Submitted by:-Aman Walia

B.Tech CSE 5th SemBTC/10/013

A network is a group of computers that can communicate with each other so they can share information

When computers can communicate with each other they can share resources

INTRODUCTION

Classification based on geographical area

LAN

WAN

MAN

Types of Network

Limited geographic area

High speed and error free data transmission

Not expensive

Local Area Networks(LAN)

Connects computers over states, countries etc.,

Unlimited geographical coverage

More sophisticated

Connects LANs and MANs

Expensive technology

Wide Area Networks(WAN)

Spans a metropolitan area or a large campus.

Its geographic scope falls between LAN and WAN.

It can be used as a cable television.

Metropolitan Area Networks(MAN)

Cables.

Wireless.

Networking Components

Coaxial cable was the first type of cable used to network computers

Coaxial cables are made of a thick copper core with an outer metallic shield used to reduce external interference

Twisted pair cable comes in seven different categories.

Cables

Twisted-pair cabling is either unshielded (UTP) or shielded (STP)

Fiber was designed for transmissions at higher speeds over longer distances

Fiber uses light pulses for signal transmission, making it immune to RFI, EMI, and eavesdropping

Cables

Wireless network refers to technology that allows two or more computers to communicate using standard network protocols, but without network cabling

Wireless networking hardware requires the use of technology that deals with data transmission over radio frequencies

Wireless

Most widely used wireless standard is the IEEE 802.11 standard

Wireless

An architecture that allows the devices of different manufacturers to work together to communicate with different operating systems

This architecture determines how hardware, software, topologies and protocols exist on the network and how they operate

The OSI Model

Physical (layer1), Data link(layer2), Network (layer3)

Transport (layer4), Session(layer5), Presentation (layer6)

Application (layer7)

The OSI Layers

Defines mechanical, functional, procedural and electrical aspects of networking

Includes connectors, circuits, voltage levels and grounding

Physical layer

Converts data from upper layers into logical packages or frames

Converts logical frames into raw bits that are transmitted by the Physical layer

Data Link layer

Provides connectivity and path selection between two systems

routing and addressing layer

Network layer

Provides a virtual end-to-end connection so that data transferred between two hosts will arrive without errors and in the correct order

Transport layer

Allows two applications on different computers to establish dialog control

Regulates which side transmits

Determines the time and length of the transmission

Session layer

Translates data from the Application layer into an intermediary format

Provides services such as data encryption, and compresses data

Presentation layer

Provides application programs access to print and file services to ensure that effective communication with other application programs is possible

Application layer

Summary of Layers

Every device connected to the public Internet is assigned a unique number known as an Internet Protocol (IP) address.

IP addresses consist of four numbers separated by periods (also called a 'dotted-quad').

An IP address can often be used to identify the region or country from which a computer is connecting to the Internet. It gives general location of the User.

IP Address

Class –A: - In this class first 8 bits are usedfor network address and the last 24 bits areused for host address. The range of first 8bits is from 1 to 126. The other numbers canbe between 0 to 255.

Class –B: - In this class first 16 bits are usedfor network address and the last 16 bits areused for host address. The range of first 8bits is from 128 to 191. The other numberscan be between 0 to 255.

Classes of IP Address

Class –C: - In this class first 24 bits are used fornetwork address and the last 8 bits are used forhost address. The range of first 8 bits is from192 to 223. The other numbers can be between0 to 255.

Class –D: - This class is used for multicastingmeans video conferencing. The range of first 8bits is from 224 to 239.

Class –E: - This class is under R & D (Research &Development).

IPV4 Addressing

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