new approaches to scattering amplitudesnew approaches to scattering amplitudes from on-shell...
TRANSCRIPT
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New Approaches to Scattering Amplitudes
From On-Shell Diagrams to the Amplituhedron
Based on: arXiv:1207.0807, S. Franco arXiv:1408.3410, S. Franco, D. Galloni, A. Mario6, J. Trnka arXiv:1502.02034, S. Franco, D. Galloni, B. Penante, C. Wen
Sebastián Franco
The City College of New York
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Outline
� Introduction and Motivation
� On-shell diagrams
� From on-shell diagrams to the Grassmannian
v Canonical variables
v Towards a combinatorial classification of general on-shell diagrams
v Non-planar boundary measurement
� The Amplituhedron
� Conclusions
� A systematic approach to non-planar on-shell diagrams
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Introduction and Motivation
� The standard approach to it is based on Feynman diagrams, which make locality and unitarity manifest
� Our description of the microscopic world is based on Quantum Field Theory
� Not all symmetries are manifest in the Feynman Diagram approach ⇒ inefficient
� For concreteness, let us focus on N=4 SYM:
Ø Expectation: some of the lessons can be extrapolated to “more standard” QFTs
Ø Very symmetric example of a 4d interacting QFT
Towards a New Formulation of QFT
� Goals: v Study a new formulation of QFT that makes all such symmetries manifest
v Initiate a systematic investigation of the non-planar case, developing the technology that is necessary for doing so
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� The new formulation is based on on-shell diagrams Arkani-‐Hamed, Bourjaily, Cachazo, Goncharov, Postnikov, Trnka
� The elementary building blocks are the 3-point MHV and MHV super-amplitudes
� In the planar limit, scattering amplitudes can be constructed in terms of planar on-shell diagrams
On-Shell Diagrams
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3 4
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4
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1 2
3 4
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Which can be glued using on-shell lines to give rise to more complicated diagrams
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Points in G(k,n):
Ø Rows: n-dimensional vectors spanning the planes
n = # scattered particles k = # negative helicity
The Grassmannian G(k, n) : space of k-dimensional planes in n dimensions
On-Shell Diagrams and the Grassmannian
C = ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
n
k Ø Up to a GL(k) redundancy
1) Pick a perfect orientation:
Franco, Galloni, MarioM (multiple boundaries) Franco, Galloni, Penante, Wen (arbitrary diagrams)
� On-shell diagrams provide a powerful parametrization of the Grassmanian Postnikov (disk) Gekhtman, Shapiro, Vainshtein (annulus)
From On-Shell Diagrams to G(k,n)
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2) The entries in the matrix C are given by the boundary measurement:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 C12 C13 0 C15 0 0 C18
4 0 C42 C43 1 C45 0 0 C48
6 0 C62 C63 0 C65 1 0 C68 7 0 C72 C73 0 C75 0 1 C78
C = Example:
Plücker coordinates = k × k minors
� Every on-shell diagram is associated to a differential form:
The On-Shell Form
on-shell form Ω
Arkani-‐Hamed, Bourjaily, Cachazo, Goncharov, Postnikov, Trnka
2 3
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� There is an infinite number of on-shell diagrams
Moves and Reductions
� A pressing quesVon: find global diagnostics for equivalence and reductions that apply to non-planar graphs
Equivalence
Bubble Reduction
Merger Square move (every diagram can be made bipartite)
� They can be organized into equivalence classes and connected by reductions
More generally, deleting and edge while covering the same region of the Grassmannian
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� It is possible to introduce GL(1)-invariant generalized face variables
Generalized face variables
� Automatically dlog form:
Embedding the Diagram
� It is useful to consider the embedding of the diagram into a bordered Riemann surface
For F faces, B boundaries and genus g:
v Faces: they are subject to ∏ f i =1
v Cuts: B-1 paths connecting pairs of boundaries
v Fundamental cycles: αm and βm pairs, m=1,…,g
d = #edges - #nodes = F + B + 2g - 2 = F – χembed.
Volume Form
Degrees of Freedom
Franco, Galloni, Penante, Wen
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v Plücker matching: when two on-shell diagrams give rise to the same sets of Plücker coordinates and relations
A General Classification of On-Shell Diagrams
v Reduction: an on-shell diagram B is a reduction of an on-shell diagram A, if it is obtained from A by deleting edges and it covers the same region of the Grassmannian
v Reduced graph: it is impossible to remove edges while covering the same region of the Grassmannian
� How do we organize the infinite number of on-shell diagrams? It is desirable to develop a classification of generic on-shell diagrams
Franco, Galloni, Penante, Wen (arbitrary) Arkani-‐Hamed, Bourjaily, Cachazo, Goncharov, Postnikov, Trnka (planar)
the only thing we care about for leading singularities
� For planar diagrams, it can be combinatorially phrased in terms of the properties of zig-zag paths and permutations
General Definitions
not enough for non-planar diagrams
Ø Two necessary conditions for equivalence are Plücker matching and having the same number of degrees of freedom
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A Useful Tool: Perfect Matchings
� Perfect matchings play a central role in connecting bipartite on-shell diagrams to combinatorics and geometry
� (Almost) Perfect Matching: p is a subset of the edges in the graph such that:
Ø Every internal node is the endpoint of exactly on edge in p
Ø Every external point belongs to either one or zero edges in p
� Finding the perfect matchings reduces to calculating the determinant of an adjacency matrix of the graph (Kasteleyn matrix), and some generalizations Franco
p1 p2 p3 p4
p5 p6 p7
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Polytopes from On-Shell Diagrams Franco, Galloni, Penante, Wen
1. Generalized Matching Polytope
Piµ = 1 if Xi ∈ pµ
0 if Xi ∈ pµ
Xi = ∏ pµ P iµ
µ
� Let us define the (#edges × #perfect matchings)-dimensional matrix P:
� The following map between edge weights and perfect matchings automatically satisfies all relations between edge weights:
Xi : edge pµ : perfect matching
� Generalized Matching Polytope: there is a distinct point in the polytope for every perfect matching pµ, with a position vector given by the corresponding column in the matrix P
� We can associate two types of polytopes to every on-shell diagram
Useful for?
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1 2
3 4
¤ 4 degrees of freedom ¤ 7 perfect matchings 7 points
4d polytope
A Simple Example: the Top-‐Cell of G(2,4)
Linear relations between positions of points
Relations between edge weights
� The dimensionality of the generalized matching polytope is equal to the number of degrees of freedom in the diagram
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� Projection of the matching polytope that only preserves information on the external legs
Perfect matchings which coincide on all
external legs
Plücker coordinate
Generalized Matroid Polytope
� Multiple perfect matchings can be projected to the same point in this polytope
Useful for?
1 2
3 4
Example: the Top-‐Cell of G(2,4)
� Every point in the generalized matching polytope corresponds to a Plücker coordinate
� All relations among them are encoded in the positions of the points
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Combinatorial Classification
v Plücker matching: two on-shell diagrams give rise to the same sets of Plücker coordinates and relations if their generalized matroid polytopes coincide
v Reduction: an on-shell diagram B is a reduction of an on-shell diagram A, if it is obtained from A by deleting edges and it has the same generalized matroid polytope of A
v Reduced graph: it is impossible to remove edges while preserving the generalized matroid polytope
� The classification of general on-shell diagrams we introduced above has a powerful implementation in terms of generalized matching and matroid polytopes
Franco, Galloni, Penante, Wen
� It is interesting to compare this global approach with one for planar graphs based on permutations. For example, permutations generically change under reduction
� A novel feature of non-planar diagrams: new constraints between Plucker coordinates beyond Plucker relations can arise Systematically captured by the polytopes
Franco, Galloni, Penante, Wen Arkani-‐Hamed, Bourjaily, Cachazo, Postnikov, Trnka
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Genus-1 Examples
� None of these diagrams admits a genus-0 embedding
1 2
3
4 5
6
1
2 3
4
5 6
� Both diagrams have the same number of degrees of freedom
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 4 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 6 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
G1 =
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 4 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 5 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
G2 =
Only the multiplicities change
Generalized Matroid Polytopes
(1) (2)
in fact, they are equivalent
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The Non-Planar Boundary Measurement
� Order external nodes using boundaries and cuts (for B>1)
Ø Consistency with the combinatorial classification
� ObjecVves:
Ø The general expression must reduce to the one for planar graphs (positivity) Postnikov
Higher genus do this within unit cell
A Proposal
1 3
Franco, Galloni, Penante, Wen
� Close flows into loops by using boundaries and cuts
4 5 1. Overall sign for Cij entry: (-1)
n ij
nij = number of sources between i and j
2. Additional sign for each contribution: (-1)r+1 r = rotation number = clock - counterclock
Plücker coordinates are sums of contributions from all perfect matchings at the corresponding point in the generalized matroid polytope
2
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An Example
� A B=2, g=1 example:
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Beyond Plücker Relations
� Non-planar diagrams can exhibit a new type of pole, at which no Plücker coordinate vanishes
� However, it is possible to remove an edge while preserving the matroid polytope (i.e. the non-vanishing Plücker coordinates) a relation is generated
Franco, Galloni, Penante, Wen Arkani-‐Hamed, Bourjaily, Cachazo, Postnikov, Trnka
� The relations are systematically accounted for by the matching and matroid polytopes, when expressing Plücker coordinates in terms of perfect matchings
� The dimension of the graph is equal to 9, i.e. equal to the one of G(3,6)
Combinatorial Manifestation
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1
2 4
3
5 6
A G(3,6) example:
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� The amplituhedron is a new algebraic geometric construction that maximally geometrizes scattering amplitudes in planar N=4 SYM in terms of a single object:
The Amplituhedron
v Amplitude = Volume
v Different representations of the amplitude from different “triangulations”
Arkani-‐Hamed, Trnka
Beyond the Positive Grassmannian
L(1)
⋮ L(L)
Y
D(1)
⋮ D(L)
C
= · Z Loops
Tree-level
Amplituhedron
Z ∈ M+(4+k,n) C ∈ G+(k,n) D(i) ∈ G(2,n)
k = 0 : MHV
(Z) D(i)
C
D(i)
D(j)
C (C) , , , ,
⋯
� Extended positivity:
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� Ideas that are similar to the ones presented in this talk can used for stratifying the amplituhedron
Galloni, Franco, MarioM, Trnka
Anatomy of the Amplituhedron
� Precisely these 1232 boundaries can alternatively be determined from the integrand of the scattering amplitude, providing an exquisite test of the amplituhedron/scattering amplitude correspondence
1 9 44 140 274 330 264 136 34
Example: 2 loops, 4 particles, k=0 χ = 2
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Conclusions
� We initiated a systematic study of non-planar on-shell diagrams in N=4 SYM
Ø Canonical variables
Ø Combinatorial classification (i.e. region matching and reductions) in terms of generalized matching and matroid polytopes
� We carried out an extensive study of the geometry of the amplituhedron
Ø Boundary measurement for completely general on-shell diagrams
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� We developed powerful technology to do so, including:
Ø We stratified the 4-particle MHV amplituhedra for L=2 and 3, finding remarkably simple topologies and exact agreement with the singularity structure of the amplitude. We also developed a combinatorial implementation of it.
Ø We introduced and studied a class of deformations of the amplituhedron. For 4-particle MHV, which have χ=2 at least up to L=4
Ø It might be possible to exploit these simple deformed geometries to constraint the integrand
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The Future Se
bast
ian
Fran
co
� There seems to exist an intriguing relation, yet to be explored, with recently studied deformations of the Grassmannian
On-Shell Diagrams and Quivers
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3 4
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� Interesting connection between on-shell diagrams and a general class of quiver gauge theories, known as bipartite field theories (BFTs)
Ferro, Lukowski, Meneghelli, Ple]a, Staudacher Beisert, Broedel, Rosso
Franco Yamazaki, Xie
� Classify non-equivalent reduced diagrams for top-dimensional cells of G(k,n). How can they be generated? Bourjaily, Franco, Galloni, Wen (in progress)
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