neuropsicologia dell’attenzione -...

Neuropsicologiadell’attenzionePaolo Bartolomeo

www.marsicanus.free.fr

“tutti sanno che cos’è l’attenzione. E’ la presa di possesso da parte della mente, in una forma chiara e vivida, di uno dei molteplici oggetti o linee di pensieroapparentemente possibili in uno stesso momento... [l’attenzione] implica il ritirarsi da alcune cose per occuparsi efficacemente di altre”

James, The Principles of Psychology, 1890

Tassonomia dell’attenzione

1. Selezione2. Vigilanza3. Controllo

1. Selezione

1. Selezione

• Fattori limitanti:– Capacità percettiva

» Broadbent, Perception and Communication, 1958

– Un movimento per volta» Allport (1989). Visual attention. In Posner (Ed.), Foundations of

cognitive science.

Broadbent, Perception and Communication, 1958

1. Selezione

1. Selezione

Feature integration theory

Tempo di risposta

N° elementi

Tempo di risposta

N° elementi

1. Selezione• Attenzione selettiva spaziale

– Orientamento esogeno– Orientamento endogeno

TIME

cuevalid

target

Posner, Walker, Friedrich, & Rafal, J Neurosci 4:1863-74, 1984

Posner, Walker, Friedrich, & Rafal, J Neurosci 4:1863-74, 1984

TIME

cueinvalid

target

Bartolomeo, Siéroff, Decaix & Chokron, Exp Brain Res 137:424-31, 2001

CONTROLS

200

400

600

150 550 1000 150 550 1000

SOA (ms)

RT

(ms)

VALIDINVALID

Exp. 2: 80% Valid Trials

LEFT RIGHT

300

350

400

450

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

SOA (in ms)

RT (i

n m

s)ValidInvalid

IOR

Facilitation

Inhibition of the return of attentionto previously attended locations

Posner & Cohen, in Attention and Performance X: 531-56, 1984

Exogenous Cuing: Basic Effects


CONTROLS

200

400

600

150 550 1000 150 550 1000

SOA (ms)

RT

(ms)

VALIDINVALID

LEFT RIGHT



CONTROLS

200

400

600

150 550 1000 150 550 1000

SOA (ms)

RT

(ms)

VALIDINVALID


LEFT RIGHT

1,000

SOA (ms)

BENEFIT

COST

200 400 600 800

ENDOGENOUS

EXOGENOUS

IOR

Müller & Findlay, Acta Psychol 69: 129-55, 1988

EXPECTED LOCATION

UNEXPECTED LOCATION

Orienting and Cueing Effects: Procedure

100 / 500 / 1000 msec

SOA

50% 50%

Invalid Valid

EXP 1

20% 80%EXP 2

80% 20%EXP 3

Lupiáñez, Decaix, Siéroff, Chokron, Milliken & Bartolomeo, Exp Brain Res 159:447-57, 2004

320340360380400420440460480500520

100 500 1000SOA (in ms)

RT (in

ms)

Valid Invalid

No Expectancy

Orienting and Cueing Effects: Results

Lupiáñez, Decaix, Siéroff, Chokron, Milliken & Bartolomeo, EBR 2004

320340360380400420440460480500520

100 500 1000 100 500 1000 100 500 1000SOA (in ms)

RT (in

ms)

Valid Invalid

Expected Location Unexpected LocationNo Expectancy

Comparable IOR (p >.2)

Orienting and Cueing Effects: Results

Lupiáñez, Decaix, Siéroff, Chokron, Milliken & Bartolomeo, EBR 2004

Other evidence - 1

Berger, Henik & Rafal, J Exp Psych Gen 134:207-21, 2005

SLOWER RT FASTER RT

Other evidence - 2

Berlucchi, Chelazzi, & Tassinari, J Cogn Neurosci, 12:648-63, 2000

Attend here

Attend here

SLOWER RT FASTER RT

Conclusion: (at least) 2 possibilities

1. IOR has nothing to do with orienting of attention

2. IOR only occurs with exogenous orienting (which can, by implication, dissociate from endogenous orienting)

Berlucchi, Chelazzi, & Tassinari, J Cogn Neurosci, 12:648-63, 2000

“the co-occurrence of different facilitatory and inhibitory effects confirms the simultaneous operation of multiple independent attentional mechanisms during covert orienting”

Corbetta & Shulman, Nat Rev Neurosci 3:201-15, 2002

2. Vigilanza

– Capacità di mantenere nel tempo un’attivitàcoerente• Fasica (frazioni di secondo)• Tonica (frazioni di un’ora)

3. Controllo

– Capacità di mantenere nel tempo un’attivitàcoerente malgrado gli stimoli che possono distrarre l’attenzione• Stroop• Antisaccadi

3. Controllo: Stroop

ROSSO VERDE BLU

ROSSO VERDE BLU

3. Controllo: Stroop spaziale

CONGRUENTE

INCONGRUENTE

Attraction magnétique3. Controllo: Antisaccadi

Anterior Network Executive control Posterior Network Orienting, Selection, Focusing…General Activation Network Alertness / Vigilance

Posner’s Attentional Networks (Posner & Petersen, 1990):

Posner’s Attentional Networks (Posner & Petersen, 1990)Interaction between the Networks

Anterior Network

Posterior Network

General Activation Network

Exogenous - Endogenous Orienting of Attention

Rapid reaction to external stimuli

Clearing of Consciousness

How to measure Attentional Performance?

Anterior Network Executive control:

Conflict situations: Stroop, Flankers…

Posterior Network Spatial Orienting:

Effect of cues indicating target’s location/scale

General Activation Network Unspecific Preparation:

Non-spatial cues (sounds, lights…)

A task to measure the functioning of each Attentional Network

Use of a Procedure which combines appropriate manipulations for each Attentional Network:

Spatial Stroop, Exogenous Orienting, and Non-Spatial Auditory cues (Funes & Lupiáñez, 2003)

Flanker Interference, Endogenous Orienting, and Non-Spatial Visual cues (Fan et al., 2002)

Endogenous orienting and Visual-Auditory alerting cues (Fernandez-Duque & Posner, 1997)

Fan et al.’ (2002) Attentional Network Test

Anterior Network Flanker Task:

Posterior Network and General Activation Networks:Peripheral Cue

Double Cue

Central Cue

No Cue

Orienting

Alertness

How to measure the interactions between the Attentional Networks ?

An Independent Variable to measure each attentional function:

Flanker task Anterior Network

Exogenous Spatial Cueing Posterior Network

Auditory Non-Spatial Cue Alerting Network

Callejas, Lupiáñez, Funes & Tudela (EBR, 2005)PF1=400-1600ms

50ms

400ms

100msSOA=450ms

400 ms

TR f 1700msSOA=500

3500–TR-PF1msAdapted from Fan et al. (2002)

450475500525550575600625650

Cognitive Control

Incongruent Congruent

450475500525550575600625650

Orienting

Uncued Cued

IncongruIncongruIncongruIncongruIncongruIncongruCongruCongruCongruCongruCongruCongru

Congruency

UncuedCuedNo CueUncuedCuedNo CueVisual Cue

With Auditory CueWithout Auditory CueAuditory Cue

450475500525550575600625650

Alertness

Without With Auditory Cue

Design

Results


Congruency


With Auditory CueWithout Auditory CueAuditory CueCognitive Control modulated by Orienting and Alertness

450475500525550575600625650

No Alertness Alertness


450475500525550575600625650

Cued Uncued

Incongruent CongruentResults: Network Interactions


Congruency


With Auditory CueWithout Auditory CueAuditory CueModulation of Alerting over Spatial Orienting

450475500525550575600625650


Uncued CuedResults: Alerting x Orienting Interaction

NO INTERACTION

Posner’s Attentional Networks (Posner & Petersen, 1990)Interaction between the Networks

Anterior Network

Posterior Network

General Activation Network

0

10

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Time course

Orie

ntin

g Ef

fect

|

+

Orienting

Orienting +Alerting

Alertness Increases Orienting

…… Time 1

------ Time 2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Time course

Orie

ntin

g Ef

fect

I

+

Orienting

Orienting +Alerting

Alertness Speeds UP Orienting

…… Time 1

------ Time 2

Manipulation of SOAPF1=400-1600ms

50ms

400ms

100msSOA=450ms

400 ms

TR f 1700msSOA=500

3500–TR-PF1msCallejas, Lupiáñez, Funes & Tudela EBR 2005

50ms

50 / 450ms

SOA= 100 / 500

450475500525550575600625650

Cognitive Control


450475500525550575600625650

Orienting

Uncued Cued


Congruency


With Auditory CueWithout Auditory CueAuditory Cue

450475500525550575600625650

Alertness

Without With Auditory Cue

Design

Results


Congruency


With Auditory CueWithout Auditory CueAuditory CueCognitive Control modulated by Orienting and Alertness

450475500525550575600625650



450475500525550575600625650

Cued Uncued

Incongruent CongruentResults: Network Interactions


Congruency


With Auditory CueWithout Auditory CueAuditory CueModulation of Alerting over Spatial Orienting

450475500525550575600625650


Uncued CuedResults: LONG SOA

NO INTERACTION

525

550

575

600

625


Uncued Cued

Results: SHORT SOA (100 ms)

525

550

575

600

625


Uncued Cued

Long SOA Short SOA

Conclusions IThe three Attentional Networks can be measured independently of each other:

Fan et al. (2002); Funes & Lupiáñez (2003); Callejas et al. (2004, 2005)

However, in normal functioning they interact with each other:

Spatial Orienting/Focusing can modulate Cognitive ControlPerhaps by making easier selection, thus reducing interference ?

Alertness modulates Cognitive Control:Inhibition of the Anterior Network by Alertness ?

Alertness modulates Spatial OrientingNot by Increasing Orienting but by Speeding it up

Conclusions IIThe ANT-I task might be useful for the evaluation of neural damage patients:

1) By providing an estimate of the functioning of each Attentional Network

2) To evaluate, not only the damage of a specific Brain Area, and so a specific Attentional Function…

but also the interactions between the different attentional functions in coherent behaviour

neuropsicologia dell’attenzione -...

Documents