neutrino geoscience a brief history…
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Neutrino Geoscience a brief history…. Physics and Geology. Collaborations bring the best results. 1930 – Pauli invokes the neutrino 1956 – Reines & Cowan detect n e 1984 – Krauss et al develop the map 2003 – KamLAND shows n e oscillate 2005 – KamLAND detects first geonus - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Neutrino Geosciencea brief history… Collaborations bring the best results
Physics and Geology
1930 – Pauli invokes the neutrino
1956 – Reines & Cowan detect ne
1984 – Krauss et al develop the map
2003 – KamLAND shows ne oscillate
2005 – KamLAND detects first geonus
2010 – Borexino 4.2s on Earth signal
2011 – ne signal require primordial heat
2013 – Combine detector events to reveal the mantle signal
2020 – Neutrino Tomography! (?)
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2005
2010
2011
DetectingGeoneutrinosfrom the Earth
Latest Borexino results in Bellini et al 2013
http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.2571
Latest KamLAND results in Gando et al 2013
http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.4667
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the future is… Geoneutrino studies
Nature & amount of Earth’s thermal power radiogenic heating vs secular cooling
estimates of BSE from 9TW to 36TW
constrains chondritic Earth models
estimates of mantle 1.3TW to 28TW
layers, LLSVP, superplume piles
- abundance of heat producing elements (K, Th, U) in the Earth
- clues to planet formation processes
- amount of radiogenic power to drive mantle convection & plate tectonics
- is the mantle compositionally layered? or has large structures?
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U content of BSE models• Nucelosynthesis: U/Si and Th/Si production probability
• Solar photosphere: matches C1 carbonaceous chondrites
• Estimate from Chondrites: ~11ppb planet (16 ppb in BSE)
• Heat flow: secular cooling vs radiogenic contribution… ?
• Modeling composition: which chondrite should we use?
A brief (albeit biased) history of U estimates in BSE:•Urey (56) 16 ppb Turcotte & Schubert (82; 03) 31 ppb•Wasserburg et al (63) 33 ppb Hart & Zindler (86) 20.8 ppb•Ganapathy & Anders (74) 18 ppb McDonough & Sun (95) 20 ppb ± 20%•Ringwood (75) 20 ppb Allegre et al (95) 21 ppb•Jagoutz et al (79) 26 ppb Palme & O’Neill (03) 22 ppb ± 15%•Schubert et al (80) 31 ppb Lyubetskaya & Korenaga (05) 17 ppb ± 17%•Davies (80) 12-23 ppb O’Neill & Palme (08) 10 ppb •Wanke (81) 21 ppb Javoy et al (10) 12 ppb
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Earth Models Update: …just the last year!
Murakami et al (May - 2012, Nature): “…the lower mantle is enriched in silicon … consistent with the [CI] chondritic Earth model.”
Campbell and O’Neill (March - 2012, Nature): “Evidence against a chondritic Earth”
Zhang et al (March - 2012, Nature Geoscience): The Ti isotopic composition of the Earth and Moon overlaps that of enstatite chondrites.
Fitoussi and Bourdon (March - 2012, Science): “Si isotopes support the conclusion that Earth was not built solely from enstatite chondrites.”
Warren (Nov - 2011, EPSL): “Among known chondrite groups, EH yields a relatively close fit to the stable-isotopic composition of Earth.”
- Compositional models differ widely, implying a factor of three difference in the U & Th content of the Earth
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diagrams from Warren (2011, EPSL)
Enstatite chondritevs
Earth
Carbonaceouschondrites
Carbonaceouschondrites
Carbonaceouschondrites
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142Nd: what does it tell us about the Earth and chondrites?
Data from:Gannoun et al (2011, PNAS); Carlson et al (Science, 2007)Andreasen & Sharma (Science, 2006); Boyet and Carlson (2005, Science); Jacobsen & Wasserburg (EPSL, 1984); Qin et al (GCA, 2011)
Please stop saying that
the e142Nd = 18 ± 5 ppm for chondrites
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after Jaupart et al 2008 Treatise of Geophysics
Mantle cooling(18 TW)
Crust R*(7 ± 1 TW)
(Huang et al ‘13)
Mantle R*(13 ± 4 TW)
Core(~9 TW)
-
(4-15 TW)
Earth’s surface heat flow 46 ± 3 (47 ± 1) TW
(0.4 TW) Tidal dissipationChemical differentiation
*R radiogenic heat (after McDonough & Sun ’95)
total R*20 ± 4
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Summary of geoneutrino results
MODELSCosmochemical: uses meteorites – O’Neill & Palme (’08); Javoy et al (‘10); Warren (‘11)Geochemical: uses terrestrial rocks – McD & Sun ’95; Allegre et al ‘95; Palme O’Neil ‘03Geodynamical: parameterized convection – Schubert et al; Turcotte et al; Anderson
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Constructing a 3-D reference model Earth
assigning chemical and physical states to Earth voxels
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3D imaging of the Earth’s K-Th-U distribution
Surface geoneutrino flux Yu Huang et al (2013) arXiv:1301.0365
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Early Earth differentiation followed by 4 billion years of plate tectonics
Kellog et al (sciences 2000)
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What’s hidden in the mantle?
Seismically slow “red” regions in the deep mantle
No, not that CMB, … Core – Mantle Boundary
Can we image itwith geonus?
Retsima et al (Science, 1990)
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Forming the Moon from terrestrial silicate-rich material (2013)R.J. de Meijer, V.F. Anisichkin, W. van Westrenen (Chemical Geology).
Forming the Moon from a geo-reactor at the core-mantle boundary 4.5 Ga
The latest form of “fission hypothesis” for the origin of the Moon
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Low Q(10 ppb U)
Med. Q(20 ppb U)
High Q(30 ppb U)
14+8 TNUBellini et al 2013
Mantle geonuetrino flux
13 TW
3-8 TWDepleted MORB Mantle
6-10 TW“EL”: hot basal layer
Mantle = BSE - Crust
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Predicted geoneutrino flux
Flux at the Moho
Šrámek et al (2013) 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.001; arXiv:1207.0853
Yu Huang et al (2013) arXiv:1301.0365
Flux at the surfacedominated by Continental crust
dominated by deep mantle structures
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Present and future LS-detectors
SNO+, Canada (1kt) KamLAND, Japan (1kt)Borexino, Italy (0.6kt)
Hanohano, US ocean-based (10kt)
LENA,EU
(50kt)
Europe
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Pauli class research submarine
“Coincidence counting detectors”Segmented research vessel with two detectors
Liquid scintillation Liquid Ar, Xe
Living and research quarters
10 ktonsHanohano-like Next Genn or WIMP detector
Future Experiments: world-wide deployable
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Liquid scintillation
Liquid Ar, Xe
International CollaborationGeosciences- Neutrino tomographyPhysics- Fundamental matter studiesApplied- Reactor studies
LOCATIONS- anywhere in the ocean- depth of 1k - 4k m.w.e. to reduce m-&cosmogenic bkgd- n-beam studies
GOALSmass hierachy – CP violation
reactor neutrinos mantle geoneutrinos
artificial neutrino sources supernova neutrinos
+ geology, biology, monitoring
The RV n-StarAN OVERVIEW
n
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SUMMARY (~before today…)Earth’s radiogenic (Th & U) power 22 ± 12 TW or 11.2 TW
Prediction: models range from 8 to 28 TW (for Th & U)
On-line and next generation experiments: - SNO+ online 2013/14 - Daya Bay II: good experiment, limited geonu application?- LENA??: will the Europeans push on, put LENA in the ocean!- Hanohano or RV n-Star: this is FUNDAMENTAL for geosciences Geology must participate and it must contribute to the cost -- experiment cost ~$300M; Geology’s contribution $150M; International --
Future:
-Neutrino Tomography of the Earth’s deep interior
+ 7.9- 5.1