neelam agrawal rodney beede yogesh virkar

PZAPRParallel Zip Archive Password

Recovery

CSCI5576 - High Perf Sci ComputingUniv. of Colorado

Spring 2011

Neelam AgrawalRodney BeedeYogesh Virkar

2011-04-29

Topics• The Team• Introduction• Framework• Brute Force• Dictionary• Password Verification Process• Data Collection• Results & Conclusions• Questions

Introduction• ZipCrypto was first ZIP encryption

o Easily defeated

• AES-256o Standardo 2003 integrated into ZIP spec

• Password recovery of ZIP's not newo Proprietary companies

• Open source solutiono Free (if you have hardware)

Framework• MPI with C++ & C

• 3 Componentso Password Generator

Brute Force Dictionary

o Password Verification

• Command Parameterso Log Patho Zip Patho Method (BRUTE | DICTIONARY)o Dictionary Path

Initialize password generator

Next Password(BRUTE|DICTIONARY)

AttemptPassword()

Correct?

Tell Everyone Else I Found It

Anyone Else Find It?

END

NO MORE?

NO YES

NO YES

Framework (cont)

Initialize decrypt engine

Brute Force• All alphanumeric from 1 to 7 length

o 0-9, A-Z, a-zo 62 possible characters

• 3,579,345,993,194 possible passwordso 62^7 + 62^6 + ... 62^1

• Traditional incremento 'a' + 1 ==> 'b'o 'az' + 1 ==> 'b0'o Not feasible for parallel

Brute Force - Algorithm• Pick number from 1 to 3 trillion

o Called position• Know password without increment• The Algorithm:

f(position) = factor1 * (ALPHA_LEN)^(n - 1) + factor2 * (ALPHA_LEN)^(n - 2) + ... + factorn-1 * (ALPHA_LEN)^(n - (n-1)) + factorn * (ALPHA_LEN)^(n - n)

Brute Force - Algorithm (cont)


• ALPHA_LEN => Alphabet lengtho Number possible characterso 62 (easy to expand)



• n = PASSWORD LENGTHo Start at maximum possible (7)o Based on position find max possible < positiono Password length is 1 more than that length



• factori is the ith character of the passwordo No factor can be zeroo Must borrow from previous if zero

• factori points to alphabet array index

Brute Force - Example• position = 1,000,000• ALPHA_LEN = 62• n = 4 (password length)

f(1,000,000) = factor1 * (62)^(3) + factor2 * (62)^(2) + factor3 * (62)^(1) + factor4 * (62)^(0)

factors = 4, 12, 9, 2

Brute Force - Example (cont)• factors = 4, 12, 9, 2

o Correspond to alphabet indexes

const char PASSWORD_ALPHABET[] = { '\0', // always idx 0'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9','A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W','X', 'Y', 'Z','a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w','x', 'y', 'z'};

• PASSWORD = '3', 'B', '8', '1' or "3B81"

Dictionary Attack Mode

• Defeating a cipher or authentication mechanism byo Searching likely possibilities.o i.e. searching part of the key space.

• Not brute force

• Assumption: Potentially weak passwords

Building Dictionary

• Tool Used: John the Rippero Permutationso Combinations

• Commando john --wordlist=all.lst --rules --stdout |

unique mangled.lst

Building Dictionary (2)

• Ruleso l (convert to lowercase)o C (lowercase the first character, and uppercase the rest)o r (reverse: "Fred" ==> "derF")o f (reflect: "Fred" ==> "FredderF")o d (duplicate: "Fred ==> "FredFred"")o ..........and many more!!

• Time to permute: little over 4 hours

• Newer versions: o John the Ripper 1.7.6+

Support for OpenMP directives. (Source:openwall.info/wiki/john/parallelization)

Reading the Dictionary: Initialization

Reading the Dictionary: Indexing

• Indexing uses o displacement array o rank o per process word count

• Load is evenly distributed.o Eg: n = 103, m = 10o n/m = 103/10 = 10o n%m = 103%10 = 3

o rank 0 : 11 wordso rank 1 : 11 wordso rank 2 = 11 wordso rank 3-9 = 10 words

Requirements for Cracking a zip file

• Zip file format• Extracting information from zip file• Verifying the password• Decrypting the file data• Used Dr. Brian Gladman’s code

oC library for AES encryptionoUsed by WinZip

Zip file format

HEADER

FILE NAME

EXTRA FIELD

SALT

PASSWORD VERIFIER

ENCRYPTED FILE DATA

AUTHENTICATION CODE (MAC)

Password Verification Process

ZipFile

GivenPassword


ZipFile

SaltGiven

Password


ZipFile

SaltGiven

PasswordPassword

Verifier


ZipFile

Salt

Password Verifier

GivenPassword

Password Verifier


ZipFile

Salt

Password Verifier

Password Verifier

Match

GivenPassword


ZipFile

Salt

Password Verifier

GivenPassword

Password Verifier

Match Return False


ZipFile

Salt

Password Verifier

Data

GivenPassword

Password Verifier

Match Return False


ZipFile

Salt

Password Verifier

Data

GivenPassword

Password Verifier

Match

Decrypt MAC

Return False


ZipFile

Salt

Password Verifier

Data

MAC

GivenPassword

Password Verifier

Match

Decrypt MAC

Return False


ZipFile

Salt

Password Verifier

Data

MAC

GivenPassword

Password Verifier

Match

Decrypt MAC

Match

Return False


ZipFile

Salt

Password Verifier

Data

MAC

GivenPassword

Password Verifier

Match

Decrypt MAC

Match

Return False

Return False


ZipFile

Salt

Password Verifier

Data

MAC

GivenPassword

Password Verifier

Match

Decrypt MAC

Match

Return False

Return False

Return True

Speed ups

• Reducing file handling operations• Quick 2 byte check• Parallel implementation on GPU

Data Collection & Testing• Frost

o 32-bit, 700Mhz, 512MB Ram• Janus

o 64-bit, 2.8GHz, 2GB Ramo Ran in 32-bit mode

• Test Typeso Brute and Dictionaryo Nodes: 128, 1024, 2048, 4096o First, Middle, Last, Never

(password positions)• Model

o Passwords / time unit for X nodeso Time to solution for X nodes

Results (Estimated Time: Brute, Janus )

Results(Estimated Time: Brute, Janus vs Frost)

Results(Estimated Time: Dictionary, Janus )

Results(Estimated Time: Dict., Janus vs Frost)

Conclusions• Max throughput (Janus)

o Brute = 172 passwords / secondo Dictionary = 86 passwords / second

• Brute (Janus)o 7 alphanumeric = 60 days with 4096 processorso 8 alphanumeric = 9.9 years with 4096 processorso 10 alphanumeric = 38395 years with 4096 processors

• Dictionary (Janus)o 1 billion = 47.3 minutes with 4096 processorso 100 billion = 78.85 hours with 4096 processors

• Conclusiono Choose good passwords

Questions?

http://code.google.com/p/pzapr/

neelam agrawal rodney beede yogesh virkar

Documents