nepal sust. energy poverty

7/28/2019 Nepal Sust. Energy Poverty

1/18

South Asia NGO Capacity Building for Poverty

Reducing Sustainable Energy Solutions Project

National Energy Situation Survey Report

Nepal -Focus on Renewable Energy &

Poverty Reduction

Submitted to:International Network for Sustainable Energy

(INFORSE), www.inforse.org

Prepared by:Centre for Rural Technology Nepal

PO Box 3628

Tripureshwor Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone No: 4260165, 4256819

Fax: 4257922

May 2005 - July 2005

1


2/18

Total Ene rgy Cons umption by Se ctor

2003/04

Residential

90%

Transport

4%

Agriculture

1%Others

0%

Industrial

4%

Commercial1%

Total Energy Consumption by Fueltype

2003/04

Biomass

86%

Petrolium

9%

Coal2%

Electricity

2%

Renewables

1%

Total Ene rgy Consumption 3 63 mil lion GJ

National Energy Scenario in Nepal: Constraints and Challenges

1.0 Present Energy Scenario in Nepal

Nepal relies heavily on traditional energy resources, as no significant deposits of fossil fuel are

available. Nepalese use the lowest commercial energy (around 500 kWh per capita per year) ofall South Asians by far. The total energy consumption in Nepal for the year 2003/04 was 363million GJ of which the residential sector consumed 90% and agriculture sector 1% as shownin the figure. Based on the fuel type, biomass provided 86% of the total energy consumption,petroleum 9%, which is mainly consumed by urban areas, electricity only 2% and renewable1% of the total energy consumption (Ghimire 2004, Paper Presented at National Training Workshop onthe Integration of Energy and Rural Development of Policies and Program in Nepal).

About 40% of the total population has benefited from electricity by the end of the Ninth Plan.This 40% is reported to include consumption of 33% from National gird and 7% from

alternative energy.

About 84% of Nepal population lives in rural areas, and agricultural work is the mainstay of therural population. For the year 2003/04, total rural energy consumption is 288 million GJ ofwhich the rural residential consumed 97%. From end use perspective, of the total energyconsumed in rural Nepal, 63.9% was used for cooking, heating accounted for 8.5%, lighting1.31%, agro processing 3.4%, animal feed preparation 16.5% and others such as religiousoccasions and ceremonies 4.3% (Ghimire 2004, Paper Presented at National Training Workshop on the

Integration of Energy and Rural Development of Policies and Program in Nepal).

2


3/18

Rural Energy System of Nepal

2003/04

0.89%0.55%1.08%

97.48%

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

120.00%

Rural

Residential

Rural

Commercial

Rural

Industrial

Rural

Agricultural

Rural Energy Consumption by Enduse

2003/04

1.31%

Water

boiling,

2.0%

Agroprocess

ing 3.4%

Animal feed

prep 16 .5%

Others

4.3%

Heating,

8.5%Cooking,

63.9%

Total Consumption 288 million GJ

Of the total energy consumption of 288 million GJ in rural Nepal, biomass accounts for 98%while electricity accounts for only 0.1% of the total energy consumes and petroleum productscomprise 1.6% and renewable source 0.5% of the total energy consumed (Ghimire 2004, Paper

Presented at National Training Workshop on the Integration of Energy and Rural Development of Policies and

Program in Nepal).

The Millennium Development Goal put forward by the United Nations are developmentmilestones for developing countries to be met by 2015. Every one of the six goals requires theusage of energy to meet the goals.

Halving extreme poverty: Energy for income generationHalving the number of people living with hunger: Energy for agriculture and food processing

and irrigation

Achieving universal education: energy for lighting, communications and internet

Promoting gender equality: Reduce burden of firewood collection and cooking time and indoorpollution, opportunities for education

Reducing mortality/improving health: reduce indoor air pollution, vaccinations using

refrigerationEnsuring environment sustainability: reduction in the use of firewood, reduce production of

greenhouse gases

1.1 Energy Resource Base in Nepal

The major energy resource base in Nepal consists of biomass, hydroelectricity, petroleum

products, natural gas, and coal reserves. Among the entire energy resource base, it is evidentthat biomass is the dominant resource base of the country with respect to its utilization. Nepalhas a huge potential for hydropower production, but currently this remains mostly untapped.Other commercial forms of energy are not known to exist in any significant amounts.

3


4/18

Rural Energy Consumption by Fueltype

2003/04

Petrolium

1.6%

Coal, 0.0%

Electricity

0.1%

Renewables,

0.5%

Biomass

98 %

Total Consumption 288 million GJ

a. Biomass Energy

Nepal relies heavily on biomass fuel as a result of the lack of development of other energyalternatives and the overall poor economic condition of the nation. Fuel wood is the mainsource of energy in Nepal and willcontinue to remain so for a long time.The theoretical estimated sustainableannual yield of fuel wood in Nepal is25.8 million tonnes, or an average of2.8 tonnes per hectare of forest.However, only 42 per cent, or 10.8million tonnes, of the theoretical

sustainable supply is accessible.

Forest resources are under increasingthreat from the burgeoning human andlivestock populations and their need to meet annual requirements for fuel wood, fodder, timber,and other minor forest products. About 44,000 ha of forest area is believed to be degraded anddeforested annually, while only about 4,000 hectares are reforested. Conversion of forestlandfor cultivation, high population growth, and a low level of development have all aggravated thepressure on forests throughout Nepal. Where forests are becoming relatively scarce, people arerelying increasingly on crop residue and animal waste, resulting in the degradation in fertilityof the agricultural land. In 1994/95, the supply of crop residues in the country that could beused as energy was estimated to be 112.13 million tonnes (WECS I 994c, PEP 1995). Likewisethe country has 4.8 million tonnes of animal dung annually potentially available as fuel.

b. Hydropower

The hydropower potential of Nepal's river systems is about 83,000 MW, out of which only 25per cent is potentially available for development (WECS 1994; WECS 1996). Hydropowerutilization is currently less than one per cent of the proven potential. The total installedhydroelectric generation capacity is 586 MW (NEA 2002). This power has been madeavailable to 878100 consumers through 1962 km of transmission and distribution lines. Thenational grid represents the overall hydroelectric industry of Nepal as it accounts for almost 98per cent of the capacity and 99 per cent of the energy supplied. Apart from national grid, boththe public and private sectors and independent power producers manage isolated supplysystems. At present there are 35 small/mini hydroelectric plants in operation in remote areas ofthe country.

c. Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal

4


5/18

So far no proven reserves of petroleum suitable for commercial exploitation have been found inNepal. Thus all petroleum products consumed are imported in refined form for directconsumption. The alternative fossil fuel, natural gas, has also not been discovered as yet in anysignificant amount. Coal is in many countries among the cheapest sources of energy known.Two deposits are believed to have some economic significance, one in Kathmandu and one in

Dang. Even these deposits, however, are believed to be insignificant in terms of the energydemand (WECS 1994).

1.2 Renewable Energy Development Scenario in Nepal

There is a dire need to substitute as well as supplement the traditional energy supply system bymodern forms of sustainable energy in terms of resources and technology. Because of thecountry's dependence on imported fossil fuel, high cost of grid connection and low andscattered population density, a decentralized energy supply system becomes the natural andfeasible choice. Decentralized new and renewable energy systems such as micro hydro, solarphoto voltaic, biogas, improved cooking stove etc provide feasible and environment friendlyenergy supply options in rural areas. The most important renewable energy technology in Nepal

is related to Pico hydropower and micro hydropower (up to 100 kW), biomass energy (biogas,briquettes, gasifiers, improved cooking stoves), solar photovoltaic (solar home systems, solarPV water pumping, solar battery charging), solar thermal energy (solar water heater, solardryer, solar cookers etc).

1.3 Government Policies for Promotion of Renewable Energy and Poverty Reduction

The positive role of renewable energy technology for the fulfilment of energy needs of the ruralpeople was recognized by the National Planning Commission/Nepal during the Seventh FiveYear Plan. The Eight Plan (1992-1997) envisaged the need for a coordinating body for large-scale promotion of alternative energy technologies in Nepal and Alternative Energy PromotionCentre (AEPC) was thus established to promote the use of Renewable Energy Technology andact as the government coordinating body. Though renewable energy programs have positiveimplications on poverty reduction, but this has not been the explicit goal of renewable energyprograms in Nepal until the commencement of the Tenth Plan in 2002. A separate subsidypolicy has been has also been made effective by His Majesty's Government of Nepal (HMG/N)channelling through the AEPC, for extensive promotion of RETs in the rural areas.

The improved cook stove and biogas programs initially had goals to reduce firewoodconsumption but now they also justify themselves on health ground and are linked to incomegeneration as well as reduction of women's drudgery. Biogas has been mainly used for cookingand the bio slurry has been used as a high quality fertilizer for increasing agriculturalproductivity. Few households have used the biogas for lighting. Micro hydro was seen as atechnology to reduce drudgery, provide lighting but now the productive end uses are consideredas the desired priority. Solar energy has served widely as a home lighting device. Solar energyhas also been used for drying and cooking food, powering computers, irrigation and drinkingwater systems but theses uses are very limited.

5


6/18

The overriding objective of Nepal's developmental effort is poverty alleviation. The Tenth Plansole objective is to achieve a remarkable and sustainable reduction in the poverty level in Nepalfrom 38% of the population at the beginning of the plan period to 30% by the end of the TenthPlan and further reduce the poverty ratio to 10% in about fifteen year's time. The national long-term vision of alternative energy sector as outlined in Nepal Poverty Reduction Strategy paper

explicitly recognizes the role of renewable energy technology in the socio economicdevelopment of rural people and aims at Accelerating economic development, improvingliving standard of rural people, increasing employment opportunities and maintaining

environmental sustainability through the development of rural energy systems." To realize thislong term vision the Tenth Plan has set the objective of renewable energy development as"developing and expanding alternative energy as a powerful tool for alleviating poverty,

raising purchasing power of the rural people by developing alternative energy technologies

based on the local resources, skill and increasing consumption of alternative energy andreducing dependency on imported energy by lowering the cost of installation through the

proper utilization of local resources and means. "

The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) emphasizes on: Increasing the consuming capacity of rural families by developing and extending the

alternative energy sources, seen as a powerful tool for poverty alleviation

Supplying energy for commercialization of the domestic needs and the professions of

rural population by developing alternative energy technologies based on local resourcesand tools.

Reducing dependency on imported energy sources and reducing negative environmental

effects by the proper use of resources and tools of local energy.

Improving and increasing the energy use competency and increasing the access of rural

people by reducing the cost of development and installation of alternative sources ofenergy.

In the current Tenth Five Year Plan, HMG/N plans installation of

52,000 units of solar PV home systems

200,000 biogas plants

250,000 improved cook stoves in 45 districts of Nepal

Installation of extra 10,000 kW (10 MW) of electric capacity through pico and micro

hydro installations within the plan period.

1.3.1 Gender Issues in Energy Policies

By the time the Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985) was ratified, HMG/N's emphasis on,women's involvement in all programs and projects, as well as recognition of the legalimpediment to their economic empowerment was quite clear. The Eight Five Year Plan (1992-1997) recognized the need for increasing women's representation at the decision making levelsin the government, non government and semi-government sectors, and for monitoring systemsfor gender discrimination at work. A suitable organization structure for coordination andmonitoring of activities relating to women was also envisaged. In spite of the gender

6


7/18


8/18

The distribution of micro-hydro units is influenced, among other things, by proximity to themanufacturer, the extent of development of the region, donor support, and the availability ofelectricity from NEA. From 1986 onwards the number of micro-hydro plants being installedwithin accessible areas of the country declined.At present, the NEA has no plans to constructnew hydropower plants in the micro range and thus rural areas, especially in the hills and

mountains, can only receive electricity through private utility micro-hydro plants. The successof privately summed Micro-Hydro plants largely depend upon the commercial end use as wellas the management capacity of the owner.

By the end of 2004, there are 1474 electrification plants -both pico and micro hydro- with atotal cumulative installed capacity of about 7998 kW serving about 80,000 households (Nepal2004).

The table below gives a simple overview of the poverty reduction impacts of micro hydro usedin different sectors in Nepal.

Poverty ReductionIndicator PRI in Householdsector PRI in IndustrialSector PRI in CommercialSector PRI in SociSector

Security (Income,employment credit)

Knowledge andInformation

Health Drudgery Reduction Empowerment/inclusion

Gender Equity Access to Services

EnvironmentalSustainability

Poverty Reduction Impact (PRI) of Micro Hydro Energy

Source: Study on Analysis of Rural Energy Programs with Respect to Their Linkages with Poverty Reduction

Conducted by Govinda Nepal for AEPC, April 2005

b. Solar Energy Technology

Solar energy has been used traditionally for drying such things as crops, clothes, fuel wood, andcrop residues. The solar energy potential in Nepal is estimated to be about 26 million MW.Currently there are two types of solar energy technology in the country: solar thermal systemsand solar photovoltaic (PV) systems.

Solar water heaters and solar dryers are the two main types of solar thermal devices. Of these,solar water heaters are popular in Kathmandu. These heaters are suitable for use throughout thecountry except in those regions that have long and harsh winters where the temperature fallsbelow freezing point. However, because of the high cost, this technology is too expensive formost people.

8


9/18


10/18

replace 3,830,000 litres of kerosene every year (Nepal 2004). There are 65 authorised biogascompanies involved in the installation of biogas plants in Nepal.

Despite biogas technology being fairly successful at present, a number of technical andinstitutional problems have emerged that will greatly retard diffusion of this technology. Lack

of adequate water supply required for operating the biogas plants in the hills and the mountainareas is often reported as a hindrance to the establishment of such plants. It is also found insome cases that the operation and maintenance of biogas plants has increased the workload forwomen, as they have to carry more water. Uniformity or standardization of design, installation,construction materials, or supply of accessories has not yet been achieved. Community levelbiogas plants have not yet been fully developed and promoted. There is still no competentbiogas development and promotion unit in the country. Costs are escalating and beyond theaffordable limit of poor households. The interaction between designers and end users is poor,which does not help to improve the design. (WECS 1996; Gongal and Shrestha 1998). If all theavailable dung were to be used for biogas, the potential biogas production would be around12,000 million m3 per year, which is equivalent to 29 million GJ (about 10% of the present

energy consumption) and the use of this dung would not affect agricultural productivity(WECS 1996).

The current state of development of biogas in Nepal is largely the result of incentives providedby His Majesty's Government (HMG/N). A plan for the installation of biogas plants was firstincorporated in the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90). During this plan period both capital andinterest subsidies for the biogas programme were provided by the government through theAgricultural Development Bank. This subsidy programme is now being continued with theassistance of the Government of the Netherlands. Cost effective designs, long-term biogasdevelopment programs, as well as institutional and credit/incentive mechanisms are required tofurther exploit their potential.

Poverty Reduction

Indicator

PRI in Household

sector

PRI in Industrial

Sector

PRI in Commercial

Sector

PRI in Soci

Sector



Health

Drudgery Reduction Empowerment/inclusion

Gender Equity

Access to ServicesEnvironmentalSustainability

Poverty Reduction Impact (PRI) of Biogas Energy


Conducted by Govind Nepal for AEPC, April 2005

10


11/18

d. Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)

Improved cooking stoves have the potential to save the fuel wood used for household cooking.About 11 million tonnes of fuel wood are burnt annually for cooking alone. Theoretically, it ispossible to reduce fuel wood consumption for cooking by 50 per cent. ICS have an efficiency

factor in the range of 15 to 30 per cent, whereas the efficiency of traditional mud stoves variesfrom 3 to 15 per cent. There are various types of ICS and the efficiency of these stoves varies(Bairacharya and Gongal 1998). The amount of fuelwood saved depends among other things onthe type of ICS, the condition of the fuel wood, the type and amount of food prepared, and thetype of pots used for cooking. Even with a low performance of 11 per cent fuel wood savings,estimates indicate that one ICS can save an average of 1 tonne of fuel wood annually.

Since the introduction of ICS in the early 1950s, more than 200,000 ICSs have been installed.However, the actual status of ICS currently in use is not available. After the initiation of AEPC/ESAP supported by the Danish Government assisted ICS promotion program in 1999, ICS isgaining popularity in the mid hills of Nepal. From 2001 as of March 2005, 125,498 ICS have

been installed in the country under this program in 33 districts (AEPC 2005).

Poverty Reduction

Indicator

PRI in Household

sector

PRI in Industrial

Sector

PRI in Commercial

Sector

PRI in Soci

Sector



Health

Drudgery Reduction

Empowerment/inclusion

Gender Equity Access to Services

EnvironmentalSustainability

Poverty Reduction Impact (PRI) of ICS


Conducted by Govind Nepal for AEPC, April 2005

e. Wind Power

This technology is still in its initial experiment phase. A wind power system was installed inKagbeni to generate about 20kW of electrical power (annual energy of 50MWh) but wasdamaged as a result of the poor design. The high installation cost (about US $6,800 per kWh)did not justify further development (WECS 1994).

11


12/18

1. Major Issues and Constraints in the Development and Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies

Various factors such as the wide geographical variability, lower literacy rate among the users and high cost factor are some of the majorissues associated with the promotion of sustainable energy in the country. The table below presents major issues and constraints associatein the development of promotion of specific renewable energy technology in the country.

RETs Technical Financial Policy and Institutional

Micro-Hydropower(MHP)

Most mill owners are not trained in

management

O&M Operation and Management ignored

Management aspect neglected in feasibilitystudies

The cost of feasibility studies borne by

manufacturers, studies are biased leading tovarious technical and socio-economic

problems

The high cost of the plants

and low load factors(below50%) of the plants

make projects economicallyunviable

Lack of data is another

constraint

Investment allocated to this sector is too meagre to have any impact

Lack of systematic monitoring and evaluation because of lack of inter

institutional linkages and coordination

Priority given to the projects themselves rather than to developmentalactivities for end-use devices

Biogas Quality of construction material and

monitoring differ among the companiesinstalling such plants

Poor performance as a result of inferior

construction material, selection of wrongsized, and negligence in construction andoperation

The main problem in family size plants is

low gas yield during the winter and rainyseasons.

The problems for community-sized plants

relate to ineffective management, sharing of

benefits etc.

Although biogas production

is superior to direct burningof cake (dung) in terms ofenergy utilisation (thermalefficiency of 60 per centagainst 11 per cent for dungcake), it can only be

profitable and attractive for

marginal farmers if a subsidyis provided along with

appropriate financingmechanism.

Biogas production will

become more popular asfuelwood becomes scarcer

Institutional gaps are the main bottleneck to promoting and carrying

out the government policy and programme smoothly

There is no research and development (R&D) institute to concentrate

on developing less expensive biogas plants

There is a need for a competent biogas development and promotion

unit with full authority for overall policy development, planning,

monitoring, evaluation, quality control, research, and training and ableto establish a functional linkage between the biogas related

organizations

More than 50 Private Biogas Companies actively engaged

Subsidy in the biogas installation decreased

ImprovedCookingStoves (ICS)

Holes for pots are too small to accommodate

the large pots used in many households

The baffle is too small to achieve good heat

transfer

ICS cannot provide both space heating and

cooking, especially important in the higherhills and mountains

ICS cannot handle agricultural biomass and

industrial residues

Inserts are too heavy and too fragile for

widespread dissemination in Nepal

ICS programmes are largely dependenton funding from external donors ratherthan on mobilisation of internal funds(weak financial sustain ability)

No national policy framework and programme direction integrating ICS

as a multisectoral component

AEPC has the overall responsibility for the development and promotion

of ICS which has been adopting subsidyless promotion of ICS

Five Renewable Energy Service Centers (RRESC) established under

the National ICS program provides institutional framework for ICS

Lack of extensive and continuous research

Overemphasis on achieving dissemination targets with little attention

given to extension and monitoring.

Lack of interaction between researchers, extension agencies, and policy

planners, as well as between producers and end users

12


13/18


14/18

1.6 Problems in Achieving Poverty Reduction Objectives of Renewable Energy in Nepal

14

Challenges to Meet Poverty Reduction Objectives of Renewable Energy

Challenges to Promote Productive End Uses Challenges to Increase Access to Energy

Low Affordabilityand Financial RiskBearing Capacity

Lack of Access toInformation/Sources of Information

Cultural BasedSocial Exclusion

Lack of HouseholdIncome BasedAssistance

Lack of AdequateInputs(Technical/Manage

Small Local Market Low or No cashIncome of the Local

Low Capability toCompete in Open

Subsistence Economy Unemployment andUnder Employment

Lack ofCompetitiveSkill

Lack ofCollateral

High rate oInterest

High TransportationCost of Non -LocalMaterials

Use ofIntermediateTechnology

Adopted from StudyAnalysis of Rural Energy Programs with Respect to Their Linkages with Poverty Reduction Conducted byGovind Nepal for AEPC, April 2005


15/18

1.7 Challenges in Integrating Energy and Rural Development

Attempts to promote rural development to eradicate poverty must include efforts to ensureenergy supply in rural area, not an end in itself but as an integral component. Ensuring basichuman needs lies at the core of the rural development concerns, and energy services to rural

people should be one of the central objectives. Following are the major challenges in Nepal tointegrate energy and rural development.

Overcoming lack of scale and difficulty of access

The small scale and wide geographical spread of rural settlements pose particular problems formeeting their development needs.

Satisfying basic and productive energy needs

The high incidence of rural poverty and low-income levels of the rural people mean thatsatisfying basic energy needs is much more critical in the rural context.

Meeting energy needs of the poorThe real challenge in meeting the energy needs of the rural poor is, of course, to remove ormitigate the conditions that perpetuate poverty.

Developing energy self-reliance

There are limits beyond which self-sufficiency cannot be pursued; economic development canstrengthen rural self-reliance by providing the means to access different energy options.

Managing rural energy transitions

Modernizing rural energy supplies means a higher degree of monetization of rural energymarkets and of rural economies as a whole.

Enhancing energy technology absorption capabilities

Rural energy users are required to not only adopt sophisticated technologies, but to also learn tooperate, maintain and utilize them effectively. Equipping them to accept such multiplicity ofroles is a major aspect of rural energy development.

Ensuring the sustainability of biomass energy sources

This call for a close understanding of the interrelationship between biomass productionprocesses and end-use activities, both for energy and non-energy applications, also, moreimportantly, land use changes.

15


16/18

1.8 Future Direction for Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies in Nepal

Need to encourage financial institutions for formulating effective and appropriate

policies, and to increase more and more financial institutions, besides the existing ones to

participate in the development of renewable energy sector in Nepal

Need to allocate adequate subsidies in a consistent manner to promote the renewable

energy sector. Subsidy allocation should be determined by the accessibility of the projectarea, and the appropriate method of energy generation.

Need to strengthen education and training in renewable energy, especially end users'

training, technical/vocational training and trainers' training.

Need to emphasize Research and Development works.

Need to execute awareness program targeted to policy makers, government officials,

entrepreneurs, social workers, consumers and people at District Development Committeeand Village development Committee levels.

16


17/18

Renewable Energy Database for Nepal

GeneralS.No Particulars Description

1 Population 23,500,000

2 No. of Rivers More than 6000 with about total length of 45,000 km

3 Theoretical potential of hydropower 83,000 MW4 Commercial potential of hydropower 42,000 MW (not necessarily environmentally acceptable)

5 Hydropower so far generated 600 MW (1.4 % of commercial potential)

6 Average sun shine hour/day 6.8 with intensity of solar insolation of about 4.5 kWh/m2/day

7 Wind mapping No

8 Total Energy Consumption 8.6 million TOE; about 15 GJ per capita per year

9 Share of Energy Supply

Biomass 86%

Petroleum 9%

Coal 2%

Electricity 2%

Renewable 1%

10 Share of Energy ConsumptionResidential 90%

Industrial 4%

Commercial 1%

Transport 4%

Agriculture 1%

11 Population Coverage by Electricity Supply

Central Grid 33%

Alternative energy 7%

Renewable Energy TechnologyS.No Technologies Description

1 Biomass Based Technologies

ICS 200,000 including national ICS program and other programsBiogas plant installation 128,223 units

Bee Hive Briquette Production (Microenterprise)

50 units

2 Solar Based Technologies

Solar pV Installation

For Public Utility (aviation,telecommunication, traffic, supply etc.)

1,000 kW

Solar Home system 57,875 units

For Water Pumping System 40 units

Solar Cooker (Parabolic Type) 800 units

Solar Dryer (Box and Cabinet Type) 500 units

Solar Water Heater (commercial) 35,000 units

3 Hydro Based Technologies (decentral)

Micro-hydro Systems (3 to 100 kW) 1100 units with about 13,900 kW Power

Pico-hydro Systems (Up to 3 kW)

Improved Water Mills 1092 under IWM support program of HMG/N since Jan 2003 toJune 2005 and around 1000 before that

Peltric Set 1000 units with about 1,800 kW Power

4 Wind Based Technologies

Installation of Wind Turbine Units Below 10

Installation of Wind Pump Units Below 10

17


18/18

References

1. Papers presented at the National training Workshop in the Integration of Energy andRural Development pf Policies and programs in Nepal, CRT/N and WECS, 2005.

2. A Study on Analysis of Rural Energy Programs with Respect to Their Linkages with

Poverty Reduction Conducted by Govind Nepal for AEPC, ESAP/DANIDA, April2005.3. Annual Progress Report, Alternative energy Promotion Centre 2003/2004.4. Proceedings of international Conference on Renewable Energy Technology for Rural

Development, 12-14 October 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal5. Case Study on Women in Water and Energy Management Practices, CRT/N, 2003.

18

nepal sust. energy poverty

Documents