Stalin’s death in 1953 1962, took country close to nuclear war during 1962, took country close to nuclear war during

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Forced into retirement in 1964 (died 1971)Forced into retirement in 1964 (died 1971)

USSR under Nikita USSR under Nikita Khrushchev Khrushchev Power struggle emerged after Stalin Power struggle emerged after Stalin

died in 1953; Khrushchev emerged a died in 1953; Khrushchev emerged a few years laterfew years later

Stalin’s heirs realized reforms were Stalin’s heirs realized reforms were needed.needed.

Widespread fear and hatred of Stalin’s Widespread fear and hatred of Stalin’s political terror resulted in reduction of political terror resulted in reduction of power of secret police and gradual power of secret police and gradual closure of forced labor camps.closure of forced labor camps.

Agriculture in bad shape.Agriculture in bad shape. Shortages of consumer goods.Shortages of consumer goods. Hard work and initiative in decline due Hard work and initiative in decline due

to poor living conditions.to poor living conditions.

De-StalinizationDe-Stalinization XXth Party Congress, 1956XXth Party Congress, 1956: :

Khrushchev took startling initiative Khrushchev took startling initiative against hard-liners by denouncing against hard-liners by denouncing Stalin’s crimes in a closed session.Stalin’s crimes in a closed session.

Secret anti-Stalin speechSecret anti-Stalin speech probably probably most influential statement in Russia most influential statement in Russia since Lenin addressed the crowd on since Lenin addressed the crowd on arriving in April 1917. arriving in April 1917.

Ordered demolition of monuments to Ordered demolition of monuments to Stalin (statues pulled down, cities Stalin (statues pulled down, cities renamed, Stalin’s body removed from renamed, Stalin’s body removed from KremlinKremlin))

Gosplan: Gosplan: Resources shifted from Resources shifted from heavy industry and the military toward heavy industry and the military toward consumer goods and agriculture – consumer goods and agriculture – Centralized Economic Planning Centralized Economic Planning

1956, visit to Warsaw, K. indicated that 1956, visit to Warsaw, K. indicated that Polish people should be allowed more Polish people should be allowed more freedomfreedom

De-StalinizationDe-Stalinization

Great ferment in the arts (anti-Stalinist Great ferment in the arts (anti-Stalinist views tolerated)views tolerated)

Boris PasternakBoris Pasternak (1890-1960) wrote (1890-1960) wrote Dr. ZhivagoDr. Zhivago in 1956. in 1956.– Story of prerevolutionary intellectual who Story of prerevolutionary intellectual who

rejects brutality of revolution of 1917 & rejects brutality of revolution of 1917 & Stalinism; even as he is destroyed, he Stalinism; even as he is destroyed, he triumphs from his humanity and Christian triumphs from his humanity and Christian spirit.spirit.

Aleksandr SolzenitsynAleksandr Solzenitsyn: : One Day in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovichthe Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) (1962)– Portrays in grim detail life in Stalinist Portrays in grim detail life in Stalinist

concentration camp (he had been a concentration camp (he had been a prisoner)prisoner)

Cold War in the 1950sCold War in the 1950s

Relations between USSR and U.S. improve Relations between USSR and U.S. improve with ascension to power of with ascension to power of Nikita Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

Seeks Seeks “peaceful coexistence”“peaceful coexistence” with the with the West in order to focus on Soviet economyWest in order to focus on Soviet economy

Austrian IndependenceAustrian Independence: USSR agreed in : USSR agreed in 1955 to real independence for a neutral 1955 to real independence for a neutral Austria after 10 years of Allied occupation.Austria after 10 years of Allied occupation.

Resulted in significant reduction in cold Resulted in significant reduction in cold war tensions between 1955 & 1957.war tensions between 1955 & 1957.

Khrushchev began wooing new nations of Khrushchev began wooing new nations of Asia and Africa with promises and aid, Asia and Africa with promises and aid, even if they were not communist.even if they were not communist.

Reaction of the WestReaction of the West

Western countries liked Western countries liked Khrushchev’s change of policyKhrushchev’s change of policy

Leaders of USSR & USA met in Leaders of USSR & USA met in 1955 and 19601955 and 1960

Reduction in Cold War tensions Reduction in Cold War tensions nicknamed ‘The Thaw’nicknamed ‘The Thaw’

The US Election of 1952The US Election of 1952 The Twenty-second Amendment set a 10-year limit on The Twenty-second Amendment set a 10-year limit on

the number of years a president could serve. the number of years a president could serve.

Truman was specifically excluded from the limit. Truman was specifically excluded from the limit.

Still, he felt he had served long enough and did not seek Still, he felt he had served long enough and did not seek reelection in 1952.reelection in 1952.

Truman

Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson. Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson.

Republicans chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, known as Republicans chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, known as “Ike.”“Ike.”

His campaign hit a snag when his vice-presidential His campaign hit a snag when his vice-presidential running mate, running mate, Richard M. NixonRichard M. Nixon, was accused of being , was accused of being dishonest.dishonest.

Eisenhower won on his campaign promise to end the war Eisenhower won on his campaign promise to end the war in Korea.in Korea.

Stevensonvs.

Eisenhower

The Cold War and the The Cold War and the Eisenhower Eisenhower AdministrationAdministration

Eisenhower kept his campaign promise and traveled to Eisenhower kept his campaign promise and traveled to Korea to try and get the stalled peace talks moving.Korea to try and get the stalled peace talks moving.

Even after peace was achieved in 1953, the Cold War Even after peace was achieved in 1953, the Cold War continued to rage and to dominate Eisenhower’s continued to rage and to dominate Eisenhower’s presidency.presidency.

Secretary of State Secretary of State John Foster DullesJohn Foster Dulles helped shape helped shape Eisenhower’s Cold War policies.Eisenhower’s Cold War policies.

Changes of leadership in the Soviet Union and Changes of leadership in the Soviet Union and developments in their foreign policy helped keep Cold developments in their foreign policy helped keep Cold War tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union at War tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union at an all time high.an all time high.

Eisenhower’s Cold War Eisenhower’s Cold War PoliciesPoliciesJohn Foster Dulles was critical of the Democrats’ foreign policy. Dulles did not want to merely contain communism; he wanted its roll-back.

Dulles believed in brinkmanship, the diplomatic art of going to the brink of war without actually getting into war. To this end he advocated building more nuclear weapons.Dulles also believed in the concept of massive retaliation. This was the promise that the United States would use overwhelming force against the Soviet Union to settle conflicts.

Foreign policy also had a secret side—the Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA.

Eisenhower’s Cold War Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies- in realityPolicies- in realityDeveloped ‘ New Look’- a policy of containment –This meant preventing the extension of soviet communism outside of the areas where it was already established with assumption that with no expansion the soviet system would collapse by itself.

•Setting up of alliances to encircle the USSR •use military power to protect vulnerable areas, eg West Berlin. •Assisting forces fighting communism e.g. Diem’s govt in South Vietnam

Start increased reliance on nuclear weapons.

Spirit of GenevaSpirit of Geneva

A summit meeting A summit meeting in Geneva in 1955 in Geneva in 1955 between Soviet between Soviet leaders and leaders and Eisenhower Eisenhower resulted in no resulted in no concrete concrete agreements,agreements,

– But helped reduce But helped reduce tensions.tensions.

Geneva Summit – Soviet Geneva Summit – Soviet ProposalProposal Disband NATO & Warsaw PactDisband NATO & Warsaw Pact Withdrawal of all foreign troops Withdrawal of all foreign troops

from Europe and from Europe and formulation of a European formulation of a European Security TreatySecurity Treaty

Free elections for re unified Free elections for re unified GermanyGermany

Geneva Summit – US ReactionGeneva Summit – US Reaction

HostileHostile

The ideas were unacceptable to the The ideas were unacceptable to the West European Government and West European Government and so no agreement on the proposalsso no agreement on the proposals

Geneva Summit and the “Open Skies” Treaty

The Spy Plane Incident

• Americans and Soviets met in Geneva, Switzerland, for a summit meeting in 1955.

• Eisenhower proposed an “open skies” treaty that would allow each side to fly over the other’s territory to learn more about its military abilities.

• The Soviets rejected the proposal.

• Eisenhower wanted to gain information about the Soviet military.

• In 1960 the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane sent into the Soviet Union to inspect their military facilities.

• This incident greatly damaged U.S.–Soviet relations.

U.S ProposalU.S Proposal

Geneva Summit – USSR Geneva Summit – USSR ReactionReaction HostileHostile

The Soviets did not even bother to The Soviets did not even bother to make a formal reply. They make a formal reply. They dismissed ‘as nothing more than dismissed ‘as nothing more than a bold espionage plot’.a bold espionage plot’.

Khrushchev said it was ‘like Khrushchev said it was ‘like seeing into our bedrooms.’seeing into our bedrooms.’

East –West RelationsEast –West Relations

Thaw -1953 – 1955Thaw -1953 – 1955 After 1955- tension increases After 1955- tension increases

againagain 1956 – Khrushchev’s de- 1956 – Khrushchev’s de-

Stalinization speech led challenges Stalinization speech led challenges to Soviet Rule in East Europeto Soviet Rule in East Europe

West involved in the Suez Crisis West involved in the Suez Crisis and so helped to dissipate the and so helped to dissipate the good feeling achieved at Geneva good feeling achieved at Geneva

Effects of De-Effects of De-StalinizationStalinization De-Stalinization resulted in De-Stalinization resulted in

communist reformers and the communist reformers and the masses seeking greater masses seeking greater liberty and national liberty and national independence.independence.

Poland: March 1956, riots Poland: March 1956, riots resulted in release of more resulted in release of more than 9000 political prisoners, than 9000 political prisoners, including previously purged including previously purged leader leader Wladyslaw GomulkaWladyslaw Gomulka..

Gomulka skillfully managed to Gomulka skillfully managed to win greater autonomy for win greater autonomy for Poland while keeping anti-Poland while keeping anti-Soviet feeling at baySoviet feeling at bay..

Hungarian Uprising, Hungarian Uprising, 1956 1956 Students and workers in Budapest installed a Students and workers in Budapest installed a

liberal Communist reformer, liberal Communist reformer, Imre NagyImre Nagy as new as new chief in October 1956.chief in October 1956.

Hungarian nationalists staged huge Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country.spread throughout the country.

Hoped U.S. would come in and help achieve Hoped U.S. would come in and help achieve Hungarian independenceHungarian independence

Soviet tanks and troops responded by invading Soviet tanks and troops responded by invading Hungary and crushing the national democratic Hungary and crushing the national democratic revolution.revolution.

János KádárJános Kádár installed firm communist rule installed firm communist rule After Hungarian invasion, most eastern Europeans After Hungarian invasion, most eastern Europeans

hoped for small domestic gains while obediently hoped for small domestic gains while obediently following USSR in foreign affairs.following USSR in foreign affairs.

Cold War “Hot Spots” in Cold War “Hot Spots” in the 1950sthe 1950sIn addition to Korea, Cold War tensions flared up in several other spots around the world in the 1950s.

Issues in Vietnam reflected Cold War rivalries. North Vietnam was under the control of Communist leader Ho Chi Minh. South Vietnam was supported by the United States and its anti-Communist allies and headed by President Ngo Dinh Diem.

The Middle East was another Cold War “hot spot.” Trouble between Jews and Arabs reached a crisis point in 1948. In addition, Cold War tensions were played out in Egypt as Gamal Abdel Nasser used the support of the Soviet Union to unify the Arab nations.

Suez CrisisSuez Crisis Egyptian President Gamel Egyptian President Gamel

Nasser's nationalization of Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956 led the Suez Canal in 1956 led to a British, French, and to a British, French, and Israeli invasion of Egypt;Israeli invasion of Egypt;

Eisenhower, infuriated by Eisenhower, infuriated by their pretense and their pretense and collusion, exerted collusion, exerted diplomatic and economic diplomatic and economic pressure to force a halt to pressure to force a halt to the action,the action,– The debacle increased the The debacle increased the

U.S. and Soviet role in the U.S. and Soviet role in the Middle East.Middle East.

Trouble in the Middle Trouble in the Middle EastEastIsraelIsrael

In 1948 Israel declared its In 1948 Israel declared its independence.independence.

A UN resolution had A UN resolution had divided Palestine into a divided Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state.Jewish and an Arab state.

Arab Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Arab Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq Lebanon, and Iraq attacked Israel.attacked Israel.

Israel won the war and Israel won the war and the land of Palestine the land of Palestine came under the control of came under the control of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt.Israel, Jordan, and Egypt.

EgyptEgypt Gamal Abdel Nasser wanted Gamal Abdel Nasser wanted

to unite the Arab nations to unite the Arab nations and sought the support of and sought the support of the Soviet Union.the Soviet Union.

U.S. leaders did not like this U.S. leaders did not like this and took away their support and took away their support for the Aswan High Dam.for the Aswan High Dam.

In retaliation, Nasser seized In retaliation, Nasser seized the Suez canal and almost the Suez canal and almost started a war.started a war.

The The Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine said the U.S. would aid any said the U.S. would aid any Nation in the Middle East Nation in the Middle East trying to resist communism.trying to resist communism.

Asia sceneAsia scene

The defeat of French The defeat of French forces in Vietnam in forces in Vietnam in 1954 resulted in the 1954 resulted in the division of the division of the country into country into communist North and communist North and U.S.-backed South,U.S.-backed South,– Intended as a Intended as a

transitional stage until transitional stage until nationwide elections.nationwide elections.

To the Brink and BackTo the Brink and Back

(1957-1964)(1957-1964)

SputnikSputnik

After:After:– The Suez crisis,The Suez crisis,– Recent Soviet Recent Soviet

economic success, economic success, andand

– USSR's launching of USSR's launching of the first artificial the first artificial satellite in 1957,satellite in 1957,

The communist East The communist East appeared to be appeared to be gaining political, gaining political, technological, and technological, and economic advantages economic advantages over the West.over the West.

ARMS RACEARMS RACE

Khrushchev's Khrushchev's stressed the stressed the superiority of Soviet superiority of Soviet rocket technology,rocket technology,– But the United But the United

States responded by States responded by instituting a massive instituting a massive space program and space program and programs to develop programs to develop strategic missiles.strategic missiles.

The "Missile Gap"The "Missile Gap"

Gaither Report recommendations :Gaither Report recommendations : a vast increase in offensive a vast increase in offensive

defense power especially missiledefense power especially missile A build up of conventional forces A build up of conventional forces

capable of fighting a limited warcapable of fighting a limited war Massive build up of fallout sheltersMassive build up of fallout shelters

The "Missile Gap"The "Missile Gap"

Eisenhower's opponents claimed Eisenhower's opponents claimed that his administration had allowed that his administration had allowed the USSR to gain superiority in the USSR to gain superiority in strategic weapons, though this was strategic weapons, though this was not actually the case;not actually the case;– Nevertheless; as missile arsenals Nevertheless; as missile arsenals

increased, the fear of nuclear war and increased, the fear of nuclear war and pressure for disarmament became pressure for disarmament became widespread.widespread.

The Arms RaceThe Arms Race

Arms race—An international contest between the United States and the Soviet Union in which each side was seeking a military advantage over the other

New military strategies—Less reliance on conventional forces, such as soldiers and tanks, and more reliance on nuclear weapons, brinkmanship, and massive retaliation

These new strategies made keeping the lead in the arms race very important.

New bombs and technology—The use of nuclear weapons promoted the research and development of new bombs and other technology.

The "Missile Gap"The "Missile Gap"

The US Air force U-2 spy planes The US Air force U-2 spy planes over USSR proved that there was over USSR proved that there was no missile gap.no missile gap.

Despite this Eisenhower had to Despite this Eisenhower had to do something to alleviate public do something to alleviate public anxiety so -1958- NASA anxiety so -1958- NASA establishedestablished

The Arms RaceThe Arms RaceNew BombsNew Bombs

Scientists worked to make Scientists worked to make bombs smaller and more bombs smaller and more easily delivered to enemy easily delivered to enemy targets.targets.

Aircraft were the Aircraft were the preferred means of preferred means of delivering nuclear delivering nuclear weapons.weapons.

The U.S. fleet of bombers The U.S. fleet of bombers were spread out and were spread out and constantly on the move.constantly on the move.

By the end of the 1950s, By the end of the 1950s, intercontinental ballistic intercontinental ballistic missiles, or missiles, or ICBMsICBMs, were , were developed that could developed that could carry nuclear weapons.carry nuclear weapons.

New TechnologyNew Technology In 1954 the Navy In 1954 the Navy

launched the first launched the first nuclear-powered nuclear-powered submarine.submarine.

The submarines could The submarines could travel for months travel for months without needing to without needing to refuel.refuel.

The nuclear-powered The nuclear-powered submarines were submarines were equipped with nuclear equipped with nuclear weapons.weapons.

Nuclear power plants in Nuclear power plants in the United States the United States produced electricity in produced electricity in 1957.1957.

SummitsSummits

A series of meetings A series of meetings between U.S. and between U.S. and Soviet leaders in Soviet leaders in 1958-59 helped 1958-59 helped reduce Cold War reduce Cold War tensions.tensions.

– Khrushchev visited Khrushchev visited the United States in the United States in 1959 and received a 1959 and received a warm welcome,warm welcome,

– A reciprocal visit by A reciprocal visit by Eisenhower to the Eisenhower to the USSR was planned.USSR was planned.

U-2 IncidentU-2 Incident

Plans for Plans for Eisenhower's visit Eisenhower's visit were canceled, were canceled, however,however,

– After an American U-2 After an American U-2 reconnaissance plane reconnaissance plane was shot down over was shot down over the USSR in 1960.the USSR in 1960.

The incident resulted The incident resulted in a return to tension in a return to tension and mutual suspicion.and mutual suspicion.

SPUTNIK 1

4/10/1957

10:28 p.m SPUTNIK 2

03/11/1957

VANGUARD 1

06/12/1957

EXPLORER 31/01/1958

YURI GAGARIN

12/04/1961

APOLLO 11

20/07/1969

THE ‘SPACE RACE’

THE BERLIN WALLTHE BERLIN WALL

Another Cold War Another Cold War crisiscrisis BackgroundBackground East – West rivalryEast – West rivalry Berlin divided – contrast the two Berlin divided – contrast the two

halves.halves.WEST: Prosperous, helped by US, attracted people from the East. Seen by USSR as infection in the heart of Communist East Germany.

EAST: Much less prosperous and under Communist control

Focus on refugees from Focus on refugees from

East GermanyEast Germany or East Berlin or East Berlin to Westto West1949-129,2451949-129,245

1951- 165,6481951- 165,648

1953- 331,3901953- 331,390

1955- 252,8701955- 252,870

1957- 261,6221957- 261,622

1959- 143,9171959- 143,917

1961- 207,0261961- 207,026

1962- 21,3561962- 21,356

1963- 42,6321963- 42,632

1964- 41,8761964- 41,876

What they wantedWhat they wanted

The WestThe West Prevent USSR from Prevent USSR from

gaining control of gaining control of East GermanyEast Germany

To see a united, To see a united, democratic democratic GermanyGermany

The EastThe East Maintain control over E Maintain control over E

GermanyGermany Make the West Make the West

recognise it as an recognise it as an independent stateindependent state

Stop the flood of Stop the flood of refugees especially the refugees especially the skilled and skilled and professional ones – professional ones – much needed in E much needed in E GermanyGermany

1958-Soviet demands1958-Soviet demands

West should:West should: Recognise GDRRecognise GDR Withdraw troops from West BerlinWithdraw troops from West Berlin Hand their access routes over to Hand their access routes over to

the East German governmentthe East German governmentKhrushchev bluffed that he would Khrushchev bluffed that he would

hand East Berlin over to the GDR. hand East Berlin over to the GDR. West refused and Khrushchev West refused and Khrushchev backed down.backed down.

Events of 1961Events of 1961 June-Vienna SummitJune-Vienna Summit Khrushchev pressured new American Khrushchev pressured new American

President John F KennedyPresident John F Kennedy Demanded withdrawal of Western forces Demanded withdrawal of Western forces

from West Berlin – Kennedy refusedfrom West Berlin – Kennedy refused July – Western powers reject Khrushchev’s July – Western powers reject Khrushchev’s

Vienna demandsVienna demands July 23 – Flow of refugees from East to July 23 – Flow of refugees from East to

West = 1000 a dayWest = 1000 a day July 25 – Kennedy repeats support for July 25 – Kennedy repeats support for

West Berlin and announced increase in West Berlin and announced increase in arms spendingarms spending

Events cont’dEvents cont’d

13-22 August – Khrushchev and 13-22 August – Khrushchev and East German govt. orders barbed East German govt. orders barbed wire barrier across Berlin, followed wire barrier across Berlin, followed by a wall of concrete blocksby a wall of concrete blocks

All of West Berlin encircled apart All of West Berlin encircled apart from access pointsfrom access points

This was against the Four Power This was against the Four Power agreement reached in Paris on 20 agreement reached in Paris on 20 June 1949. June 1949.

Did Kennedy really mind the wall?

He had protected West Berlin and he never promised to protect East Berlin?

ResultsResults

Important results for Berlin, Important results for Berlin, Germany and the Cold WarGermany and the Cold War

BerlinBerlin was divided, free access was divided, free access ended between East and West, ended between East and West, many families split, many many families split, many attempted to escape to the West-attempted to escape to the West-between 1961 and 1989, 86 people between 1961 and 1989, 86 people died trying to cross the Berlin Walldied trying to cross the Berlin Wall

Results cont’dResults cont’d Kennedy accepted the Soviet action. He Kennedy accepted the Soviet action. He

refused to use US troops to pull down the wall refused to use US troops to pull down the wall to avoid war.to avoid war.

Kennedy looked weak but West turned it into Kennedy looked weak but West turned it into propaganda – why if Communism was so propaganda – why if Communism was so attractive was a wall needed?attractive was a wall needed?

1963 – Kennedy visited West Berlin – pledged 1963 – Kennedy visited West Berlin – pledged continued support – ‘continued support – ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ Ich bin ein Berliner’ (I am (I am a Berliner) – famous speecha Berliner) – famous speech

Khrushchev lost face by failing to remove the Khrushchev lost face by failing to remove the West from BerlinWest from Berlin

LINK:LINK:CNN - Cold War-The WallCNN - Cold War-The Wall

The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall Berlin Wall Berlin Wall built in 1961built in 1961 2 million East Germans 2 million East Germans

escaped to West Berlin escaped to West Berlin between 1949-1961; Soviets between 1949-1961; Soviets frustratedfrustrated

Khrushchev threatened Khrushchev threatened President Kennedy: USSR President Kennedy: USSR would sign peace treaty with would sign peace treaty with East Germany who would East Germany who would then control access to then control access to Berlin; Soviets would protect Berlin; Soviets would protect East Germany’s right to East Germany’s right to control flow into Berlin.control flow into Berlin.

Berlin Wall built instead of Berlin Wall built instead of enforcing ultimatum to U.S.; enforcing ultimatum to U.S.; ended future crises over ended future crises over Berlin.Berlin.

Kennedy and BerlinOne of the high pointsof Kennedy’s foreigntravels was a trip hemade to Berlin in 1963to dramatize America’scommitment to WestBerlin and West Germany.In a speech at the BerlinWall, Kennedy electrifiedan audience of about 150,000Germans by stating , “Ich binein Berliner” (I am a Berliner),thus declaring the solidarity of all free people with the peopleof West Berlin.

John F. Kennedy 1961-1963

The Election of 1960

The election of 1960was the closest since1884; Kennedy defeated RichardNixon by fewer than119,000 votes.

Did You Know?• He was a decorated naval officer in World War II.• He received the Pulitzer Prize for his book, "Profiles in Courage."• He served exactly 1,000 days in office.• He was the first president born in the 20th century and the youngest president ever elected.•He is the only Roman Catholic president•He could read 1600 words a minute.

Kennedy’s Inaugural AddressKennedy was the youngest person ever to be elected president. Hisyouth helped provide the theme to his inaugural address:

“Let the word go forth…That the torch has beenpassed to a new generation of Americans…The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bringto this endeavor will lightour country and all who serve it…And so, my fellowAmericans-ask not whatyour country can do for you-ask what you can dofor your country.”

The Camelot YearsWith JFK’syouthful glamourand his talentedadvisors, the Kennedy WhiteHouse remindedmany of a modern-day Camelot, themythical court ofKing Arthur.

Crisis Over CubaThe first test of Kennedy’sforeign policy came in Cuba,just 90 miles off the coast ofFlorida. Revolutionary leader,Fidel Castro, openly declaredhimself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.

The Bay of PigsOn the nights of April 17,1961,some 1500 Cuban exiles supported by the U.S. militarylanded on the island’s southern coast at Baja deCochinos, the Bay of Pigs. The CIA and the exiles hoped itwould trigger a mass uprisingthat would overthrow Castro.It didn’t! Cuban forces, backedby Soviet tanks and jet aircraft,easily repelled the exile invasion.Some of the exiles were killed,others imprisoned.

Cuban Missile CrisisIn October, 1962, photographs takenby American planesrevealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba-and somecontained missilesready to launch.They could reachU.S. cities in minutes.

On October 22,Kennedy ordereda naval blockadeof Cuba to preventfurther deliveriesof Soviet weapons.He also demandedthat the Sovietsremove the missiles.Khrushchev promised tochallenge the blockade,calling it “outright banditry.”

For a few days, nuclear war and massive destruction was a distinct possibility for every American. In schools, childrenpracticed air raid drills, a common occurrence during the ColdWar. People who had built bomb shelters began stockingthem with food and other provisions. Even the president calledhis family to the White House where they could be protected inthe presidential nuclear shelter.

After the photographic evidence showing Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba had After the photographic evidence showing Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba had been confirmed, President Kennedy organised a secret meeting of senior been confirmed, President Kennedy organised a secret meeting of senior advisors at the White House. advisors at the White House.

Kennedy spoke to the American public, and to the Soviet government, in a Kennedy spoke to the American public, and to the Soviet government, in a televised address on October 22. televised address on October 22.

Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy on October 23 and 24. In these he claimed Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy on October 23 and 24. In these he claimed the deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the Soviet Union had peaceful the deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the Soviet Union had peaceful intentions. intentions.

On October 26, they offered to withdraw the missiles if the U.S could On October 26, they offered to withdraw the missiles if the U.S could guarantee they would not invade Cuba or support any invasion.guarantee they would not invade Cuba or support any invasion.

Following this the next day October 27, they broadcast on public radio the Following this the next day October 27, they broadcast on public radio the calling for the withdrawal of U.S missiles in Turkey in addition to the demands calling for the withdrawal of U.S missiles in Turkey in addition to the demands of the 26th.of the 26th.

Kennedy responded by publicly agreeing to the first deal and sending Robert F. Kennedy responded by publicly agreeing to the first deal and sending Robert F. Kennedy to the Soviet embassy to privately agree to the removal of missiles in Kennedy to the Soviet embassy to privately agree to the removal of missiles in Turkey. Kennedy requested that Khrushchev keep this second compromise out Turkey. Kennedy requested that Khrushchev keep this second compromise out of the public domain. of the public domain.

The soviet ships turned back, and on October 28 Khrushchev announce he had The soviet ships turned back, and on October 28 Khrushchev announce he had ordered the removal of the Soviet missiles in Cuba.ordered the removal of the Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Satisfied that the Soviets had removed the missiles, President Kennedy ended Satisfied that the Soviets had removed the missiles, President Kennedy ended the quarantine on November 20 1962.the quarantine on November 20 1962.

Response by U.S.

Suddenly, on October 24, many of the Soviet ships stopped shortof the blockade line, turned, and sailed home. “We’re eyeball toeyeball,” said Secretary of State Dean Rusk, “and I think the other fellow just blinked.” On October 28 Khrushchev agreedto dismantle the missile bases in response to Kennedy’s promisenot to invade Cuba.

The compromise reached satisfied no one, it was a particular The compromise reached satisfied no one, it was a particular embarrassment for Khrushchev and the Soviet Union who had not embarrassment for Khrushchev and the Soviet Union who had not made public the withdrawal of the missiles in Turkey. made public the withdrawal of the missiles in Turkey.

U.S. military commanders were also not happy with the result. U.S. military commanders were also not happy with the result. General LeMay told the president that it was “the greatest defeat in General LeMay told the president that it was “the greatest defeat in our history” and that the U.S should invade immediately.our history” and that the U.S should invade immediately.

Cuba felt they had been betrayed by the Soviets whom they had Cuba felt they had been betrayed by the Soviets whom they had trusted, with all the decisions being made exclusively by Kennedy trusted, with all the decisions being made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev.and Khrushchev.

The Cuban Missile Crisis spurred the creation of the Hot Line. This is The Cuban Missile Crisis spurred the creation of the Hot Line. This is a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington D.C. a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington D.C. The purpose was to have a way leaders of the two Cold War The purpose was to have a way leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to better solve a crisis like in countries could communicate directly to better solve a crisis like in October 1962.October 1962.

After the Crisis

The New Frontier

President Kennedy’slegislative program toprovide medical carefor the elderly….

To rebuild blightedurban areas….

To increase international aid….

To expand the space program.

To aid education….

To bolster the nationaldefense….

And to promote civil rights.

To provide volunteer assistance to developingnations in Asia, Africa,and Latin America.

Tragedy in DallasIn the fall of 1963, public opinion polls showed that Kennedy was losing popularity because of his advocacy of civil rights. On November 22,1963, President andMrs. Kennedy wentto Texas to mendpolitical fences withmembers of the state’s DemocraticParty.

Crowds lined thestreets of Dallasto greet the President. In frontof them sat TexasGovernor JohnConnally and hiswife Nellie.

As the car approached a state building known as the Texas State BookDepository, rifle shots rang out.

Kennedy wasshot in the head.His car raced toa nearby hospital, wheredoctors frantically triedto revive him,but it was toolate. PresidentKennedy wasdead.

In 1963, the WarrenCommission investigatedand concluded thatLee Harvey Oswaldhad shot the presidentwhile acting on his own.

On Sunday, Nov. 24,as millions watchedlive television coverage of Oswaldbeing transferredbetween jails, anightclub ownernamed Jack Rubybroke through thecrowd and shot andkilled Oswald.

Fall of Khrushchev, Fall of Khrushchev, 1964 1964 His cold war foreign policies erratic & His cold war foreign policies erratic &

ultimately unsuccessful (Berlin, Cuban ultimately unsuccessful (Berlin, Cuban Missile Crisis)Missile Crisis)

Expensive space and armaments Expensive space and armaments programs postponed any significant programs postponed any significant shift to consumer goods.shift to consumer goods.

Most important reason: agricultural Most important reason: agricultural projects backfiredprojects backfired

Resurgence of conservative Stalinists Resurgence of conservative Stalinists led to quiet removal of Khrushchev in led to quiet removal of Khrushchev in October, 1964October, 1964

FROM KHRUSHCHEV TO FROM KHRUSHCHEV TO GORBACHEVGORBACHEV

LEONID BREZHNEV (1906-82, ruled 1964-82)LEONID BREZHNEV (1906-82, ruled 1964-82) REVIVAL OF STALINISMREVIVAL OF STALINISM THE PRAGUE SPRINGTHE PRAGUE SPRING SOVIET INVASION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA (August SOVIET INVASION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA (August

21, 1968)21, 1968) ALEXANDER DUBALEXANDER DUBČEK (1921-92)ČEK (1921-92) BREZHNEV DOCTRINE (1968)BREZHNEV DOCTRINE (1968) DISSIDENT MOVEMENTDISSIDENT MOVEMENT ANDREI SAKHAROV (1921-89)ANDREI SAKHAROV (1921-89) SOLZHENITSYN’S EXPULSION FROM THE USSR SOLZHENITSYN’S EXPULSION FROM THE USSR

(1974) (1974) THE AFGHAN WAR (December 26, 1979 – THE AFGHAN WAR (December 26, 1979 –

February 15, 1989)February 15, 1989) SAKHAROV’S EXILE TO GORKY (1980)SAKHAROV’S EXILE TO GORKY (1980) YURI ANDROPOV (1914-84, ruled 1982-84)YURI ANDROPOV (1914-84, ruled 1982-84) CONSTANTINE CHERNENKO (1911-85, ruled 1984-CONSTANTINE CHERNENKO (1911-85, ruled 1984-

85)85) DEEPENING OF THE ECONOMIC CRISISDEEPENING OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS 1928 (60.5 PERCENT OF OUTPUT WENT INTO 1928 (60.5 PERCENT OF OUTPUT WENT INTO

CONSUMER GOODS) CONSUMER GOODS) 1985 (25.2 PERCENT OF OUTPUT WENT INTO 1985 (25.2 PERCENT OF OUTPUT WENT INTO

CONSUMER GOODS) CONSUMER GOODS)

Return of the Cold WarReturn of the Cold War

Leonid BrezhnevLeonid Brezhnev became became new General Secretary new General Secretary (1964-1982)(1964-1982)

Beginning in 1964, USSR Beginning in 1964, USSR began a period of stagnation began a period of stagnation and limited re-Stalinizationand limited re-Stalinization

Massive arms buildup started Massive arms buildup started in response to humiliation of in response to humiliation of Cuban Missile Crisis.Cuban Missile Crisis.

USSR avoided direct USSR avoided direct confrontation with the U.S. confrontation with the U.S. and seemed more and seemed more committed to peaceful committed to peaceful coexistence than Khrushchev coexistence than Khrushchev had been.had been.