network layer unit 3
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
1/140
McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Network Layer
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
2/140
!osition o" the Network
Layer
19.2
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
3/140
19.3
Issues at the Network Layer
•Addressing
IP addresses on the Internet
• SwitchingDatagram packet switching
Virtual circuit packet switching
•
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
4/140
19.4
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
5/140
19.5
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
6/140
19.6
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
7/14019.7
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
8/14019.8
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
9/14019.9
How Networks
#i$er
%ome o" the many ways networks can &i$er.
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
10/14019.10
IPv4 ADDRESSESIPv4 ADDRESSES
An An IPv4 address IPv4 address is ais a 32-bit 32-bit address that uniquely andaddress that uniquely and
universally defines the connection of a device (foruniversally defines the connection of a device (for
example, a computer or a router to the Internet!example, a computer or a router to the Internet!
Address Space
Notations
!lassful Addressing!lassless Addressing
Network Address "ranslation #NA"$
"opics discussed in this section#"o pics discussed in this section#
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
11/14019.11
An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
12/14019.12
The IPv4 addresses are uniueand universal.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
13/14019.13
The address s!a"e o# IPv4 is232 or 4$294$967$296.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
14/14019.14
%otted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
15/140
Class"'l
(&&ressin)
19.15
In "lass#ul addressing$ the addresss!a"e is divided into #ive "lasses%
A$ &$ '$ ($ and ).
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
16/14019.16
&indin' the classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
17/14019.17
$umber of blocs and bloc si)e in classful IPv4 addressin'
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
18/14019.18
In "lass#ul addressing$ a large !art o#the available addresses *ere *asted.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
19/14019.19
%efault mass for classful addressin'
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
20/140
19.20
'lass#ul addressing$ *hi"h is al+ostobsolete$ is re!la"ed *ith "lassless
addressing.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
21/140
Classless (&&ressin)
To overcome address depletion, classlessaddressing was designed.
No classes, but addresses are granted in
blocks. Rules
Addressees in blocks must be contiguous
The number of addresses in block must be power of 2
(1,2,,!,1",#$ The first address must be evenl% divisible b% the
number of addresses.
19.21
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
22/140
19.22
A bloc of *+ addresses 'ranted to a small or'ani)ation
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
23/140
Mask
A mask is 32 bit number in which n leftmost bits are 1s and the 32-n rightmost bits are 0s.
Range from & to '2.
A block of addresses can be defined as .%.).t *n , in which .%.).t defines one of the
addresses and the *n defines the mask .
19.23
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
24/140
19.24
The #irst address in the blo", "an be#ound b- setting the right+ost
32 n bits to 0s.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
25/140
19.25
The last address in the blo", "an be#ound b- setting the right+ost
32 n bits to 1s.
$ote
l
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
26/140
19.26
x! A bloc of addresses is 'ranted to small or'ani)ation!
ne of the address is 2./!*+!30!312
&ind the last address for the bloc!
olution"he binary representation of the 'iven address is
**..**.* ...*.... ..*..*.* ..*..***
If 5e set 32 6 2 ri'htmost bits to *, 5e 'et
**..**.* ...*.... ..*..*.* ..*.**** or
2./!*+!30!40
"his is actually the bloc sho5n in &i'ure *1!3!
xample
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
27/140
19.27
The nu+ber o# addresses in the blo","an be #ound b- using the #or+ula
232n.
$ote
l *1 1
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
28/140
19.28
Another 5ay to find the first address, the last address, and
the number of addresses is to represent the mas as a 32-bit binary (or -di'it hexadecimal number! "his is
particularly useful 5hen 5e are 5ritin' a pro'ram to find
these pieces of information! In xample *1!/ the 2 can
be represented as******** ******** ******** ****....
(t5enty-ei'ht *s and four .s!
&ind
a! "he first address
b! "he last address
c! "he number of addresses!
xample *1!1
l *1 1 ( ti d
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
29/140
19.29
olutiona! "he first address can be found by A$%in' the 'iven
addresses 5ith the mas! A$%in' here is done bit by
bit! "he result of A$%in' 2 bits is * if both bits are *s7
the result is . other5ise!
xample *1!1 (continued
l *1 1 ( ti d
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
30/140
19.30
b! "he last address can be found by 8in' the 'iven
addresses 5ith the complement of the mas! 8in'
here is done bit by bit! "he result of 8in' 2 bits is . if
both bits are .s7 the result is * other5ise! "he
complement of a number is found by chan'in' each * to . and each . to *!
xample *1!1 (continued
l *1 1 ( ti d
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
31/140
19.31
c! "he number of addresses can be found by complementin' the mas, interpretin' it as a decimal
number, and addin' * to it!
xample *1!1 (continued
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
32/140
19.32
A net5or confi'uration for the bloc 2./!*+!30!322
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
33/140
19.33
The #irst address in a blo", isnor+all- not assigned to an- devi"e/
it is used as the net*or, address that
re!resents the organiation
to the rest o# the *orld.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
34/140
19.34
"5o levels of heirachy in an IPv4 Address
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
35/140
19.35
)a"h address in the blo", "an be
"onsidered as a t*olevel
hierar"hi"al stru"ture%
the le#t+ost n bits !re#i de#ine
the net*or,/
the right+ost 32 n bits de#inethe host.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
36/140
%'*nettin)+
hat are the maor reasons "or s'*nettin) orse)mentin) yo'r network
. To &i/i&e a lar)e network into smaller se)ments tore&'ce trac an& spee& 'p the sections o" yo'r
network.2. To connect networks across )eo)raphical areas.
1. To connect &i$erent topolo)ies s'ch as thernet, Token3in), an& 4##I to)ether /ia ro'ters.
5. To a/oi& physical limitations s'ch as ma6im'm ca*le
len)ths or e6cee&in) the ma6im'm n'm*er o"comp'ters on a se)ment.
19.36
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
37/140
The ABCD University is planning to deploy an IPnetwork in their main campus .Its main campus
location includes only a single physical building with 4 floors and 8 total departments.
Each of the different departments needs to beseparate and have their own IP address space.
The address space that has been allocated to theUniversity by their Internet Service Provider (ISP) is172.16.0.0/23.
Each of the different departments requires at least
40 different usable addresses and at least 10 extraaddresses allocated for future growth.
19.37
)a+!le et*or,
(esign the IP address range #or the et*or,
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
38/140
*elow shows the allocate& space )i/en *y the I%! an& how it is&isplaye& in *inary.
19.38
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
39/140
The re7'irements state& that each o" the 8 &epartments nee&e& at aminim'm 50 a&&resses with an a&&itional 0 allocate& "or "'t're)rowth "or a total o" 90 re7'ire& a&&resses assi)ne& per &epartment.Gi/en this re7'irement, what is the smallest s'*net that wo'l& *e
re7'ire& 4i)'re *elow shows that the smallest s'*net a/aila*lewo'l& *e allocatin) each network ;5 total a&&resses.
19.39
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
40/140
The ne6t thin) to 4i)'re o't iswhether the n'm*er o" the a&&ressesallocate& *y the I%! is eno')h to
meet the re7'irements o" theor)ani
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
41/140
Network Range Calculation
4irst %'*network 3an)e19.41
Now that it has been calculated that the ISPs allocation of addresses is enough to meet the
requirements of the organization, the next task is to come up with the different ranges that will be used
to allocate to each department.shows the calculation of the first range using the !!.!!.!!."# $%&' subnet mask calculated
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
42/140
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
43/140
The secon& s'*network will *e)in where the rst le"t o$ at =2.;.0.;5 an& )o'p to =2.;.0.2=> this ran)e is shown.
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
44/140
19.44
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
45/140
The thir& &epartment+ =2.;.0.28 thro')h=2.;.0.D
19.45
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
46/140
(n& so onE..
19.46
h i h h & &
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
47/140
The i)hth &epartment+ =2.;..D2 an& )o 'p to=2.;..299
19.47
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
48/140
"hree le%el hierarchy
+uppose an organi)ation has three offices and
needs to divide the addresses into ' subblocks
of &'()*()* addresses. rgani)ation is given
the block )+,)',)-,./'*
19.48
"h l l hi h
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
49/140
19.49
"hree le%el hierarchy1. +uppose the mask for 1st subnet is n1 then 2'2-n1 must be
'2, which means n12/
2. 0ask for 2nd subnet is n2 then 2'2-n2 must be 1", hence
n22!
'. 0ask for 'rd subnet is n' then 2'2-n' must be 1", hence
n'2!
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
50/140
Note0 1e ha%e the masks '+( '2( '2
for su3nets with the organi4ation
mask 3eing '*
19.50
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
51/140
19.51
5igure )6,2 "hree-level hierarchy in an IPv4 address
Su3netting
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
52/140
19.52
9onfi'uration and addresses in a subnetted net5or
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
53/140
7ore le%els of hierarchy
19.53
xample *1!*.
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
54/140
19.54
An IP is 'ranted a bloc of addresses startin' 5ith
*1.!*..!.!.*+ (+/,/3+ addresses! "he IP needs to
distribute these addresses to three 'roups of customers as
follo5s#
a! "he first 'roup has +4 customers7 each needs 2/+ addresses!
b! "he second 'roup has *2 customers7 each needs *2
addresses!
c! "he third 'roup has *2 customers7 each needs +4 addresses!
%esi'n the subblocs and find out ho5 many addresses
are still available after these allocations!
xample *1!*.
xample *1!*. (continued
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
55/140
19.55
olution
&i'ure *1!1 sho5s the situation!
xample *1!*. (continued
:roup *
&or this 'roup, each customer needs 2/+ addresses! "his
means that (lo'2 2/+ bits are needed to define eachhost! "he prefix len'th is then 32 6 ; 24! "he addresses
are
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
56/140
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
57/140
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
58/140
19.58
5igure )6,6 An example of address allocation and distribution by an IP
N t k (&& T l ti
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
59/140
Network (&&ress Translation
N'm*er o" Internet 'sers areincreasin).
There is short "all o" a&&resses.
%ol'tion Network (&&ress Translation
Lar)e a&&resses internally %in)le or small set o" a&&resses )lo*ally.
Fni7'e insi&e , *'t not )lo*ally.
19.59
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
60/140
19.60
"a3le Addresses for private net5ors
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
61/140
19.61
$A" implementation
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
62/140
19.62
5igure )6,)) Addresses in a $A"
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
63/140
19.63
5igure )6,)' $A" address translation
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
64/140
19.64
"a3le )6,- &ive-column translation table
5i )6 )&
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
65/140
19.65
5igure )6,)& An IP and $A"
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
66/140
20.66
INTERNETWORKINGINTERNETWORKING
In this section, 5e discuss internet5orin', connectin' net5ors In this section, 5e discuss internet5orin', connectin' net5ors
to'ether to mae an internet5or or an internet!to'ether to mae an internet5or or an internet!
Need for Network Layer
Internet as a Datagram Network
Internet as a !onnectionless Network
"opics discussed in this section#"o pics discussed in this section#
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
67/140
20.67
5igure '.,)
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
68/140
$et5or layer in an internet5or
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
69/140
$et5or layer at the source, router, and destination
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
70/140
20.70
*it"hing at the net*or, la-er in the Internet uses the datagra+
a!!roa"h to !a",et s*it"hing.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
71/140
20.71
'o++uni"ation at the net*or, la-er in the Internet is "onne"tionless.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
72/140
20.72
IPv4 IPv4
The Internet Protocol version 4 ( IPv4 ) is the delivery mechanism
used by the TCPIP !rotocols"
Datagram
5ragmentation
!hecksum
8ptions
"opics discussed in this section#"o pics discussed in this section#
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
73/140
20.73
5igure '.,- Position of IPv4 in "9PIP protocol suite
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
74/140
IPv4 data'ram format
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
75/140
20.75
5igure '.,* ervice type or differentiated services
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
76/140
20.76
The !re"eden"e sub#ield *as !art o# version 4$ but never used.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
77/140
20.77
"a3le '.,) "ypes of service
"a3le '.,' %efault types of service
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
78/140
20.78
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
79/140
20.79
"a3le '.,& =alues for codepoints
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
80/140
20.80
The total length #ield de#ines the total length o# the datagra+ in"luding
the header.
$ote
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
81/140
20.81
5igure '.,+ ncapsulation of a small data'ram in an thernet frame
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
82/140
20.82
Protocol field and encapsulated data
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
83/140
20.83
Protocol values
xample 2.!*
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
84/140
20.84
An IPv4 pacet has arrived 5ith the first bits as sho5n#
.*....*.
"he receiver discards the pacet! >hy?
olution
There is an error in this packet. The 4 leftmost bits (0100) show the version, which is correct. The
next 4 bits (0010) show an invalid header length (2 × 4 = 8). The minimum number of bytes in the
header must be 20 . The packet has been corrupted in transmission.
xample 2.!2
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
85/140
20.85
In an IPv4 pacet, the value of @
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
86/140
xample 2.!4
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
87/140
20.87
An IPv4 pacet has arrived 5ith the first fe5 hexadecimal di'its as sho5n!
.x4/....2...*.....*.2 ! ! !
@o5 many hops can this pacet travel before bein' dropped? "he data belon' to 5hat upper-layer
protocol?
olution
To find the time-to-live field, we skip 8 bytes. The time-to-live field is the ninth byte, which is 01.
This means the packet can travel only one hop. The protocol field is the next byte (02), which means
that the upper-layer protocol is IGMP.
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
88/140
20.88
5igure '.,6 Baximum transfer unit (B"C
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
89/140
20.89
"a3le '.,9 B"Cs for some net5ors
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
90/140
20.90
dentification
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
91/140
dentification
dentifies the datagram originating from the
source
ombination of identification and 3 address
uni4uel% identifies the datagram.
5ses a counter to label.
6hen a datagram is fragmented, value in the
identification field is copied in all the fragments.
7elps in re-assembl%
19.91
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
92/140
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
93/140
20.93
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
94/140
RE-ASSEMBLE?
19.94
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
95/140
19.95
1 2
34
3e-assem*le
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
96/140
3e assem*le
8irst fragment has offset e4ual to 9ero :ivide the length of first fragment b% !, to get
2nd fragment offset.
:ivide the total length of 1st
and 2nd
b% ! to get'rd fragment offset.
ontinue the process, last fragment has more
value set to &.
19.96
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
97/140
19.97
xample 2.!/
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
98/140
20.98
A pacet has arrived 5ith an B bit value of .! Is this the first fra'ment, the last fra'ment, or a
middle fra'ment? %o 5e no5 if the pacet 5as fra'mented?
olution
If the M bit is 0, it means that there are no more fragments; the fragment is the last one. However,
we cannot say if the original packet was fragmented or not. A non-fragmented packet is considered
the last fragment.
xample 2.!+
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
99/140
20.99
A pacet has arrived 5ith an B bit value of *! Is this the first fra'ment, the last fra'ment, or a
middle fra'ment? %o 5e no5 if the pacet 5as fra'mented?
olution
If the M bit is 1, it means that there is at least one more fragment. This fragment can be the first
one or a middle one, but not the last one. We don’t know if it is the first one or a middle one; we
need more information (the value of the fragmentation offset).
xample 2.!0
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
100/140
20.100
A pacet has arrived 5ith an B bit value of * and a fra'mentation offset value of .! Is this the first
fra'ment, the last fra'ment, or a middle fra'ment?
olution
Because the M bit is 1, it is either the first fragment or a middle one. Because the offset value is 0, it
is the first fragment.
xample 2.!
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
101/140
20.101
A pacet has arrived in 5hich the offset value is *..! >hat is the number of the first byte? %o 5e
no5 the number of the last byte?
olution
"o find the number of the first byte, 5e multiply the offset value by ! "his means that the first byte
number is ..! >e cannot determine the number of the last byte unless 5e no5 the len'th!
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
102/140
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
103/140
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
104/140
xample 2.!*.
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
105/140
20.105
&i'ure 2.!*3 sho5s an example of a checsum calculation for an IPv4 header 5ithout options! "he
header is divided into *+-bit sections! All the sections are added and the sum is complemented! "he
result is inserted in the checsum field!
xample of checsum calculation in IPv4
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
106/140
20.106
xample of checsum calculation in IPv4
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
107/140
20.107
"axonomy of options in IPv48ptions field is used for network testing and de3ugging
A record route option is used to record the nternet routers that
handle the datagram.
t can list up to nine router addresses. t can be used for debuggingand management purposes.
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
108/140
20.108
"axonomy of options in IPv48ptions field is used for network testing and de3ugging
A stri"t sour"e route o!tion is used b- the sour"e to
!redeter+ine a route #or the datagra+ as it travelsthrough the Internet
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
109/140
20.109
"axonomy of options in IPv48ptions field is used for network testing and de3ugging
)a"h router in the list +ust be visited$ but the datagra+
"an visit other routers as *ell.
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
110/140
20.110
"axonomy of options in IPv48ptions field is used for network testing and de3ugging
A ti+esta+! o!tion is used to re"ord the ti+e o#
datagra+ !ro"essing b- a router.
Limitations o" I!/5
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
111/140
19.111
IPv6 ADDRESSESIPv6 ADDRESSES
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
112/140
19.112
%espite all short-term solutions, address depletion is %espite all short-term solutions, address depletion isstill a lon'-term problem for the Internet! "his andstill a lon'-term problem for the Internet! "his and
other problems in the IP protocol itself have been theother problems in the IP protocol itself have been the
motivation for IPv+!motivation for IPv+!
Structure
Address Space
"opics discussed in this section#"o pics discussed in this section#
Advantages of 3v"
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
113/140
g
Larger Address Space :etter Header 5ormat
New 8ptions
Allowance for e;tensions
Support for resource Allocation
Support for more Security
19.113
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
114/140
19.114
An IPv6 address is 128 bits long.
$ote
5igure )6,)- IPv+ address in binary and hexadecimal colon notation
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
115/140
19.115
5igure )6,)9 Abbreviated IPv+ addresses
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
116/140
19.116
xample *1!**
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
117/140
19.117
xpand the address .#*/##*#*2#*2*3 to its ori'inal!
olution
>e first need to ali'n the left side of the double colon to
the left of the ori'inal pattern and the ri'ht side of the
double colon to the ri'ht of the ori'inal pattern to findho5 many .s 5e need to replace the double colon!
"his means that the ori'inal address is!
(&&ress %pace
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
118/140
(&&ress %pace
19.118
228
1.5 6018
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
119/140
19.119
"ype prefixes for IPv+ addresses
"ype prefixes for IPv+ addresses# %efines the cate'ory!
"a3le )6,9 "ype prefixes for IPv+ addresses (continued
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
120/140
19.120
Cnicast Address#Provider based address# used for
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
121/140
19.121
'lobal communication over the Internet!
North America
"&( ) (*
T-!e "ode 3 &it
010 Provider based identi#ier
Cnicast Address#Provider based address
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
122/140
19.122
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
123/140
Anycast Address# Pacet is delivered to any one of the
ibl d i h
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
124/140
19.124
'roup! Possibly nearest node in that 'roup !
8esearved Address
5igure )6,)6
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
125/140
19.125
Used when an organization wants to use these addresses
without connecting to the internet.
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
126/140
5i '. )9 IP + d t h d d l d
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
127/140
20.127
5igure '.,)9 IPv+ data'ram header and payload
&ormat of an IPv+ data'ram
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
128/140
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
129/140
$ext header codes for IPv+
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
130/140
5low La3el
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
131/140
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
132/140
xtension header types
9omparison bet5een IPv4 and IPv+ pacet headers
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
133/140
9omparison bet5een IPv4 options and IPv+ extension headers
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
134/140
TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
135/140
20.135
Decause of the hu'e number of systems on the Internet, the transition Decause of the hu'e number of systems on the Internet, the transition
from IPv4 to IPv+ cannot happen suddenly! It taes a considerable from IPv4 to IPv+ cannot happen suddenly! It taes a considerable
amount of time before every system in the Internet can move from IPv4amount of time before every system in the Internet can move from IPv4
to IPv+! "he transition must be smooth to prevent any problems bet5eento IPv+! "he transition must be smooth to prevent any problems bet5een
IPv4 and IPv+ systems! IPv4 and IPv+ systems!
Dual Stack
"unneling
Header "ranslation
"opics discussed in this section#"o pics discussed in this section#
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
136/140
"hree transition strate'ies
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
137/140
%ual stac
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
138/140
"unnelin' strate'y
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
139/140
@eader translation
-
8/18/2019 Network Layer UNIT 3
140/140