neoclassical (ragini)

Sheet No 1

SignRagini SahuB.Arch 3 year14ARCH010ACA, Agra

Date12/02/17

NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

HOLKHAM HALLINTERIOR

• Holkham Hall is an 18th-century country house located adjacent to the village of Holkham, Norfolk, England. The house was constructed in the Palladian styleby the architect William Kent, aided by the architect and aristocrat Lord Burlington.

• The interior of the hall is opulently, but by the standards of the day, simply decorated and furnished. Ornament is used with such restraint that it was possible to decorate both private and state rooms in the same style, without oppressing the former.

• The principal entrance is through the Marble Hall, which is in fact made of pink Derbyshire alabaster; this leads to the piano nobile, or the first floor, and state rooms. The most impressive of these rooms is the Saloon, which has walls lined with red velvet. Each of the major state rooms is symmetrical in its layout and design; in some rooms, false doors are necessary to fully achieve this balanced effect.

• It has been described as "The finest Palladian interior in England." The grandeur of the interior is obtained with an absence of excessive ornament, and reflects Kent's career-long taste for "the eloquence of a plain surface".

• The room is over 50 feet (15 m) from floor to ceiling and is dominated by the broad white marble flight of steps leading to the surrounding gallery, or perihstyle: here alabaster Ionic columns support the coffered, gilded ceiling, copied from a design by Inigo Jones, inspired by the Pantheon in Rome. The fluted columns are thought to be replicas of those in the Temple of Fortuna Virilis, also in Rome. Around the hall are statues in niches; these are predominantly plaster copies of classical deities.

EXTERIOR

The marble hall

The Marble Hall coffered ceiling

The marble columns

PLANNING• The flanking wings contain service and secondary rooms—the

family wing to the south-west; the guest wing to the north-west; the chapel wing to the south-east; and the kitchen wing to the north-east. Each wing's external appearance is identical: three bays, each separated from the other by a narrow recess in the elevation.

• The grandest, the Saloon, is situated immediately behind the great portico, with its walls lined with patterned red caffoy (a mixture of wool, linen and silk) and a coffered, gilded ceiling. In this room hangs Rubens's Return from Egypt.

• The North Dining Room, a cube room of 27 feet (8.2 m) contains an Axminster carpet that perfectly mirrors the pattern of the ceiling above. A bust of Aelius Verus, is set in a niche in the wall of this room. A classical apse gives the room an almost temple air. The apse in fact, contains concealed access to the labyrinth of corridors and narrow stairs that lead to the distant kitchens and service areas of the house. Each corner of the east side of the principal block contains a square salon lit by a huge Venetian window, one of them—the Landscape Room—hung with paintings by Claude Lorrain and Gaspar Poussin.

• Rooms have symmetrical walls, even where this involves matching real with false doors. The major rooms also have elaborate white and multi-coloured marble fireplaces, most with carvings and sculpture in the Statue Gallery. Much of the furniture in the state rooms is in a stately classicising baroque manner.

• The Green State bedroom is the principal bedroom decorated with paintings and tapestries.

• Holkham Hall. The severely Palladian south facade with its Ionic portico is devoid of arms or motif; not even a blind window is allowed to break the void between the windows and roof-line, while the lower windows are mere piercings in the stark brickwork. The only ornamentation is from the two terminating Venetian windows.

• The external appearance of is a huge Roman palace. Holkham is a Palladian house, and yet even by Palladian standards the external appearance is austere and devoid of ornamentation.

• Each bay is surmounted by an unadorned pediment. The composition of stone, recesses, varying pediments and chimneys of the four blocks is almost reminiscent of the English Baroque style.

• The one storey porch at the main north entrance was designed in the 1850s by Samuel Sanders Teulon.

• On the ground floor, the rusticated walls are pierced by small windows more reminiscent of a prison than a grand house..

Holkham Hall. The severely Palladian south facade with its Ionic portico is devoid of arms or motif; not even a blind window is allowed to break the void between the windows and roof-line, while the lower windows are mere piercings in the stark brickwork. The only hint of ornamentation is from the two terminating Venetian windows.

No ornamentation at the pediment

6 ionic columns used at the portico

Use of venetian windows

Flanking rectangular blocks

Unadorned pediment

Venetian window

View of holkham hall

View of the Green State bedroom

Section of holkham hall

Simplified, unscaled plan of the piano nobile at Holkham, showing the four symmetrical wings at each corner of the principal block. South is at the top of the plan. 'A' Marble Hall; 'B' The Saloon; 'C' Statue Gallery, with octagonal tribunes at each end; 'D' Dining room (the classical apse, gives access to the tortuous and discreet route by which the food reached the dining room from the distant kitchen), 'E' The South Portico; 'F' The Library in the self-contained family wing IV. 'L' Green State Bedroom; 'O' Chapel.

• This event was commemorated by the construction in 1730 of the obelisk, 80 feet (24 m) in height, standing on the highest point in the park.

• It is located over half a mile to the south and on axis with the centre of the house.

• An avenue of trees stretches over a mile south of the obelisk. Thousands of trees were planted on what had been windswept land; by 1770 the park covered 1,500 acres (6.1 km2).

Sheet No 2


Date12/02/17


UNITED STATES CAPITOL BUILDING

EXTERIOR• The Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white

exterior. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries.

• The original building was expanded with the addition of the massive dome.

• U.S. Capitol Building has over 600 rooms.• The U.S. Capitol combines function with aesthetics. Its designs

derived from ancient Greece and Rome evoke the ideals that guided the nation's founders as they framed their new republic. As the building was expanded from its original design, harmony with the existing portions was carefully maintained.

• Its length, from north to south, is 751 feet 4 inches; its greatest width, including approaches, is 350 feet. Its height above the base line on the east front to the top of the Statue of Freedom is 288 feet. The building contains approximately 540 rooms and has 658 windows (108 in the dome alone) and approximately 850 doorways.

• Marble is used for exteriors instead of sandstone as it deteriorates quickly. Stone work has been changed to georgia marble.

• Freedom is a colossal bronze standing figure 19½ feet (6 meters) tall • She is a female allegorical figure whose right hand holds the hilt of a

sheathed sword while a laurel wreath of victory and the Shield of the United States are clasped in her left hand.

INTERIOR

Statue of freedom

Pediment having resemblance to parthenon

Copper covered dome

White facade

88 M

29 M

Use of columns like in Pantheon

• The Capitol has a long history in art of the United States, beginning in 1856 with Italian/Greek American artist Constantino Brumidi and his murals in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as the Brumidi Corridors, reflect great moments and people in United States history.

• The current Senate Chamber opened in 1859 and is adorned with white marble busts of the former Presidents of the Senate (Vice Presidents).

• A late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31, 1793, to much praise for its "Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty" by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the center portion of the design.

PLANNING• The U.S. Capitol Building is

divided into five levels. The first, or ground, floor is occupied chiefly by committee rooms and the spaces allocated to various congressional officers. The areas accessible to visitors on this level include the Hall of Columns, the Brumidi Corridors, the restored Old Supreme Court Chamber, and the Crypt beneath the Rotunda, where historical exhibits are presented.

• The second floor holds the Chambers of the House of Representatives (in the south wing) and the Senate (in the north wing) as well as the offices of the congressional leadership. This floor also contains three major public areas. In the center under the dome is the Rotunda, a circular ceremonial space that also serves as a gallery of paintings and sculpture depicting significant people and events in the nation's history. The Rotunda is 96 feet in diameter and rises 180 feet 3 inches to the canopy.

• The third floor allows access to the galleries from which visitors to the Capitol Building may watch the proceedings of the House and the Senate when Congress is in session. The rest of this floor is occupied by offices, committee rooms and press galleries.

• The fourth floor and the basement/terrace level of the U.S. Capitol are occupied by offices, machinery rooms, workshops and other support areas.

Sheet No 3


Date12/02/17


BRITISH MUSEUM

14 M

Use of false pediment

pinnacle creating a vertical axis that bisects the main entrance way

Same 8 number of columns as in parthenon

scrolled capitals of the ionic order

Elevation of british museum

• The external architecture of the Museum was designed to reflect the purpose of the building. The monumental South entrance, with its stairs, colonnade and pediment, was intended to reflect the wondrous objects housed inside. The design of the columns has been borrowed from ancient Greek temples, and the pediment at the top of the building is a common feature of classical Greek architecture. The east and west residences (to the left and right of the entrance) have a more modest exterior. This is an example of mid-nineteenth century domestic architecture and reflects the domestic purpose of these wings. They housed the Museum’s employees, who originally lived on site.

• White building had two requests about the design of the building: that it had a monumental entrance (the steps which run up to the entrance) and an inscription (which is above the doorway). These can both be seen from Montague Street.

EXTERIOR

FLOOR PLANS

• The building was constructed using up-to-the-minute 1820s technology. Built on a concrete floor, the frame of the building was made from cast iron and filled in with London stock brick. The public facing sections of the building were covered in a layer of Portland stone.

MATERIALS USED

INTERIOR• The Weston Hall was designed by Sydney Smirke, who took over from his

brother, Sir Robert Smirke, in 1845. The patterns and colours on the ceiling of the Weston Hall were borrowed from classical Greek buildings, which would have been brightly decorated. The electric lamps in the entrance hall are replicas of the original lighting lamps in the Museum. The Museum was the first public building to be electrically lit.

• It followed that the Great Court offer an urban experience in microcosm. Unlike other museums, where the first thing you see is the gift shop, as you enter the Great Court from the south, the drum of The Reading Room sits before you In the courtyard like rotunda surrounded by the hustle and bustle of the Museum.Greats Court is more that a restoration, it is creation of something powerful distinctively new. It mixes urban design and architecture and confronts the language of classism with computer generated computer design.

• Beneath Its own glass sky the Great Court has created new ways of accessing and enjoying the Museum's collections and has pioneered patterns of social use hitherto unknown within this or any other museum. The Great Court is a new kind of civic space -a cultural plaza - which people are invited to use and enjoy from early in the morning to late at night In a crowded city and a busy Museum it is an oasis.

Entablature (detail) Robert Smirke, The British Museum, 1823-57 (London)

• The Greek Revival façade facing Great Russell Street is a characteristic building of Sir Robert Smirke, with 44 columns in the Ionic order 45 ft (14 m) high, closely based on those of the temple of Athena Polias at Priene in Asia Minor. The pediment over the main entrance is decorated by sculptures by Sir Richard Westmacott depicting The Progress of Civilisation, consisting of fifteen allegorical figures, installed in 1852.

• The Greek Revival façade facing Great Russell Street is a characteristic building of Sir Robert Smirke, with 44 columns in the Ionic order 45 ft (14 m) high, closely based on those of the temple of Athena Polias at Priene in Asia Minor. The pediment over the main entrance is decorated by sculptures by Sir Richard Westmacott depicting The Progress of Civilisation, consisting of fifteen allegorical figures, installed in 1852.

• • The entablature (the entire horizontal area carried by the columns) is composed of a tripartite architrave (the lowest part of the entablature) with a blind frieze above (without sculptural decoration) and a dentilated cornice (dentils are the repeated blocks forming a pattern at the base of the cornice)—all running in an unbroken chain around the whole length of the south portico

neoclassical (ragini)

Education