network analysis and synthesis chapter 4 synthesis of deriving point functions (one port networks)
TRANSCRIPT
Elementary Synthesis procedures
• The basic philosophy behind the synthesis of driving-point functions is to break up a positive real (p.r.) function Z(s) into a sum of simpler p.r. functions Z1(s), Z2(s) . . . Zn(s).
• Then to synthesize these individual Zi(s) as elements of the overall network whose dp impedance is
)(...)()()( 21 sZsZsZsZ n
Breaking up process
• One important restriction is that all Zi(s) must be positive real.
• If we were given all the Zi(s), we could synthesize a network whose driving point impendance is Z(s) by simply connecting the Zi(s) in series.
• However, if we were to start from Z(s) alone, how do we decompose Z(s) into Zi(s)?
)(
)(
...
...)(
011
1
011
1
sQ
sP
bsbsbsb
asasasasZ
mm
mm
nn
nn
Removing a pole at s=0
• If there is a pole at s=0, we can write Q(s) as
• Hence, Z(s) becomes
• Z1(s) is a capacitor.
• We know Z1(s) is positive real, is Z2(s) positive real?
)()( ssGsQ
)()(
)()(
21 sZsZ
sRs
DsZ
Is Z2(s) positive real?
• The poles of Z2(s) are also poles of Z1(s), hence, Z2(s) doesn’t’ have poles on the right hand side of the s plane and no multiple poles on the jw axis.– Satisfies the first 2 properties of p.r. functions.
• What about Re(Z2(jw))?
• Since Z(s) is p.r. Re(Z2(jw))=Re(Z(jw))>0.
• Hence, Z2(s) is p.r.
)(Re
)(Re)(Re)()(Re)(Re
2
2121
jwZ
jwZjwZjwZjwZjwZ
Removing a pole at s=∞
• If Z(s) has a pole at s=∞, we can write Z(s) as
• Using a similar argument as previous we can show that Z2(s) is p.r.
• Z1(s) is an inductor.
)()(
)()(
21 sZsZ
sRLssZ
Removing complex conjugate poles on the jw axis.
• If Z(s) has complex conjugate poles on the jw axis, Z(s) can be expanded into
• Note that
• Hence, • Z2(s) is p.r.
)(2
)( 221
2sZ
s
KssZ
02
Re 21
2
s
Kjw
0))(Re()(Re 2 sZsZ
Removing a constant K
• If Re(Z(jw)) is minimum at some point wi and if Re(Z(jw)) = Ki as shown in the figure
• We can remove that Ki as
• Z2(s) is p.r.• This is essentially removing
a resistor.
)()( 2 sZKsZ i
Constructing
• Assume that using one of the removal processes discussed we expanded Z(s) into Z1(s) and Z2(s).
• We connect Z1(s) and Z2(s) in series as shown on the figure.
Example 1
• Synthesize the following p.r. function
• Solution:– Note that we have a pole at s=0. Lets remove it
– Note that 2/s is a capacitor, while s/(s+3) is a parallel connection of a resistor and an inductor.
)3(
62)(
2
ss
sssZ
3
2)(
0,1,23
)(
s
s
ssZ
CBAs
CBs
s
AsZ
• 2/s is a capacitor with C=1/2.• While s/(s+3) is a R=1 connected in parallel
with an inductor L=1/3.
Example 2
• Synthesis the following p.r. function
• Solution– Note that there are no poles on s=0 or s=∞ or jw
axis.– Lets find the minimum of Re(Y(jw))
42
27)(
s
ssY
2
2
2
2
2
88
144
1616
288
1616
4472Re
44
27Re)(Re
w
w
w
w
w
wjwj
jw
jwjwY
• Note that minimum of Re(Y(jw))=1/2.• Lets remove it
• ½ is a conductance in parallel with Y2(s)=
• Note that Y2(s) is a conductance 1/3 in series with an inductor 3/2.
2
3
2
1)(
s
ssY
2
3
ss
Synthesis of one port networks with two kinds of elements
• In this section we will focus on the synthesis of networks with only L-C, R-C or R-L elements.
• The deriving point impedance/admittance of these kinds of networks have special properties that makes them easy to synthesize.
1. L-C imittance functions
• These networks have only inductors and capacitors.
• Hence, the average power consumed in these kind of networks is zero. (Because an inductor and a capacitor don’t dissipate energy.)
• If we have an L-C deriving point impedance Z(s)
)()(
)()()(
22
11
sNsM
sNsMsZ
M1 and M2 even partsN1 and N2 odd parts
• The average power dissipated by the network is
even
oddsZ
odd
evensZ
sN
sMsZ
sM
sNsZ
sNsMsNsM
sNsNsMsM
sNsM
sNsNsMsM
jwZ
jwIjwZPowerAverage
)(or )(
)(
)()(or
)(
)()(
)(0)(or )(0)(
0)()()()(
)()(
)()()()(
0)(Re
0)()(Re2
1
2
1
2
1
1221
2121
22
22
2121
2
Properties of L-C function
1. The driving point impedance/admittance of an L-C network is even/odd or odd/even.
2. Both are Hurwitz, hence only simple imaginary zeros and poles on the jw axis.
3. Poles and zeros interlace on the jw axis.4. Highest power of the numerator and
denominator may only differ by 1.5. Either a zero or a pole at origin or infinity.
Synthesis of L-C networks
• There are two kinds of network realization types for two element only networks.– Foster and– Cauer
Foster synthesis
• Uses decomposition of the given F(s) into simpler two element impedances/admittances.
• For an L-C network with system function F(s), it can be written as
• This is because F(s) has poles on the jw axis only.
...2
)( 220
i
i
s
sKsK
s
KsF
• Using the above decomposition, we can realize F(s) as
For a driving point impedance
For a driving point admittance
Example
• Synthesize as driving point impedance and admittance.
Solution: – Decompose F(s) into simpler forms
4
912)(
2
22
ss
sssF
2
15,
2
9,2
4
2)(
10
210
KKK
s
sKsK
s
KsF
Cauer synthesis
• Uses partial fraction expansion method.• It is based on removing pole at s=∞.
• Since the degree of the numerator and denominator differ by only 1, there is either a pole at s=∞ or a zero at s=∞.– If a pole at s=∞, then we remove it.– If a zero at s=∞, first we inverse it and remove the
pole at s=∞.
)(
)()(or
)(
)()(
2
1
2
1
sN
sMsZ
sM
sNsZ
• Case 1: pole at s=∞– In this case, F(s) can be written as
...1
1
)()(
1)(
Hence,
1)( ofOrder )(M ofOrder
,)(
)()(
21
3
2
32
2
3
sKsK
sK
sNsM
sKsF
sNs
sM
sNsKsF
• Case 2: zero at s=∞– In this case will have a pole at s=∞.
– We synthesize G(s) using the procedure in the previous step.
– Remember that if F(s) is an impedance function, G(s) will be an admittance function and vice versa.
)(
1)(
sFsG
Example
• Using Cauer realization synthesize
Solution:– This is an impedance function.– We have a pole at s=∞, hence, we should remove
it.
34
16122)(
24
35
ss
ssssZ
R-C driving point impedance/ R-L admittance
• R-C impedance and R-L admittance driving point functions have the same properties.
• By replacing the inductor in LC by a resistor an R-C driving point impedance or R-L driving point admittance, it can be written as
• Where ...)( 10
is
KK
s
KsF
resistorsRepresent ,...,K
admittance L-Rfor inductor and impedance C-Rfor Capaictors ,...1
,1
0
i
i
i
K
KK
Properties of R-C impedance or R-L admittance functions
1. Poles and zeros lie on the negative real axis.2. The singularity nearest origin must be a pole
and a zero near infinity.3. The residues of the poles must be positive
and real.4. Poles and zeros must alternate on the
negative real axis.
Synthesis of R-C impedance or R-L admittance
• Foster– In foster realization we decompose the function
into simple imittances according to the poles. That is we write F(s) as
– For R-C impedance
...)( 10
is
KK
s
KsF
Example
• Synthesize as R-C impedance and R-L admittance in foster realization.
Solution:– Note that the singularity near origin is a pole and a
zero near infinity.– The poles and zeros alternate– We can expand F(s) as– R-C impedance
)3(
)4)(2(3)(
ss
sssF
33
18)(
ss
sF
• Cauer realization– Cauer realization uses continued fraction expansion.– For R-C impedance and R-L admittance we remove a
resistor first.– Then invert and remove a capacitor– Then invert and remove a resistor . . .
Example
• Synthesize using Cauer realization as R-C impedance and R-L admittance.
Solution:– Note that the singularity near origin is a pole.– The singularity near infinity is a zero.– The zeros and the poles alternate.
– Note that the power of the numerator and denominator is equal, hence, we remove the resistor first.
)3(
)4)(2(3)(
ss
sssF
F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance
R-L impedance/R-C admittance
• R-L impedance deriving point function and R-C admittance deriving point function have the same property.
• If F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance, it can be written as
...)( 0
i
i
s
sKKsKsF
resistorsRepresent ,...,K
admittance C-Rfor Capacitors and impedance L-Rfor Inductors ,...1
,1
0i
i
i
K
KK
Properties of R-L impedance/R-C admittance
1. Poles and zeros are located on the negative real axis and they alternate.
2. The nearest singularity near origin is zero. The singularity near infinity is a pole.
3. The residues of the poles must be real and negative.• Because the residues are negative, we can’t use
standard decomposition method to synthesize.
Synthesis of R-L impedance and R-C admittance
• Foster– If F(s) is R-L impedance d.p or R-C admittance d.p
function. We can write it as
– Because of the third property of R-L impedance/R-C admittance d.p. functions, we can’t decompose F(s) into synthesizable components with the way we were using till now.
– We have to find a new way where the residues wont be negative.
...)( 0
i
i
s
sKKsKsF
• If we divide F(s) by s, we get
• Note that this is a standard R-C impedance d.p. function, hence, the residues of the poles of F(s)/s will be positive.
• Once we find Ki and σi we multiply by s and draw the foster realization.
...)( 0
i
i
s
KK
s
K
s
sF
Example
• Synthesize as R-L impedance and R-C admittance using Foster realization.
Solution:– Note that the singularity near origin is a zero.– The singularity near infinity is a pole.– The zeros and the poles alternate.
)6)(2(
)3)(1(2)(
ss
sssF
F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance
• We divide F(s) by s.
64
5
24
1
21)(
sby gmultiplyin Then
64
5
24
12
1
)6)(2(
)3)(1()(
s
s
s
ssF
sss
sss
ss
s
sF
• Cauer realization– Using continued fractional expansion – We first remove R0. To do this we use fractional
expansion method by focusing on removing the lowest s term first.
– We write N(s) and M(s) starting with the lowest term first.
Example
• Synthesize as R-L impedance and R-C admittance using Cauer realization.
• Solution:
– We write P(s) and M(s) as
)6)(2(
)3)(1(2)(
ss
sssF
2
2
812)(
286)(
sssQ
sssP
)(
)()(
sQ
sPsF