new ip and market opportunities · tcp/ip standardized arpanet ceased www, cern tim berners-lee...

Futurewei Technologies, Inc.

New IP and Market Opportunities

Richard Li

Chief Scientist, Network TechnologiesFuturewei, USA

IEEE International Conference on

High Performance Switching and Routing (HPSR) 2020

May 11-14, 2020

2

Acknowledgement and Disclaimer

• New IP is under research and development by research scientists and professional

engineers across different countries and different organizations

• Some results of this talk may have appeared in ITU, IEEE and ACM publications

The Internet has been very successful! But can it sustain all new applications

in decades to come? Can we rest here and take the Internet as it is forever?

Packet Switching Landmark Projects Commercialization

Paul Baran Leonard Kleinrock

Inventor Packet Switching

Inventor Packet Switching

Don Davis, NPL, UK

Frank Heart &Team,

BBN IMP Spec

Queen Elizabeth II

Sends her first email.

IEEE, "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication” , 1974

Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn

TCP/IP Standardized

ARPANET ceased

WWW, CERN

Tim Berners-LeeCyclades at INRIA,

France, 1971-1979,

Louis Pouzin

Conceptual Experimental Standardization Explooooosion1961

1965

1968

1974

1976

1979

1980

1989

2000

4

Agenda

• Market Opportunities and New Requirements

▪ Need for high-precision communications for industrial machine-type communications

▪ Need for free choice addressing in the age of ManyNets for economy and democracy

▪ Need for qualitative communications for very large volumetric communications

• Current IP

▪ Design decisions: e.g. Fixed Addressing, Inherently Best Effort

▪ Packet Loss, Retransmission, and Host-based Congestion Control

▪ Cerf-Kahn-Mathis Equation

• New IP

▪ Free-Choice Addressing

▪ High-Precision Communications

▪ Qualitative Communications

ITU-T Focus Group on Network 2030

https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/net2030/Pages/default.aspx

RadiocommunicationITU General Secretariat Standardization Development ITU Telecom Members’ Zone Join ITU

EventsAbout ITU-T Study Groups All Groups Join ITU-T Standards Resources Regional Presence BSG

Study new capabilities

of networks for the year

2030 and beyond

Explore new concepts,

principles, mechanisms,

and architectures

Review Protocol Stack,

and outline

future directions

Identify future use

cases and new

requirements

Establish

July 16 – 27, 2018

Geneva

1st Meeting

October 2 – 4, 2018

New York

2nd Meeting

December 18 – 21, 2018

Hong Kong

3rd Meeting

February 18-20, 2019

London

4th Meeting

May 21-23, 2019

St. Petersburg

5th Meeting

October 14-18, 2019

Geneva

6th Meeting

January 13-15, 2020

Lisbon

6

Driverless Vehicles and Remote Operations

Hazardous environment

Latency and Packet Loss vs Safety of Life

Collision-Avoidance Distance

60 km/hour = 16.7m/sec.

distance = 16.7m/sec x 60ms = 1m

30 km/hour = 8.3m/sec.

distance = 8.4m/sec x 60ms = 0.5m

Autonomous Driving Cloud Driving

Local Driving

Decision Point

Local

Sensory Input

Remote

Contextual Advisory

Local

Sensory InputRemote Driving

Decision Point

Latency

Packet Loss Packet LossLatency

Packet Loss is a Serious Issue

Industrial Machine-Type Communications and Control

Cloudified

PLC

Major Challenges:

▪ Latency

▪ Availability

▪ Elasticity

▪ Security

▪ Usability

Source: Texas Instruments

ManyNets: Embracing Diversity, Variety, Economy, and Autonomy

Non-IP Networks(Growing market segment)

Private Global Backbones(No Need for Internet Transit)

Emerging Satellite Constellations(Global Broadband connectivity for 4 billion people

who are not connected to any network today)

Spread Networks

OneWeb

Starlink

1) Geoff Huston, The Death of Transit and the Future Internet, Keynote Speech at 2nd ITU-T Workshop on Network 2030, Hong Kong, Dec. 2018

2) Mostafa Ammar, Service-Infrastructure Cycle, Ossification, and the Fragmentation of the Internet, Keynote Speech at 3rd ITU-T Workshop on Network 2030, London, UK, Feb. 2019

Space Internet

Public Transit Backbone

Private Transit Backbone

Private Transit Backbone

LaserLT

E Groun

d

Statio

n

LEOs or MEOs

Routing in spaceCo. Support Scale

Starlink SpaceX, Google 4K by 2019, then 12K

Oneweb Blue Origin (Bezos), Virgin Orbit

650 by 2019

Boeing Apple (spec) 2956, 1350 in 6 yrs

O3Nb Virgin group, SES 400

CASIC China 300 (54 trial)

Distances Bandwidth delay

(LEO)900-1200 KM

1—200 Gbps 35ms

(MEO)~2000 KM

1-200 Gbps ~60ms

Space to space ~100 KM – ~Tbps~1000 KM ~10 Gbps

How do we integrate terrestrial and space internet?

Source: Internet

11

We are in the dawn of a big change from digital society to holographic society

Holographic Society

Healthcare/ Surgery Agriculture

Entertainment

Shopping

Industry

Education

Tourism

HapticTechnology

Tactile Internet

Digital Senses

Non-contact Force

feedback

Virtual Movement

Remote Touch

Remote Control

Fast Response High Precision

Sight Hearing Touch Smell Taste

Holograms and Holographic Type Communications

Throughput

4K/8K HD AR/VR Hologram

35Mbps~140Mbps 25Mbps~20Gbps 10 Gbps~10 Tbps

band

width

band

width

Synchronization of parallel streams

4K/8K HD VR/AR Hologram

Audio/Video(2) Multiple tiles (12)~thousands

(view-angles)

streams streams

20” wide

6’0

” t

all

Raw data; no optimization or compression. color, FP

(full parallax), 30 fps

4”

4”

Dimensions Raw Data

Tile 4 x 4 inches 30 Gbps

Human 72 x 20 inch 4.32 Tbps

(reference: 3D Holographic Display and Its Data

Transmission Requirement,

10.1109/IPOC.2011.6122872), derived from for

‘Holographic three-dimensional telepresence’; N.

Peyghambarian, University of Arizona)

360 degrees of view

6 degrees of freedom

/VR

Image

Capture

Framing

Streaming

DecodingDisplay

Encoding

Network

Transport

Motion-to-Photon Time: Total 20 ms

5-7 ms

How do we transport very large volumetric data?

Attaching Digital Senses to Holograms

Media Evolution

Hologram

AR/VR

Video

Audio

Image

Text

1T/s

D

1ms

1G/s

D

17ms

100M/s 33ms

64k/s 50ms

IEEE Digital Senses Initiative

Coverage Model

Privacy

Identity

Security

Trust

Ethics

Transforming Industries

Capture

Reproduce

Synthesize

Undersized

Respond

Public Awareness

User Acceptance

Content Richness

Ecosystem Readiness

Smart Robots Wearables

and more… Consumer

Healthcare

Human or

Machine

Sight

Touch

Other

Senses

TasteSmell

Hearing

Augmented Reality

Virtual

Reality

Human

Augmentation

IP/MPLS in Mobile Backhaul Networks

App (user)

TCP (user)

IP (user)

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

App (user)

TCP (user)

IP (user)

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

App (user)

TCP (user)

IP (user)

GTP-U (S1)

UDP (Nwk)

IP (Nwk)

IP/MPLS

Backhaul

Eth/Nwk

App (user)

TCP (user)

IP (user)

GTP-U (S1)

UDP (Nwk)

IP (Nwk)

IP/MPLS

Backhaul

Eth/Nwk

App (user)

TCP (user)

IP (user)

No guarantee on E2E throughput

and latency by current TCP/IP

Inefficient

retransmission

Inefficient use of protocols

Tunnels over tunnels

Repeating header fields

Radio retransmissions

are not synchronized

with TCP flow control

Retransmit wasteful

packets

Cellular network Fixed, IP based wireline network

Not suitable for mMTC and uRLLC

Low efficient user payload, unsuitable for

mMTC and short messages

No E2E QoS, unsuitable for uRLLC

How do we provide end-to-end service guarantee for 5G/B5G/6G-enabled applications?

15

Market Opportunity and New Requirements

▪ Entropy-Based Communications▪ Semantics-Based Communications▪ Knowledge-Based Communications

▪ Industrial Machine-type Communications▪ Industrial Control and Manufacturing▪ Industrial Internet▪ Tactile Internet▪ Autonomous Driving▪ Cloud Driving▪ Digital Twin▪ Holographic Twin▪ Holographic Society▪ Network and Computing Convergence▪ Smart City▪ Smart Agriculture▪ Smart healthcare▪ ManyNets▪ Space-Terrestrial Integrated Network ▪ Private Internet▪ Non-IP Networks

▪ Premium services▪ Adaptable Responsive▪ User Programmable▪ Business Easing▪ Compute Power Network

▪ In-Time Guaranteed Transport▪ On-Time Guaranteed Transport▪ Lossless Transport

Free-Choice Addressing

Qualitative Communications

Moving Beyond Native Multiplexing

High-Precision Communications

▪ Mix and Match▪ Industrial Machine-Type Addressing▪ Machine ID located in a Workshop▪ Power-Efficient Addressing▪ ManyNets

16

Agenda

• Market Drivers and New Requirements




• Current IP




• New IP




▪ Better Traffic Engineering

17

Router and Packet Statistical Multiplexing

Egress CardIngress Card Switch Fabric

Core

DDR接口

Serd

es IO

Serd

es IO

DDR FIB

MAC NP TM/FIC

FIB

Burst

Maximal Resource Utilization Inherently Best Effort Forwarding

Header Processing Delay Queueing DelayTransmission

Delay

Packets are dropped when

buffer is fullPackets are dropped when

buffer is full

Futurewei Technologies, Inc.

IP is an artifact (made up of a few design decisions)

One Size Fits All(Fixed Addressing)

Statistical Multiplexing Capabilities and Services

Best Effort. Default and Most Popular

DiffServ (on a per-hop basis)

Traffic Engineering

▪ Traffic Steering (Explicit Path)

▪ Minimal Bandwidth Guarantee

▪ Fast Re-Route

Maximize network utilization: Matching

traffic demand to available capacity

One common network layer to

connect everything globally

Packet switching: 59 years (2020-1961)

TCP/IP (Cerf’s paper): 46 years (2020-1974)

IPv4 (RFC 791): 39 years (2020-1981)

IPv6 (RFC 1883): 25 years (2020-1995)

MPLS (RFC 3031): 19 years (2020-2001)

As of now, total RFCs: 8778

(If an engineer studies 5RFCs a week, it takes 33.76 years to finish all them)

Transport of Traffic: Packet Loss and Retransmission

𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐩𝐮𝐭 ≤ 𝐦𝐢𝐧(𝐁𝐖,𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐒𝐢𝐳𝐞

𝐑𝐓𝐓,𝐌𝐒𝐒

𝐑𝐓𝐓×𝐂

𝛒 )

Packet Loss

Congestion ControlRetransmissionTransmission

Transport of Traffic: Improvements and Enhancements

See ACM SIGCOMM 2019 Keynote (Mark Handley) for his personal achievements

Congestion Control

In Host

Rate Limiting

Multi-Path

Pacing

Scheduling

In Network

Load Balancing ECMP

Flow LB

Packet LB

Flowlet LBRerouting

Priority Queuing

Back Pressure

It is an eternal and never-stopping topic in ACM Sigcomm

Google Scholar returns 13,200 publications on “TCP

Congestion Control”

No one size fits all Time to read: 36 years

Read one paper a day: 13200/365

Transport of Traffic: Extrapolation from Cerf-Kahn-Mathis Equation

The result may vary with CPUs, Links, Buffers, etc, but throughput, latency and packet loss are coupled closely together

You can’t make omelet without breaking eggs!

738.7 (Mbps)

522.3

233.6165.2

73.9 52.2 23.4 (Mbps)

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

800.0

0.001% 0.002% 0.010% 0.020% 0.100% 0.200% 1.000%

TCP

Th

rou

ghp

ut

(Mb

ps)

Packet Loss Ratio

TCP Throughput (Mbps) drops as Packet Loss Rate increases, Guaranteed RTT= 5ms

307.80 (us)

217.64

97.3368.83

30.78 21.76 9.73 (us)

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

0.001% 0.002% 0.010% 0.020% 0.100% 0.200% 1.000%

RTT

(u

s)

Packet Loss Ratio

Ultra-low Latency (us) demands as Packet Loss Ratio increases, Guaranteed Throughput = 12Gbps

If you lose 1 packet per 10,000 packets, your latency is 0.1 ms in order to yield a throughput of 12 Gbps

• improvements exist, but the nature of the correlation between throughput, packet loss and latency keeps similar.

22

Agenda

• Market Drivers and New Requirements




• Current IP




• New IP




▪ Better Traffic Engineering

What are new in New IP?

▪ Fixed Addressing

▪ Best-Effort

▪ DiffServ

▪ Traffic Engineering

▪ Quantitative Communications

IPv4 and IPv6


▪ In-Time Guaranteed Transport

▪ On-Time Guaranteed Transport

▪ Lossless Networking


▪ Mix-and-Match

▪ Industrial Machine-Type Addressing

▪ Power-Efficient Addressing

▪ Domain-Specific Addressing in ManyNets

▪ Qualitative Communications▪ Entropy-Based Communications

▪ Semantics-Based Communications

▪ Knowledge-Based Communications

▪ Inherited and backward compatible

▪ Best-Effort

▪ DiffServ

▪ Traffic Engineering

▪ Quantitative Communications

New IP

What Can We Learn from Postal Services?

TrackableMeasurement and Telemetry

AssurableGuaranteed

BillableNew Source of Revenue

IP datagram used to be called “letter-gram”, and it enjoys many analogies to postal letters.

Today’s postal services are no longer the postal services of 50 years ago.

Postal services have greatly evolved, but IP hasn’t!

CustomizableProgrammability

Customize Delivery Time

Deliver to Another Address

Hold at FedEx Location

Sign for a Package

Provide Delivery Instructions

Sign for a Package

Imagine a New IP Packet as a FedEx-like Datagram

IP Header Contract User Payload

A packet carries a contract between an application and the network.

The network and routers fulfill the contract.

2 The packet arrives at 35ms sharp, no sooner no later

3 It requires a throughput of 12 Gbps

4 No packet loss. If lost, you get a compensation.

5 Track it

1 The packet arrives in 35ms

FedEx-like IP Datagram

Ref: Richard Li, et al, A New Framework and Protocol for Future Networking Applications, ACM Sigcomm 2018 NEAT Workshop, Budapest, Hungary, August 2018

2 The package arrives at 9:00am next day

3 The weight is 12kg

4 No package loss. If lost, you get a refund of $$$.

5 Status track

1 The package arrives in 1 day

FedEx Package

What Can a Contract Do in New IP?

High-Precision

Communications

❖ Lossless networking

❖ Throughout guarantee

❖ Latency Guarantee

(in-time, on-time,

coordinated)

User Network

Interface (UNI)

In-Band

Signaling

High-Precision

Telemetry

User-Defined

Networking

Application-Specific

Programmability

Preferred Path Routing

(PPR). . .

E Pluribus Unum: Mix-and-Match, Flexible Addressing System

OAM from IPv4 hosts

to non-IPv4 nodes

IPv4 host directly talks with

IPv6 server, and vice versa

Satellites of different

companies talk with each other

New IP

LAN

New IP

Backbone Network

IoT

Device

#1

IoT Device #2

GW3Prefix P, 104 bits Server

31

Raw

Data

DIP: y (24 bit)

SIP: x (24 bit)

DIP:D (128 bit)

SIP: x (24 bit) DIP: D (128 bit)

SIP: P + x (128 bit)

2

2

Raw Data4

5

Comparison

In current IP, the source and destination addresses are of the same type, but cannot be mixed

Moving SatellitesTopology-based & Geography-based Addressing

(10, 10)

(12, 10)

(12, 8)

(14, 10)

(16, 8)

(18, 10)

(20, 10)

AS 2

New IP Packet Header

IP ADDR 2:2::2

Geo ADDR (20, 10)

payload


IP ADDR 2:2::2

payload

AS 1

Sender

AS 3

Receiver


IP ADDR 2:2::2

payload

IP PrefixGeo

Address

3:3::3/32 (30, 15)

2:2::2/32 (20, 10)

2:2::2/32

Receiver

Current IP: Quantitative Communications

Sender

Packet Packet

Packet Corrupted Packet

What is received What is sent

Every bit and byte has the same significance to

routers/switches

Good for

• File/Document Transfer

• Banking, Shopping

Overkill for some applications

• Holograms

• Disaster Environment

Syntax

=

New IP: Qualitative Communications

Sender Receiver

Qualitative Packet

Ref: A Framework for Qualitative Communications using Big Packet Protocol, ACM Sigcomm 2019 NEAT

Workshop, Beijing, August 19, 2019. Available at: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3342201

Noisy Link

Congested Node

Congested Node

Congested Node

What is received What is maximally meant

In payload, bits and bytes are not equally

significant. Instead, they are differential

in their entropies

Good for

• Large volume of image-like data

• Holographic type communications

• Media with digital senses

• Disaster Environment

Less significant bits and bytes may be dropped

Partial or degraded, yet useful, packets may be

repaired and recovered before being rendered

Semantics

=

31

Progression and Evolution

Header Contract User Payload

Header User PayloadIPv4/IPv6

Enhancement with “Contract”

Shipping Directive Contract User Payload

Header Evolution Payload Evolution

New IP

ManyNets

Free-Choice AddressingVLV&TIC

Qualitative Communications

BBE-Beyond Best Effort

HPC- High Precision Communications

VLV&TIC

User-Defined Networking

Better Traffic Engineering

New IP

Industrial Use(Stringent KPI)

+

Consumer Use

Autonomous System

IPv4/IPv6

Some

Industrial Use(Non-Stringent KPI)

+

Consumer Use

Autonomous System

IPv4/IPv6

Existing

and

Most Networks

Autonomous System

Deployment under Consideration

❖ New IP can be deployed within an autonomous

system (AS) in the existing framework.

❖ New IP is especially good for industrial machine-

type communications that often require high-

precision KPI, ultra-low latency, and whose

devices may have addresses other than

IPv4/IPv6.

❖ Examples of New IP Trial Deployment:

❖ Metropolitan Networks

❖ Mobile Backhaul for 5G/B5G/6G

❖ Industrial Manufacturing Facility

❖ Industrial Park and Campus

❖ Autonomous Driving and Remote Cloud Driving

interconnected

33

Concluding Remarks▪ While the existing IP is pretty much like classical postal letters, New IP is more like modern

FedEx-style packages.

▪ New IP is motivated by

• Industrial machine-type communications (Industry 4.0, Industrial Internet, Smart World)

• Mobile Backhaul Transport for 5G/B5G/6G

• Emerging Industry Verticals (driverless vehicles)

• ITU-T Network 2030

▪ Research and empirical results have been published in ITU, IEEE, and ACM. Some industrial

manufacturing-related companies, service providers and network operators have shown their

interest in New IP

▪ Some prototypes have been implemented by different organizations in different countries.

However, Standards Developing Organizations (SDO) have yet to standardize it.

▪ New IP has been, unfortunately, politicized in media, and misinformation about it has been

spread

34

Thank You!

new ip and market opportunities · tcp/ip standardized arpanet ceased www, cern tim berners-lee...

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