NEELKANTH VIDYAPEETH RESIDENTIAL

SCHOOL

CLASS 11- HOLIDAY TASK

WORD MAP

SYNONYM ANTONYM

WORD

OTHER FORMS OF

THE WORD

DICTIONARY

DEFINITION

SENTENCE OR PHRASE USING THE WORD FROM THE TEXTBOOK

OWN SENTENCE

NOTE:

Students need to write 10 words every day (10X20days=200 words) with reference to English textbook.

You must follow the above format strictly. You can either use A4 sheets or 200pages notebook. You have to learn all these words and their usage as various competitions are

going to be held after the vacation based on the learnt vocabulary.

NEELKANTH VIDYAPEETH RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL

Class: XI HOLIDAY TASK 20 DAYS

Subject: English 04-OCT-2019 MARKS: 10

1. Research on the Egyptians civilizations –with particular reference to

Tut‟s Mummy and its discovery. Stick pictures.

2. Research on Khushwant Singh‟s life and works. Find out about the role

of Khushwant Singh‟s father in building Delhi.

3. Research on sailing terminology and parts of a boat and gather

information about Isle Amsterdam.

4. Design a poster as an appeal for conserving water as most parts of

India are facing serious problems and have been hit by drought.

5. Cut out 5 clippings of Classified Ads under the heads –

For sale

To-let

Situation vacant

For matrimonial

Pets / kennels

6. Record your feelings in the diary for 20 days on how you spent your Dussehra vacation. Use two new words in every day‟s diary entry and

underline them.

7. Read at least two works of fiction of your choice. You may purchase the books from the following sites:

http://www.flipkart.com/books http://www.amazon.in/literature-fiction-

books/b?ie=UTF8&node=1318157031

8. Watch at least 3 English films. You may look at the following list for

ideas:

a) Schindler's List.

b) Gandhi.

c) Hotel Rwanda.

d) Erin Brockovich.

e) The Sound of Music.

f) West Side Story.

g) Inception

h) Gravity

i) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull

j) Hugo

k) Hook

l) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade

m) Life of Pi

n) Labyrinth

o) Journey 2: The Mysterious Island

p) Interstellar

NOTE: The Holiday Homework should be done in Assignment book.

PHYSICS

1. Investigatory Project work the topic of own interest:

a. Working Model. B. Project File.

2. Solve Half-Yearly Question paper.

3. Solve the Following Question Answers From Dinesh Publications Reference Book.

Day Date Page.Nos Topic Exercise Problems to Practice

CHEMISTRY

1. Solve the questions from the chapters given below (From Reference book Arihanth- chemistry)

Chapter-2, 3, 4, 9 & 10

(Pg no- 100, 101, 136, 137, 140, 141, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 180, 181, 182, 183, 422,423, 424, 489, 490)

Note:- Should be done in a separate long book.

01 10-Oct 179-180 Kinematics Type A- Distance and Displacement

02 11-Oct 180-186 ,, Type B- Speed and Velocity

03 12-Oct 186-188 ,, Type C- Acceleration

04 13-Oct 188-193 ,, Type D-Equations of Motion

05 14-Oct 193-196 ,, Type E- Freely Falling Bodies

06 15-Oct 196-207 ,, Type F-Relative Velocity(Straight Line)

07 16-Oct 283-289 Scalars&Vectors Type A- Vector Addition

08 17-Oct 289-291 ,, Type B- Rectangular Components of Vectors

09 18-Oct 292-295 ,, Type C- Relative Velocity(In Vectors)

10 19-Oct 295-299 ,, Type D- Dot Product of Two Vectors

11 20-Oct 299-301 ,, Type E- Cross Product of Two Vectors

12 21-Oct 334-337 Projectile Type A-Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration

13 22-Oct 337-341 ,, Type B- Projectile Fired Horizontally

14 23-Oct 341-350 ,, Type C- Projectile Fired at an Angle With the Horizontal

15 24-Oct 350-352 ,, Type D- Angular Speed & Centripetal Acceleration

16 25-Oct 415-418 Laws Of Motion Type A- F=ma

17 26-Oct 418-423 ,, Type B- Application of Newton’s Law of Motion

18 27-Oct 423-426 ,, Type C- The Law of Conservation Of Linear Momentum

19 28-Oct 426-430 ,, Type D-Impulse

20 29-Oct 430-439 ,, Type E- Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces

Subject: BIOLOGY (Half yearly) 3/10/2019 Max. Marks: 70

Class: XI (set 1)

Duration: 3 hrs

SECTION A

1. Name the three fields of systematics.

OR What are the three codes of nomenclatures?

Ans. Nomenclature, classification & taxonomy

OR

International code of botanical, zoological & bacteriological nomenclature.

2. Define species

Ans. Members that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. 3. Name seedless vascular plants.

Ans. Pteridophytes.

4. What is placentation?

Ans. The arrangement of ovule in the ovary is called placentation.

5. What do you mean by the term malnutrition? OR

Define vital capacity.

Ans. The stale of health due to improper intake of food or nutrients. It covers both under

nutrition as well as over nutrition.

OR

Vital Capacity is the volume of air breathed out by a maximum forceful expiration. SECTION B

6. What are the advantages of giving scientific names of the organisms?

OR

Differentiate between species & taxon?

Ans.

(i) Scientific names are universally accepted in the world because they are based on

same principles that are universal.

(ii) The advantage of a technical term is the relationship & comparison too the

others.

OR

SPECIES TAXON

i)It is the basic taxonomic category i)It is a level of taxonomic category

ii)It is a rank ii) It is a group of concrete biological aspects

iii) It is monophylectic iii) It may be mono or polyphylectic.

7. What is the basis of modern classification? Ans

.

Modern taxonomy is based on :-

(i)Evolutionary relationship.

(ii)The similarities in the genetic codes of species.

(iii) Ecological characters.

8. Differentiate between Red algae & brown algae?

Ans.

RED ALGAE BROWN ALGAE

i) mostly unicellular & microscopic i) filamentous & heterotrichous.

ii) Phycoerythrin, phycocyanin & phycobilin

pigments are present. ii) fucoxanthin pigment is present.

Ii iii) Reserve food material is Floridian starch

iii) Reserve food material is Laminarian starch.

iv) chlorophyll „a‟ present iv) chlorophyll „a‟ absent

v) eg. Gelidium, polysiphonia v) Laminaria, focus & sargassum

9. Distinguish between bony fish & cartilaginous fish.

OR

Outline the role of coelom in animals.

Ans

.

Bony fishes Cartilaginous fishes

i) They are called osteichthyes i) They are called chondrichthyes.

ii) Their endoskeleton is bony. ii) Their endoskeleton is cartilaginous.

iii) They are found in sea & fresh water

both. iii) All are marine forms.

iv) They have swim bladder. iv) They have five pairs of gills

v) Gills are covered by opercula. v) operaculum absent

OR

Coelom is the space between body wall & alimentary canal of organisms it is lined by

mesoderm. Visceral organs lie in the coelom. Flatworm does not have coelom. Hence they are called acoelamata. Pseudocoelom is found in the round worm. Annelids are

coelomate animals.

10. Differentiate between epigynous & perigynous flowers.

Ans

. Epigynous flowers Perigynous flowers

i) The thalamus is cup shaped & is fused

with the ovary so that floral parts rise on

the top of ovary.

i) The thalamus is cup-shaped structure

around the ovary but is not fused &

bears sepals, petals & stamens.

ii) Ovary is inferior eg. Apple, cucumber ii) Ovary is half inferior eg. Rose.

11. Differentiate between xylem & phloem.

Ans.

PHLOEM XYLEM

i) conduction of food i) conduction of water & minerals

ii) Phloem fibres are dead, sieve tube, companion. Cells and phyoem

pareuchyma are living

ii) Tracheids, vessels & sclerenchyma are dead. Xylem parenchyma are living.

iii) It occurs in small quantity iii) It occurs in large quantity.

12. What is the difference between carbaminohaemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin.

Ans

. Oxyhaemoglobin Carbominohaemoglobin

It is formed by the combination of

oxygen with the Fe2+part of

haemoglobin.

It is formed by the combination of carbon

dioxide with the amine radical of

haemoglobin.

It formation occurs on the alveolar

surface. Its formation occurs in the tissues.

SECTION C

13. State any five objectives of classification.

Ans

.

Objectives of classification:-

(i)Development of a system for easily identifying a species if known or unknown

(ii)The description of various species.

(iii)Recognition of different species. iv)To bring circulated characteristics at various levels in hierarchy.

(v)The grouping of species in taxonomic classification.

(vi)To establish natural relationship board on phylogeny on the basis of resemblances

of the organisms of the organisms.

14. Enlist the main characteristics & examples of plylum porifera. OR

What are the basis of classification of animalia ?

Ans

.

(i)They are commonly called as sponges

(ii)They are generally marine, diploblastic, bilerally symmetrical

(iii)They have water transport mechanism

(iv)They are very primitive multi-cellular animals with cellular level of organization. (v)Water can enter by pores Ostia in body wall directly or through canal into

spongocoel. From it goes out by means of osculum. It is called canal system

(vi)The digestion is intracellular

(vii)Body is supported by a skeleton which consists of spicules

(viii)Sexes are not separate (ix)They reproduce asexually by fragmentation or sexually by formation of gametes

(x)Fertilization is internal example- euplectella, Sycon, Spongilla, Euspongia

OR

Animals are classified on the basis of following characteristics:-

(i)Notochord:- It is a rod – like structure found on in the chordates. Non – chordates do

not have it (ii)Symmetry:- It is the plan of arrangement of body parts.” There are three types

asymmetric, radially symmetrical & bilaterally symmetrical.

(iii)Organisation:- Animals have cellular grade of organization. Their bodies are made

up of cell others have tissues organs & organ system.

(iv)Embryonic layers:- Ectoderm, mesoderm& endoderm give rise to different organs in

the body. These are called germinal layers. Some animals are diploblastic eg. sponges but others are triploblastic having three germinal layers.

15. What are the major divisions of classification, classify man.

Ans

.

(i)Kingdom:- It is the highest category of classification. There are 2 kingdom – Animal &

plant kingdom.

(ii)Phylum:- A group of closely related classes having certain common characters. (iii)Class:- A group of closely related orders having certain common characters.

(iv)Order:- A group of closely related families having certain common characters.

(v) Family:- A group of closely related genera having certain common characters.

(vi)Genus:- A group of closely related species having certain common characters.

(vii)Species:- Individuals having certain common characters.

Classification of man:- Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordate

Class Mammalia

Order Primates

Family Hominidae Genus Homo

Species Sapiens

16. Describe the sub- aerial modifications of stem.

OR

Explain with examples. What are the different modifications of adventitious roots? Ans

.

The main function of sub-aerial modification of stems is vegetative propagation. They

are of following types:-

(i)RUNNERS:- These stems are long & thin with branches which creep along the

ground & develop root at the nodes. Many such branches are produced by mother

plant & they spread out in all direction. They may break off & start living as

independent plants eg. oxalis, doob grass. (ii)STOLON:- This is also a thin lateral branch which arises from the base of stem. It

grows upward & bent down again developing roots at the tip & producing a bud. The

bud grows into a new plant eg. mint, strawberry.

(iii)OFFSET:- This is a thickened horizontal branch arising in the axil of a lower leaf. It

is a short branch which produces a cluster of leaves above & tufts of roots below.

Offset can break off from mother plant & start living independent life. Eg. Water lettuce, water hyacinth.

(iv)SUCKER:- The sucker is a lateral branch which develops from underground part of

stem. It grows upward in obliquely manner & directly give rise to new plant eg. banana,

pineapple.

OR MODIFICATIONS OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS:-

(i)TUBEROUS:- It is swollen root & shapeless occurring singly eg. sweet potato.

(ii)FASCICULATED:- Several tuberous roots arise from the same place in a cluster eg.

dahlia, Asparagus.

(iii)BEADED ROOTS:- These roots have swollen parts at frequent intervals eg.

portulaca, vitis. (iv)PROP ROOTS:- These are pillars like roots hanging vertically downward from aerial branch of plant eg. Banyan tree.

(v)STILT ROOTS:- The roots are short which grow obliquely from near the base of the

main stem & they provide anchorage & support to the stem eg. sugarcane, maize,

sorghum. (vi)PARASITIC ROOTS:- These roots penetrate into the host cells & absorb

nutrients from host tree eg. cuscutta.

(vii)ASSIMTLATORY ROOTS:- Adventitious roots in certain plants become green to

carry out photosynthesis & are called assimilatory roots eg. tinospora, trapa.

17. Distinguish between bacteria & cyanobacteria? Ans

. BACTERIA CYANOBACTERIA

i) cells are comparatively smaller i) Cells are comparatively larger.

ii) They have lesser structural elaboration ii) They exhibit high degree of morphological complexity & structural elaboration.

iii) Most bacteria have flagella iii) Do not have flagella.

iv) Are autotrophic & heterotrophic both iv) Are autotrophic.

v) Possess bacteriochlorophyll v) Possess chlorophyll.

vi) Reserve food is glycogen vi) reserve food is starch like cyanophycean

starch

18. List common modes of reproduction in Algae?

Ans

.

Reproduction in algae occurs by the following method:-

(i)Vegetative reproduction:- It occurs by fragmentation, zoospores, aplanospares

palmella stages etc. akinites are also formed in asexual reproduction. (ii)Sexual Reproduotion in chlamydomonas:- In chlamydomonas, the flagellated &

motile gametes which are isogamous unite to form a quadriflagellate zygote. It is

converted into zygospore. When the flagella are lost & a cyst wall is formed around it

zygospore germinate by meiosis to form four haploid meiospores.

(iii)Palmella stage:- If the conditions are unfavourable, the daughter cells instead of

forming zoospore divided repeatedly into numerous cells. Their walls become gelatinous & cells remains together. This stage is called palmella stage. On return of

favourable conditions, the cells inside the gelatinous mass & develop cilia.

(iv) Asexual Reproduction in chlamydomonas:- It takes place by formation of zoospores

In the formation of zoospores, the cilia from chlamydomonas are withdrawn. The cell

content divide into 4 & 8 daughter cells. In this way, they become motile & called as zoospores.

19. Explain the mechanism of breathing in humans.

OR

How would it affect the digestion of proteins if there is blockade in the pancreatic duct?

Ans. The mechanism of breathing in human involves breathing in of air in the lungs and

breathing out of air from lungs thoracic cavity. The form is called inspiration and

later expiration. The lungs are located in the closed thoracic cavity. A muscular

partition called diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

During inspiration the diaphragm is lowered due to contraction intercostals muscle. This result into the increase of volume of thorax causing fall of air pressure in the

thoracic cavity lowers the pressure in the lungs and the air rushes from outside into

lungs through external nares, trachea & bronchi. During expiration the diaphragm

move upward and the lateral thoracic walls move inwards due to the relaxation of

muscles of diaphragm and the intercoastals muscles. This decrease the volume of thorax and the pressure inside the thorax and lungs is increased which results in the

expulsion of some of air from the lungs to the atmosphere outside the body.

OR

Pancreatic duct in addition to pancreatic juice brings bile juice also. The pancreatic

juice contains many enzymes which are as fallows

a) Trypsin – It acts on protein, proteases and peptones and converts them into amino acids.

b) Amylopsin – It acts on starch and converts it into soluble sugars.

c) steapsin or lipase – It emulsify the fats and convert them into fatty acids and

glycerol. Hence, if there is a blockade in the pancreatic duct then there will be no

digestion of proteins, fats and starch because the digestive enzymes will be absent. 20. Differentiate between Simple leaf & Compound leaf

Ans. Simple leaf Compound leaf

The lamina is not divided into distent lobes or leaflets

The lamina is incised into two or mote distinct leaflets.

Auxiliary bud is present Individual leaf lets ddonot have axillary buds

The base of the leaf may contain stipule Stipule may be present in compound leaf but absent at the base of leaflet

They present in one or more plane Leaflets are present in one plane only

21. Describe the various types of placentations found in flowering plants & represent diagrammatically.

Ans. The various types of placentations found in flowering plants are:-

(i)MARGINAL:- Ovary one chambered and ovules lies along the margin of the ovary eg.

pea & gram

(ii)PARIETAL:- Ovary one chambered and ovules lies at the level of the fusion of the fusion of the carpels. Eg. mustard.

(iii)AXILE:- Ovary many chambered and ovules are attached to the central column eg.

onion & lemon.

(iv)FREE CENTRAL:- Ovary one chambered and at the centre it bears many ovules eg.

Dianthus, Primula.

(v) BASAL:- Ovary one chambered and ovules develop on the thalamus eg. sunflower. (vi)SUPERFICIAL:- Ovary is multilocular & syncarpous. Ovules develop on the minor

surface of the ovary. Eg. Nymphea.

Types of placentation :(a) Marginal (b) Axile (c) Parietal (d) Free central (e) Basal

22. Difference between spadix and capitulum

Ans. Spadix Capitulum

Thick and fleshy Shortened to form receptacle

Leafy bracts or spathe present Bract form involucre

Both male and female flowers are

separated by sterile portion

Disc and ray flowers are present

23. Explain the structure & function of collenchyma

OR

What are sieve elements? Explain their types & functions.

Ans. Collenchymas has polygonal cells & has unevenly thickened walls which are prominent at the corners. It is an example of simple tissue. Cells are more or less

elongated with primary, non-lignified cell wall. The wall thickening is primary in

nature & is composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses & pectin materials with high

percentage of water. The thickening may be primarily at the corners or angles of the

cells. They are found mostly in the hypodermis of herbaceous dicots in the form of

homogenous layers or in the patches. FUNCTION:- The main function of this tissue is to give strength to the plant parts.

They also provide elasticity & support to the growing organs. OR

Sieve elements are the parts of phloem. They are meant for translocation &

conduction of food material. Sieve elements are of two types:-

(a)Sieve cells:- sieve cells are present in pteridophytes and gymnosperms. The cell

wall is perforated. There are sieve plates throughout end walls & lateral walls.

(b)Sieve tubes:- sieve tubes are present in angiosperms. Many sieve cells are

connected to each-other to form a channel. There are sieve plates of the walls. 24. Describe the major disordered of human digestive system.

Ans

.

Digestive System Diseases

Crohn disease. Crohn disease, chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, usually occurring in the terminal portion of the ileum, the region of the small intestine

farthest from the stomach.

Cholera. Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae

Jaundice. Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes caused by increased amounts of bilirubin in the blood. Jaundice is

a sign of an underlying disease process. Bilirubin is a by-product of the daily natural

breakdown and destruction of red blood cells in the body.

Gastroenteritis. stomach and intestines are irritated and inflamed. The cause is typically a viral or bacterial infection.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease. One common cause of acid reflux disease is a stomach abnormality called a hiatal hernia, which can occur in people of any age. A

hiatal hernia happens when the upper part of the stomach and LES (lower esophageal sphincter) move above the diaphragm. This is the muscle wall

separating your stomach from your chest.

Dysentery. Dysentery is an inflammatory disease of the intestine, especially of the colon, which always results in severe diarrhea and abdominal pains. Other symptoms

may include fever and a feeling of incomplete defecation. The disease is caused by

several types of infectious pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites.

Appendicitis. Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a finger-shaped pouch that projects from your colon on the lower right side of your

abdomen. Appendicitis causes pain in your lower right abdomen. However, in most

people, pain begins around the navel and then moves.

SECTION D

25. Classify plant kingdom? OR

How are non chordates different from chordates. Write the major phyla of nonchordate & give

examples.

A

ns

.

(i)Thallophytic:- plant body is thallus i.e. not differentiated into root, stem & leaves eg. chlorella, ulothrix, spirogyra etc.

(ii)Bryophyta:- Amphibious in habit, water is necessary for fertilization, Vascular tissues are

absent eg. Riccia, Marchantia, funaria.

(iii)Pteridophyta:- plant body is differentiated into distinct underground stem like rhizome bearing

roots & aerial shoots with leaves. They are called “primitive vascular plants “ eg. equistem, Adiantum, pteris

(iv)Gymnosperm:- seeds are naked eg. cycas, pinus, cedars

(v)Angiosperm:- seeds are protected inside the friuts eg.(i) monocotyledones eg. grass, maize, rice

& (ii). Dicotyledons eg gram, pea, sunflower.

OR

Non - Chordates Chordates

i) Notochord is present i) Notochord is absent

ii) Central Nervous system dorsal, hollow &

single.

ii) Central nervous system is ventral

solid & double

iii) Pharynx is perforated by slits iii) Gill slits absent

iv) Heart Ventral iv) Heart dorsal

v) A post anal metamerically segmented tail present

v) Terminal part unsegmented

Major phyla of non – chordates are:-

(i)Phylum - porifera:- adults sessile having cellular grade of organization & body is porous eg.

Spongilla.

(ii)Phylum – coelentrata:- Radially symmetrical & tentacles present in polyps & medusa eg.

Aurelia. (iii)Phylum – Platyhelminthes:- Dorsoventrally flattened & organ of excretion is

protonephridia eg. Taenia.

(iv)Phylum - Nematoda:- Parasitic forms with elongated round body eg. Enterobius.

(v)Phylum - Annlida:- Body metamerically segmented eg. Hiduneria.

(vi)Phylumn - Arthopoda:- Exoskeleton of chitin, Jointed appendages eg. Bombax mori (vii)Phylum – Mollusc:- soft bodies shelled animals having foot, mantle & visceral mass eg. chiton

(viii)Phylum – Echinodermata:- Exclusively marine having spiny skin & water vascular system

with tube feet eg. ophiothrix.

26. Describe the internal structure of a monocot root with the help of a labeled diagram.

OR

Describe the composition of bile and state its functions. An

s.

A T.S. of monocot root shows the following tissues:-

(a)EPIDERMIS:- It is the outermost layer of root having no intercellular spaces stomata & cuticle. It

bears unicellular root hairs.

(b)CORTEX:- It is present beneath the epidermis. It consists of many layers of

parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces. (c)ENDODERMIS:- It is the innermost layer of cortex. Its cells are barrel shaped with casparian

strips on their antinunal walls. The passage cells are seen just opposite the protoxylem ends.

(d)PERICYCLE:- It consists of single layer of thin walled parenchymatous cells.

(e)VASCULAR BUNDLE:- The vascular bundles are radial, alternating xylem & phloem. The xylem &

phloem bundles are always more than six. The xylem is exarch in condition. The central portion is occupied by large pith of parechyomatous cells. The conjuctive tissue is found between the xylem &

phloem strand.

OR The composition of hepatic bile is 97% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol,

fatty acids, and lecithin), and 200 meq/l inorganic salts

Bile or gall acts to some extent as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the lipids in food. Bile

salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side; consequently, they tend to

aggregate around droplets of lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) to form micelles, with the hydrophobic

sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards. The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged, and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat

particles. Ordinarily, the micelles in the duodenum have a diameter around 14–33 μm. The

dispersion of food fat into micelles provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the

enzyme pancreatic lipase, which actually digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core

through gaps between the bile salts. A triglyceride is broken down into two fatty acids and

a monoglyceride, which are absorbed by the villi on the intestine walls. After being transferred across

the intestinal membrane, the fatty acids reform into triglycerides (re-esterified), before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through lacteals. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food

would be excreted in faeces, undigested.

Since bile increases the absorption of fats, it is an important part of the absorption of the fat-soluble

substances. such as the vitamins A, D, E, and K. Besides its digestive function, bile serves also as the

route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver. Bilirubin derives

from hemoglobin by glucuronidation.

Bile tends to be alkali on average. The pH of common duct bile (7.50 to 8.05) is higher than that of the

corresponding gallbladder bile (6.80 to 7.65). Bile in the gallbladder becomes more acidic the longer a

person goes without eating, though resting slows this fall in pH. As an alkali, it also has the function

of neutralizing excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine.

Bile salts also act as bactericides, destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food

27. Describe the aerial modifications of stem. OR

Name the enzymes for protein digestion in the gastric, pancreatic and intestinal, the

substrate they digest and products of their action. An

s.

AERIAL MODIFICATIONS OF STEM INCLUDES:-

1.STEM TENDRIL:- Stem tendrils are thin leafless slender & spirally coiled structures which develop

from auxiliary buds. They help the plant such as cucumber, water melon, grape vine etc. to climb. 2.STEM THORN:- sometimes the auxiliary buds grows into hard, woody straight & pointedstructures

called thorns. It arises in the axil of leaf or at the tip of branch. Sometimes thorn 6 bears leaves also.

They are commonly found on plants eg. citrus durantha, Bougainvillea etc.

3.PHYLLOCLADE:- It is the green flattened or cylindrical stem which takes the form and function of

leaf. They contain chlorophyll & carry photosynthesis. They have many nodes & internodes. Their true leaves are reduced, spines or scales. It is commonly found in xerophytic plants eg. opuntia,

epiphyllum etc.

4.CLADODE:- This is a phylloclade of limited growth which develops, from the node of the stem or

branch & in the axil of a scale leaf eg. asparagus, Ruscus, asculentus etc. cladodes are green flat &

leaf like structures which carry on photosynthesis. 5.BULBILS:- This is a modified vegetative or floral bud meant for the production of a new plant. It

detaches itself from mother plant & grows into an independent plant. Bulbils are found in oxalis,

Agava american, Lilium etc.

OR

Juices Enzymes Substrates Products

1 Gastric

Juice Pepsin Renin

Proteins, casein (milk)

casein

Peptones, Paracasein

(curd) Para casein

2 Pancreatic

Juice

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

Carboxypeptidase

Protein

ii) Chymotrypsinogen (inactive)

iii)Procarboxypeptidases

(inactive)

iv)Protelactase (inactive)

v) Fibrinogen (blood) casein

Peptides

Peptides

Chymotrypsin (active) Carboxy peptidases

(active)

Elactase (active)

Fibrin (clot)

Paracasein Small peptides, amino

acids

3 Intestinal

Juice

Enterokinase

Amino peptidases

Dipeptidases

Trypsinogen (inactive)

Peptides

Dipeptides

Trysin (active)

small peptides, amino

acid

Amino acids.

SECTION A

13. Give the two name system of organisms?

OR

Name the highest categories of classification?

Ans. Binomial Nomenclature

OR Kingdom.

14. Expand PPLO.

Ans. Pleuropneumonia like organisms.

15. Which pigment is responsible for red colour of red algae?

Ans. Phycobilin, phycoerythrin & phycocyanin. 16. Which part of mango fruit is edible?

Ans. Mesocarp

17. Which is the largest gland in our body?

OR

What is the difference between alveolar air and inspired air?

Ans. Liver. OR

Alveolar air – The air present in the alveoli.

Inspired air – The amount of air inspired at a time.

SECTION B 18. Why growth and reproduction cannot bc taken as defining property of all living

OR

Differentiate between taxon & category?

Ans. • Non-living things can also Increase in mass by accumulation of material on surface.

• Many organisms do not reproduce (e.g,. mules sterile worker bees) OR

TAXON CATEGORY

i) Taxon represents to a group of

organisms.

i) Category refers to a rank of status of

taxon.

ii) It is only of one eg. Dicots,

Monocots,

ii) Category is of two types i.e.

a) Major rank – kingdom, division, class.

b) minor rank – Genus & species

19. How are viroids different from viruses?

Ans. VIRIODS VIRUSES

i) Viriods are smaller than viruses & lack

protein coat.

i) Viruses are non- cellular organisms

having protein coat.

ii) Genetic material is free RNA ii) Genetic material is RNA or DNA.

20. How will you differentiate between red algae & green algae.

Ans. RED ALGAE GREEN ALGAE

i) It belongs to rhodophyta i) It belongs to chlorophyta

ii) Phycoerythrin, phycocyanin,

phycobilin & chlorophyll „a‟ is present.

ii) Chlorophyll „a‟ & „b‟ with β-carotene &

carotinoids are present.

iii) Reserve food material is Floridian

starch iii) Reserve food material is starch.

iv) Unicellular & microscopic but few are filamentous & heterotrichous

iv) Unicellular or multicellular may be motile & flagellated

v) eg. geladuim, porphyra. v) eg. spirogyra, Volvox

21. Distinguish between diploblastic & triploblastic animals

OR

Mention the unique features of nematodes.

Ans. Diploblastic animals Triploblastic animals

Diploblastic animals have two germ

layers outer ectoderm & inner endoderm in their embryo gastrula

stage Eg. Hydra, Obelia, Porpcta

Triploblastic animals have three germ

layer outer ectoderm middle Mesoderm &

inner endoderm in their embryo gastrula Eg. all animals except porefera &

coelentrata

OR

(i)Syncytical without mesodermal lining

(ii)Intestine non – muscular but formed endoderm alone (iii)Body wall musculature & made of special types of muscles.

(iv)Sexual dimorphism is quite clear.

22. What is the difference between alternate & whorled phylotaxy.

Ans. Alternate phyllotaxy Whorled phyllotaxy

i) Only one leaf arises at each node. i) More than two leaves arises at

each node

ii) Leaves arises alternately on left &

right sides of the stem

ii) Leaves arise in whorl from one

point

iii) Eg. chinarose, mango iii) Eg. Neruim

23. Differentiate between arenchyma and collenchyma on (the basis of their structure and function.

Ans. Arenchyma Collenchyma

(a)Parenchymatous tissue containing

large air space.

(b)Thin walled cells, isodiametric in shape

with intercellular space.

(c)Provides buoyancy to the plant.

(a) Tissure contains deposits of

cellulose and large pectin at the corner

of cells.

(b) Consists of oval and polygonal cells

without intercellular space.

(c) Provides elasticity and mechanical strength.

24. What is functional residual capacity?

Ans. When a person inhales and exhales in a normal way, the volume air that remains in

the lungs is known as functional residual capacity (FRC). It includes the residual

volume and expiratory reserve volume, i. e, FRC = RV + ERV.

SECTION C 25. What is Biological classification? What is the need of classification?

Ans. Biological classification is the naming of organisms by two words. One is generic name

& other is specific name for eg. Man is called Home sapiens classification becomes

essential for the following reasons:-

(i)It is very essential for the systematic study of living beings. Without this study of different organisms would be in confusion.

(ii)It is impossible to study each & every organism.

(iii)All the types of organisms do not occur in a given locality.

(iv)Without a proper system so classification, it is impossible to recognize or identify different types of organism.

(v)Classification helps in knowing the relationships among different groups of animals

& plants.

(vi)Classification makes the study of organisms easier & gives a comparative account

of them.

26. Give important characters of phylum Nemathelmintnes. OR

Members of which phylum are known as “segmented worm” Write about their body

symmetry, mode of excretion & respiration.

Ans. (i)They are commonly known as roundworms or nematodes & are covered by cuticle.

(ii)Body is bilaterally Symmetrical (iii)Animals with elongated cylindrical & spindle shaped body with pointed ends

(iv)The body cavity is a false coelom called pseudocoelom

(v)The alimentary canal lacks a muscle layer.

(vi)Respiratory organ & blood vascular system are absent

(vii)Example – Ascaris, Ancylostoma, Rhabditis.

OR The members of the phylum Annelida are known as “the segmented worms” Their

body is metamerecally segmented eg. Neiris, pheretima & Hirudinaria.

(i)Body Symmetry:- Segmented worms have typical metameric segmentation. Their

body consists of segments called somites or metamere & ring like grooves known as

annuli (ii)Excretion:- the excretory unit of these invertebrates are coiled tubules called

nephridia.

(iii)Respiration:- Respiration occurs by gills or by skin. The skin is richly supplied with

blood vessels. It is permeable. The exchanges of gases take place there.

27. What are taxonomic aids? Mention some of the taxonomic aids for identification

Ans. Taxonomic aids are devices used to study, Identification & classify organism, some of these are:-

(i)Herbarium:- collections of present /preserved or mounted plant specimens.

Arranged systematically to provide information on sheets

(ii)Botanical gardens :- specialized gardens for collection of living plants, it is

maintained for references & identification purposes in which each plant is labelled showing its biological name.

(iii)Zoological parks:- places with live animals are called zoos or zoological parks. The

animal live in their natural habitat there are separate places for birds, tigers, lions,

reptiles etc.

(iv)Museums:- These are mostly set up in institutions where collection of preserved

plants & animals for reference & taxonomic studies are placed in preservatives eg. Alcohol & formalin.

28. Differentiate between Tuber & Bulb.

OR

What is aestivation? What are its different types give examples.

Ans. TUBER (POTATO) BULB (ONION)

i) Stem is very well developed i) Stem is reduced to a disc.

ii) Adventitious roots absent ii) Adventitious roots are present.

iii) Potato plant can bear numerous

tubers

iii) Only one bulb develops in one onion

plant.

iv) Food is stored in stem. iv) Food is stored in fleshy scale leaves.

v) Food stored in the form of starch. v) Food not stored in the form of starch.

vi) Buds external vi) Buds internal

vii) Distinct nodes & internodes are present

vii) Nodes & internodes are indistinct

viii) Scale leaves found in the nodal

region are very small.

viii) Scale leaves are fleshy &

conspicuous

ix) The tuber is a total stem. ix) The bulb is a shoot.

OR

(a)valvate:-petals or sepals meet each other at the edge. Arranged without overlapping

(b)Twisted:-petals or sepals show overlapping is done by one margin of each petal over the margin of adjacent petals

(c)IMBRICATE:- If margins of sepals or petals overlaps one another but not in a

particular direction eg. cassia & gulmohar.

(d)VEXILLARY:- There are five petals the largest overlaps the two lateral petals which

in turn overlaps the two smallest anterior petals eg. bean, pea.

29. Give a comparative account of classes of kingdom fungi on the basis of mode of

nutrition & mode of reproduction.

Ans. PHYCOMYCETES ASCOMYCETES BASIDIOMYCETES DEUTEROMYCETES

(i) They are

obligate

parasites on

plants

They are

saprophytic or

parasitic

They are pasites

They are

saprophytes

or parasites

(ii) The spores are produced in

sporangia.

Asexual spores are

oospores or

zygospores formed by union of

gametes.

Asexual spores

are

ascospores. Asci

are arranged in

ascocarps

Basidia are

arranged

in basidiocarp.

Asexual spores are

conidia

(iii) Sexual spores

are zoospores or

aplanospores

Sexual spores are

ascospores

produced in

ascus.

Plasogamy occur by

fusion of somatic &

vegetative cells

Sexual reproduction

is

absent in them.

30. What are ferns? Describe its salient features.

Ans. Ferns are found in warm moist tropical region & dry rocky places. The plant body is distinguished into three parts-

i) underground stem rhizome

ii) it bear roots & iii) it sends caerial shoots with leaves. Leaves of ferns are of two

types- a) simple leaves with single vein & b) compound leaves with several leaflets. The

sporophyte phase is dominant in ferns. On underside of leaflets are borne sori which contain sporangia. Where the spores are produced after meiosis division, the

sporangium has an annulus. It is made of band of

thickened cells that dry out pulling it open. So spores are released. These spores

germinate into a porthallus the gametophyte. The gametophyte bears antheridia &

archaegmia on underside. The antheridia bear flagellated sperms & egg lies at the

base of archaegonia. The process of fertilization occurs when water is available for flagellated sperms to swim to reach the egg.

31. Differentiate between vital lung capacity and total lung capacity.

OR

It is absolutely not necessary to produce amylase in an active form in our body. But it is not in the case of trypsin. Given reasons.

Ans.

Vital Capacity (VC) Total lung Capacity. (CT2C)

Sum total of tidal volume, expiratory

reserve and inspiratory reserve volume.

Sum total of vital capacity and residual

volume

VC = Vt + ERV + IRV TLC = VC + RV

Value is 3500-4500ml. Value is 5000 – 6000ml

Represents maximum amount of air that a

person can expel after filling the lungs to the

maximum.

Represents maximum total amount of air

which can be present in lungs after maximum

inspiratory effort.

OR Salivary amylase is secreted in buccal cavity and it digests starch and sugar

(carbohydrates). Since amylase does not act on protein of which animal tissues

(buccal cavity) is made from, it is secreted in its original form.

Trypis – It acts on proteins. The wall of the alimentary canal is also made of protein.

Hence it is very essential that it is secreted in an inactive form and it should become

active when food protein is available in the alimentary canal. Thus to prevent damage (digestion of body) it is secreted in an inactive form.

32. What is a flower? Describe the parts of typical angiospermic plants with the help of a

diagram. Ans. The flower can be defined as a modified shoot bearing nodes & modified floral leaves.

It consists of following parts:-

(i).CALYX:- It is the outermost whorl of flower. It is green. Leaf- like structure it may

be polysepalous (sepals free) or gamosepalous (sepals united) calyx may be regular or

irregular.

(ii).COROLLA:- It is the second whorl of the flower inside the sepals. The petals are usually brightly coloured. The insects are attracted due to colour of the petals so they

help in pollination. The narrow stalk like lower portion of petal is called a claw & the

upper extended portion is known as limb.

(iii).ANDROECIUM:- It represents as male reproductive parts. It consists of stamens

in each stamen there are three parts:- (a)Anther:- Knob like bilobed structure containing pollen grains. Each lobe contains

two chambers called pollen sac.

(b)Connective:- A strip of tissue, which connects the anther lobe is called connective.

(c)Filament:- a slender stalk by which anther lobes are attached is called filament.

(iv).GYNOECIUM:- It is the female part of the flower it is made up of three parts

(a)Stigma:- upper part of pistil which receives pollen grains (b)Style: - The stalk between stigma & ovary.

(c).Ovary:- basal part containing ovules.

33. Write the floral formula & draw the floral diagram of family Liliaceae.

Ans. Floral formula: -

Floral diagram: -

34. Differentiate between arenchyma and collenchyma on the basis of their structure

and function.

Ans. Arenchyma Collenchyma

(a)Parenchymatous tissue containing

large air space.

(b)Thin walled cells, isodiametric in

shape

with intercellular space.

(c)Provides buoyancy to the plant.

(a) Tissure contains deposits of cellulose

and large pectin at the corner of cells.

(b) Consists of oval and polygonal cells

without intercellular space.

(c) Provides elasticity and mechanical

strength.

35. Describe briefly the steps of holozoic nutrition.

OR Describe the process of absorption in the small intestine.

Ans. Ingestion: The process of taking in the food is called ingestion.

Digestion: The process of breaking complex food substances into simple molecules

is called digestion. Simple molecules; thus obtained; can be absorbed by the body

Absorption: The process of absorption of digested food is called absorption. Assimilation: The process of utilization of digested food; for energy and for growth

and repair is called assimilation.

Egestion: The process of removing undigested food from the body is called egestion.

OR

Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport. The small intestine is the site where

most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The inner wall, or mucosa, of

the small intestine is lined with simple

columnar epithelialtissue. Structurally, the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds

called plicae circulars, which are considered permanent features in the wall of the

organ. They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or

temporary allowing for distention and contraction. From the plicae circulares project

microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue called villi (Latin for "shaggy hair"). The individual epithelial cells also have finger-like projections known as microvilli. The

functions of the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli are to increase the

amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients, and to limit the loss

of said nutrients to intestinal fauna.

Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface. The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients

from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries (amino acids and

carbohydrates) and lacteals (lipids). The absorbed substances are transported via

the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build

complex substances such as the proteins required by our body. The material that

remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine. Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum, with the following

notable exceptions:

Iron is absorbed in the duodenum.

Folate (Vitamin B9) is absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum.

Vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum.

Water is absorbed by osmosis and lipids by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine.

Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport

Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.

36. Draw a well labeled diagram of T.S. of monocot stem.

Ans.

SECTION D

28. Describe the common mode of reproduction in Angiosperms.

OR

Enlist the main features of Aschelminthes & give examples. A

ns

.

Stamens & pistils are the two reproductive parts of a flower. The stamen consist of a

slender filament with anthers at the tip. Each pistil is made of three parts- ovary, style &

stigma. Ovary contains one to many ovules. Each ovule contains megaspore mother cell it

produces four haploid megaspores after meiosis of them three degenerate & remaining one

is functional megaspore. It divides by meiosis forming megagametophyte. It consists of 8

haploid nuclei embedded in cytoplasm of which 3 cells lie at the micropylar end & 3

antipodal lie at chalazal end. The two remaining nuclei move to centre to make a diploid

nucleus.

The anthers have pollen sac & contains many microspore mother cells. Each of them

produces four haploid microspores after meiosis & each becomes a microgametophyte. It

contains two nuclei generative nucleus & tube nucleus. The pouen iscarried away by air &

other agencies & reaches stigma of pistil of same or difference plants. This process is called

pollination. Pollen grains germinates & produces a pollen tube it grows within style &

reaches ovule of ovary. The generative nucleus divides pollen tube producing two male

gametes.

On reaching ovule, pollen tube burst to release male gamtes. One of the two gametes fertilise

egg & forms a diploid zygote. Other male gamete fertilizes with polar nuclei to form triploid

endosperm. This is known as double fertilization

OR

(i)They are called Round worm as they appear circular in C.S.

(ii)Free living, aquatic, terrestrial or parasitic

(iii)Organization of body is organ level

(iv)Bilaterally symmetrical animals

(v)They are triploblastic & pseudocoelomate

(vi)Alimentation complete with muscular or pharynx

(vii)Sexes are Separate

(viii)Body is covered by cuticle

(ix)Fertilization is internal

(x)Examples are filarial worm (wuchereria), Ascaris, Pinworm (Enterobuis) Hookworm (Ancyclostoma)

29. Describe the elements of xylem with the help of suitable diagram

OR

State the location & function of different types of meristems with diagram.

Ans.

Xylem being a complex tissue is made up of different types of cells as follows:- (a)TRACHEIDS:- They are elongated tube like structures. They do not have perforation or openings

at their ends. They are dead. They help in conduction of water & minerals.

(b)VESSELS:- They are narrow tube like structures having annular & spiral thickening in

protoxylem. They are wider & have spiral, reticulate & pitted thickening in metaxylem. They are

dead. They help to conduct water & mineral from roots to upper parts of plant. (c)XYLEM PARENCHYMA:-They are living cells. They are called as wood parenchyma they help in

storage of food & lateral transport of substances.

(d)XYLEM FIBRES:- They are long, slender, pointed, dead sclerenchymatous cells. They are called

wood fibres. They have small pits & thickened walls they give strength & support to plants.

OR

A meristem is a group of cells that are in a continuous state of division and thus

continuously produce new cells on the basis of location & function, the meristem are of following

types:- (a)APICAL MERISTEM:- These are present at the apices of stems, roots & branches the activity of

apices of stem adds to length of plant or its parts.

(b)INTERCALARY MERISTEM:- These meristems are intercalated in between the permanent tissues.

They may be present cither at the base of internode as in stem of various grasses & wheat, the

activities of these meristems also add, to length of plant or its organ. (c)LATERAL MERISTEMS:- These meristems are present along the side of the stem these include

cambium & cork cambium. The activity of lateral meristem adds to thickness of plan.

30. Explain the absorption of digested products.

OR

Describe various stem modifications associated with food storage, climbing and

protection. An

s.

Absorption of Digested products – The absorption is defined “as the process by which end products

of digestion pass through the intestinal mucosa onto the blood or lymph” . The process of

absorption is carried out by 3 mechanisms: by passive, active or transport mechanisms. The

monosaceharides such as glucose, amino acids and certain electrolytes e.g. chloride are mostly

absorbed by the process of simple diffusion against the concentration gradient some substances e.g., fructose and some amino acids are absorbed the help of carries ions like Na+. It is known as

facilitated transport.

The transport of water – It depends upon osmotic gradient. Active transport takes place against the

concentration gradient and it needs energy. The amino acids, monosaccharides like Glucose,

electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood by active transport.

The fatty acids and glycerol – These are insoluble and so cannot be absorbed into blood. They are incorporated into small droplets termed as micelles. They move into the intestinal mucosa. They

again form very small protein – coated fat globules or the chylomicrons. The chylomicrons are

transported into lymph vessel or lacteals found in the villi. They ultimately release absorbed

substances into the blood.

The absorption of various substances occurs in various parts of alimentary canal, mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Maximum absorption takes place in small intestine. The small

intestine contains villi for it.

OR

Stem Modifications:

•Fur food storage Ginger (Rhizome), potato (Tuber), Onion (Bulb). Colocasia (Corm).

•For climbing (support Skin tendril (cucumber, grapevine, watermelon)

•For protection Thorn (Bougainvillea, Citrus, Drama) Description Refer NCERT, Text Book of

Biology for Class XI

SECTION A 25. Give the unit of classification?

OR

Who gave binomial name of classification?

Ans. Rank / category

OR

Carolus Linnaeus 26. In which class of fungi sexual reproduction does not occur?

Ans. Deuteromycetes

27. Name a unicellular algae.

Ans. Chlamydomonas

28. Which part of opuntia is modified to form spines? Ans. Leaves

29. What is egestion?

OR

What is carbamino haemoglobin?

Ans. Passing out of undigested food from the body. OR

Carbaminohaemoglobin is formed when CO2 combines with globin is reduced

haemoglobin.

SECTION B

30. What is the basis of modem taxonomical studies?

OR Differentiate between taxonomy & systematic

Ans

.

External and internal structure, structure of celI, development process and ecological

information

OR

TAXONOMY SYSTEMATICS

i) The science of identification,

nomenclature & classification is called taxonomy.

i) It refers to the science of identification

description, nomenclature & classification.

ii) It deals with the rules & the

principles of classification.

ii) It deals with unique characteristics at

every level of classification.

31. Compare salient features of monera & protista.

Ans

. MONERA PROTISTA

i) It includes unicellular bacteria,

achaebacteria, cyanobacteria

i) It includes photosynthetic algae,

slime moulds, protozoan etc.

ii) They are prokaryotic,

photosynthetic &some heterotrophs

ii) These are eukaryotic unicellular,

autotrophy or saprophytes or parasites

32. How do fungi differs from algae ?

Ans.

Algae Fungi

i) Chlorophyll present so they are green i) chlorophyll absent so they are non-

green.

ii) Autotrophic nutrition ii) Saprophytic or parasitic nutrition

iii) Absorbs inorganic & mineral salts iii) Absorbs organic or mineral salts

iv) Eg chlamydomonas, ulothrix iv) Eg. albugo & yeast

33. What is the difference between class Amphibian and class Reptilia in respect of their skin ?

OR

What is metamerism ?

Ans

. Ambhibia Reptilia

1.skin is mois nad slimy 1.skin is sry and covered by scales of scute plates

2.lay eggs inside the water 2.lay eggs outside the water.

3.Their larvae have gills. 3.nolarva is produced

OR

In some bilateria, the body consists of many segments & shows repetition of parts. This

type of segmentation is called metamerism. 34. Define venation? What are two types of venation?

Ans

.

Veins arrangement in leaf lamina is called venation. There are two types of venation:-

(a) Parallel:- when veins are arranged parallel to each other on lamina

(b) Reticulate:- when veins forms a network on leaf lamina.

35. Differentiate between enderch and exarch conditions.

Ans

. 1.Protoxylem towards pith and metaxylem towards periphery

2.Found in Stem

1. Protoxylem to wards periphery and metaxylem towards pith

2. Found in root.

36. Name the organs of respiration in the following organisms.

a) Flatworms b) Birds c) Frog d) Cockroach

Ans

.

a) Body surface b) lungs c) skin and lungs d) Network of trachea

SECTION C

37. What is Binomial system of nomenclature? Who proposed this system? Why is

binomial nomenclature the most acceptable mode of naming organism?

Ans. Naming of plants & animals with two words one generic & other specific name is

called binomial system of nomenclature. Carolus Linnaeus introduced this scientific

system to name a species. He gave two names to a species eg. Mangifere is generic name and indica is the specific name. Binomial nomenclature is universally accepted

all over the world because it is written

according to universal rules of nomenclature framed by ICBN, ICZN, & ICNPC etc. It

has two parts generic name & specific name followed by name if scientist who

discovered it at last in

abbreviated form. It must be in Latin or derived from Latin. It must be binomial. The

genus starts with capital letter while species by small letter. Handwritten name is

underlined it indicates relationship with other species present in same genus. The

rules & regulations present of binomial nomenclature must be observed before a taxonomist names a new found organism. This maintains stability in taxa, avoids the

use of names that may cause error ambiguity & confusion.

38. Differentiate between Annelida & Arthropada.

OR

Mention the important characters of phylum echinodermata & give examples. Ans. Annelida Arthropoda

i) Elongated & metamerically segmented body

i) Body segmented & differentiated into cephalic, thoracic & abdominal

region

ii) Appendages borne on body segments ii) Appendages may be segmented or

jointed.

iii) Setae present iii) Setae absent

iv) Body wall dermomuscular iv) Body wall is not dermomuscular

v) Body cavity is coelom v) Body canal is haemocoel

vi) Respiratory pigment is haemoglobin vi) Respiratory pigment is absent

vii) Blood is red vii) Blood is colourless or bluish

viii) Blood vascular system is close type viii) Blood vascular system is open

type

ix) Cilia & nephridia present ix) Cilia & nephridia absent

x) No exoskeleton x) Exoskeleton is chitinous

OR

(i)The word Echinodermate means “ spiny skin” which is optly used for group of animals represented by such common forms e. starfish, Sea urchin.

(ii)The skin forms a hard spiny protective skeletal covering

(iii)They are sluggish marine forms.

(iv)Forms usually show a pentamerous radial symmetry

(v)The radial symmetry is superficial & body in fact can be divided only in two halves.

(vi)They have a coelom & water vascular system.

(vii)Locomotion takes place by numerous hollow tube feet (viii)Excretion by diffusion through body

(ix)Fertilization in open sea.

(x)Development includes free swimming diploneural larva.

Eg. Asterias, searerchin, sea cucumber.

39. Differentiate between classical taxonomy & Modern taxonomy.

Ans. CLASSICAL TAXONOMY MODERN TAXONOMY

(i) It is called old taxonomy or

systematic

(i)It is called Neo- systematic or Bio

systematic.

(ii)The species was considered a basic, concrete & separate unit that

was fixed or static entity & the work

of creator.

(ii)The species is considered related to one another, mutable & the work of gradual

modification as wall as dynamic & ever

changing.

(iii)In it, classification was based on

the

morphological features only

(iii)In it, classification was based on

phylogenetic relationships of the

organisms.

(iv) Few individuals were studied. (iv) large number of individuals are studied

(v) The species was delimited on

morphological characters.

(v) Emphasis in population instead of species. Morphological delimitation was

replaced by biological delimitation.

40. Describe the arrangement of floral members in relation to their insertion on

thalamus.

OR

How do various leaf modifications help plants? Ans. Based on the position of calyx, corolla & the androecium in respect of ovary on the

thalamus, flowers may be explained into 3 kinds.

(a).HYPOGYNOUS FLOWERS:- Gynoecium located at highest position & rest whorls

of flower lies below it. eg. mustard, chinarose.

(b).PERIGYNOUS FLOWERS:- The gynoecium is situated in center, other parts of

flower lie on the rim of thalamus almost at same level, Ovary is half inferior eg. plum, rose.

(C)EPIGYNOUS FLOWERS:- The margins of thalamus grows upwards enclosing the

ovary fully & getting to it, rest parts of the flower arises above the ovary. i.e. Ovary is

inferior in these flowers. Eg. Guava, sunflower, cucumber.

OR The normal functions of leaves are photosynthesis, respiration & transpiration.

Besides these function the leaves have to perform other functions. Hence, they

modify themselves in different ways as follows:-

(i)TENDRIL:- In some plants the entire leaf or part of it gets modified to coiled thread

like structure called tendrils . Tendrils help the plants to climb up eg. pea, clematis. (ii)SPINES:- In many plants the leaves or their apices are modified into thin sharp &

pointed structure known as spines. They help in defence eg. opuntia, yucea. Etc.

(iii)SCALE LEAVES:- In onion mostly all the leaves are present in the form of fleshy

scale leaves.

(iv)PITCHER:- It is the modification of leaf in insectivorous plant in which the lamina

takes the form of a pitcher, apex in the form of a lid to trap the insects. There are number of digestive glands in the inner walls of the pitcher. These glands secrete a

fluid which digests insects eg. Nepenthes

(v)PHYLLODE :- The petiole becomes green, flattened & leaf like & is called phyllode

eg. Australian Acacia.

41. Discuss different systems of classification briefly. Ans. Three different groups of fungi are

(i)Phycomycetes :- They have multinucleated, aseptate mycelium. Asexual

reproduction occurs by aplanospores & sexual reproduction occurs by isogamy or

oogamy. These are found in water or damp places eg. mucor Albugo etc.

(ii)Ascomycetes:- They are unicellular or multicellular mycelium which is septate.

Asexual spores formed in chains are called conidia. Sexual reproduction occurs by ascospores beared in cup shaped structure called asci eg. yeast penicillium,

Aspergillus.

(iii)Basidiomycetes :- They are called club fungi due to club- shaped end of mycelium

called basidium. They have septate mycelium and bears asexual spores

basidiospores. Eg mushroom smut rust. 42. “Algae & Bryophytes are different from each other.” Point out the main differences

between them?

Ans. ALGAE BRYOPHYTES

i) Mostly aquatic i) mostly terrestrial, found in damp,

shady places.

ii) Thallus single celled to branched

filaments

ii) Thallus made of parenchymatous

cells.

iii) No tissue differentiation iii) Tissue differentiation well marked

iv) Stomata absent iv) Stomata present

v) Rhizoids absent v) Rhizoids present

vi) Asexual reproduction by

aplanospores or zoospores. vi) Asexual reproduction absent

vii) Sexual reproduction isogamous anisogamoes or oogamous.

vii) Sexual reproduction is of oogamous type

viii) No embryo formed after fertilisation viii) Embryo formed after fertilization

ix) Eg. ulothrix, volvox, ulva,

chladophora

ix) Eg. Ruccia, marchantia, funaria,

porella

43. How is respiration regulated?

OR

Name three enzymes secreted by pancreas specify the substance and the product of

each.

Ans. Respiratory centre located in floor of the medulla oblongata of the brain controls respiration. The centre is bilateral and its two halves which are connected together by

commissural neurons. The sides of this centre are connected with motor respiratory

neuron. The nerve cells of the centre are connected with the breathing apparatus

forming a reflex arc. These nerve cells are secretive to chemical composition of blood.

Half of the respiratory centre is an

inspiratory centre and expiratory centre. It is believed that the inspiratory

centre work in normal breathing and expiratory centre during other conditions like

coughing, sneezing and laughing. These two centers control the entire breathing in

man with his knowing about it. Dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group and pneumoptaxic groups act as respiration centers in the brain. Neumotaxic centre

is located dorsally in upper pons. It transmits signals to inspiratory area. It controls

the switch off point of inspiration.

OR Pancreas is a composite gland. It has exocrine and endocrine parts. The exocrine

parts secretes pancreatic juice. It contain trypsin, amylopsin and steapsin.

a) Trypin – It converts proteins, peptones and proteoses into amino acids.

b) Amylopsin – It acts upon starch and converts them into soluble sugars.

c) Steapsin or lipase – It emulsifies fats and converts them into fatty acid & glycerol.

44. Describe the aerial modifications of stem. Ans. AERIAL MODIFICATIONS OF STEM INCLUDES:-

1.STEM TENDRIL:- Stem tendrils are thin leafless slender & spirally coiled structures

which develop from auxiliary buds. They help the plant such as cucumber, water

melon, grape vine etc. to climb

2.STEM THORN:- sometimes the auxiliary buds grows into hard, woody straight & pointed structures called thorns. It arises in the axil of leaf or at the tip of branch.

Sometimes thorn bears leaves also. They are commonly found on plants eg. citrus

durantha, Bougainvillea etc.

3.PHYLLOCLADE:- It is the green flattened or cylindrical stem which takes the form

and function of leaf. They contain chlorophyll & carry photosynthesis. They have

many nodes & internodes. Their true leaves are reduced, spines or scales. It is commonly found in xerophytic plants eg. opuntia, epiphyllum etc.

4.CLADODE:- This is a phylloclade of limited growth which develops, from the node

of the stem or branch & in the axil of a scale leaf eg. asparagus, Ruscus, asculentus

etc. cladodes are green flat & leaf like structures which carry on photosynthesis.

5.BULBILS:- This is a modified vegetative or floral bud meant for the production of a new plant. It detaches itself from mother plant & grows into an independent plant.

Bulbils are found in oxalis, Agava american, Lilium etc.

45. Draw the floral formula & floral diagram of family solanaceae.

Ans. Floral formula:-

Floral Diagram :-

46. Compare Trailer, runner & sucker.

Ans. TRAILER RUNNER SUCKER

i) Semi aerial creeping

stem it does not roots at intervals

i) Prostate, sub-aerial

stem. It is green & root at intervals.

i) Underground non

green stem.

ii) Does not participate in

perennation

ii) Does not participate

in perennation.

ii) Helps in

perennation.

iii) No help in vegetative

propagation.

iii) Helps in vegetative

propagation.

iii) Helps in

vegetative propagation.

47. Describe the structure of villi.

OR

Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveolar region only and not in the other parts of respiratory system. Why?

Ans. Intestinal villi are small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of

the small intestine. Each villus is approximately 0.5–1.6 mm in length (in humans),

and has many microvilli projecting from the enterocytes of its epithelium which

collectively form the striated or brush border. Each of these microvilli are much

smaller than a single villus. The intestinal villi are much smaller than any of the circular folds in the intestine.

Villi increase the internal surface area of the intestinal walls making available a

greater surface area for absorption. An increased absorptive area is useful because

digested nutrients (including monosaccharide and amino acids) pass into the

semipermeable villi through diffusion, which is effective only at short distances. In other words, increased surface area (in contact with the fluid

in the lumen) decreases the average distance travelled by nutrient molecules, so

effectiveness of diffusion increases. The villi are connected to the blood vessels so the

circulating blood then carries these nutrients away. OR

The exchange part of the respiratory system is composed of the alveoli and their

ducts. Actual diffusion of O2and CO2(between blood and atmospheric air) takes place

in the exchange part of the respiratory system. The thin membrane of the alveoli is

suited for diffusion of gases, while other parts of the respiratory system are not structured to serve this purpose. Hence, diffusion of gases takes place in the alveolar

region only and not in the other parts of the respiratory system.

48. Distinguish between dicot root & monocot root.

Ans. DICOT ROOT MONOCOT ROOT

i) diarch/ triarch/ telrarch/ pentarch or

hexarch i) always polyarch

ii) Cortex narrow ii) Cortex very wide.

iii) The casparian strips are more

prominent in endodermal cells.

iii) The casparian strips are not very

prominent in endodermal cells.

iv) Pericycle gives rise to primordial of lateral roots, cork cambium as well as

part of vascular cambium

iv) Pericycle give rise to lateral roots only

v) Vessels & tracheids polygonal in T.S v) vessels & tracheiols oval in T.S

vi) Secondary growth is present vi) Secondary growth is absent

vii) Conjuctive parenchyma makes

vascular cambium.

vii) Conjuctive parenchyma do not

make vascular cambium.

viii) Pith very small or absent. viii) Pith is very large

ix) Passage cells are absent in

endodermis

ix) Passage cells are present in

endodermis

x) conjuctive tissue is parenchymatous

x) conjuctive tissue can be

parenehymatous or sclerenchymatous.

SECTION D

31. Explain briefly the alternation of generation in bryophytes?

OR

Enlist the main salient features of phylum ctenophora.

Ans. The life cycle of moss represesents two distinct generations GAMETOPHYTIC &

SPOROPHYTIC. Moss plant is a gametophyte. Spore is the beginning of gametophytic

generation. It develops into protenema which give rise to male & female

gametophytes.

Gametophyte consists of green thallus having archegoniophores &

antheridiophores which bear sex organs & the gametes are produced in them either monoecious or

diecious. Club

shaped antheriduim bears biflagellate sperms or antherozoids. Flask shaped

archegonium

encloses the female egg. Zygote is formed after the fertilization of male & female

gametes with the help of water. Repeated divisions of the zygote give rise to the embryo (2N)

which

soon develops into sporophyte. The sporophyte of moss gets differenliated into

three parts

foot seta & capsule. Inside the capsule single celled spores are produced. After the

dehiscence, they begin to germinate & give rise to protonema to start the cycle

again.

Gametophytic Generation alternates the sporophytic generation.

OR

(i)Ctenophares are marine animals with transparent & flat ar oval body shape.

(ii)Polyp phase is absent in life cycle.

(iii)These are bilaterally symmetrical & devoid of cnidoblast cells.

(iv)When the tentacles are present they are two in number & contain colloblast cells.

(v)They move by cilia which join together to from comb plates, they are eight median

comb

plates.

(vi)They gastrovascular cavity is branched & open to the exterior by stomodaeum. Example of Ctenophora (Pleurobrachia )

(vii)They are diploblastic animals but the mesoglea is different from that of cnidaria.

(viii)The presence of special sense organs at the opposite end of the mouth is the

characteristic of this phylum.

(ix)They reproduce only by sexual means

(x)They do not have larval phase in their life cycle (xi) Eg. ctenophore, ctenoplana, Beroe, & Hormiphora.

32. What is wood? What are its different types?

OR

Describe the internal structure of a dicot root.

Ans. Botanically, a secondary xylem is called as wood. It is formed by the metabolism of

the plant i.e. secondary growth by cambium & constitutes the bulk of plant body in dicot stem & dicot root. Wood can be classified into following categories.

(i)Hardwood:- It is wood produced by angiosperms. It consists mainly of xylem

vessels & hence called porous wood.

(ii)Soft wood:- It is wood produced by gymnosperm. It consists mainly of xylem

trachieds & hence called non-porous wood. (iii)Heart wood:_ It is the central core of wood formed during secondary growth. It

consists of dead cells. The cells are dark in color due to the presence of extractives

like gums, resins, tannins, etc.

(iv)Sap wood:_ It is the peripneral part of wood formed during secondary growth. It

consists of living cells. The cells are lighter in colour as extractives are absent.

(v)Early wood:- It is the wood formed during favorable season. Vessels & tracheids formed are larger in dimensions.

(vi)Late wood:- It is the wood formed during unfavorable seasons. The vessels &

tracheids formed are smaller in dimensions.

OR

A T.S. of dicot root shows the following structures:-

(a)EPIBLEMA:- It is called piliferous layer. Unicellular root hairs extend to outside

from the epiblema. (b)CORTEX:- It is the main part of root having many layers of rounded

parenchymatous cells contain starch grains. Intercellular spaces are present in

between them. It stores formed substances.

(c)ENDODERMIS:- It lies inner to cortex & contain barrel shaped cells having no

intercellular spaces. Radial walls of its cells may have lignified casparian strip water

& minerals pass through passage cells to phloem. (d)STELE:- It is the central part of dicot root. Inner to endodermis lays pericycle

which is single layered thick only. Phloem & xylem are present in different radii to

form separate bundles.

33. Draw a labeled diagram of human alimentary canal & Describe its different parts.

OR

Explain with examples. What are the different modifications of adventitious roots?

Ans. The alimentary canal of man is a long coiled tube of varying diameter. It measures

from 8 to 10 meters in length. It is divisible into the following parts –

a)Oral cavity – It is the initial enlarged part of the alimentary canal. It opens by mouth and consists of lips, cheeks, gums, teeth and the palate and its muscles. The

salivary glands open into the oral cavity.

b)Pharynx – The oral cavity passes into pharynx.

c)Oesophagus – It is a muscular tube about 10 inches long through which food passes into the stomach where it joins the cardiac stomach.

d)The stomach is a sac – like structure and situated below the diaphragm. The wall

of the stomach contains many small gastric pits into which ducts of gastric glands

open.

e)Small intestine – It is a long tube – like structure measuring about 5-7 meters. It is

divisible into 3 parts – duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The duodenum is the first part and u – shaped. In this open the opening of pancreatic duct and bile duct.

f)Large intestine – The large intestine is about 1.5m long. It consists of caecum with

vermiform appendix, colon and rectum. The rectum opens to the exterior by anus.

OR MODIFICATIONS OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS:-

(i)TUBEROUS:- It is swollen root & shapeless occurring singly eg. sweet potato.

(ii)FASCICULATED:- Several tuberous roots arise from the same place in a cluster eg.

dahlia, Asparagus.

(iii)BEADED ROOTS:- These roots have swollen parts at frequent intervals eg. portulaca, vitis.

(iv)PROP ROOTS:- These are pillars like roots hanging vertically downward from

aerial branch of plant eg. Banyan tree.

(v)STILT ROOTS:- The roots are short which grow obliquely from near the base of the

main stem & they provide anchorage & support to the stem eg. sugarcane, maize,

sorghum. (vi)PARASITIC ROOTS:- These roots penetrate into the host cells & absorb nutrients

from host tree eg. cuscutta.

(vii)ASSIMTLATORY ROOTS:- Adventitious roots in certain plants become green to

carry out photosynthesis & are called assimilatory roots eg. tinospora, trapa.

ACCOUNTANCY – XI (ACCOUNTING EQUATION, JOURNALS, LEDGERS, BRS AND TRIAL BALANCE)

Accounting Equation:

1. Show the effect of the following transactions on the accounting equations. i. MN Ltd started business with cash Rs. 3, 40,000; Goods Rs. 1, 50,000 and Building Rs.

3, 00,000. ii. They purchased goods for cash Rs. 80,000. iii. Sold goods (Costing Rs. 56,000) for Rs. 75,000. iv. Sold goods to Manoj (Costing Rs. 18,000) for Rs. 35,000. v. Purchased goods from Sohan Rs.35, 000. vi. Paid cash to Sohan in full settlement Rs.33, 000. vii. Rent outstanding Rs. 8,000. viii. Depreciation charged on Building Rs. 7,500. ix. Fresh capital invested Rs. 40,000. x. Prepaid Insurance Rs. 2,500.

Journal Entries:

1. The following balances appeared in the books of M/s Meghnath on 1st Jan, 2019: Assets: Cash Rs.25,000; Bank Rs.15,000; Stock Rs. 70,000; Furniture Rs. 7,800; Debtors Rs. 35,000 ( Shankar Rs. 7,000; Raj Rs. 10,000 and Ram Rs. 18,000) Liabilities : Loan Rs.15,000; Creditors Rs. 17,000 (Mohan Rs. 9,000 and Roy Rs. 8,000) The following transactions took place during Jan 2019:

The following transactions took place during Jan 2019:

2019 TRANSACTIONS

Jan 03 Bought goods from Monika for Rs. 19,000 at a trade discount of 10% and cash discount of

2%. Paid 50% of amount immediately. Jan 05 Sold goods to Raj for Rs. 5,000. Jan 07 Received Rs.14,500 from Raj in full settlement of his account. Jan 09 Cash deposited into bank Rs.15,000. Jan 15 Cheque received from Ram Rs.7,000.

Jan 17 Cheque received from Ram deposited into bank.

Jan 19 Cheque received from Shankar in full settlement of his account for Rs. 6,950 and immediately deposited into bank

Jan 22 Cheque received from Shankar dishonored

Jan 25 Ram became insolvent and 70 paisa in a rupee could be received from his estate

Jan 31 Proprietor withdrew for private use Rs. 3,000 from office and Rs. 2,000 from bank. 2. Pass journal entries for the following:

i. Provide 10% depreciation on furniture costing Rs. 70,000. ii. Interest on capital is to be provided at the rate of 10% of the capital amounting Rs.

10,00,000. iii. Received Rs. 18,000 from Sohan which were earlier written off as bad debt. iv. Bricks Rs.5,00,000; Timber Rs. 2,00,000; Cement Rs. 75,000 purchased for the

construction of building. The payment was made by cheque. v. Proprietor withdrew for his personal use cash Rs.25,000 and goods worth Rs. 15,000. vi. Goods worth Rs. 2,00,000 were destroyed by fire. vii. Purchased a horse for business for Rs. 7,000. viii. Paid landlord Rs. 15,000 for rent. One third of the building is occupied by proprietor for

residential use. Subsidiary Books & Ledgers:

1. Prepare Purchase book and post the same into purchase Account of Raymond (Deals in Gents

Garments only) from the following transactions:

2018 Particulars

Oct 01 Purchased from M/s Anil & Sons, Mumbai, Invoice No. 501 500 shirts @ Rs. 1,000 per shirt 200 T-shirts @ Rs. 750 per T- shirt Less: Trade Discount @ 20%

Oct 12 Purchased on credit from M/s Gupta & Sons, Madhya Pradesh, Invoice No. 502 20 Tables @ Rs.10,000 per table.

Oct 15 Purchased from Monica Ltd., Ahmadabad, Invoice No. 509 75 Executive shirt @ Rs. 2,000 per shirt 20 Polo T-shirts @ Rs. 500 per T-shirt Less: Trade Discount @ 10%

Oct 25 Purchased for cash from M/s Shreya & Assoc., Delhi, Invoice No. 902 400 shirts @ Rs.900 per shirt.

2. From the following particulars prepare Sales book and post the same into Sales Account of M/s Richa Gupta Co. Ltd:

2019 Particulars May 03 Sold to M/s Mehta & Lalla on credit

20 Shirts @ Rs. 200 each. 10 Trousers @ Rs. 500 each Less: Trade Discount @ 10%

May 10 Sold old furniture to M/s Jain & Co. on credit Rs. 1,000. May 20 Sold 100 shirts on credit to M/s Sehgal & Jain @ 190 each May 23 Sold on credit to M/s Sehgal & Sons

30 shirts @ Rs.300 each 20 overcoat @ Rs.500 each Less Trade Discount @ 10%

3. Knight Group Textiles provides you the following information regarding its transactions took place during the month of May 2019. You are required to prepare a cash book using the given information:

PARTICULAR AMOUNT

Cash in hand 45000

Bank overdraft 2000

Purchased goods @ 6% intra state GST on credit 12000

Purchased goods @ 12% inter - state GST in cash 15000

Purchased Machinery @ 6% intra state GST in cash

20000

Sold goods to Manchand Traders @ 12% inter - state GST and received a cheque including GST

56000

Paid cartage 1700

Drew cash from bank for office use 12000

Salary paid to staff 60% in cash and balance by Cheque

20000

Withdrew from bank personal uses 5000

Trial Balance

1. From the following ledger balances of Sanjay Sharma, prepare Trial Balance: Salary Outstanding Rs.2,500; Prepaid Insurance Rs. 750; Discount Allowed Rs. 1,060; Drawings Rs. 2,100; Capital Rs. 14,610; Bank Loan Rs. 5,200; Bad debts Rs. 750; Bank Overdraft Rs. 4,200; Loan from Rajat Rs. 2,500; Reserve for discount on creditors Rs. 850; Loan to Priyanka Rs. 4,500; Bills Receivable Rs. 7,200; Debtors Rs.6,000; Rent received Rs. 2,160; Cash in hand Rs. 5,100; Investments Rs. 4,700; Accrued commission Rs.580 and Provisions for bad debt Rs. 720.

2. Correct the given Trial Balance.

List of Accounts L.F. Debit Balances Credit Balances

Opening Stock 6500

Sales 26600

Purchases 18950

Debtors 4120

Discount Allowed 1250

Bills Payable 4750

Cash 1200

Return Inward 960

Carriage Inward 610

Return Outward 850

Carriage Outward 700

Capital 8150

Furniture 6400

Rent Received 1240

Insurance paid 1060

Rates and Taxes 290

Discount Received 450

TOTAL 48,160 35,920

Bank Reconciliation Statement 1. Prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Garg Traders from the following information as on

January 31, 2019: a. Debit balance as per bank column of cash book Rs. 20,000. b. Cheques of Rs. 25,000 issued to creditors but these were not presented till January 31,

2019. c. Bank charged interest of Rs. 500. d. One of the deposited cash of Rs. 1,000 directly in the bank. e. Payment of Rs. 1,200 recorded twice in the cash book. f. Bank collected interest on investments of Rs. 800 on behalf of Garg Traders. g. Cheques of Rs. 3,000 were deposited in the bank but out of this bank have realized only Rs.

1,600 till January 31, 2019. h. Bank by mistake has credited Rs. 600. i. Bank has paid Insurance premium of Rs. 1,200 as per standing instructions.

2. Prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement from the following particulars as on 31 May, 2019: I. Cash book showed an overdraft balance of Rs. 15,000.

II. Cheques amounting Rs.2,950 were drawn in favour of creditors – of tem one creditor for Rs. 1,250 encashed his cheque on June 07, 2019 whereas other for Rs. 720 has not encashed his cheque yet.

III. Receipt side of cash book was undercasted by Rs. 2,200. IV. Cheque of Rs. 3,700 issued and cashed but omitted to be recorded in the cash book. V. Cheque of Rs. 1,800 drawn but presented for encashment in the month of June 2019. VI. Bank charges of Rs. 150 debited in the pass book but not entered in the cash book.

VII. Bank collected insurance claim of Rs. 2,000 as per standing instructions. VIII. During the month, one of the cheque of Rs. 1,200 received from Mahesh sent to the bank without

recording in the cash book. IX. During the month cheques of Rs. 3,500 was deposited into the bank but out of these one cheque

of Rs. 600 has been recorded in the pass book on June 12, 2019.

3. From the following information, prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Ouneet as on June 30, 2019:

I. Credit balance as per pass book Rs. 14,520. II. Bank paid house tax Rs.350 on behalf of Puneet but no information was received from the bank.

III. Cheque for Rs. 1,200 was returned dishonoured by the bank and was debited in the pass book only.

IV. Cheques totaling Rs. 3,410 deposited with the bank have not yet been collected and another cheque for Rs. 1,090 was rejected due to some technical reasons.

V. Bank has collected interest on Investments Rs. 1,200. VI. Cheque received of Rs. 670 entered twice in the cash book.

VII. There is a debit of Rs. 120 in respect of locker Rent in the pass book; this has been adjusted in the cash book on June 30, 2019.

VIII. On June 30, 2019 cash was deposited in bank Rs. 520 but cashier by mistake debited bank column with Rs. 720.

IX. Bank wrongly debited Puneet A/c with Rs. 590.

4. From the following information, prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement of Jolly Singh as on January 31, 2019:

I. Pass book showed an overdraft balance of Rs. 19,200. II. As per instructions bank honoured one bill of Rs. 1,200 but it is not recorded in the cash book.

III. Credit transfer of Rs. 1,060 not recorded in the cash book. IV. Cheque drawn on the Jolly Singh’s personal saving account of Rs. 1,110 was wrongly

shown in the cash book. V. Dividend warrant of Rs. 800 was deposited but not credited by the bank till the end of the

month. VI. Cheque of Rs. 1,450 was entered on the debit side of the cash book but omitted to be

banked. VII. Receipt of Rs. 1,600 recorded twice in the cash book

VIII. Cheque of Rs. 2,800 paid into bank but wrongly debited in the pass book. IX. Jolly Singh withdrew Rs. 3,200 from the bank for his personal use, but it was only

recorded in the cash book.

Make a Project of a sole trader taken as a example any business of One

Month transactions.

Prepare journal entries, ledger and trail balance.

PROJECT WORK IN BUSINESS STUDIES FOR CLASS XI

Students should prepare project file on any one of the topic for each term. You can select any topic form the given guideline or select any topic based on class 11 syllabus. Objectives

After doing the Project Work in Business Studies, the students will be able to do the following:

develop a practical approach by using modern technologies in the field of business and management;

get an opportunity for exposure to the operational environment in the field of business management

and related services;

inculcate important skills of team work, problem solving, time management, information collection,

processing, analysing and synthesizing relevant information to derive meaningful conclusions

get involved in the process of research work; demonstrate his or her capabilities while working

independently and

make studies an enjoyable experience to cherish.

.

I. Project One: Field Visit

The objective of introducing this project among the students is to give a first hand experience to them

regarding the different types of business units operating in their surroundings, to observe their features and

activities and relate them to the theoretical knowledge given in their text books. The students should select a

place of field visit from the following: – (Add more as per local area availability.)

1. Visit to a Handicraft unit.

2. Visit to an Industry.

3. Visit to a Whole sale market (vegetables, fruits, flowers, grains, garments, etc.)

4. Visit to a Departmental store.

5. Visit to a Mall.

The following points should be kept in mind while preparing this visit.

1. Select a suitable day free from rush/crowd with lean business hours.

2. The teacher must visit the place first and check out on logistics. It’s better to seek

permission from the concerned business- incharge.

3. Visit to be discussed with the students in advance. They should be encouraged to prepare a worksheet

containing points of observation and reporting.

4. Students may carry their cameras (at their own risk) with prior permission for collecting evidence of

their observations.

1. Visit to a Handicraft Unit

The purpose of visiting a Handicraft unit is to understand nature and scope of its business, stake holders involved

and other aspects as outlined below

a) The raw material and the processes used in the business: People /parties/firms from which they obtain their

raw material.

b) The market, the buyers, the middlemen, and the areas covered. c) The countries to which exports are made.

d) Mode of payment to workers, suppliers etc.

e) Working conditions.

f) Modernization of the process over a period of time.

g) Facilities, security and training for the staff and workers.

h) Subsidies available/ availed.

i) Any other aspect that the teachers deem fit.

2. Visit to an Industry. The students are required to observe the following:

a) Nature of the business organisation.

b) Determinants for location of business unit.

c) Form of business enterprise: Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Undivided Hindu Family, Joint Stock

Company (a Multinational Company).

d) Different stages of production/process

e) Auxiliaries involved in the process.

f) Workers employed, method of wage payment, training programmes and facilities available.

g) Social responsibilities discharged towards workers, investors, society, environment and government.

h) Levels of management.

i) Code of conduct for employers and employees.

j) Capital structure employed- borrowed v/s owned.

k) Quality control, recycling of defective goods.

l) Subsidies available/availed.

m) Safety Measures employed.

n) Working conditions for labour in observation of Labour Laws.

o) Storage of raw material and finished goods.

p) Transport management for employees, raw material and finished goods.

q) Functioning of various departments and coordination among them (Production, Human Resource,

Finance and Marketing)

r) Waste Management.

s) Any other observation.

3. Visit to a whole sale market: vegetables/fruits/flowers/grains/garments etc. The students are required to observe the following:

a) Sources of merchandise.

b) Local market practices.

c) Any linked up businesses like transporters, packagers, money lenders, agents, etc.

d) Nature of the goods dealt in.

e) Types of buyers and sellers.

f) Mode of the goods dispersed, minimum quantity sold, types of packaging employed.

g) Factors determining the price fluctuations.

h) Seasonal factors (if any) affecting the business.

i) Weekly/ monthly non-working days.

j) Strikes, if any- causes thereof.

k) Mode of payments.

l) Wastage and disposal of dead stock.

m) Nature of price fluctuations, reason thereof.

n) Warehousing facilities available\availed.

o) Any other aspect.

4. Visit to a Departmental store

The students are required to observe the following:

a) Different departments and their lay out.

b) Nature of products offered for sale.

c) Display of fresh arrivals.

d) Promotional campaigns.

e) Spaces and advertisements.

f) Assistance by Sales Personnel.

g) Billing counter at store – Cash, Credit Card/ Debit Card, swipe facility. Added attractions and facilities

at the counter.

h) Additional facilities offered to customers

i) Any other relevant aspect.

5. Visit to a Mall.

The students are required to observe the following:

a) Number of floors, shops occupied and unoccupied.

b) Nature of shops, their ownership status

c) Nature of goods dealt in: local brands, international brands,

d) Service business shops- Spas, gym, saloons etc.

e) Rented spaces, owned spaces,

f) Different types of promotional schemes.

g) Most visited shops.

h) Special attractions of the Mall- Food court, Gaming zone or Cinema etc.

i) Innovative facilities.

j) Parking facilities. Teachers may add more to the list.

II. Project Two: Case Study on a Product

a) Take a product having seasonal growth and regular demand with which students can relate. For example,

Apples from Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir.

Oranges from Nagpur,

Mangoes from Maharashtra/U.P./Bihar/Andhra Pradesh etc.

Strawberries from Panchgani,

Aloe vera from Rajasthan,

Walnuts/almonds from Kashmir,

Jackfruit from South,

Guavas from Allahabad,

Pineapples from North East India,

Tea from Assam,

Orchids from Sikkim and Meghalaya,

Pottery of Manipur,

Fishes from coastal areas.

Students may develop a Case Study on the following lines:

(i) Research for change in price of the product. For example, apples in Himachal Pradesh during

plucking and non plucking season.

(ii) Effect on prices in the absence of effective transport system.

(iii) Effect on prices in the absence of suitable warehouse facilities.

(iv) Duties performed by the warehouses.

(v) Demand and supply situation of the product during harvesting season, prices near the place of origin

and away.

Students may be motivated to find out the importance of producing and selling these products and their

processed items along with the roles of Transport, Warehousing, Advertising, Banking, Insurance, Packaging,

Wholesale selling, Retailing, Co-operative farming, Co-operative marketing etc.

The teacher may develop the points for other projects on similar lines for students to work on.

The teacher may assign this project as ‘group’ project and may give different products to different groups. It could

conclude in the form of an exhibition.

III. Project Three: Aids to Trade

Taking any one AID TO TRADE, for example Insurance and gathering information on following aspects

1. History of Insurance Lloyd’s contribution.

2. Development of regulatory Mechanism.

3. Insurance Companies in India

4. Principles of Insurance.

5. Types of Insurance. Importance of insurance to the businessmen.

6. Benefits of crop, orchards, animal and poultry insurance to the farmers.

7. Terminologies used (premium, face value, market value, maturity value, surrender value) and their

meanings.

8. Anecdotes and interesting cases of insurance. Reference of films depicting people committing fraudulent

acts with insurance companies.

9. Careers in Insurance.

Teachers to develop such aspects for other aids to trade.

IV. Project Four: Import /Export Procedure Any one from the following

1. Import /Export procedure

The students should identify a product of their city/country which is imported /exported. They are required to

find the details of the actual import/export procedure. They may take help from the Chambers of Commerce,

Banker, existing Importers/Exporters, etc.

They should find details of the procedure and link it with their Text knowledge.

The specimens of documents collected should be pasted in the Project file with brief description of each.

They may also visit railway godowns/dockyards/ transport agencies and may collect pictures of the same.

Presentation and submission of project report.

At the end of the stipulated term, each student will prepare and submit his/her project report.

Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission.

1. The total project will be in a file format, consisting of the recordings of the value of shares and the graphs.

2. The project will be handwritten.

3. The project will be presented in a neat folder.

4. The project report will be developed in the following sequence-

Cover page should project the title, student information, school and year. List of contents.

Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, the news papers read, T.V. channels

viewed, places visited and persons who have helped).

Introduction.

Topic with suitable heading.

Planning and activities done during the project, if any. Observations and

findings while conducting the project. News paper clippings to reflect the

changes of share prices.

Conclusions (summarised suggestions or findings, future scope of study). Appendix (if needed).

Teachers report.

Teachers will initial preface page.

At the completion of the evaluation of the project, it will be punched in the centre so that the

report cannot be reused but is available for reference only.

The projects will be returned after evaluation. The school may keep the best projects.

V. Project Five: A visit to any State Emporium (other than your school state).

The purpose of this project is that it leads to -

Development of deeper understanding of the diversity of products in the states like Assam, Tripura,

Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala,

Chhatisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and other states of the country.

Sensitization and orientation of students about other states, their trade, business and commerce,

Understanding the cultural and socio-economic aspects of the state by the students,

Developing the understanding of role of folk art, artisanship and craftsmanship of the state in its growth and

economic development

Understanding the role of gifts of nature and natural produce in the development of trade, business and

commerce

Understanding the role of vocational skills and abilities on the livelihood of artisans/ craftsman

Understanding of entrepreneurial skills and abilities of the artisans/craftsman Understanding of the

unemployment problem of the state and role of art and craft of

the state in generating employment opportunities Value aspect -

Sense of gratitude - by appreciating the contributions made by others in the betterment of our lives

Appreciating the dignity of work

Sensitivity towards social, cultural, ethnical and religious differences Benefits of social harmony and peace

Understanding and appreciating the unity in diversity in India

Appreciating differences in race, skin colour, languages, religion, habits, festivals, clothing coexistence

Presentation and Submission of Project Report

At the end of the stipulated term, each student will prepare and submit his/her project report.

Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission.

1. Nature of the business organisation (emporium)

2. Determinants for location of the concerned emporium

3. Is the space rented or owned

4. Nature of the goods dealt in

5. Sources of merchandise of the emporium

6. Role of co-operative societies in the manufacturing and/or marketing of the merchandise

7. Role of gifts of nature or natural produce in the development of goods/merchandise

8. Types of buyers and sellers

9. Modes of goods dispersed, minimum quantity sold and type of carrying bag or package used for

delivery of the products sold

10. Factors determining the pricing at the emporium

11. Comparison between the prices of goods available at the emporium with the prices in the open market. Also

highlight probable causes of variations if any.

12. Kind of raw material available naturally, used in making the products

13. The technique used in making the products i.e., hand made or machine made

14. Has the child labour being used in making the products sold at the emporium

15. Are the products eco-friendly, in terms of manufacturing, disposal and packing

16. Seasonal factors if any affecting the business of the emporium

17. Weekly/ Monthly non-working days

18. Mode of billing and payments - Cash, Credit Card/ Debit Card, Swipe facility.

19. Does the emporium sell its merchandise in installment / deferred payment basis

20. Do they provide home delivery and after sales services.

21. Different types of promotional campaigns / schemes

22. Assistance by Sales Personnel

23. Export orientation of this emporium and procedure used

24. Policies related to damaged/ returned goods

25. Any government facility available to the emporium

26. Warehousing facilities available / availed

27. Impact of tourism on the business of emporium

28. Additional facility offered to customers

29. Any Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) assumed by the emporium

30. Contribution made by the emporium to its locality

ASSESSMENT

The marks will be allocated on the following heads.

1 Initiative, cooperativeness and participation 1 Mark

2 Creativity in presentation 1 Mark

3 Content, observation and research work 2 Marks

4 Analysis of situations 2 Marks

5 Viva 4 Marks

Total 10 Marks

Developing Projects in Economics

The students may be encouraged to develop project, as per the suggested project guidelines. Case

studies of a few organisations / outlets may also be encouraged. Under this the students will do

only ONE comprehensive project using concepts from both part A and part B.

Some of the examples of the projects are as follows (they are not mandatory but suggestive):

(i) A report on demographic structure of your neighbourhood.

(ii) Changing consumer awareness amongst households

(iii) Dissemination of price information for growers and its impact on consumers.

(iv) Study of a cooperative institution: milk cooperatives, marketing cooperatives, etc.

The idea behind introducing this unit is to enable the students to develop the ways and means by

which a project can be developed using the skills learned in the course. This includes all the steps

involved in designing a project starting from choosing a title, exploring the information relating to

the title, collection of primary and secondary data, analysing the data, presentation of the project

and using various statistical tools and their interpretation and conclusion.

(i) Students should do the survey based on the topics discussed in the class room; they

should strictly follow the process.

(ii) Students were asked to frame the questionnaire on the topic they have selected. The

questionnaire should include minimum 10 questions, excluding the general

information of the sample, i.e., Name, gender, occupation and age.

(iii) Questionnaire should be hand written.

(iv) The sample should not be less than 30 individuals

(v) The survey should be done strictly through Random sampling.

Students should come back to the school with two files,

(i) One including the questionnaire answered by the sample.

(ii) The other one with 5 papers

2 papers about the introduction of the industry

2 pages about the introduction of the company

5 page including the definition of the type of the sample, sample size

etc.

THE WHOLE PROJECT SHOULD BE HANDWRITTEN, STUDENTS SHOULD

COMPLUSORILY ENCLOSE THE RANDOM SAMPLING TABLE THEY HAVE

FOLLOWED, THEY SHOULD IN A POSITION TO EXPLAIN…

HAPPY VACATION…..