New Horizons in Insect Science: Towards Sustainable Pest Management

Akshay Kumar ChakravarthyEditor

New Horizons in Insect Science: Towards Sustainable Pest Management

2123

ISBN 978-81-322-2088-6 ISBN 978-81-322-2089-3 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2089-3

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EditorAkshay Kumar ChakravarthyDepartment of Agricultural Entomology College of AgricultureBangaloreKarnatakaIndia

v

Foreword

It was sometime in mid-2012 that I received an invitation to deliver an inau-gural key note for the International Conference on Insect Science (ICIS-2013) in Bengaluru, India. Despite preoccupations, it was impelling to attend ICIS-2013 because India is the centre of origin for the shoot and fruit borer, Conogethes punctiferalis that obsessed me scientifically for nearly three decades. Secondly, it marked 25 years of fruitful collaboration between Japan and India on Conogethes. Further, a global discussion was planned in ICIS-2013 on the crambid moth—Conogethes—that is undergoing specia-tion and is expanding geographically and also in its host range.

The material presented in this book deals with insect science and pest management that are intimately related. Practicable pest management pro-grammes cannot be strategized without sound insect science. There were lively discussions on a wide variety of aspects of insect science and pest management involving a majority of species from the oriental region. How-ever, all presentations have not found a place in this book. Of course, space is a limitation! Hot issues in Entomology like resistance management, food security, phytosanitory measures, pest risk analysis, molecular entomology, toxicology, management, biodiversity, biosystematics, conservation, climate change, ecology and behaviour have all been included.

Entomologists like in other spheres of research have become specialised and sophisticated. But an increasing extent of effort is required for exten-sion services, social and environmental issues to implement pest manage-ment especially in developing and tropical countries. This is a challenging and daunting task given the stratified standards of living, trade barriers and societal concerns. Natural recourses and people’s participation also need to be interjected and harnessed for implementing pest management strategies successfully as these are critically important. Equally important is organis-ing conferences as ICIS-2013! Such formative scientific conferences provide a forum for expressing and developing important new ideas across a wide range of related disciplines. I look forward to more such conferences and books by well-organised teams of entomologists.

14 October 2013 Prof. Hiroshi Honda Japan Applied Entomology and Zoology Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan

vii

Preface

Great advances have been made during the last few decades in insect sci-ence and pest management. Undoubtedly, important factors contributing to the progress, firstly, have been the effective use of several sophisticated yet sensitive instruments like the GC/MS, gel electrophoresis, quantitative proteomics methods etc. More importantly, the present-day youth have not only increasingly become interested in insects and insect-related biological organisms but are also trying to understand them, their lives, and interac-tions, with multidisciplinary approach. Secondly, global trade and globalisa-tion have led to rapid dissemination of information. As a result, new views, perspectives and interrelated sciences are evolving and emerging. Nowadays, the food growers and consumers have become more aware of the risks of pesticide residues in food, affecting market and trade. It is with this back-ground that the Department of Entomology, UAS, Bengaluru and the Indian Society for Advancement of Insect Science, Ludhiana, Punjab conducted the International Conference on Insect Science (ICIS-2013) at Bengaluru, 14–17 February, 2013. ICIS-2013 was a mega, unique event drawing over 500 ento-mologists from 36 countries to a theme: New horizons in Insect Science with reference to molecular, climate change and pest management.

Papers on a number of relatively biodegradable, new molecules with a narrow spectrum of activity like anthrelinic diamide class of insecticides, cyazypyr and entomotoxic proteins namely lectins for the production of insect resistant transgenic crops were presented. These and other compounds have set new standards of efficacy and utility in plant protection. Some of these compounds represent landmarks for pest management for the present and the future. Presentations also focussed on pheromone tab with auto-con-fusing techniques, molecular-based genomic studies of pests, DNA barcod-ing of pests, pathogens, natural enemies and pollinators to ensure accurate identification, RNAi, impact of farming practices, pesticides and landscape management of wildlife in cultivated and wild habitats, identifying, conserv-ing and declaring bee-rich areas as heritage sites, creating and marketing sustainable food goods that are safe, affordable and socially acceptable. A majority of the presentations were from developing countries focusing on pests that constrain generally small scale, sustainable, tropical agricultural production systems. The presentations reflected incredibly diverse aspects of insect science and pest management, and such coherent and up-to-date col-

viii Preface

lection of views are often not available to readers. Manuscripts were received in two forms: original research material and research work with reviewed material. It is hoped that this book will be of value and use to insect-scien-tists, pest managers and students alike, worldwide.

Bangalore, Karnataka, India A. K. Chakravarthy

ix

Acknowledgements

The ICIS-2013 Secretariat thanks all those who have helped in organizing and conducting ICIS-2013, a mega event, successfully. The honourable Vice Chancellor, Dr. K. Narayana Gowda, the Members of the Board of Regents, officers and Dr. M. A. Shankar, Director of Research, UAS, Bangalore, Dr. B. S. Dhillon, honourable Vice Chancellor, PAU, Ludhiana and Dr. B. V. Patil honourable Vice Chancellor, UAS® for their constant help, guidance and encouragement, and the Life members particularly Dr. Balwinder Singh, President and Professor and Head and Dr. Ramesh Arora, Secretary and Pro-fessor of Entomology of Indian Society for the Advancement of Insect Sci-ence (INSAIS), Punjab for their encouragement and support. I immensely thank Dr. S. Ayyappan (DG), Dr. N. K. Krishna Kumar DDG (Hort.), Dr. Swa-pan Kumar Dutta DDG (CC), Dr. T. P. Rajendran ADG (PP), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. The Director of Education, Director of Extension, Director of Students Welfare, Administrative Officer, Dean (Agri.), Dean (PGS), UAS, GKVK, Bangalore who deserve our gratitude for their constant help, guidance and encouragement. Dr. A. S. Siddu, Director, IIHR, Bangalore and Mr. A. N. Yellappa Reddy, IFS helped immensely in conducting ICIS-2013. I acknowledge all the foreign and Indian delegates who have participated and sent manuscripts. Prof. Sunil Natuyal, ISEC, Dr. H. Basappa, DOR, for untiring efforts for the success of ICIS-2013. I thank the staff of Holiday Palm Hotel, Bangalore for their constant help and ser-vices. The Secretariat, ICIS-2013 acknowledges the following for their valu-able support: Agastya Foundation, Mr. Chandrashekar, Balur Estate, NBAII, NCBS, BCRL, IIHR, Biofuel Board, Canara Bank, Coffee Board, Dhanuka, DuPont, Excel Crop Care, Garuda Agrochemicals, Monsanto, NABARD, Rallies Pvt. Ltd., State Department of Horticulture, Sumitomo, Syngenta, IAT, Bangalore and Resolution Print Media. Staff & Students of Depart-ment of Entomology and Entomologists of UAS, Bangalore. Postgraduate students, faculty in particular Dr. N. G. Kumar, Dr. G. Govindaraj and sup-porting staff from UAS, Bangalore, Dr. P. K. Mehta, HPKV Palampur, Dr. H. C. Sharma ICRISAT and Dr. S. Sithanantham, Sun Agro Biotech, Chennai.

I greatly welcome the publication of ICIS-2013 proceedings in part by International Springer Group, New Delhi.

A. K. Chakravarthy

xi

Prelude

New Horizons in Insect Science: Towards Sustainable Pest Management: An Introduction

A. K. Chakravarthy

This book deals with the kind of topics compiled on insect science and the way they have been arranged. These topics were presented at the International Confer-ence on Insect Science, 14−17 February 2013 at Bengaluru, South India. The book addresses the topics of current and continuing significance. Also included in this book are areas in which effects of IPM on the environment, ecosystems and soci-ety are highly impacted. Emphasis is given to the role of integrated pest manage-ment (IPM), and new and evolving chemical and non-chemical pest suppression tools to reduce crop losses due to insect pests. An analysis is made of the current environmental problems associated with pesticide use and new insecticide mol-ecules. The major objective of new branches in insect science has been to develop systems of pest management that optimize cost: benefit ratios on a long-term and sustainable basis for the farmer and the society at large. Thus, topics on insect science included in this book will be of tremendous benefit to farmers, policy makers, environmentalists, entomologists and agricultural scientists so that these could be further integrated into the entire crop production process.

The select topics have been grouped under seven broad sections. Part I includes Insect Taxonomy. As a group, insects are the most speciose of all living beings on earth. So, to identify and characterize them is the first and foremost important step. Sreedevi and others have discussed about the use of new integrative taxonomic approaches in precisely identifying and delineat-ing species using molecular tools like DNA bar coding. Similarly, Jalali and others have shown ways to use DNA bar coding for identifications of insects important to agriculture, horticulture and forestry ecosystems.

Part II includes seven chapters on insect physiology. Shama Singh from New Delhi investigated the effects of changes in body size and colour on mating success of Drosophila. Dark strain showed significantly higher number of mated pairs and longer copulation duration as compared to the light strain. The longevity of big female Trichopria sp. (a tiny wasp) was significantly longer than small ones. Similarly, big females of the wasp pro-duced significantly more progeny with higher sex ratio compared to small females, according to Veena and Manjunath. Vidhu and Evans from Kerala, India highlighted the presence of different forms and levels of formic acid in

xii Prelude

the behaviour and physiology of the red ant, Oecophylla smaragdina. The team of Mahfuza Khan from Bangladesh have researched on the impact of added bacteria in adult diets on the ovariole number of the pumpkin fruit fly, Bactrocera tau. Janardhana Jani and others have given the readers the effects of metabolites of Psuedomonas sp. on the health of the crop plants. Nowa-days, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crops are gaining a lot of impor-tance. Leena Pathak and others have dealt with insect resistance in Bt crops.

The chapters selected on Insect Toxicology have been included in Part. III. Midgut and whole body extracts of the resistant Cnaphalocrosis medinalis, a pest on rice, showed differences in esterase-banding pattern with midgut producing three esterase bands, according to Ramesh Babu and Shashi Vemuri. Wei Qing Zheng and others from China carried out bioassays of Rongbao (active ingredients of calcium cyanamide) against housefly mag-gots. Nanoparticles and nanotechnology are going to be the buzz words in crop protection in the days to come. Chakravarthy and others showed that inorganic nanoparticles proved promising against Spodoptera and Helicov-erpa. Alibabaie and Safaralizadeh from Iran demonstrated fumigant toxicity of nutmeg seed essential oil on cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus.

The next important new horizon of insect science is Insect Vectors com-piled under Part. IV. Kumara and others from Srilanka discussed at length vectors of coconut leaf wilt disease. Chavan and Nagaraju have comprehen-sively reviewed the literature on plant viruses in South East Asia.

Molecular science has been the main stay of biologists today. Therefore, under Part. V, four important chapters on insect molecular science have been included. Ankit Patel and others have shared their research experience on molecular approaches for the improvement of B. thuringiensis against crop pests. Ponnuvel and others have deciphered in depth on diapause-related gene expression in eggs of Bombyx mori. Asokan and others have com-prehensively dealt with the role of RNA interference in pest management. Shashank and coworkers have studied molecular characterization and man-agement of shoot and fruit borer, Conogethes punctiferalis.

Another interesting, promising and newly emerging branch of Insect Sci-ence has been the Insect Chemical Ecology. Two interesting chapters on insect semiochemicals by a team of workers lead by Srinivasan Ramasamy from AVRDC Taiwan and Kamala Jayanthi from IIHR, Bengaluru have been included in Part. VI of this book.

In this book, insect science has embraced topics on basic and applied Entomology. So, included under Part. VII of the book are 15 chapters on Applied Entomology. Five chapters on host plant resistance as a means to suppress pest populations in cultivated ecosystems form an important part of this book. Vijayakumar et al. have elucidated the mechanism of resistance in rice gall midge. Besides inflicting direct injury to crops, insects also cause malady to crop plants by infecting disease causing organisms or debilitating the plant of nutrients. One such interesting case has been reported by Vijaya-kumar Ghante from Karnataka, South India on Bt cotton hybrids. Saravana-raman and coworkers have dealt with mutation breeding in shoot webber and capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis of sesamum. Selvanarayanan has ele-gantly addressed the redesigning research on crop resistance to insect pests.

xiiiPrelude

Another novel and noble means of pest suppression has been through biocon-trol agents. Ballal and Verghese have reviewed role of parasitoids and preda-tors in pest management. Venkatesan and Jalali have gone a step further in improving efficiency of egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis against crop pests. Similarly, Srinivasmurthy et al. have dealt with reproductive altera-tions by Wolbachia in a braconid wasp. Magar and coworkers have addressed influence of herbivores on the biology of Chrysoperla carnea. There are six chapters in this book on insect pest management. Areawide integrated pest management in pigeonpea has come from Bhede and others. IPM for coconut pests has been addressed by Kumara and others. Sustainable management of tea mosquito bug on cashew is the issue dealt by Manja Naik and others. IPM for reducing pesticide residues in crops and natural resources has been the topic of Ranga Rao and others from ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. One of the most important topics of interest today is climate change and the biological consequences of it on arthropod biodiversity and pest management has been discussed at length by H. C. Sharma from ICRISAT.

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Contents

Part I Insect Taxonomy

Insect Taxonomy—Basics to Barcoding ................................................ 3K. Sreedevi, Naresh Meshram and P. R. Shashank

DNA Barcoding for Identification of Agriculturally Important Insects ..................................................................................... 13S. K. Jalali, Rakshit Ojha and T. Venkatesan

Part II Insect Physiology

Changes in Body Melanisation and Not Body Size Affect Mating Success in Drosophila immigrans .................................. 27Shama Singh

Do Size and Age of Female Trichopria Sp. Influence Longevity, Reproductive Performance, and Sex Ratio? ......................................................................................... 39N. Veena and D. Manjunath

Impact of Adult Size and Sib, Conspecific, and Random Mating in Trichopria Sp. on Progeny Production and Sex Ratio ................................................... 47N. Veena and D. Manjunath

Importance of Formic Acid in Various Ethological States of Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) ................................................................................................ 53VV Vidhu and DA Evans

Metabolites of Pseudomonads: A New Avenue of Plant Health Management .................................................................. 61Janardan Jani, Noushad Parvez and Deepak Mehta

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Chitinase Expressed as an Inducible Trait in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Schröter P-15 ......................................... 71Noushad Parvez, Leena Pathak, Ankit Patel, Deepak Panpatte, Ritesh Inamake, Kuldeep Khatri and Janardan Jani

Insect Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Transgenic Crops and Its Management .............................................. 83Leena Pathak, Noushad Parvez, Ankit Patel and Janardan Jani

Part III Insect Toxicology

Carboxylesterase and Glutathione-S-Transferase Quantification Mediating Resistance in Populations of Rice Leaf Folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) ..................................................... 95Ramesh Babu Veegala and Shashi Vemuri

Bioassay of Rongbao (Active Ingredients of Calcium Cyanamide) Against Housefly Maggots .................................................................... 101Wei Qing Zheng, Yan Guo, Wei Min Li, Hong Mei Ma, Xiao Qing Liu and Hai Ying Chen

Nanomaterials: A Review of Their Action and Application in Pest Management and Evaluation of DNA-Tagged Particles ........ 113M. Chandrashekharaiah, Subhash B. Kandakoor, G. Basana Gowda, Vasudev Kammar and A. K. Chakravarthy

Fumigant Toxicity of Nutmeg Seed Essential Oil ( Myristica fragrans Houtt.) (MF, Myristicaceae) on Cowpea Weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) ........ 127Mahshid Alibabaie and Mohammad Hasan Safaralizadeh

Part IV Insect Vectors

Identification of Putative Vectors of Weligama Coconut Leaf Wilt Disease in Sri Lanka ............................................. 137A. D. N. T. Kumara, L. Perera, M. K. Meegahakumbura, N. S. Aratchige and L. C. P. Fernando

Plant Virus Disease Spread Through Insect Vectors and Their Management ........................................................................ 147V. M. Chavan

Vectors of Plant Viruses of Crop Plants in Southeast Asia................ 159N. Nagaraju, A. S. Padmaja, G. Basana Gowda and R. N. Pushpa

xviiContents

Part V Insect Molecular Biology

Molecular Approaches for the Improvement of Bacillus thuringiensis Against Pests .................................................................... 179Ankit Patel, Leena Pathak, Noushad Parvez, Deepak Panpatte, Kuldeep Khatri and Janardan Jani

Diapause-Related Gene Expression in Eggs of Multivoltine Bombyx mori L. Silkworm Races .......................................................... 187Kangayam M. Ponnuvel, Sirigineedi Sasibhushan, N. Murthy Geetha and CGP Rao

Role of RNA Interference in Pest Management .................................. 199R. Asokan, Prakash M. Navale, N. K. Krishna Kumar and M. Manamohan

Molecular Characterization and Management of Shoot and Fruit Borer Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) Populations Infesting Cardamom, Castor and Other Hosts ........................................................................... 207P. R. Shashank, B. Doddabasappa, Vasudev Kammar, A. K. Chakravarthy and Hiroshi Honda

Part VI Insect Semiochemicals

Use of Insect Pheromones in Vegetable Pest Management: Successes and Struggles ......................................................................... 231R. Srinivasan, M-Y Lin, F-C Su, Sopana Yule, Chuanpit Khumsuwan, Thanh Hien, Vu Manh Hai, Le Duc Khanh and K.R.M Bhanu

Glimpses of Semiochemical Research Applications in Indian Horticulture: Present Status and Future Perspectives ...... 239Kamala Jayanthi PD, Ravindra Mahadappa Aurade, Vivek Kempraj, A. K. Chakravarthy and Abraham Verghese

Part VII Insect Pest Management: Using Host Plant Resistance, Biological Control

Impact of Gall Midge, Orseolia Oryzae (Wood-Mason) Infestation on Total Phenols, Proline and Indole Acetic Acid in Paddy ( Oryza Sativa Linn.) Genotypes ............................................................ 261Vijay Kumar Lingaraj, A. K. Chakravarthy and Siddanagowda Ujjanagowda Patil

Antixenosis and Antibiosis Component of Rice Resistance to Asian Rice Gall Midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) ................. 269Vijay Kumar Lingaraj, A. K. Chakravarthy and Siddanagowda Ujjanagowda Patil

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Integrated Management of Insect-Induced Reddening in Bt Cotton Hybrids ............................................................................ 277Vijaykumar N. Ghante, Rajesh Chowdary, M Bheemanna, Hosamani Arunkumar and Ranjith Kumar

Inducing Resistance in Sesamum Accessions Against Shoot Webber and Capsule Borer, Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel Through Mutation Breeding ............................................. 283M. Saravanaraman, K. Balaji and V. Selvanarayanan

Redesigning Research on Crop Resistance to Insects: Experiences with Tomato ..................................................................... 293V. Selvanarayanan

Role of Parasitoids and Predators in the Management of Insect Pests ........................................................................................ 307Chandish R. Ballal and Abraham Verghese

Development, Characterization and Field Assessment of Multiple Insecticides and High Temperature Tolerant Strain of an Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii Against Crop Pests ................................ 327T. Venkatesan and S. K. Jalali

Reproductive Alterations by Wolbachia in the Braconid Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) ...................................................................... 347K. Srinivasa Murthy, T. Venkatesan, S. K. Jalali and S. L. Ramya

Influence of Herbivores on the Biology of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens ..................................................................................... 353P. N. Magar, N. S. Satpute, S. S. Madankar and S. P. Bhopale

Status and Management of Three Major Insect Pests of Coconut in the Tropics and Subtropics ........................................... 359A. D. N. T. Kumara, M Chandrashekharaiah, Subhash B. Kandakoor and A. K. Chakravarthy

Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management in Pigeonpea .................... 383B. V. Bhede, B. B. Bhosle, O. P. Sharma, S. T. Shinde and A. G. Badgujar

Sustainable Management of Tea Mosquito Bug Helopeltis antonii Signoret (Miridae: Hemiptera) on Cashew ............................ 389C. Manja Naik, A. K. Chakravarthy, Timmanna and N. E. Thyagaraj

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Reducing Pesticide Residues in Crops and Natural Resources .......................................... 397G. V. Ranga Rao, B. Ratna Kumari, K. L. Sahrawat and S. P. Wani

Contents

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Biological Consequences of Climate Change on Arthropod Biodiversity and Pest Management ...................................................... 413Hari C. Sharma

Temperature-Based Phenology Modeling and GIS-Based Risk Mapping: A Tool for Forecasting Potential Changes in the Abundance of Mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) .................................................. 419Babasaheb B. Fand, Henri EZ Tonnang, Mahesh Kumar, Ankush L. Kamble and SK Bal

Contents

xxi

Contributors

Mahshid Alibabaie Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural Faculty West Azarbayjan province, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

N. S. Aratchige Crop Protection Division, Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka

Hosamani Arunkumar Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka, India

R. Asokan Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India

A. G. Badgujar Department of Entomology, Marathwada Krishi Vidyap-eeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India

SK Bal National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management (ICAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India

K. Balaji Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India

Chandish R. Ballal National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR) (erstwhile Project Directorate of Biological Control) (ICAR), Ban-galore, Karnataka, India

G. Basana Gowda Department of Agricultural Entomology, Gandhi Krishi Vignan Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

K. R. M. Bhanu Biocontrol Research Laboratories, Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka, India

B. V. Bhede Department of Entomology, Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India

M. Bheemanna Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Raichur, Kar-nataka, India

S. P. Bhopale Department of Entomology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, India

B. B. Bhosle Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Marath-wada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India

xxii Contributors

A. K. Chakravarthy Department of Agricultural Entomology, Gandhi Kri-shi Vignan Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

M. Chandrashekharaiah Department of Agricultural Entomology, Gandhi Krishi Vignan Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Banga-lore, Karnataka, India

V. M. Chavan Pune, India

Hai Ying Chen Department of Vector Pest Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

Rajesh Chowdary Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Raichur, Kar-nataka, India

B. Doddabasappa College of Horticulture, Kolar, Karnataka, India

Le Duc Khanh Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam

DA Evans Department of Zoology, University College, University of Ker-ala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

Babasaheb B. Fand National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management (ICAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India

L. C. P. Fernando Crop Protection Division, Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka

N. Murthy Geetha Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Bangalore, India

Vijaykumar N. Ghante Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka, India

Yan Guo Department of Vector Pest Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

Thanh Hien Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam

Hiroshi Honda Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Ritesh Inamake Biological Control Research Laboratory, Anand Agricul-tural University, Anand, Gujarat, India

S. K. Jalali National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Janardan Jani Biological Control Research Laboratory, Anand Agricul-tural University, Anand, Gujarat, India

Ankush L. Kamble National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management (ICAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India

Vasudev Kammar Department of Agricultural Entomology, Gandhi Krishi Vignan Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

xxiiiContributors

Subhash B. Kandakoor Department of Agricultural Entomology, Gandhi Krishi Vignan Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Banga-lore, Karnataka, India

Vivek Kempraj Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Kuldeep Khatri Biological Control Research Laboratory, Anand Agricul-tural University, Anand, Gujarat, India

Chuanpit Khumsuwan AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, East and Southeast Asia, Research and Training Station, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

Mahesh Kumar National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management (ICAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India

N. K. Krishna Kumar ICAR, New Delhi, India

Ranjith Kumar Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Raichur, Kar-nataka, India

A. D. N. T. Kumara Crop Protection Division, Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka

B. Ratna Kumari International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Telangana State, India

Wei Min Li Department of Vector Pest Control, Nanchang Center for Dis-ease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

M-Y Lin AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan

Vijay Kumar Lingaraj Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, UAS (B), Mandya, Karnataka, India

Xiao Qing Liu Department of Vector Pest Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

Hong Mei Ma Department of Vector Pest Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

Ravindra Mahadappa Aurade Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

S. S. Madankar Department of Entomology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Kri-shi Vidyapeeth, Akola, India

P. N. Magar Department of Entomology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, India

M. Manamohan Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticul-tural Research, Bangalore, India

Vu Manh Hai Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam

D. Manjunath Department of Studies in Sericulture Science, University of Mysore, Mysore, India

xxiv

M. K. Meegahakumbura Genetics and Plant Breeding Division, Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka

Deepak Mehta Biological Control Research Laboratory, Anand Agricul-tural University, Anand, Gujarat, India

Naresh Meshram Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

K. Srinivasa Murthy National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

N. Nagaraju University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, Kar-nataka, India

C. Manja Naik Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sci-ences, Bangalore, India

Prakash M. Navale Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticul-tural Research, Bangalore, India

Rakshit Ojha National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

A. S. Padmaja University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, Kar-nataka, India

Deepak Panpatte Biological Control Research Laboratory, Anand Agricul-tural University, Anand, Gujarat, India

Noushad Parvez Biological Control Research Laboratory, Anand Agricul-tural University, Anand, Gujarat, India

Ankit Patel Biological Control Research Laboratory, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India

Leena Pathak Biological Control Research Laboratory, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India

Siddanagowda Ujjanagowda Patil Zonal Agricultural Research Station (ZARS), Bramhavar, Karnataka, India

Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, UAS (B), Mandya, Karnataka, India

Kamala Jayanthi PD Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

L. Perera Genetics and Plant Breeding Division, Coconut Research Insti-tute, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka

Kangayam M. Ponnuvel Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Bangalore, India

R. N. Pushpa University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, Kar-nataka, India

Contributors

xxvContributors

S. L. Ramya National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Banga-lore, Karnataka, India

G. V. Ranga Rao International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Telangana State, India

CGP Rao Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Bangalore, India

Mohammad Hasan Safaralizadeh Department of Plant Protection, Agri-cultural Faculty West Azarbayjan province, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

K. L. Sahrawat International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Telangana State, India

M. Saravanaraman Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India

Sirigineedi Sasibhushan Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Bangalore, India

N. S. Satpute Department of Entomology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, India

V. Selvanarayanan Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India

Hari C. Sharma International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India

O. P. Sharma Plant Protection, NCIPM, New Delhi, India

P. R. Shashank Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Insti-tute, New Delhi, India

S. T. Shinde Department of Entomology, Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, India

Shama Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Department of Genetics, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

K. Sreedevi Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

R. Srinivasan AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan

F-C Su AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan

N. E. Thyagaraj Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India

Timmanna Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sci-ences, Bangalore, India

Henri EZ Tonnang Crop Management and Production Systems Division, International Potato Center (CIP), Lima 12, Peru

xxvi

Ramesh Babu Veegala Crop Protection Division, CRIJAF, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India

N. Veena Forest Wood Protection Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India

Shashi Vemuri AINP on Pesticide Residues, EEI Premises, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Andhra Pradesh, India

T. Venkatesan National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Banga-lore, Karnataka, India

Abraham Verghese National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR) (erstwhile Project Directorate of Biological Control) (ICAR), Ban-galore, Karnataka, India

VV Vidhu Department of Zoology, University College, University of Ker-ala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

S. P. Wani International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Telangana State, India

Sopana Yule AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, East and Southeast Asia, Research and Training Station, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

Wei Qing Zheng Department of Vector Pest Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

Contributors

xxvii

Dr. A. K. Chakravarthy is Professor, Univer-sity of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Banga-lore. With over three decades of experience of teaching, research and extension, Dr. Chakra-varthy has been the investigator for over 30 research projects and has guided more than 20 students for post graduation. He has received a Ph.D. from Punjab Agricultural University and is a Fellow from IARI, New Delhi. He is a mem-ber of several National and International scien-tific academia, an advisor, a panelist, a referee, reviewer, editor and is associated with publica-

tion of 30 national and international journals worldwide. A field oriented, widely travelled biologist, he is actively working on novel approaches in Integrated Pest Management, Host Plant Interaction, Vertebrate Pest Man-agement, Biodiversity and environmental conservation issues.

About the Editor