network architecture models bernard chen. outlines introduction system architecture communication...
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Distributed Computing "Distributed" or "grid computing" in general is a special type of parallel computing which relies on complete computers (with onboard CPU, storage, power supply, network interface, etc.) connected to a network by a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet. This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many CPUs connected by a local high-speed computer bus.parallel computing Ethernetsupercomputer computer busTRANSCRIPT
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Network Architecture Models
Bernard Chen
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Outlines Introduction System Architecture Communication Network References
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Distributed Computing "Distributed" or "grid computing" in
general is a special type of parallel computing which relies on complete computers (with onboard CPU, storage, power supply, network interface, etc.) connected to a network by a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet. This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many CPUs connected by a local high-speed computer bus.
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Distributed System Categories Multiple computer systems collaborating to
deliver a single application Can be broadly applied to high-performance computing
(HPC) whereby multiple computers, commonly called clusters, collaborate to solve a single problem
Multiple applications collaborating together as a system
Can be broadly applied to application integration whereby multiple discrete applications receive a copy of “some” data and process the data accordingly.
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Distributed Service Distributed Service depend on the
system architecture and the underlying communication network.
In the upper level, system architecture is an abstract description of major components and their relation
In the lower level, network architecture specifies the communication facilities
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Outlines Introduction System Architecture Client-Server Grid
Peer-to-Peer Model Communication Network References
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Architectures: Client-Server Workstation-server model [Chow,
1997] A work station may serve as a Stand-Alone
computer or as a part of an overall network Some workstations are Diskless
Workstation, all file and boot services are supported by the network
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Architectures: Client-Server Processor-Pool model
Most workstations are idling at any instance in time. Collects all processing power in Processor Pool
Server Users access a virtual single computer system with
intelligent terminals
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Architectures: Grid Integrates and coordinates
resources and users that live within different control domains
Built from multi-purpose protocols and interfaces that address such fundamental issues as authentication, authorization, resource discovery, and resource access.
Allows its constituent resources to be used in a coordinated fashion to deliver various qualities of service, (e.g. response time, throughput, availability, and security) [Foster, 2002]
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Architectures: Peer-to-Peer Model In this model, end users share
resources in a peer style, potentially acting as both CLIENT and SERVER
Advantages: 1. removes single point failure and
associated performance bottlenecks 2. releases the network traffic
overhead by providing service locally
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P2P Categories P2P were classified into three
different categories:1. Centralized P2P systems2. Decentralized structured P2P
systems (there is no central server and peers are
structured according to some strict rules)3. Decentralized unstructured P2P
systems
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“Blind Search” The unstructured P2P system usually use a
“blind search” method to find the requested data
“Blind Search” propagate a query to a number of peers randomly
Replication technique is often used to improve the performance of blind search
When data objects that are accessed more frequently are distribute more copies.
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Some parameters N: number of peers
TTL: number of max hops for search a query
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Random Walk Method The probability that
peer 2 and 3 receives messages from peer 1 is 50%
If every peer issues a query with TTL=1, the average messages received by peer 1,2,4 are 5/6, 5/6, and 4/3
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Potential Energy Potential energy E: a peer’s capability of
receiving query message (Feng et al, 2007)
Then a peer’s potential energy is closely related to the potential energy of its neighbors and the probability that it can receive messages from neighbors
Therefore, it is defined as:
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Potential Energy They assign the initial value as 1/n since each
peer has the same probability to generate query
If TTL=1
=>
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Outlines Introduction System Architecture Communication Network Communication Network
Wired NetworkWireless Network
References
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Communication Network The existence of multiple computer
systems in a distributed system implies the need to interconnect these computers
System components may be connected by point-to-point or multipoint communication channels
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Communication Network Point-to-point links are direct
connections between pairs of computer nodes
Multiple links allow the connection of nodes into a cluster and are usually implemented by using common buses or interconnection networks (switches)
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Wired Interfaces: Ethernet Family of local-area network (LAN) products
covered by the IEEE 802.3 standard that defines CSMA/CD protocol Carrier sense—Each station continuously
listens for traffic on the medium to determine when gaps between frame transmissions occur.
Multiple access—Stations may begin transmitting any time they detect that the network is quiet (there is no traffic).
Collision Detect – Execute a random backoff before retransmission.
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Wired Interfaces: Ethernet Three data rates are currently
defined for operation over optical-fiber and twisted-pair cables: 10 Mbps—10Base-T Ethernet 100 Mbps—Fast Ethernet 1000 Mbps—Gigabit Ethernet
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Wired Interfaces: Ethernet Local area networks can be
connected to form a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) or a Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Wireless: 802.11 Specification are wireless standards
that specify an "over-the-air" interface between a wireless client and a base station or access point, as well as among wireless clients.
Data Rates up to 54 Mbps Can operate in Infrastructure (base
station) or peer-to-peer mode (ad-hoc). Commonly used in MANETs
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Outlines Introduction System Architecture Communication Network References
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References Chow, Randy, et. al.,Distributed Operating Systems &
Algorithms, Addison Wesley, March 18, 1997 Ge, Z.; Figueiredo, D.R.; Sharad Jaiswal; Kurose, J.; Towsley,
D.; Modeling peer-peer file sharing systems, INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. IEEE Volume 3, 30 March-3 April 2003 Page(s):2188 - 2198 vol.3
Kwang Koog Lee; Seong Hoon Kim; Yong Soon Choi, A Mesh Routing Protocol using Cluster Label in the ZigBee Network; Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Sysetems (MASS), 2006 IEEE International Conference on Oct. 2006 Page(s):801 - 806
Foster, Ian, What is a Grid? A Three Point Checklist, Argonne National Laboratory & University of Chicago, July 20, 2002
Enterprise Distributed Systems and Infiniband, Cisco 2006 SCSI RDMA Protocol (SRP), Intel 2002
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