near east and north africa managing water scarcity
TRANSCRIPT
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Near East and North Africa
Managingwater scarcity
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Overview
• Major water challenges in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region– The state of water is reaching crisis level.
(What are the major indicators?)
• Key responses to address the water challenges– Major water policy reforms needed– Water-saving technologies in irrigated agriculture– Water-saving technologies in rainfed agriculture
• IFAD’s engagement in addressing water scarcity in NENA
• Key points for discussion
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Major Water Challenges in the NENA Region
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State of Water in the NENA Region
• NENA is the driest region in the world, with increasing drought frequency and severity.
• With 5% of the world’s population, the region is endowed with only 1% of the world’s accessible freshwater.
• Available surface water is limited and threatened by increasing soil erosion.
• Groundwater is being pumped in excess of natural recharge rates.
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State of Water in the NENA Region
Projected water availability is lower than in other water-scarce regions:
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980 1995 2010
NENA
Asia
Africa
Cubic
metr
e/p
er
capit
a/p
er
year
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State of Water in the NENA Region
• Freshwater availability is falling to crisis levels:
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1960 1999 2025
Cubic
metr
e/p
er
capit
a/p
er
year
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State of Water in the NENA Region
• Stress related to water quality and quantity is severe:
HIGH
Algeria – Egypt Iraq – LebanonMorocco – Syria
Tunisia
Jordan West Bank and Gaza
Yemen
LOW
Bahrain – Kuwait Oman – Qatar Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
LOW H I G H
Water Quantity Severity
Wate
r Q
ualit
y S
everi
ty
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State of Water in the NENA Region
Agriculture 78% Industrial 4%Open Water Evaporation 2% Municipal 5%Environmental Flows 10%
Water Sector Uses
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State of Water in the NENA Region
• Many people still lack access to safe water:
Population with Water Coverage ('000)
0100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000
100000
Jord
an
Tu
nis
ia
Syri
a
Yem
en
Moro
cco
Alg
eri
a
Egypt
Coverage in 2000 Coverage in 2000-2015 Without coverage in 2015
Total population without coverage: 22.6 million
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State of Water in the NENA Region
• In irrigation, cost recovery is low:
Irrigation Operation and Maintenance (O&M)Cost Recovery Ratio
Ratios >1 indicate user repayment not only for O&M but also for capital and replacement costs.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Eg
yp
t
Mo
rocco
Ind
ia
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Mexic
o
Au
str
ali
a
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Key Responses to Address
the Water Challenges
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Major Water Policy Reforms Needed
1. Adopt an integrated approach to water resource management in service delivery:
– Consider water as a holistic resource with competing demands.
– Promote service delivery on the basis of water users’ demand and their repayment capacity.
– Support private and public water service providers that create economic incentives for sustainable water use.
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Major Water Policy Reforms Needed
2. Raise water tariffs, without excluding targeted subsidies to the poorest. This is critical to:
– promote savings of water use by increasing tariffs
– set water charges to cover all water infrastructure maintenance costs
– ensure financial sustainability of water service providers (irrigation and drinking)
– save water for ecological reserve and environmental purposes
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Major Water Policy Reforms Needed
3. Promote policy reforms to encourage farmers to shift to irrigated crops, which provide higher value per unit of water:
– Priority should be given to crops requiring less water.
– With globalization, the ‘virtual water’ concept becomes an important factor in agricultural trade.
– In NENA, given scarcity of water, promotion of export crop production should not be based on foreign currency needs but driven by the implications for the sustainability of water resources.
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Major Water Policy Reforms Needed
4. Adopt a sustainable groundwater use strategy:
– An underground water control by-law should be issued and enforced to regulate the use of groundwater resources based on the following principles:
* Underground water is owned and controlled by the State, and ownership of land does not include ownership of groundwater.
* Extraction and use of underground water is authorized by a license to the landowner.
* The 2002 Jordanian Underground Water Control By-Law is a good example.
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Major Water Policy Reforms Needed
5. Decentralize water management responsibility:
– The management of water distribution networks (except primary canals) should be decentralized and turned over to farmers.
– Decentralization should include poor farmers as members of water users’ associations.
– Changes in behavioural and social patterns need to be fostered to conserve water (public awareness).
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Major Water Policy Reforms Needed
6. Promote cooperation for sustainable management of transboundary water resources:
– Shared ground and surface water resources need to be jointly assessed and monitored (in terms of quantity and quality).
– Concerted action plans should be adopted for sustainable use of shared water resources.
– The ongoing experience of Algeria, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Tunisia (IFAD-supported programme implemented by the Sahara and Sahelian Observatory [SSO]) is a possible model.
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Water-Saving Technologies in Irrigated Agriculture
– Use treated waste water for irrigation (Jordan).
– Increase adoption of new precision irrigation and drainage systems.
– Promote low-cost water-harvesting technologies (Jordan, Tunisia).
– Adopt conservation tillage and planting on raised beds to use irrigation water more efficiently.
– Exploit available technologies for saline water use (recent International Center for Biosaline Agriculture [ICBA] results).
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Water-Saving Technologies in Rainfed Agriculture
– Improved small-scale and supplemental irrigation systems can increase productivity of rainfed agriculture.
– More efficient crop sequencing and timely planting can achieve significant savings in water use.
– New crop varieties, requiring less water, are being developed by research institutions, and some are already available.
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IFAD’s Engagement in Addressing Water Scarcity in NENA
• Promoting sustainable water use and access to water by the rural poor is an IFAD regional strategic objective:
– IFAD loans targeting small-scale irrigation, rainfed farming and rural potable water supply schemes are:
• promoting the latest available technologies for improving water-use efficiency
• involving the rural poor in water governance through grass-roots water users’ associations
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IFAD’s Engagement in Addressing Water Scarcity in NENA
– IFAD regional grants aim at generating and testing new approaches in the sustainable water management. Examples are:
• action research on participatory irrigation management programme (International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies [CIHEAM])
• use of brackish and saline water (Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Drylands [ACSAD] and ICBA)
• On farm water harvesting (ICARDA)
• facilitating of collaboration on transboundary water (SSO)
• capacity-building for management of water demand (International Development Research Centre [IDRC])
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Key Points for Discussion
• What are the most critical policy measures needed to enhance water-use efficiency at the farm level?
• To what extent can water prices be increased to fully cover O&M costs?
• How can pro-poor and participatory water governance in irrigation and potable water supply be promoted in rural areas?
• How can cooperation be enhanced in managing transboundary water resources?