new approaches to civil rights
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Quick Write 5-20-10 Arizona is the first state to demand that
immigrants meet federal requirements to carry identity documents legitimizing their presence on American soil.
Do you believe a state should have the right to do this? Or should this be a federal (national) issue?
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Affirmative Action• Although most of the legal forms of racism
and discrimination had been dismantled, many African Americans felt little difference in their daily lives
• Most felt they still lacked access to good jobs and adequate schooling
• As part of this movement they looked towards a new initiative, affirmative action
• This called for companies and industries doing business with federal government to actively recruit African Americans
• Later this was expanded to include other minority groups and women
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Affirmative Action
• Supporters argued that the policy that because so few companies had hired from these groups that there was little chance to develop necessary job skills
• Critics of this considered this “reverse discrimination,” claiming that white workers were kept from jobs, promotions, and a place in schools because a number had been set aside for minorities or women
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Equal Access to Education• By the 1970’s African
American leaders pushed harder for educational improvements
• During the 1960’s many of the schools had remained segregated
• So NAACP pushed for a new policy of “busing” or transporting children to outside of their neighborhood to go to school
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White Flight• Many whites
responded to this by taking their kids out of public schools
• Nearly 20,000 whites students left Boston’s public school system for private schools
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Hispanic American’s Organize• Hispanic American’s also worked for greater rights during this period
• By the 1960’s about 3 million Hispanics lived in the United States
• Hispanics came from countries like Cuba and Mexico to flee political regimes or to find better jobs
• The largest group was Mexican Americans, many who arrived during WWII to work on the huge farms in the South and West
Hispanic American’s Organize
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Hispanic American’s Organize• Many Hispanics would arrive
illegally as well, crossing the U.S.-Mexican border with the help of “coyotes,” guides who charged huge sums of money for their services
• Due to their lack of legal protection, many of these workers were exploited and forced in to poor working conditions and small pay
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Cesar Chavez
• One of the biggest champions for the rights of farm workers is Cesar Chavez
• He would organize strikes against California growers demanding union representation, increased wages, and better benefits
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"...there has to be someone who is willing to do it, who is willing to take whatever risks are required. I don't think it
can be done with money alone. The person has to be dedicated to the task. There
has to be some other motivation.“
- Cesar Chavez
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Cesar Chavez• When employers resisted,
Chavez would enlist college students, churches, and civil rights groups to boycotts and other non-violent methods
• especially table grapes, one of California’s largest agricultural products
• Chavez would help create a new organization in support of the workers, the United Farm Workers, UFW
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Cesar Chavez• The strength of the
new union helped to ensure boycotts would continue
• The boycotts finally ended in 1970, when growers agreed to contract wages and improved working conditions
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Growing Latin Political Activism• Hispanic American’s
became more politically active during the 1960’s and 1970’s
• A new political part, La Raza, or the United People worked to organize Mexican American voters
• Goal was to push for better job training programs and greater access to financial institutions.
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Growing Latin Political Activism• One issue both Hispanic students
and political leaders promoted was bilingualism
• This was practice of teaching immigrant students in their own language while they learn English
• Many Hispanics argued that they were at disadvantage with native English speakers
• Congress supported their arguments and created the Bilingual Educational Act
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Native Americans
• Native American’s in the 1970’s were one of America’s smallest minority groups, less than 1%
• Protestors to Native American rights would create the Declaration of Indian Purpose, calling for policies to create greater economic opportunities on reservations
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Native Americans• AIM- American Indian
Movement was organized in 1968 to fight high unemployment, inadequate housing, and racial discrimination
• In a symbolic protest, AIM occupied the abandoned federal prison, Alcatraz
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Native Americans• Native American would fall short of
achieving all of their goals, but did win some
• Increasing funding for education,• Won better water and land rights
through the federal court system• Through these protest many native
American reservations have seen improvements
• More recently, due to their sovereignty, the establishment of gambling casinos has led to a prosperous enterprises