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(NEAP)

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)


2 013 – 2018

VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE MAY, 2013


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FOREWORD

Mainstreaming environmental concerns into development policies, plans and strategies is one of the priorities in Tanzanian’s Sustainable Development Agenda.. One of the initial mainstreaming efforts has been the preparation of National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) in 1994. This was a response to the recommendations by the Earth Summit in 1992 held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. At this Summit, countries were required to prepare and implement National Environmental Action Plans.

The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 (EMA) also provides for preparation of NEAP in the interval of five years. According to the Act, NEAP is the basis for integrating environmental concerns in formulation and implementation of development plans and programmes. In addition, the EMA 2004 requires Sector Ministries and Local Government Authorities to prepare their respective Environmental Action Plans in conformity with the NEAP so as ensure environmental mainstreaming at respective levels.

Since the preparation of NEAP (1994), the Government has undertaken various initiatives to improve environment management in the country. These include; formulation of the National Environmental Policy (1997); enactment of the Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004; mainstreaming of environment into MKUKUTA I (2005-2010) and II (2010-2015); and formulation of the sectoral policies, strategies and plans. These initiatives aim to ensure environmental consideration in the country’s development processes.. In addition to requirements of EMA 2004, the NEAP (2012 - 2017), has been prepared to update information on natural resources and environment, and in devising strategic interventions, taking into account emerging issues which have a bearing on the environment such as climate change, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), biofuels, Invasive Alien Species (IAS) and electronic waste.

Preparation of this version of NEAP was participatory. It involved various stakeholders from Sector Ministries, Local Government Authorities (LGAs), public and private sectors, actors, NGOs, media and local communities. These consultations provided another opportunity for stakeholders to provide inputs that shaped the NEAP according to their needs and thus enhancing ownership. The consultations also offered a platform for awareness Raisng on environmental issues to stakeholders especially at Local Government level.

The revised NEAP highlights the state of the environment identifying key environmental issues. These include Land degradation; Water resources degradation and pollution; Aquatic resources degradation; Loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity; Deforestation; Urban pollution; Climate change; Modern biotechnology; E-waste; Invasive alien species; and Biofuels. Furthermore, the NEAP sets targets and indicators for tracking implementation progress.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)

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In view of the highlighted issues I wish to emphasize that NEAP is an important document for guiding sustainable development of Tanzania. I call upon all stakeholders to participate fully in the implementation of the NEAP in order to improve the quality of life while maintaining environmental sustainability for the present and future generations.

Dr. Terezya L. Huvisa (MP)Minister of State – Environment

Vice President’s Office

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

T he successful preparation of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) is a result of commitment and hard work by many individuals and institutions who deserve our appreciation. Since it is not possible to mention them all by names,

I would like to confirm our heartfelt appreciation and that we value their cooperation and support.

I would like also to express my sincere gratitude to stakeholders who participated in the review of the draft NEAP, which was prepared by a Task Force under the coordination of the Vice President’s Office. These include experts from the President’s Office – Planning Commission; Vice President’s Office; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives; Ministry of Water; Ministry of Transport; Ministry of Education and Vocational Training; Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children; Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism; Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development; Ministry of Works; Ministry of Information, Youth, Culture and Sports; Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing; Dar es Salaam City Council; Ilala, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipal Councils; Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA); University of Dar es Salaam – Institute of Resource Assessment (IRA); National Environment Management Council (NEMC); and Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA).

I am thankful to Eng. Ngosi C. X. Mwihava, Deputy Permanent Secretary, Vice President’s Office; Director of Environment, Assistant Directors and members of the Task Force for their inputs on finalising the NEAP.

Finally, I am grateful to the Government of Japan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) through the Africa Adaptation Programme (AAP) for financial support in the revised NEAP preparation process.

Sazi B. SalulaPermanent Secretary

VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

Country Profile: The United Republic of Tanzania has a total area of 945,087 km2 of which surface land in Tanzania Mainland is 883,749 km2 and 2,460 km2 in Zanzibar. The country is comprised of 59,050 km2 of inland water bodies. About 40% of the total land area in Tanzania constitutes protected area where wildlife protected areas (including game controlled reserves) cover about 28% and forest reserves account for about 15%. Tanzania is characterised by tropical climate with varied temperatures from one place to another depending on the geographical location. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 500mm to 2,500mm and above. The population of Tanzania in 2010 was estimated to be 43.2 million, out of which 42 million (97%) are from Tanzania Mainland while 1.3 million (3%) from Tanzania Zanzibar. Tanzania’s real GDP recorded an average growth rate of about 7% in 2001-2010. Currently, agriculture contributes about 25.3% of the GDP but absorbs 74% of the labour force.

Background and Justification: The Environmental Management Act (2004) provides for preparation of NEAP in every five years. The NEAP elaborates the implementation of the National Policy Agenda in its totality. Furthermore, Sector Ministries and Local Government Authorities are obliged to prepare Environmental Action Plans, in conformity with the NEAP. Since the preparation of the first NEAP in 1994, many environmental challenges have emerged or intensified including climate change, modern biotechnology, biofuels, Invasive Alien Species (IAS), and Electronic Waste ( E-Waste). Cognisant of the adverse impacts of these challenges to the environment and human health, revision of the NEAP became necessary in order to, among others, address these emerging environmental issues.

Development Process: The preparation of the revised NEAP involved assessment of the implementation of the first NEAP (1994); literature review; consultations with key stakeholders including Sector Ministries, Local Government Authorities (LGAs), Academic and Research Institutions, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and Private Sector. The NEAP was finalized by a team of experts coordinated by the Vice President’s Office.

Environmental Management Initiatives

Policies: There are several policies that influence environmental management in Tanzania. Among these include; the National Environmental Policy (1997); Agriculture and Livestock Policy (1997); Livestock Development Policy (2006); National Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy Statement (1997); National Forest Policy (1998); Beekeeping Policy (2008); Wildlife Policy (2007); National Tourism Policy (1999); National Land Policy

(1995); National Population Policy (1992); National Human Settlements Development Policy (2000); Sustainable Industrial Development Policy (1996); National Water Policy (2002); National Irrigation Policy (2010); National Health Policy (2007); National Energy Policy (2003); Mineral Policy (2009); National Investment Promotion Policy (1996); Education and Training Policy (2005); National Transport Policy (2003); National Research Policy (2010); Women and Gender Development Policy (2000); Community Development Policy (1996); Disaster Management Policy (1990); National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy, 2003; National NGOs Policy (2002); National Biotechnology Policy (2010); Construction Industry Policy (2003); and Tanzania Development Vision 2025.

Legislation: There are several legal and regulatory instruments which are relevant to the environmental management in Tanzania. These include Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004; Wildlife Conservation Act No. 5 of 2009; Marine Parks and Reserve Act No. 29 of 1994; Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003; Forest Act No. 7 of 2002; Grazing Land and Animal Feed Resources Act No. 13 of 2010; Fertilizer Act No. 9 of 2009; Industrial and Consumer Chemicals (Management and Control) Act No. 3 of 2003; Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2009; Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 12 of 2009; Tourism Act No. 29 of 2008; Beekeeping Act No. 15 of 2002; Mining Act No. 14 of 2010; Land Act No. 4 of 1999; Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999; Public Health Act No. 1 of 2009; Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003; Plant Protection Act No. 13 of 1997; Merchant Shipping Act No. 21 of 2003; Rural Energy Act No. 8 of 2005; Urban Planning Act No. 8 of 2007; Road Act No. 13 of 2007; Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act No. 8 of 1982; and Local Government (District Authorities) Act No. 7 of 1982.

Institutional framework for environmental management: The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 sets up the institutional framework for environmental management in the country. The Act establishes National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC) with the role of advising the Minister responsible for Environment, on matters relating to protection and management of environment. It confers the role of enforcement to the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). The Act directs establishment of Sector Environmental Sections with the role of overseeing environmental management relevant to such respective sectors. It also gives power to the Regional Secretariats to designate Regional Environmental Management Expert (REME) charged with responsibility to advice and oversee implementation and enforcement of EMA. Furthermore, it empowers LGAs (City, Municipal, District, Township) to designate or appoint Environmental Management Officers to oversee implementation of EMA at respective levels. In addition, the Act establishes Environmental Committees at LGAs levels to advise and oversee the implementation of EMA within their jurisdiction.


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Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Tanzania has ratified and is implementing various Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). These include Convention on Biological Diversity (1992); United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1994); Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989); Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa (1990); United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) (1973); Kyoto Protocol to United Nations Framework on Climate Change (1997); Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985); Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (1987); SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement (1999); World Heritage Convention (1972); Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora (1994); Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region (1985); Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) (Bonn) (1985); Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) (1971); Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Water birds (AEWA) (1999); Convention on Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika (2003); Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (1998); Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (2001); Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1968); and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).

Regional Cooperation: Tanzania is a member of several regional blocks including Southern Africa Development Community (SADC); East Africa Cooperation (EAC); African Union (AU); and Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC).

Milestones achieved from NEAP (1994)Since preparation of NEAP (1994), the Government has undertaken various initiatives to improve environmental management in the country. These include: formulation and implementation of the National Environmental Policy (1997); enactment of the Environmental Management Act, 2004; mainstreaming of environment into National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) I (2005-2010) and II (2010-2015), sectoral policies, strategies, plans, and programmes. Despite of these achievements, environment management in the country is still a challenge due to inadequate resources, inadequate mainstreaming of environmental issues in sectors and low level of awareness of the public on the importance of conservation.

State of the Environment

Land Resource: The present land use is categorized into seven major land types, namely, forests, woodland, bushland, grassland, cultivated land, open land and water features. Forests and woodland occupies more than 40 percent of the total land area of the mainland, whereas protected areas occupy nearly 30 percent of the whole area of the country. The country has continued to face a number of environmental challenges including land degradation due to unsustainable farming and mining; encroachment of wetlands; overgrazing; uncontrolled tree and bush clearing and wild fires. Forests and Woodlands: Tanzania has about 35.3 million hectares (ha) of natural forests or about 38% of the total land area. Furthermore, forests and woodlands do provide other goods and services to people such as food, natural herbs for medicine and water. The forest resources are facing a number of environmental challenges including over exploitation, bush fires and encroachment.

Water Resource: Tanzania has about 59,050 km2 of inland water bodies. It is estimated that 6% of land area is covered by Lake Surface and numerous rivers draining into major water basins. Groundwater plays a major role in meeting the demand of water especially in rural areas. The total renewable water resources are estimated at 80 km3/year of which 30 km3/year is groundwater resources. The main environmental challenges include access to clean and safe water; sedimentation of reservoirs and waterways; pollution; encroachment of water sources; and climate change impacts. Human activities such as unsustainable fishing, agriculture and mining have been the major sources of pollution of many water sources especially the lakes, rivers and dams.

Biodiversity: Tanzania is the fourth country in Africa having the largest number of mammals, with at least 310 mammal species. Also, it is among the countries in Africa with the highest species richness of birds, plants, amphibians and reptiles. Moreover, it is one of the biodiversity hotspot areas in the world in particular from the Eastern Arc Mountains. Threats on biodiversity include: human encroachment in biodiversity sensitive areas; pollution of rivers, lakes, and ocean; over-exploitation; invasive alien species; and climate change impacts. This has contributed to loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Commercial introduction of GMOs in the country is yet to take place apart from few research activities involving GMOs. The country has put in place legal and administrative framework to regulate GMOs. Challenges facing the safe use of modern biotechnology in the country include low public awareness; inadequate human resource and infrastructural capacity as well as funding.


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Urban Environment:, The rapid growth of urban population in Tanzania has resulted in emergence and growth of informal settlements occupying about 60% of housing in urban areas. It is estimated that about 70% of the urban population in the country live in unplanned settlements which present potential public health risks and flooding hazards mainly as a result of poor urban planning. Other issues related to urban environment include:e-waste, municipal waste, traffic congestion, air and noise pollution.

Energy Resources: Tanzania is endowed with diverse energy sources including biomass, natural gas, hydropower, coal, geothermal, solar and wind power, much of which is untapped. The total annual energy used in Tanzania is 92% biomass-based and 8% is commercial energy, mainly electricity and petroleum-based fuel. This means energy use is characterized by very low per capita consumption of commercial energy and high dependence on biomass. Challenges faced include high initial costs of environmentally and socially sound energy technologies; and inadequate human and institutional capacities.

Climate Change: In Tanzania, the impacts of climate change are already evident

in most socio-economic sectors. Impacts are already being experienced almost in each and every sector. Examples are countless and increasing. Severe and recurrent droughts in recent years triggered devastating power crisis. Other impacts of climate change includes melting of glacier over Mt. Kilimanjaro, submerging of Maziwe Island in Pangani and Fungu la Nyani in Rufiji due to sea level rise and intrusion of seawater into freshwater wells along the cost of Bagamoyo. About 80% of the glacier on Mount Kilimanjaro has been lost since 1912. It is projected that the entire glacier will be gone by 2025.

Climate change has also brought its opportunities, particularly as it relates to increased efficiency and diversification of the sources of energy. New technologies related to renewable energy, better industrial efficiencies, better agricultural processing, better management of natural resources including Forestry sector have all helped to redefine a better sustainable development path in the name of Climate Change Mitigation.

Climate change adaptation and mitigation activities are hindered by inadequate funding, low public awareness, inadequate institutional and human resources capacities, inadequate national specific adaptation capacities including nationally research based adaptation technologies and technological challenges.

Environmental Disasters: Environmental disasters in Tanzania are aggravated by some natural actions such as floods, droughts and human induced disasters. For instance, the floods that occurred in April, 2011 in Kilombero, Morogoro and those of December 2011 in Dar es Salaam caused several deaths and considerable property and infrastructure damage of 26 bridges of more than 886km, which costed 17 billion Tanzanian shillings in maintenance. In 2009-2010 a severe drought occurred in Arusha region which led to death

of a total of 316,437 cattle, 236,359 goats and 92,640 sheep. TAZAMA oil spill in River Mwega in Kilosa districts that happened in June 2011 affected the river environment, aquatic biodiversity and community life around the river.

Invasive Alien Species (IAS): Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are among the key drivers of environmental change causing biodiversity loss in many ecosystems and are considered difficult to be eradicated. Since 1960s the spread of IAS has been increasing in the country in the last few decades and is causing substantial threat to biodiversity and ecological integrity of native habitats and ecosystems. Tanzania has 67 reported IAS of different categories including plant pathogens, pests, aquatic and terrestrial weeds, animals and trees.

Biofuels: The use of biofuels in Tanzania is still at an infancy stage. There are initiatives to prepare policy and legal framework for sustainable biofuel development. The national vision for the development of biofuel sub-sector is to contribute to the reduction of fossil fuels in transport sector and to stimulate socio-economic development.

Implementation PlanA plan of action has been developed to address environmental issues by providing priority actions, expected output, timeframe, key actors provide indicators for tracking progress. The time-frame for implementation is categorized as short term (up to 2 years), medium term (2 to 5 years) and long term (5 years and above). The environmental challenges addressed include land degradation; water resources degradation and pollution; degradation of aquatic resources; loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity; deforestation; urban pollution; climate change; modern biotechnology; electronic waste; Invasive Alien Species (IAS); and biofuels.

Implementation Strategies

Stakeholder’s Involvement: The public will participate in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the NEAP under the coordination of the Vice President’s Office. Stakeholders are obliged to prepare and submit annual progress report by March of each year.

Funding: Potential sources of funding may include: National Environmental Trust Fund; Constituency Development Fund; Central and Local Government Budgetary allocations; Global Environment Facility; Bilateral arrangements, and Support from NGOs; CBOs; Faith Based Organisation (FBOs); locally and internationally available resources as well as contributions from private sectors and the public in general.

Monitoring and Evaluation: The implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the NEAP will be carried out using participatory approach. Evaluation of the implementation of the NEAP will be done annually and atits end i.e, that is after five years.Sectors and stakeholders will contribute in reporting as per EMA 2004.


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CONTENTSFOREWORD iACKNOWLEDGEMENT iiiEXECUTIVE SUMMARY ivLIST OF FIGURES xiACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiiCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 11.1 Country Profile 11.2 Climate 21.3 Population and Population Dynamics 21.4 Socio-economic issues 31.4.1 The State of the Economy 31.4.2 State of poverty 31.5 Background and Justification of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) 31.6 Development Process 41.7 Layout of the NEAP Document 4CHAPTER TWO: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES 2.1 Policies 62.2 Legislation 122.3 Institutional framework 172.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and Regional Cooperation 182.4.1 Multilateral Environmental Agreements 182.4.2 Regional Cooperation 202.5 Milestones Achieved from NEAP (1994) 21CHAPTER THREE: THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Land Resource 243.2 Forests and Woodlands 243.3 Water Resources 253.4 Biodiversity 253.5 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 253.6 Urban Environment 253.6.1 Electronic Waste (E-waste) 263.6.2 Municipal Waste 263.6.3 Traffic congestion 263.6.4 Air and Noise Pollution 273.7 Energy Resources 273.8 Climate Change 273.9 Environmental Disasters 283.10 Invasive Alien Species (IAS) 293.11 Biofuels 29

CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 30 CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES 48 5.1 Stakeholder Involvement 495.2 Resource Requirements 495.3 Monitoring and Evaluation 50

Figure 1: Map of Tanzania showing administrative boundaries 1

Figure 2: Organisation structure for the implementation of EMA 18

List of Figures


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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AEWA - African-Eurasian Migratory Water birds CBO - Community Based OrganizationCBFM - Community Based Forest ManagementCEMO - City Environmental Management OfficerCMS - Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals COSTECH - Commission for Science and TechnologyCPCT - Cleaner Production Centre of TanzaniaDoE - Division of Environment EAC - East African CommunityEAP - Environmental Action PlanEEE - Electrical and Electronic EquipmentEIA - Environmental Impact AssessmentEMA - Environmental Management ActEPM - Environmental Planning and ManagementGDP - Gross Domestic ProductGMOs - Genetically Modified OrganismsILFEMP - Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management ProgrammeILO - International Labour OrganizationJFM - Joint Forest ManagementLEAP - Local Environmental Action PlanLGA - Local Government AuthoritiesMAFC - Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and CooperativesMDGs - Millennium Development GoalsMEAs - Multilateral Environmental AgreementsMEM - Ministry of Energy and Minerals MEMO - Municipal Environmental Management OfficerMoEVT - Ministry of Education and Vocational Training MheshimiwaA - Ministry of Home Affairs MoLHHSD - Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements DevelopmentMoHSW - Ministry of Health and Social WelfareMoWs - Ministry of WorksMoITM - Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing MoLFD - Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development MoW - Ministry of Water MKUKUTA - Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umaskini TanzaniaMoCST - Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology NAP - National Action Programme to Combat DesertificationNAPA - National Adaptation Programme of ActionNAWAPO - National Water PolicyNBSAP - National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

NEAP - National Environmental Action PlanNEMC - National Environment Management CouncilNEP - National Environmental PolicyNGO - Non Governmental OrganizationNLUPC - National Land Use Planning CommissionNSGRP - National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of PovertyPFM - Participatory Forest ManagementPMO-RALG - Prime Minister’s Office, Regional Administration and Local GovernmentREME - Regional Environment Management ExpertSADC - Southern African Development CommunitySES - Sector Environmental SectionSoE - State of the Environment SUA - Sokoine University of Agriculture TEMO - Town Environmental Management Officer TBS - Tanzania Bureau of StandardsTOE - Tonnes of Oil EquivalentUCLAS - University College of Lands and Architectural Studies UDSM - University of Dar es SalaamUNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNCCD - United Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUNDP - United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP - United Nations Environment ProgrammeUWSAs - Urban Water Supply and Sewerage AuthoritiesVPO - Vice President’s OfficeWEEE - Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment


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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Country Profile

The United Republic of Tanzania is located in Eastern Africa between Latitude 10S to 120S and Longitude 300E to 400E. It is constituted by Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar with a total area of 945,087 km2 of which surface land in Tanzania Mainland is 883,749 km2 and 2,460 km2 in Zanzibar. The country is comprised of 59,050 km2 of inland water bodies. It shares borders with Kenya and Uganda in the North; Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo in the West; Zambia and Malawi in the South West, Mozambique in the South and Indian Ocean in the East (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Map of Tanzania showing administrative boundariesTanzania is the biggest among the East African countries in terms of land area. It has a spectacular landscape of mainly three physiographic regions namely the Islands and the coastal plains to the east; the inland plateau; and the highlands in the southern and north eastern. Except for the coastal strip and lower parts of the main rivers, the rest of the country lies above 300m altitude. The Great Rift Valley that runs from north east of Africa through central Tanzania is another landmark that adds to the scenic view of the country. About 40% of the total land in Tanzania constitutes protected (or conserved) area where wildlife protected areas (including game controlled reserves) cover about 28%while forest reserves account for about 15%.

Polyconic Projection

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Kakonko

Bukonda

Ilagala

Nkondwe

Pandula

Nguruka

Nkungwi

Stalike

Katumba

Kasamwa

Mantare

Bukumbi

Mambali

Bukombe

Karumwa

kishapu

Inyonga

Igalula

Igalula

Shirati

Meringa

Buhemba

Namanga

Bukundi

Lingaka

Kambaki

Londoni

Babaiya

Hombolo

Jangalo

Mingoyo

LupondaGumbiro

Lipumba

Lipanga

Nangaru

Kimambi

Lupembe

Kitanya

Mtwango

Tunduma

Kasanga

Kasesya

Sangama

ShikuleIgurusi

Ntewele

Ngwemba

Matombo

Lumango

Kalenga

Musombe

Kiswite

Kirumbi

Kitunde

Mkaramo

Kijungu

Mashewa

Mkomazi

Tandala

Iguguno

Mkalama

Iduguti

Kirando

Mchinga

Bugarama

Dobahika

Mwandiga

Mnyamasi

Sabagasi

Lugonesi

ChilingoKishinda

Bukwimba

Nyanguge

Lungunya

Mawemeru

Malongwe

Nyamwaga

Loliondo

Engaruka

Bulegela

Sakasaka

Ilangali

Makangwa

Misughoa

Dosidosi

Muhukuru

MatimiraTigowula

Nanyamba

Nangomba

Nampinga

Bulongwa

Madibira

Naiwanga

Nyamwage

Horohoro

Chalinze

Ilongero

Makuyuni

NyakahuraLusahunga

Nyakanazi

Nikalinzi

Bulombola

Gengesaba

Katunguru

Nyankanga

Igagavula

Nyamikoma

Susijande

Kwa Mtoro

Tumbakosi

Lukumbulu

Kitangiri

Mchuchuma

Kitumbini

Kiangaara

Lukumburu

MakambakoMahongole

Uchindile

Kisangire

Kipembawe

Mabokweni

Nyamirembe

Malagarasi

Ibolongero

Mwanisenga

Mbamba Bay

Kinyanambo

Kinyanguru

Pandambili

Kinyangiri

Makongolosi

Mbalamaziwa

Maneromango

Murutunguru

Engare Nabor

Kilima Rondo

Kambi Katoto

Makama ndebo

Mpanda Ndogo

Kilwa Kivinje

Ruaha Mbuyuni

Ngarena Nyuki

Ololmoti crater

Robo Wild Lodge

Kilosa kwa Mpepo

Seronera Wild Lodge

Bihawana

MT.KILIMANJARO

Mikumi

M I S E N Y I

S I H A

MKINGA

N A N Y U M B U

CH

A

T

O

BA

HI

CH

AM

WI

NO

L O N G I D O

DO

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Kintinku

Meiameia

T A B O R A

WETETANGA

LINDI

MBEYA

MOSHI

MTWARA

KIBAHA

IRINGA

SONGEA

TABORA

ARUSHA

MUSOMA

MWANZA

BUKOBA

BABATI

KOANI

SINGIDA

MAHONDA

MOROGORO

ZANZIBAR

SHINYANGA

SUMBAWANGA

CHAKECHAKE

KIGOMA-UJIJI

Mkuu

Same

Magu

Mbulu

Maswa

Nzega

GeitaNgudu

Bunda

Ngara

Vwawa

Ileje

Kyela

Iwawa

Utete

Songe

Chato

Igunga

Kahama

Nansio

Mugumu

Tarime

Muleba

Kasulu

Urambo

Mpanda

Chunya

Tukuyu

Ludewa

Njombe

Mbinga

Liwale

Masasi

Newala

Kilosa

Muheza

Kibaya

Kondoa

Katesh

Mkoani

Karatu

Rujewa

Dakawa

Mhunze

Kongwa

Magaka

Kilolo

Kasera

Bunazi

Monduli

Kiomboi

Manyoni

Bariadi

Kibondo

Mufindi

Mahenge

Ifakara

Tunduru

Mpwapwa

PanganiHandeni

Lushoto

Korogwe

Sikonge

Ruangwa

Mangaka

Longido

Sanyajuu

Bagamoyo

Kisarawe

Mwanhuzi

Isikizya

Mkuranga

Namtumbo

Sengerema

Namanyere

Kilindoni

Ushirombo

Micheweni

Mkokotoni

Nyamagana

Ngorongoro

Biharamulo

Nachingwea

Makunduchi

Tandahimba

Bomang'ombe

Kilwa Masoko

S I N G I D A

Mitomoni

Mabuki

Mwanga

Orkesumet

Naberela

L A K E

Kayanga

Chumachankola

Mara

Kagera

Gurumeti

Moy

owos

i

Niko

nga

Kanyasungwa

Malagarasi

Omurushaka

Bahi

Wanging'ombeIgawa

Fort Ikoma

Tarakea

Chamwino

RUFIJI

GREAT RUAHA

Kihanzi

RUVUMA

RUVUMA

Mbwemkuru

Matandu

Njenje

Mba

rang

andu

Luwegu

Piti

Pitu

Ruhudji

Muipa

Luhir

a

Limba limba

Kitiwaka

Rungwa

LittleRuaha

Katumbiki

Ruhuh

u

Momba

Manonga

Great Ruaha

Njom

be

Nkululu

Kika

mba

RUVU

WAMI

Gurumeti

Orangi

Liwal

e

Ruhuu

Mihumo

RUVU OR PANGANI

PANGANI OR RUVU

Kigosi

Igombe

I T I L I M A

B U K O M B E

N Y A N G ' W A L E

M K A L A M A

K Y E R W A

B U H

I G

W E

K A K O N K O

K I G OM A

G A I

R O

C H E M B A

B U S E G A

N Y A S A

M O M B A

M L E L E

MUSOMA

WA

NG

I NG

' OM

BE

I K U N G I

K A L A M B O

G E I T A

K A T A V I

R U K W A

N J O M B E

S I M I Y U

U R A M B O

Gombero

Mvomero

Rudewa

Ivuna

Mwera

Mkwaja

Gua

Rudi

Misaki

Mkurusi

Kigwa

Kisiwani

Gonja

Ndungu

Kihurio

MgeraKiberashi

Malinyi

Lituhi

Mkondoa

Mgeta

Mgeta

Magogoni

Ngerengere

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE


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Tanzania is mountainous in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest peak with the altitude of 5895 m, is situated. To the north and west are the Great Lakes namely Lake Victoria (Africa’s largest lake) and Lake Tanganyika (Africa’s deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish) and Lake Nyasa to the south. Central Tanzania comprises a large plateau, with plains and arable land.

1.2 Climate

Tanzania is characterised by tropical climate with varied temperatures from one place to another depending on the geographical location, relief and altitude. While the average temperature is between 27°C and 29°C in the coastal regions and the off-shore Islands, the Central, Northern and Western parts have average temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C and higher between the months of December and March. In the Northeast and Southwest where there are mountainous areas and Makonde Plateau, the temperature occasionally falls below 15°C during the nights in the months of June and July. In some parts of the country (Southern Highlands) temperature can drop as low as 0°C - 6°C. The rest of the country has temperatures rarely falling lower than 20˚C. The hottest period extends between November and February (25˚C - 31˚C) while the coldest period occurs between May and August (15˚C-20˚C).

Rainfall patterns in the Tanzania are subdivided into the following types: tropical on the coast, where it is hot and humid (rainy season March - May): semi-temperate in the mountains with the short rains (Vuli) in November-December and the long rains (Masika) in February – May: and drier (Kiangazi) in the plateau region with considerable seasonal variations in temperature. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 500 mm to 2,500 mm and above. The average duration of the dry season is 5 to 6 months. However, in recent years, the pattern of rainfall has become less predictable.

1.3 Population and Population Dynamics

Based on the 2002 Population and Housing Census, the population of Tanzania in 2010 was estimated at 43,2 million. Tanzania Mainland had an estimated population of 42 million, equivalent to 97.1% of the total population, while Tanzania Zanzibar had an estimated population of 1.3 million, equivalent to 2.9% of the total population. The population distribution showed that 31.8 million people, equivalent to 74% of the total population live in rural areas, while 11.4 people equivalent to 26% live in urban areas. In 2010, the regional population distribution shows that Shinyanga continued to have highest population of 3.8 million equivalent to 9% of the total population, followed by Mwanza 3.6 million (8%) and Dar es Salaam 3.2 (7%). The higher population in Shinyanga was mainly due to high fertility rate of 7.3 children per woman. Lindi region had the lowest population of 923,607 people in Tanzania Mainland caused by emigration to other regions.

1.4 Socio-economic issues1.4.1 The State of the Economy

Tanzania’s economy relies heavily on agriculture, which accounts for 25.3 percent of the GDP but absorbs 74 percent of the labour force. Tourism is growing in importance and ranks as the second highest foreign exchange earner after agriculture. Tanzania has vast amounts of natural resources including forests, wildlife, fisheries and minerals such as gold, diamonds, Tanzanite, coal, iron ore, uranium, nickel, chromium, tin, platinum and variety of Germstones and other minerals. It is the third-largest producer of gold in Africa after South Africa and Ghana. Mineral production has grown significantly in recent years. It represents Tanzania’s biggest source of economic growth, provides over 3% of GDP and accounts for half of Tanzania’s exports.

Tanzania’s real GDP recorded an average growth rate of about 7% over the 2001-2010 period. Growth slowed down in 2009 to 6.0 percent, largely due to global financial crisis. However, it bounced back to 7 percent in 2010.

1.4.2 State of poverty

In spite of Tanzania’s GDP growth rate has been impressive in recent years, the incidence of income poverty has not changed significantly. Household Budget Surveys (HBS) of 2000/2001 and 2007 show that 36 percent of Tanzanians were poor in 2000/2001 compared to 34 percent in 2007. Income poverty (basic needs and food poverty) varied across geographical areas with the rural areas being worse off. Rural growth led by growth of the agriculture sector was about 4.5 percent on average. When this growth rate is compared with the national population growth rate of 2.9 percent, the change in rural per capita income becomes small, thus perpetuating poverty in rural areas. Given the large proportion of the poor in the rural areas who are dependent on agriculture as their main source of livelihood, agriculture is central to poverty reduction in general and hunger/food poverty in particular.

1.5 Background and Justification of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)

Development of the National Environmental Action Plans (NEAPs) originated from recommendations of the Earth Summit that took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. From this Summit, countries were encouraged to prepare their respective National Environmental Action Plans so as to set out priority actions to address environmental challenges. Tanzania prepared its first National Environmental Action Plan in 1994.The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 also provides for the preparation of NEAP in the interval of every five years. According to the Act, NEAP is the basis for integrating environmental concerns in formulation and implementation of development plans and programmes. Furthermore, Sector Ministries and Local Government Authorities are obliged to prepare Environmental Action Plans, which are in conformity with the NEAP and basis for environmental mainstreaming at such respective levels.


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NEAP is an important tool for addressing environmental challenges at all levels of Government. It involves developing a national vision, assessing environmental issues, setting priorities, identifying the most appropriate strategies for addressing the key problems, and implementing actions so as to achieve environmental sustainability. It also outlines a process for the government to set priority actions to improve environmental conditions.

Since the preparation of NEAP in 1994, many environmental challenges have emerged and some old ones intensified. Such challenges include climate change, modern biotechnology, biofuels, mining pollution Invasive Alien Species (IAS) and Electronic waste (E-waste). These challenges have impacts on the ecosystems, quality of life and human health, national economy as well as on the Political and institutional arrangements. Cognisant of the adverse impacts of these challenges to the environment and human health, the Vice President’s Office spearheaded the process of revising the NEAP in order to, address these emerging environmental issues.

1.6 Development Process

The preparation of the revised NEAP involved assessment of the implementation of the first NEAP (1994); literature review; consultations with key stakeholders including government ministries, local government authorities, academic and research institutions, Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector. The NEAP was finalized by a team of experts coordinated by the Vice President’s Office.

1.7 Layout of the NEAP Document

This document is organized in five chapters. Chapter one presents the introduction covering the country profile; background and justification; and development process of the NEAP. Chapter two spells out the environmental management initiatives by outlining relevant policies and legislation; institutional framework; multilateral environmental agreements and regional cooperation; and highlights milestones achieved from NEAP of 1994. The state of environment is presented in Chapter three where it outlines the status of land resources, forests and woodlands, water resources, biodiversity, GMOs, urban environment, energy resources, the atmosphere, environmental disasters, invasive alien species and biofuels. Chapter four presents the implementation plan by providing priority actions for each issue, expected output, timeframe, key players, targets and indicators for tracking progress. Lastly, Chapter five provides details on implementation strategies including stakeholders’ engagement, monitoring and evaluation.

CHAPTER TWOENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES


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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES

The environmental management in Mainland Tanzania is guided by the National Environmental Policy (1997) and the Environmental Management Act (2004) complemented by sectoral policies and legislation as well as Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). These policies, legal and institutional frameworks provide for various development opportunities and challenges to the rural and urban local government authorities.

2.1 Policies

i) National Environmental Policy, 1997

The Policy seeks to provide the framework for making fundamental changes of mainstreaming environmental considerations into f decision making in Tanzania. It calls for a coherent policy where priorities can be defined for the promotion of long-term economic growth, creating incentives for sustainable utilisation of natural resources, disincentives for environmental pollution and degradation, and effective management of the overall environment.

ii) Agricultural and Livestock Policy, 1997

The Policy emphasizes that for long term future of the country, the natural resources (land, soil, water and forests) must be managed so that agriculture is sustained. To achieve this, the policy outlines how agriculture policy statements be formulated with respect to environmental management. Some of the agricultural policy statements that have relevance to sustainable development are guided to:

i) Promote intensification and diversification of agriculture production;ii) Improve crop husbandry through soil erosion control and soil fertility

improvement;iii) Implement measures that will minimize encroachment in public lands

including forests, woodlands, wetlands and pasture;iv) Strengthen agrochemical monitoring and registration;v) Promote agro-forestry and organic farming;vi) Encourage control of agricultural run-offs of agrochemicals to minimize

pollution of both surface and ground water;vii) Introduce mechanisms to improve water use efficiency in irrigation

including control of water logging and salinization; andviii) Intensify plant genetic conservation programmes.

iii) Livestock Development Policy, 2006

One of the objectives of the Policy is to promote integrated and sustainable use and management of natural resources related to livestock production

in order to achieve environmental sustainability. To ensure sustainable livestock production, the livestock policy outlines the following policy statements:

i) Strengthen technical support services on environmental issues;ii) Promote proper land use planning for livestock production; andiii) Strengthen inter-sectoral coordination on environmental issues.

iv) National Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy Statement, 1997

The Policy focuses on the promotion of sustainable exploitation, utilization and marketing of fish resources to provide food, income, employment and foreign exchange earnings and effective protection of the aquatic environment to sustain development.

v) National Forest Policy, 1998

The overall goal of the Policy (1998) is to enhance the contribution of the forest sector to the sustainable development of Tanzania and the conservation and management of her natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. The Policy, among other aspects, recognizes the high value of forests due to the high potential for royalty collection, export and tourism earnings as well as the recycling and sequestering of carbon and conservation of globally important biodiversity. Furthermore, the policy emphasizes on biodiversity conservation; describes the importance of forest ecosystems for maintaining biodiversity and the threats to biodiversity. One of the main objectives envisaged in the policy focuses on ensured ecosystem stability through conservation of forest biodiversity, water catchments, and soil fertility.

vi) Beekeeping Policy, 2008

The objective of the Policy is to improve biodiversity, increase employment, and foreign exchange earnings through sustainable bee products based, industrial development and trade. It also ensures ecosystem stability by practising Integrated Pest Management and carrying out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for investments inside or around bee reserves.

vii) Wildlife Policy, 2007

The Policy focuses on wildlife protection and conservation in order to ensure sustainability of wildlife ecosystems. Some of the objectives of the Policy include establishment of Protected Areas (PA); maintenance and development of a PA network in order to enhance biological diversity; conservation of wildlife and its habitats outside the core areas by establishing Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs); and conservation of wetlands.


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viii) National Tourism Policy, 1999

The Policy acknowledges the relationship between the environment and development of sustainable tourism. Thus, it aims to ensure that development of tourism is based on careful assessment of carrying capacities of tourism products and ensure enhancement and improvement of special environment features so that tourism development does not conflict with indigenous forests, beaches, mountains and other important types of vegetation.

ix) National Land Policy, 1995

The Policy aims at developing a coherent and comprehensive framework that defines land tenure and enables proper management and allocation of land in urban and rural areas. Among other things, the Policy advocates the protection of land resources from degradation for sustainable development. The policy addresses several environmental issues such as land use planning which takes into consideration the land capability, ensures proper management of land resources, promotes resource sharing and multiple land use techniques in areas of conflicting land use, and involve community in resource management, land use and conflict resolution.

x) National Population Policy, 2006

The Policy aims at coordinating and influencing other policies, strategies and programmes to ensure sustainable development as well as promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women. The Policy recognizes, among other things, the impact of population growth on natural resources and environment. One of the goals of the Policy is to prepare and implement coordinated urban, rural and regional development plans for rapid development in the country and to reduce the rate of rural-urban migration.

xi) National Human Settlements Development Policy, 2000

The Policy stresses the need to ensure that human settlements are kept clean and pollution effects of solid and liquid wastes do not endanger the health of residents. It also advocates on compliance on environmental quality standards of gaseous emissions from sources such as industries and vehicles.

xii) Sustainable Industrial Development Policy, 1996

The Policy promotes environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable industrial development. In addition, the Policy targets to institute incentive mechanism on investments that promotes environmental conservation; requires undertaking EIA and appropriate mitigation measures for

all industrial projects; and promotion of application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy to industrial processes, products and services.

xiii) National Water Policy, 2002

The main objective of the Policy is to develop a comprehensive framework for sustainable development and management of water resources. The Policy aims at ensuring that communities are fully involved in the management of water supply schemes. It addresses cross-sectoral interests in water, watershed management and integrated and participatory approaches for water resources planning, development and management. The Policy advocates for undertaking EIA and Environmental Audit (EA) in all water related projects. It also supports the application of the “polluter pays principle” and has a specific objective of having in place a water management system which protects the environment, ecological system and biodiversity.

xiv) National Irrigation Policy, 2010

Some of the objectives of the Policy includes promotion of efficient water use in irrigation systems; and ensure that irrigation development is technically feasible, economically viable, socially desirable and environmentally sustainable. The Policy aims to have irrigation systems which are environmentally sound by ensuring compliance to relevant legislation; protecting and conserving water and land sources; pollution control in irrigated agriculture; and promotion of proper land use practices.

xv) National Health Policy, 2007

The objective of the Policy towards environmental health is to protect community health by enhancing sustainable environmental health. To achieve this objective, some of the policy statements are to:-

i) Ensure that the community adhere to environmental health standards;

ii) Improve waste management systems including disposal of hospital wastes;

iii) Continue to educate health service providers on the importance of environmental health in their working areas;

iv) Review and enact laws and procedures for conservation and protection of the environment; and

v) Continue to involve stakeholders in protecting natural resources.


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xvi) National Energy Policy, 2003

The Policy, among others, focuses on utilization of various energy resources in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. The Policy recognises that, energy is a prerequisite for the proper function of all sub-sectors of the economy. It is an essential service whose availability, quantity and quality determine the success or failure of development endeavours. The Policy stresses the use of renewable and alternative energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and natural gas. The use of alternative energy sources such as biogas and briquettes both for domestic and industrial uses are encouraged to minimize the use of charcoal and firewood to protect massive deforestation.

xvii) Mineral Policy of Tanzania, 2009

One of the objectives of the Policy is to reduce or eliminate adverse environmental effects of mining by promoting health and safety conditions in mining areas and addressing social issues affecting local communities. It requires mining operations to carry out EIA and directs mining companies to set aside funds for environmental rehabilitation and mine closure obligations.

xviii) National Investment Promotion Policy, 1996

The Policy seeks to promote the growth of exports by strategically utilizing the scarce natural, social and capital resources to accomplish it. It also stresses the need for modernization of equipments and technological upgrading so as to enable optimal use of available sources, improved efficiency operation, improvement in the quality of products and co-products.

xix) Education and Training Policy, 2005

One of the aims of the Policy is to promote the acquisition and appropriate use of literary, social, scientific, vocational, technological, professional and other forms of knowledge, skills and understanding for the development and improvement of the condition of man and society. The Policy provides platform for integrating environmental education in educational curricula.

xx) National Transport Policy, 2003

One of the objectives of the Policy is to develop safe, reliable, effective, efficient and fully integrated transport infrastructure. The Policy emphasizes on the need to facilitate sustainable development by ensuring that all aspects of environment protection and management are given sufficient emphasis at the design and development stages of transport infrastructure and when providing service.

xxi) National Research and Development Policy, 2010

The objective of the Policy is to provide guidance in addressing present and future national research challenges for socioeconomic development. Environment is one of the focal areas of the Policy whose objectives are to minimize the effects of research undertaking on the environment; and promoting research that is beneficial to the environment.

xxii) Women and Gender Development Policy, 2000

The Policy aims to facilitate realization of gender equality for purpose of speeding up sustainable development in Tanzania. The Policy emphasizes, among others, mainstreaming of gender issues in environmental protection and conservation.

xxiii) Community Development Policy, 1996

One of the objectives of the Policy is to educate communities on the importance of environmental conservation in pursuing social and economic development. Some of the areas of emphasis of the Policy include health and sanitation in rural and urban areas; water and environmental sanitation; appropriate technology for domestic energy use, in particular improved cook stoves; and improving rural and urban environment through programmes such as planting trees and forests in households, villages and ward.

xxiv) Disaster Management Policy, 1990

One of the objectives of the Policy is to mainstream disaster management issues into development plans and other sectoral policies, plans and strategies and programmes at all levels to enhance mitigation and prevention measures. Specifically, the Policy emphasizes on protecting the environment from disasters through undertaking Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) after disasters strike and prior to commencement of projects.

xxv) National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy, 2003

The objectives of the Policy are to provide a national framework that will enable ICT contribute towards achieving national development goals; and transform Tanzania into a knowledge-based society through the application of ICT. One of the policy statements is to monitor and respond to environmental disasters and to collect and disseminate information on environmental problems.

xxvi) National Policy on Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), 2001Some of the objectives of the Policy are to facilitate mechanisms for supporting NGOs; and strengthen the relationship between Government


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and NGOs. The Policy recognizes the significant role and contribution of NGOs in the society and considers them as important partners in the development process. The Policy supports NGOs in all sectors including environmental management.

xxvii) National Biotechnology Policy, 2010

The Policy promotes development and application of biotechnology to foster socio-economic development. The objective of the Policy is to ensure that the country has the capacity and capability to capture the proven benefits arising from health, agriculture, industry and environmental applications of biotechnology while protecting and sustaining the safety of the community and the environment.

xxviii) Construction Industry Policy, 2003

The objective of the Policy is to develop competitive construction industry with consideration of environmental responsibility in the implementation of construction projects. The aim is to promote the application of sustainable construction practices that are environmentally friendly. This includes application of of technologies, products and practices which are not harmful to the environment, human health and safety; promoting education and training; and undertaking Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of projects.

xxix) Tanzania Development Vision, 2025

The Vision has three objectives which are: achieving quality and good life for all; good governance and the rule of law; and building a strong and resilient economy that can effectively withstand global competition. It is envisioned that Tanzania will achieve sustainable semi-industrialized middle market economy by 2025.

2.2 Legislation

i) The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004

The Act provides both a legal and institutional framework for the sustainable management of the environment, prevention and control of pollution, waste management, environmental quality standards, public participation, environmental compliance and enforcement. It also requires the undertaking of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for investment projects. It further recognises the need for research, public participation in environmental decision making, environmental awareness rising, and dissemination of environmental information. The Act gives the Local Government Authorities mandate to ensure environmental compliance in their areas of jurisdiction.

ii) The Wildlife Conservation Act No. 5 of 2009

The Act provides for the conservation of wildlife and ensures protection, management and sustainable utilization of wildlife resources, habitats, ecosystems and the non-living environment supporting such resources, habitats or ecosystems with actual or potential use or value.

iii) The Marine Parks and Reserves Act No. 29 of 1994

The Act aims at protecting, conserving, and restoring the species and genetic diversity of living and non-living marine resources and the ecosystem processes of marine and coastal areas. It provides for management of marine and coastal areas so as to promote sustainability of existing resource use, and the recovery of areas and resources that have been over exploited or otherwise damaged.

iv) The Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003

The Act regulates fishing activities in both fresh and marine waters. Among others, it emphasises on the conservation of fisheries resources in particular critical habitats or endangered species, and restricts the issuance of fishing licences for fishing in any conserved areas. The Act further requires formation of community management units for the purpose of protecting and conserving fishery resources.

v) The Forest Act No. 7 of 2002

The Act provides for management of forests and requires to carry out EIA of certain development projects. The Act obliges establishment of forest management plan for all types of forest to ensure sustainable management in the long-term. The Act designates Community Forest Reserves, Mangrove Forest Reserves and encourages community-based management.

vi) Grazing-land and Animal Feed Resources Act No. 13 of 2010

The Act provides for the management and control of grazing-lands, animal feed resources and trade as well as provision for other related matters. The Act further gives mandate to the Local Government Authority in relation to soil conservation, prevention of adverse effects to soil and soil erosion in a grazing-land, rehabilitation, protection or improvement of the grazing-land, make by-laws on clearing of land for the purpose of cultivation of crops other than animal feed; use of implements or machinery; introduction or removal of flora or fauna; gathering of natural produce; introduction, grazing, watering or movement of stock and other domestic animals; husbandry practices of grazing-land; and construction of infrastructures.


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vii) The Fertilizers Act No. 9 of 2009

The Act provides for regulation of manufacturing, importation, exportation, sale and use of agricultural fertilizers. It requires adherence to environmental legal requirements prior to issuance of permit for importation and exportation of fertilizers. Furthermore, the Act obliges owner, occupier or any person entrusted with the charge of the premises where undesired fertilizers, package or article is found, to cover cost for removal, reshipment or destruction.

viii) The Industrial and Consumer Chemicals (Management and Control) Act No. 3 of 2003

The Act provides for the management and control of the production, import, transport, export, storage, dealing and disposal of industrial and consumer chemicals in the country. The Act provides for the registration, restrictions, prohibition and inspection of chemicals. Furthermore it has provisions for safe handling, chemical wastes, accidents; management of spills and contaminated sites and decommissioning of plants.

ix) The Water Resource Management Act No. 11 of 2009

The Act provides for pollution control and issues discharge permits of effluents to water bodies, including the underground strata. The Act also provides measures for flood mitigation and control for the purpose of preventing or minimising the risk of flooding, flood damage and water pollution by prohibiting the construction on submersible lands of dikes, levees or other structures which will likely hinder the runoff of flood water.

x) The Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 12 of 2009

The Act aims at ensuring the quality of water by protecting water works and storage facilities against pollution. The Act also provides powers to Local Government Authorities to mobilise community water supply organisations to take over water supply schemes and get technical and financial support. The Act further gives mandate to the Local Government Authorities to make by-laws in relation to water supply and sanitation for the efficient and sustainable provision of these services in their areas of jurisdiction by water authorities or community organisations.

xi) The Tourism Act No. 29 of 2008

The Act provides for institutional framework, administration, regulation, registration and licensing of tourism facilities and activities. It promotes eco-tourism, cultural tourism and other forms of tourism that provides better sectoral linkages create employment and foster sustainable development. Furthermore, the Act requires undertaking EIA prior to implementation of tourism projects/activities.

xii) The Beekeeping Act No. 15 of 2002

The Act provides for conduct of beekeeping, improvement of the products of beekeeping and for the prevention and eradication of diseases and pests amongst bees. It requires undertaking of Environmental Impact Assessments, set out an environmental management plan and integrated pest management for eliminating and minimizing t impacts on the beekeeping environment.

xiii) The Mining Act No 14, 2010

The Act provides for regulation of prospecting for minerals, mining, processing and dealing in minerals. The Act requires all holders of mining licenses to take appropriate measures for the protection of the environment in accordance with the Environmental Management Act including undertaking EIA in mining activities.

xiv) The Land Act No. 4 of 1999

The Act contains provisions of critical environmental importance. One of the important fundamental principles of the Act is to ensure that land is used productively and that any such use complies with the principles of sustainable development. Among others, the Act prohibits any development activities within 60m of the high tide water mark of the shoreline as well as in environmentally sensitive areas such as wetlands and swamps.

xv) The Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999

The Act empowers the Village Government to have legal control on village land and its uses. This also includes prohibiting or minimizing land problems like bush fires as well as land use related conflicts between farmers and livestock keepers/pastoralists.

xvi) The Public Health Act No. 1 of 2009

The Act provides for the promotion, conservation and maintenance of public health with a view of ensuring comprehensive functional and sustainable public health services. The Act also prohibits discharges into a sewer or into drain that may cause malfunctioning of the drainage systems.

xvii) The Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003

The Act deals with the protection of human health from occupational hazards. The Act provides for the protection of persons other than those at work against hazards to health and safety arising out of or in connection with activities of persons at work. The Act further requires companies or institutions to provide safety gears to those working at risk areas.


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xviii) The Plant Protection Act No. 13 of 1997

The Act provides for prevention of the introduction and spread of harmful organisms, to ensure sustainable plant and environmental protection, to control the importation and use of plant protection substances, to regulate export and imports of plants and plant products.

xix) The Merchant Shipping Act No. 21 of 2003

The Act, among others, provides for the prevention of marine pollution by oil, hazardous waste, noxious liquid, sewage, toxic waste, garbage and other substances and the protection of the marine environment.

xx) The Rural Energy Act No. 8 of 2005

The Act establishes the Rural Energy Board, Fund and Agency responsible for promotion of improved access to modern energy services in the rural areas. It further prescribes principles of rural energy development including achievement of sustainable development when modern energy services in rural areas are promoted, facilitated and supported.

xxi) The Urban Planning Act No. 8 of 2007

The Act provides for procedures for the preparation, administration and enforcement of land use plans. One of the fundamental principles of land use includes protection of environment of human settlements and of ecosystems from pollution, degradation and destruction in order to attain sustainable development.

xxii) The Road Act No.13 of 2007

The Act, among others, provides for protection of environment. It states that the road authority entrusted with the duties of developing, managing and maintaining public roads under its jurisdiction, shall comply with the prescribed guidelines, regulations relating to environmental protection and waste disposal.

xxiii) The Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act No. 8 of 1982

This Act assigns responsibility to Urban Authorities the administration of taking measures for conservation of natural resources, safeguard and promote public health. Urban authorities are further required to take all necessary, reasonable and practicable measures for maintaining the area of their authority in clean and sanitary condition and for preventing the occurrence of or for remedying or causing to be remedied any nuisance or condition likely to be injurious or dangerous to health.

xxiv) The Local Government (District Authorities) Act No. 7 of 1982.

The Act provides for measures to address some of the environmental concerns, among others, to curb land degradation caused by human activities such as overgrazing, development of human settlements and use of fuel-wood. Furthermore, the District Authorities have the following functions: management of drainage, sewerage works and public water supplies; and prevention of pollution of water in any river, stream, water course, well or other water supply in the area, and for this purpose prohibit, regulate or control the use of such water supply.

2.3 Institutional framework

The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 sets up the Institutional Framework for environmental management in the country (Figure 1). It confers the task of overall coordination and policy articulation of environmental management in the country and provision of the central support functions to the Ministry Responsible for Environment, which is the Vice President’s Office.

The Act establishes the National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC) with the role of advising the Minister responsible for environment,. It confers the role of enforcement to the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). The Act directs establishment of Sector Environment Sections with the role of overseeing environmental management to such respective sectors. It also gives power to the Regional Secretariats to designate Regional Environmental Management Expert (REME) charged with responsibility to advice and oversee implementation and enforcement of EMA.

Furthermore, it empowers LGAs (City, Municipal, District, Township) to designate or appoint Environmental Management Officers to oversee implementation of EMA at respective levels. In addition, the Act establishes Environmental Committees at different LGAs levels to advise and oversee the implementation of EMA within their jurisdiction.


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18

Figure 2: Organisation structure for the implementation of EMA

2.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and Regional Cooperation

2.4.1 Multilateral Environmental Agreements Tanzania has ratified various Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in order to join the International community efforts in addressing global environmental issues. The Government has further domesticated most of these Agreements. Multilateral Environmental Agreements to which Tanzania is a Party include:-

Vice President’s Office [Minister Responsible for Environment]

Division of Environment

[Director of Environment]

Sector Ministry Environmental Sections

[Sector Environment Coordinator]

Regional Secretariat

[Regional Environmental Management Experts]

City Council [City Council Env.

Management Officer]

City Env. Management Committee

Municipal Council [Municipal Env.

Management Officer]

Municipal Env. Management Committee

Town Council (Town Council Env.

Management Officer)

Town Council Env.

Management Officer

Township Council (Township Council Env. Management

Officer)

Township Council Env. Management

Committee

District Council (District Council Env.

Management Officer)

District Council Env.

Management Committee

Ward (Ward Env.

Management Officer)

Ward Environmental Management Committee

Village

(Village Env. Management Officer)

Village Environmental

Management Committee

Kitongoji

(Kitongoji Env. Management Officer)

Kitongoji Environmental Management Committee

Ward (Ward Env. Management

Officer)

Ward Environmental Management Committee

Mtaa (Mtaa Env. Management

Officer)

Mtaa Environmental Management Committee

National Environment Management Council (NEMC)

[Director General]

National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC)

Figure 2: Organisation structure for the implementation of EMA

2.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and Regional Cooperation

2.4.1 Multilateral Environmental Agreements

Tanzania has ratified various Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in order to join the International community efforts in addressing global environmental issues. The Government has further domesticated most of these Agreements. Multilateral Environmental Agreements to which Tanzania is a Party include:-

Convention/ Treaty Year of ratification

1.The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 1996

2.The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification,1994 1997

3.The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989

1993

4.Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa,1991

1993

5.The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992

1996

6.The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), 1973

1979

7.The Kyoto Protocol to United Nations Framework on Climate Change,1997

2003

8.The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer,1985 1993

9.The Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987

1993

10.The SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement, 1999

2003

11.The World Heritage Convention, 1972 1977

12.The Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora, 1994

1994

13.The Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region,(Nairobi Convention) 1985

1996

14.The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) (Bonn), 1979 1999

15.The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention), 1971

1999

16.The Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Water birds (AEWA), 1999

1999

17.The Convention on sustainable management of Lake Tanganyika, 2003

2004

18.The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade,1998

2002

19.The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2001

2004

20.The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 2000 2003

21.African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968

1974

22.The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1958 1985


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2.4.2 Regional Cooperation

a) The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC)

Tanzania is a member of Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). The objectives of SADC, are to achieve development and economic growth, alleviate poverty, enhance the standard and quality of life of the people of Southern Africa and support the socially disadvantaged through regional integration; and achieve sustainable utilization of natural resources and effective protection of the environment.

b) The East African Community (EAC)

Tanzania is a member of East African Community (EAC) of 1999., which is the regional intergovernmental organization of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. The regional co-operation and integration envisaged in the EAC is broad based, covering environment and natural resources management, trade, investments and industrial development, monetary and fiscal affairs, infrastructure and services, human resources, science and technology, agriculture and food security, tourism and wildlife management, and health, social and cultural activities.

c) African Union (AU)

Tanzania is one of the 54 members of the African Union (AU) which was established in July 9, 2002. The AU was formed as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The main objectives of the AU are to: accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent; promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its people; achieve peace and security in Africa; and to promote democratic institutions, good governance and human rights.

d) Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)

Tanzania is one of the 19 members of the Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) which was initially known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative that was launched in March 1997. The priority areas identified for the IOR-ARC in medium and long-term include protection of environment; poverty alleviation; research and management; energy; information technology; health; agriculture; maritime transport; fisheries; and disaster management.

2.5 Milestones Achieved from NEAP (1994)

The first NEAP was prepared in 1994 with several strategic actions for its implementation. Since then, some of the major milestones achieved to date include: preparation and implementation of the National Environmental Policy (1997), the Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 and other sectoral policies and legislation. These policies and legislation provide basis and guiding framework for environmental management in the country. The institutional framework for effective environmental management has been established to include sector ministries, and Local Government Authorities. In addition, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Community Based Organisations (CBOs), Private sector and individuals are actively participating in the environmental management initiatives.

Furthermore, numerous national programmes, strategies and plans, have been developed and implemented to address key environmental challenges such as land degradation; water supply; waste management; water catchments conservation; deforestation; loss of biodiversity; coastal and marine environment conservation.

A number of initiatives have been undertaken in addressing land degradation. This includes national tree planting campaign which has increased rate of tree planting due to increased awareness. For instance, a total 629,641,817 trees were planted nationally between 2005/06-2010/11 which is equal to 572,401.7 ha in five years or an average of 114,480.3 ha per year. Between 2006 - 2010, the National Land use Planning Commission (NLUPC) prepared land use plans for 800 villages.

Forest and wildlife conservation has improved and the Government has successfully established 33 Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). In addition, 2,328 villages, about 22% of all villages in the country are engaged in Participatory Forest Management. Through this, 4,122,500 hectares which is about 12% of all forests in the country have been managed. Furthermore, the Government has established 1,687 “Malihai clubs” in primary and secondary schools to provide opportunities for schools to participate in environmental conservation and awareness creation on the importance of conservation to the community.

Efforts to enable citizens to access clean and safe water have been undertaken by the government and hence increase the number of people with access to clean and safe water. In rural areas proportion of people with access to clean and safe water increased from 6 percent to 57.8 percent in 2011, whereas in urban areas it increased from 25 percent in 1961 to 86 percent during the same period. Furthermore, the construction of dams has increased nearly 20 times more, from dams that could store 255.1 million cubic meters before independence to 5.2 billion cubic meters in 2011.


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Achievements have been made in waste management in the country. Some of these achievements include improved collection of solid waste in urban areas from an average of about 5% in 1990’s to 50% to date and provision of sewerage systems covering about 10% to 15% of the urban population. In addition more than 69 industries have been involved in cleaner technology assessments and implemented different options contributing to reduction in emissions and waste as well as rational utilization of resources in terms of utilities and raw materials.

Alternative sources of energy have been promoted including solar, wind and natural gas. The estimated current installed Photovoltaic (PV) capacity is about 550 kWp with an annual growth rate of about 20%. Currently, a total of 122 MW are being generated in the country using natural gas from Songosongo and Mnazi Bay, accounting for 45% of total thermal power generation connected to the national electricity grid. More than 25 industries have switched to natural gas instead of fuel oil which has contributed in reducing indirectly the amount of otherwise undesirable gaseous emissions. There are initiatives in Cities to produce electricity from closed dump sites. For example the Mtoni dump site in Dar es Salaam is generating about 2.5 MW of electricity. These initiatives will further reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Despite of these achievements, effective environment management in the country is still a challenge, due to the fact that many environmental challenges have emerged. For example climate change, modern biotechnology, biofuel, and Invasive Alien Species.

CHAPTER THREE THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT


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THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

This Chapter highlights on the state of the environment in the context of Land, forests, water, biodiversity, urban environment, energy and atmosphere. Environment and natural resources are increasingly under pressure as a result of unsustainable utilization. This is exacerbated by emerging issues such as Climate Change, Invasive Alien Species, Biofuels and Electronic waste.

3.1 Land Resource

The present land use is categorized into seven major land types, namely, forests, woodland, grassland, cultivated land, open land, bush land and water features. Forests and woodland occupies more than 40 percent of the total land area of the mainland, whereas protected areas occupy nearly 30 percent of the whole area of the country.

Despite the existing policies, strategies and legislation, the land resource is still affected by unsustainable farming and mining, wetlands degradation; overgrazing; tree and bush clearing; and wild fires. The rate of land degradation is also accelerated by some social-economic factors, including insufficient awareness and knowledge on relevant land policies and laws and proper management of land and water resources; inadequate alternative sources for energy and construction materials; insufficient number of Financial Institutions that support farmers in terms of credit to acquire or develop land; insufficient institutions to provide information on land availability for those in need, and guidelines/arrangements on how the landless, especially the youth can acquire land; and rapid population growth. Inadequate land use plans at various administrative levels is among the factors causing not only land and resources degradation but also land conflicts.

3.2 Forests and Woodlands

Tanzania possesses about 35.3 million hectares (ha) of natural forests or 38% of the total land area. Forests and woodlands are the sources for most of the wood and non-wood products. Wood products include timber, poles, firewood and charcoal. Non-wood products include ropes, resins, tie and dye, game meat, fruits, traditional/natural medicines, natural vegetables, palm leaves for making baskets/mats, honey, beeswax and mushrooms. Furthermore, forests and woodlands do provide other goods and services to people such as food, natural herbs for medicine and water. A number of intangible benefits do exist as outcomes of the presence of forests and woodlands. Such benefits include depository of biodiversity; amelioration of climate (microclimate), Carbon sequestration, habitat to wildlife and cultural and religious values. The forest resources are facing a number of environmental challenges including over exploitation; bush fires; and encroachment for various human activities.

3.3 Water Resources

Tanzania has 59,050 km2 of inland water bodies. It is estimated that 6% of land area is covered by Lake Surface and numerous rivers draining into major water basins. Groundwater plays a major role in meeting the demand of water especially in rural areas. The total renewable water resources are estimated at 89 km3 /year of which 40 km3 /year is groundwater resources.The main environmental challenges confronting the water resources in Tanzania are; sedimentation in reservoirs and waterways; pollution; encroachment of water sources; climate change impacts. Human activities such as unsustainable fishing, agriculture, grazing in catchment’s areas and mining have been the major sources of pollution of many water sources especially the dams.

3.4 Biodiversity

Tanzania is one of the twelve mega diversity countries of the world, and the nation’s biological diversity has important economic, technological and social implications. It is the fourth country in Africa with the largest number of mammals (at least 310 mammal species) and a number of highest species richness of birds, plants, amphibians and reptiles. The Eastern Arc Mountains is one of the biodiversity hotspot in Tanzania which has significant socio-economic importance. Threats confronting biodiversity in Tanzania include human encroachment, bush fires, pollution of rivers, lakes, and ocean, over-exploitation; invasive alien species and climate change impacts.

3.5 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)Modern biotechnology is increasingly gaining popularity as an important tool for technological advancement in medicine, agriculture, environment and industry sectors. Commercial introduction of GMOs in the country is yet to take place apart from few research activities. Tanzania has also been handling shipments of GMOs to neighbouring countries. In view of health, environmental, socio-economic and ethical concerns associated with GMOs, Tanzania has put in place legal and administrative framework to regulate GMOs. Challenges facing the safe use of modern biotechnology in the country include inadequate: public awareness: funding; human and infrastructural capacities.

3.6 Urban EnvironmentThe rapid growth of urban population is a challenge due to the fact that the population growth is not proportion provision of services such as water supply and services, sewerage facilities, water supply services, housing, road infrastructure, e-waste and Municipal waste management facilities. The inadequate services has resulted in emergence and growth of informal settlements occupying about 60% of housing in urban areas. It is estimated that about 70% of the urban population in the country live in unplanned settlements. Such settlements present potential public health risks such as flooding hazards, mainly as a result of poor urban planning.


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3.6.1 Electronic Waste (E-waste)

The fast growing use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and rapid turn-over in technology is creating a growing e-waste stream in Tanzania. The challenge of e-waste is even of greater concern in the country because of inadequate capacity to handle and recycle the hazardous materials contained in e-waste. This leads to disposal of both e-waste and municipal waste in dumpsites hence polluting the environment and creating health risks to the nearby community and the population at large.

3.6.2 Municipal Waste

Municipal waste consists of waste collected by or on behalf of municipal authorities and disposed of through the waste management system and it includes solid and liquid waste. Increasing urbanization, rising standards of living and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid and liquid waste generation mainly by industrial and domestic activities. It is estimated that more than 10,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated per day countrywide. The increase in waste generation is not equivalent to increase in the capacity of the relevant urban authorities to deal with this problem. On average, about 50% of solid wastes generated in urban areas are collected daily and disposal at dumpsites. Some solid wastes are disposed of by burning or burying and others may end up in drains or dumpsites.

The proper management of liquid waste has become one of the most pressing and challenging environmental problems in the country. Sewerage systems cover a very small part of the municipalities and about 10 – 15 % of the urban population have access to the sewerage system. In most municipalities the collected sewerage is treated in waste stabilization ponds before being discharged into the receiving water bodies. However, most of the ponds are not working properly which means that raw sewerage is discharged to the surface and ground water resources. Inadequate coverage of sewerage systems contributes to incidence of water borne diseases in most urban areas.

3.6.3 Traffic congestion

The fast growing development, population density, insufficient public transport system and inadequate road infrastructure in urban areas has caused the existence of high traffic jams. Moreover, traffic congestion has caused air pollution from sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matters as well as noise pollution from imported second hand vehicles with poor fuel efficiency that have a role in affecting human health.

3.6.4 Air and Noise Pollution

The air pollution problem is more acute in urban areas principally due to concentration of socio-economic activities. The major sources of air pollution include transportation, industrial processes, mining, domestic biomass burning, energy production, uncontrolled: waste disposal; chemicals management; agriculture and animal husbandry. In general, the pollutant density level in the air around urban and industrial areas is relatively higher than that found in rural areas. Although little quantitative data exist, the major source of ambient air pollution is from vehicle emissions, the largest emitters being older vehicles and diesel-powered vehicles. In the rural areas the principal sources of air pollution are kerosene and biomass burning which are responsible mainly for indoor pollution.

Studies in Dar es Salaam have established the presence of noise pollution due to industrial activities, social activities (bars, nightclubs and social halls), and small-scale service industries, use of generators in residential areas, motor vehicles, air planes, and construction activities. The noise levels recorded were above 90dBA, the recommended safe limit of occupational noise exposure for 8 hours. With the current economic growth and associated with industrial expansion, noise pollution is anticipated to increase particularly in urban areas.

3.7 Energy Resources

Tanzania is endowed with diverse energy sources including biomass, natural gas, hydropower, coal, geothermal, solar and wind, much of which is untapped. Coal reserves have been estimated at 1.6 billion tonnes of which 304 million tonnes have been confirmed. Natural gas exists in Tanzania with proven reserves of about 32 TCF (Trillion Cubic Feet) from Songo-Songo and Mnazi Bay. The country also has indications of geothermal resources with an estimated potential of about 650 MW.

The total annual energy consumed in Tanzania is estimated at 22 million tonnes of oil. About 92% of this amount is biomass-based and 8% is commercial energy, mainly from electricity and petroleum and natural gas-based fuel. This energy use picture shows the low per capita consumption of commercial energy and high dependence on traditional biomass.

Challenges facing energy sector include climate change, high initial costs of environmentally and socially sound energy technologies; and inadequate human and institutional capacities.

3.8 Climate Change

The impacts of global warming are already evident in almost all sectors of the economy and throughout the country. Impacts are already being experienced almost in each and every sector. Examples are countless and increasing. Severe and recurrent droughts in the past few years triggered devastating power crisis


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in recent years. All major dams which are the main source of electrical power in the country surpassed their lowest water level during that period and they were temporarily shut down, resulting in long hours of power black outs. About 80 percent of the glacier on Mount Kilimanjaro has been lost since 1912. It is projected that the entire glacier will be gone by 2025. The intrusion of Sea water into water wells along the coast of Bagamoyo and the submerging of Maziwe Island in Pangani and Fungu la Nyani in Rufiji are both linked to sea level rise impacts.

Climate change has also brought its opportunities, particularly as it relates to increased efficiency and diversification of the sources of energy. New technologies related to renewable energy, better industrial efficiencies, better agricultural processing, better management of the natural resources including the forestry sector have all helped to redefine a better sustainable development path in the name of climate change mitigation.

Several challenges are being experienced including inadequate capacity to fund adaptation and mitigation activities; low public awareness; inadequate institutional and human resources capacities to address climate issue; and inadequate national specific adaptation capacities including nationally research based adaptation technologies.

3.9 Environmental Disasters

Environmental disasters in Tanzania are aggravated by some natural actions such as floods, droughts and human induced disasters for example settlements in hazardous prone areas .

Droughts have a major impact on the environment and the lives of both human and other living organisms. For instance, the drought that occurred in 1993 affected 282,053 people in Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Kagera and Kigoma regions in terms of decline in crop yields and livestock loss. Another acute drought occurred in 1996 in 14 regions where about 3.9 million people were affected. This was followed by a severe drought that occurred in 1999 affecting 17 regions. Another severe drought also occurred between 2009-2010 which killed a total of 316,437 cattle, 236,359 goats and 92,640 sheep in Arusha region.

Floods also contribute significantly to the destruction of the natural resources resulting into socio-economic losses and environmental degradation. For instance the floods that occurred in April, 2011 in Kilombero, Morogoro and December 2011 in Dar es Salaam caused several deaths and considerable property and infrastructure damage. These floods damaged more than 886km of roads and 26 bridges which costed the national 17 billion Tanzanian shillings for repair . TAZAMA oil spill in river Mwega in Kilosa districts that happened accidentally in June 2011 affects the river environment, aquatic biodiversity and community life around the river.

3.10 Invasive Alien Species (IAS)

Invasive Alien Species (IAS) may be defined as species that are non-native to the specific ecosystem, which have been introduced accidentally or intentionally, and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause adverse impacts to socio-economic welfare, environmental wellbeing and human health. IAS are among the key drivers of environmental change causing biodiversity loss in many ecosystems and they are considered very difficult to be eradicated.

The spread of IAS has been increasing in the country in the last few decades, which causes substantial threat to biodiversity and ecological integrity of native habitats and ecosystems. The rate of introduction and spread of IAS have increased substantially since the 1960s. The key drivers of the spread of IAS are trade and human mobility. Tanzania has 67 reported IAS of different categories including plant pathogens, pests, aquatic and terrestrial weeds, animals and trees. The presence of multiple factors (climate change, disturbances on species interaction and land use changes) influencing the vulnerability and severity of the IAS poses a management challenge. Tanzania has experienced socio-economic and environmental problems associated with IAS.

Efforts to prevent control and counteract some of the devastating IAS in the country such as water hyacinth in Lake Victoria have proven to be costly and difficulty in reversing their impacts. Although challenges associated with IAS have been recognized for several decades, an integrated approach is required to address effectively this problem.

3.11 Biofuels

In Tanzania more than 90% of the energy consumption is mainly from fuel wood and charcoal. The remaining percentage comes from Petroleum and natural gas (8%), electricity (1.2%) and less than 1% comes from other energy sources including coal, solar, biogas and wind.

The use of biofuels in Tanzania is still at an infant stage. There are initiatives to prepare policy and legal framework for sustainable biofuel development while appreciating the challenges, associated risks and trade-off in ensuring sustainable biofuels development. The national vision for the development of biofuel sub-sector is to contribute to the reduction of fossil fuels in transport sector and to stimulate socio-economic development. The expected biofuels feedstock include sugar cane, jatropha, Croton microstaschys, palm oil and sweet sorghum.. The country is being mapped into agro ecological zones for the purpose of identifying suitable areas for biofuel production, at the same time to ensure that programme does not contribute to food scarcity and biodiversity degradation. However, the outcome of the energy sector’s work in biofules development will guide on the best biofuel farming approaches..


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CHAPTER FOUR

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

This Chapter sets up a plan of action to address environmental challenges/issues by providing priority actions, expected outputs, timeframe, key actors and indicators for tracking progress. The implementation approach takes into account the institutional arrangement as stipulated under EMA, 2004. The time-frame for implementation is categorized as short term (0-2 years), medium term (2-5 years) and long term (5 years and above).

The environmental challenges/issues addressed in this chapter include; Land degradation, Water resources degradation and pollution, Degradation of aquatic resources, Loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity, Deforestation, Urban pollution, Climate change, Modern biotechnology, Electric and Electronic Equipment wastes, Invasive Alien Species and Biofuels.

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN


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vest

ock,

Agr

icul

ture

and

Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t; an

d N

EM

C, T

anza

nia

Fore

st

Ser

vice

s A

genc

y, N

GO

s an

d C

BO

s 1.

5 P

repa

re a

nd

impl

emen

t rec

lam

atio

n pl

ans

in h

ighl

y de

grad

ed a

reas

Rec

lam

atio

n pl

ans

in p

lace

an

d im

plem

ente

d

Are

a of

re

clai

med

land

Lo

ng te

rm

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Fo

rest

ry, A

gric

ultu

re, W

ildlif

e,

Live

stoc

k, W

orks

, Min

eral

s an

d Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t; an

dTan

zani

a Fo

rest

Ser

vice

s

Imp

lem

enta

tion

Pla

n f

or N

EAP

31

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

Age

ncy,

Priv

ate

sect

or,

NG

Os/

CB

Os

1.

6 P

rom

ote

sust

aina

ble

agric

ultu

ral p

ract

ices

S

usta

inab

le

agric

ultu

ral

prac

tices

im

plem

ente

d

Num

ber o

f be

st p

ract

ices

Lo

ng te

rm

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r A

gric

ultu

re, E

duca

tion,

Li

vest

ock

;Loc

al G

over

nmen

t, N

GO

s an

d C

BO

s

1.7

Pro

mot

e us

e of

tra

ditio

nal k

now

ledg

e in

land

man

agem

ent

Trad

ition

al

know

ledg

e pr

omot

ed a

nd

impl

emen

ted

Num

ber o

f fa

rmer

s en

gage

d in

the

use

of

tradi

tiona

l kn

owle

dge

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r A

gric

ultu

re, L

ives

tock

; Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent;

NG

Os

and

CB

Os

1.8

Pro

mot

e ra

ngel

and

reso

urce

s m

anag

emen

t

Ran

gela

nd

reso

urce

s m

anag

emen

t pl

ans,

pr

ogra

mm

es a

nd

Stra

tegi

es in

pl

ace

Num

ber o

f pl

ans,

pr

ogra

mm

es

and

stra

tegi

es

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r A

gric

ultu

re, F

ores

try,

Live

stoc

k Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t; an

d N

GO

s an

d C

BO

s

1.9

Stre

ngth

en n

atio

nal

rese

arch

, ext

ensi

on

serv

ices

and

farm

er

orga

niza

tions

in la

nd

use

and

info

rmat

ion

shar

ing

• R

esea

rch

capa

city

im

prov

ed;

• E

xten

sion

se

rvic

es t

o fa

rmer

s st

reng

then

ed

• Num

ber o

f re

sear

ch

• R

atio

of

exte

nsio

n st

aff

to fa

rmer

s

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r A

gric

ultu

re, S

cien

ce a

nd

Tech

nolo

gy,

Live

stoc

k Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent;

and

Res

earc

h an

d A

cade

mic

Inst

itutio

ns,

CO

STE

CH

, M

edia

, NG

Os

and

CB

Os

1.

10 S

treng

then

Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e Th

e S

trate

gy

impl

emen

ted

Rat

e of

de

grad

atio

n of

Lo

ng ti

me

Min

istry

resp

onsi

ble

for

Env

ironm

ent,

Fore

stry

,


34 35

(NEAP)(NEAP)

32

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

Stra

tegy

for U

rgen

t A

ctio

ns o

n La

nd

Deg

rada

tion

and

Wat

er C

atch

men

ts

effe

ctiv

ely

land

and

wat

er

catc

hmen

ts

Agr

icul

ture

, Liv

esto

ck a

nd

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent;

and

NG

Os

and

CB

Os

2. W

ater

R

esou

rces

D

egra

datio

n an

d Po

llutio

n

2.1

Stre

ngth

en e

nfor

cem

ent

of le

gisl

atio

n re

late

d to

w

ater

reso

urce

s m

anag

emen

t and

Wat

er

Sup

ply

and

sani

tatio

n

Com

plia

nce

to

rele

vant

le

gisl

atio

n

• N

umbe

r of

wat

er

catc

hmen

ts

iden

tifie

d an

d co

nser

ved

•

Leve

l of

com

plia

nce

Lon

g te

rm

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r W

ater

, Loc

al G

over

nmen

t E

nviro

nmen

t and

NE

MC

U

rban

Wat

er S

uppl

y an

d S

ewer

age

Aut

horit

y; P

rivat

e se

ctor

, NG

Os/

CB

Os

2.2

Pro

mot

e lo

cal

com

mun

ities

pa

rtici

patio

n in

the

enfo

rcem

ent o

f wat

er

abst

ract

ion

Loca

l co

mm

uniti

es

parti

cipa

tion

in

the

enfo

rcem

ent

of a

bstra

ctio

n of

w

ater

from

the

auth

oriz

ed

agen

cies

Inci

denc

es o

f

unau

thor

ized

w

ater

ab

stra

ctio

n

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r W

ater

, Loc

al G

over

nmen

t E

nviro

nmen

t; an

d P

rivat

e se

ctor

; NG

Os/

CB

Os

2.3

Stre

ngth

en

impl

emen

tatio

n of

in

tegr

ated

wat

er

reso

urce

s m

anag

emen

t pl

ans.

Wat

er

reso

urce

s m

anag

emen

t pl

ans

impl

emen

ted

• Q

uant

ity

and

qual

ity

of

wat

er

• A

rea

of w

ater

ca

tchm

ent

cons

erve

d

Long

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Wat

er,

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t,

Env

ironm

ent;

and

Urb

an

Wat

er S

uppl

y an

d S

anita

tion

Aut

horit

ies,

W

ater

B

asin

B

oard

, P

rivat

e se

ctor

; N

GO

s/C

BO

s 2.

4 E

stab

lish

/ Im

prov

e w

aste

wat

er

man

agem

ent

syst

ems

in u

rban

cen

tres

Was

tew

ater

m

anag

emen

t sy

stem

s in

urb

an

cent

res

es

tabl

ishe

d/

impr

oved

• N

umbe

r of

clie

nts

conn

ecte

d to

th

e S

ewer

age

syst

ems

Long

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t, W

ater

, H

ealth

;

Env

ironm

ent;

and

Urb

an

Wat

er

Sup

ply

and

San

itatio

n A

utho

ritie

s, P

rivat

e se

ctor

; NG

Os/

CB

Os,

Med

ia

33

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

• S

torm

wat

er

drai

nage

ne

twor

k •

Num

ber o

f on

-site

faci

lity

2.5

Stre

ngth

en in

tegr

ated

so

lid w

aste

m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

Impr

oved

sol

id

was

te

man

agem

ent

• A

mou

nt o

f so

lid w

aste

co

llect

ed a

nd

disp

osed

•

Am

ount

of

solid

was

te

reco

very

and

re

cycl

ed /

re-

use

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t,

Env

ironm

ent;

and

NE

MC

, P

rivat

e se

ctor

; Pub

lic,

NG

Os/

CB

Os

2.6

Pro

mot

e w

aste

wat

er

treat

men

t, re

cycl

ing

and

reus

e

Red

uced

en

viro

nmen

tal

pollu

tion

and

w

ater

dem

and

• P

ollu

tion

leve

l •

Am

ount

of

wat

er

cons

umed

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r W

ater

, Loc

al G

over

nmen

t E

nviro

nmen

t; an

d U

rban

W

ater

Sup

ply

and

Sew

erag

e A

utho

rity

Aut

horit

ies,

Priv

ate

sect

or; N

GO

s/C

BO

s 3.

Deg

rada

tion

of A

quat

ic

Res

ourc

es

3.1

Stre

ngth

en

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Stra

tegi

es a

nd

prog

ram

mes

rela

ted

to

Aqu

atic

reso

urce

s in

clud

ing

the

Nat

iona

l S

trate

gy fo

r Urg

ent

Act

ion

to C

onse

rve

Coa

stal

and

Mar

ine

Env

ironm

ent,

Lake

s,

Riv

ers

and

Dam

s.

The

Stra

tegi

es

and

prog

ram

mes

im

plem

ente

d

Rat

e of

de

grad

atio

n of

aq

uatic

re

sour

ces

Long

term

Min

istri

es

Res

pons

ible

fo

r: E

nviro

nmen

t, Tr

ansp

ort,

La

nds,

A

gric

ultu

re,

Min

eral

s,

Fore

st,

Fish

erie

s,

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t sa

nd

Oth

er

rele

vant

se

ctor

s;

NG

Os/

C

BO

s

3.2

Pro

mot

e co

nser

vatio

n U

tiliz

atio

n of

A

rea

of

Long

term

M

inis

tries

R

espo

nsib

le

for:


36 37

(NEAP)(NEAP)

34

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

and

sust

aina

ble

use

of

man

grov

es a

nd

coas

tal f

ores

t

man

grov

es a

nd

coas

tal f

ores

ts

sust

aine

d

man

grov

es

and

coas

tal

fore

sts

sust

aina

bly

man

aged

Fore

st,

Fish

erie

s,

Env

ironm

ent,

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t, La

nds,

Min

eral

s;

NE

MC

, NG

Os/

CB

Os

3.3

Pro

mot

e su

stai

nabl

e ut

iliza

tion

of a

quat

ic

reso

urce

s.

Aqu

atic

reso

urce

s ut

ilize

d su

stai

nabl

y.

Rat

e of

ut

iliza

tion

of

aqua

tic

reso

urce

s

Long

term

Min

istri

es R

espo

nsib

le fo

r: Fi

sher

ies,

For

estry

, A

gric

ultu

re, E

nviro

nmen

t, Lo

cal A

utho

ritie

s; a

nd N

EM

C,

NG

Os/

CB

Os

3.4

Pre

vent

and

Con

trol

pollu

tion

in a

quat

ic

syst

ems

Qua

lity

of a

quat

ic

syst

ems

impr

oved

Qua

lity

of

aqua

tic

syst

ems

Lo

ng te

rm

Min

istri

es R

espo

nsib

le fo

r: W

ater

Lan

ds, A

gric

ultu

re,

Env

ironm

ent,

Fish

erie

s,

Tran

spor

t, In

dust

ries,

Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent,

Ene

rgy,

and

N

EM

C; P

rivat

e se

ctor

and

N

GO

s

3.5

Stre

ngth

en

Enf

orce

men

t of

legi

slat

ion

rela

ted

to

inve

stm

ent a

nd

utili

zatio

n of

aqu

atic

re

sour

ces

Com

plia

nce

to

legi

slat

ion

rela

ted

to in

vest

men

t and

ut

iliza

tion

of

aqua

tic re

sour

ces

• In

cide

nces

of

viol

atio

n of

le

gisl

atio

n

• N

umbe

r of

inve

stm

ents

w

ith

envi

ronm

enta

l cle

aran

ce

Long

term

Min

istri

es R

espo

nsib

le fo

r E

nviro

nmen

t , F

ishe

ries,

Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent,

Hom

e A

ffairs

, D

efen

ce; a

nd N

EM

C, B

MU

s,

NG

Os,

CB

Os

3.6

Pro

mot

e ec

osys

tem

ap

proa

ch in

aqu

atic

pr

otec

ted

area

s

Eco

syst

em

appr

oach

in

aqua

tic p

rote

cted

ar

eas

adop

ted

and

impl

emen

ted

Num

ber o

f P

rote

cted

A

reas

pr

actic

ing

Eco

syst

em

App

roac

h

Long

term

Min

istri

es R

espo

nsib

le fo

r: Fi

sher

ies,

For

estry

, Wild

life,

E

nviro

nmen

t, Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent,

and

Mar

ine

Par

ks, N

GO

S, C

BO

s

35

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

3.7

Pro

mot

e pa

rtici

pato

ry

fishe

ry m

anag

emen

t an

d ra

ise

aw

aren

ess

on s

usta

inab

le

fishe

ries

• In

crea

sed

Par

ticip

atio

n in

fis

hery

m

anag

emen

t •

Aw

aren

ess

rais

ed

• N

umbe

r of

BM

Us

and

CB

Os

invo

lved

•

Leve

l of

awar

enes

s

Long

term

Min

istri

es R

espo

nsib

le fo

r Fi

sher

ies,

Env

ironm

ent,

Edu

catio

n, C

omm

unity

D

evel

opm

ent,

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t ;an

d N

GO

s,

CB

Os

3.

8 P

rom

ote

regi

onal

co

oper

atio

n on

m

anag

emen

t of t

rans

-bo

unda

ry w

ater

re

sour

ces

Reg

iona

l ag

reem

ents

, pl

ans,

pr

ogra

mm

es,

proj

ects

in p

lace

Num

ber o

f ag

reem

ents

, pr

ogra

mm

es,

plan

s an

d pr

ojec

ts

Long

term

Min

istri

es R

espo

nsib

le fo

r: E

nviro

nmen

t, Fo

reig

n A

ffairs

, W

ater

, Loc

al G

over

nmen

t and

Fi

sher

ies

3.9

Stre

ngth

en

inst

itutio

nal a

nd

hum

an c

apac

ity in

m

anag

emen

t of

aqua

tic re

sour

ces

Inst

itutio

nal a

nd

hum

an c

apac

ity

impr

oved

/enh

anc

ed

Num

ber o

f fa

cilit

ies

and

train

ed

pers

onne

l Lo

ng te

rm

Min

istri

es R

espo

nsib

le fo

r: Fi

sher

ies,

Env

ironm

ent,

Wat

er, L

ocal

Gov

ernm

ent,

Fore

st; a

nd A

cade

mic

and

R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; C

BO

s an

d N

GO

s

3.

10 I

mpr

ove

data

co

llect

ion

and

info

rmat

ion

man

agem

ent

on

aqua

tic re

sour

ces/

en

viro

nmen

t

Up-

to-d

ate

data

an

d in

form

atio

n in

pl

ace

Dat

a an

d in

form

atio

n

Long

term

Min

istri

es R

espo

nsib

le fo

r Fi

sher

ies,

Wat

er,

Env

ironm

ent,

Pla

nnin

g, L

ocal

G

over

nmen

t a

nd ,

Met

eoro

logy

, NE

MC

, A

cade

mic

and

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tes

3.11

Pro

mot

e re

sear

ch a

nd

diss

emin

atio

n of

fin

ding

s on

aqu

atic

re

sour

ces

man

agem

ent

Iden

tific

atio

n of

be

st m

anag

emen

t pr

actic

es a

nd

prio

rity

area

s

• N

umbe

r re

sear

ch

repo

rts

• N

umbe

r of

best

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Fi

sher

ies,

Wat

er, S

cien

ce a

nd

Tech

nolo

gy, L

ocal

G

over

nmen

t, E

nviro

nmen

t ,A

gric

ultu

re, F

ores

try,


38 39

(NEAP)(NEAP)

36

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

prac

tices

and

pr

iorit

y ar

eas

Live

stoc

k, a

nd A

cade

mic

and

R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns,

CO

STE

CH

, NE

MC

, Priv

ate

sect

or, N

GO

s/C

BO

s 4.

Los

s of

W

ildlif

e H

abita

ts a

nd

Bio

dive

rsity

4.1

Rev

iew

and

impl

emen

t th

e N

atio

nal

Bio

dive

rsity

Stra

tegy

an

d A

ctio

n P

lan

Nat

iona

l B

iodi

vers

ity

Stra

tegy

and

A

ctio

n P

lan

revi

ewed

and

im

plem

ente

d

• N

umbe

r of

bi

odiv

ersi

ty

Long

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Env

ironm

ent,

Wild

life,

Lan

ds,

Fore

st,

Wat

er,

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t; an

d ac

adem

ic

and

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

4.2

Stre

ngth

en

impl

emen

tatio

n of

N

atio

nal S

trate

gy o

n W

etla

nds

Nat

iona

l Stra

tegy

on

Wet

land

s im

plem

ente

d

Rat

e of

w

etla

nds

degr

adat

ion

Lo

ng te

rm

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Env

ironm

ent,

Agr

icul

ture

, Li

vest

ock,

Fo

rest

, W

ater

, La

nds,

Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent;

and

acad

emic

and

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; NG

Os/

CB

Os

4.3

Re-

exam

ine

the

entir

e pr

otec

ted

area

ne

twor

k in

Tan

zani

a fo

r lon

g te

rm

sust

aina

bilit

y

Pro

tect

ed a

reas

ne

twor

k re

port

in

plac

e

Num

ber

of

repo

rts

Med

ium

te

rm

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Env

ironm

ent,

Fore

st,

Wat

er,

Land

s,

Wild

life,

Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent;

and

acad

emic

an

d R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns;

NG

Os/

CB

Os

4.4

Pro

mot

e in

tern

atio

nal

coop

erat

ion

to e

nsur

e th

at T

anza

nia

bene

fits

from

tran

sfer

of i

ts

gene

tic re

sour

ces

Agr

eem

ents

and

pr

otoc

ols

in p

lace

N

umbe

r of

bene

fits

from

tra

nsfe

r of

gene

tic

reso

urce

s

Long

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Env

ironm

ent,

Agr

icul

ture

, Fo

rest

, Wat

er, F

orei

gn A

ffairs

, E

AC

, W

ildlif

e,

Land

s,

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t; an

d ac

adem

ic

and

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

4.5

Stre

ngth

en C

apac

ity

Cap

acity

Bui

ldin

g N

umbe

r of

Long

term

M

inis

tries

re

spon

sibl

e fo

r

37

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

Bui

ldin

g an

d aw

aren

ess

on th

e m

anag

emen

t of

terr

estri

al a

nd a

quat

ic

ecos

yste

ms.

and

awar

enes

s en

hanc

ed

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

mm

es

and

sta

ff tra

ined

Env

ironm

ent,

Fore

st,

Wat

er,

Wild

life,

Fi

sher

ies,

La

nds,

Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent;

and

acad

emic

an

d R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

4.6

Impl

emen

t mea

sure

s to

con

trol

defo

rest

atio

n,

over

graz

ing

and

pollu

tion

Def

ores

tatio

n,

over

graz

ing

and

pollu

tion

cont

rolle

d

• R

ate

of

defo

rest

atio

n,

degr

adat

ion

and

pollu

tion

• N

umbe

r of

lives

tock

uni

t s

per a

rea

Long

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Env

ironm

ent,

Live

stoc

k,

Agr

icul

ture

, Fo

rest

, W

ater

, W

ildlif

e,

Land

s,

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t; an

d ac

adem

ic

and

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

4.7

Pro

mot

e an

d st

reng

then

Wild

life

Man

agem

ent A

reas

Pro

gram

mes

on

Wild

life

Man

agem

ent

Are

a im

plem

ente

d

Num

ber o

f w

ildlif

e m

anag

emen

t ar

eas

Long

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Env

ironm

ent,

Fore

st,

Wat

er,

Wild

life,

La

nds,

Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent;

and

acad

emic

an

d R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns;

NG

Os/

CB

Os

4.8

Pro

mot

e an

d S

treng

then

Reg

iona

l C

oope

ratio

n on

pr

otec

tion

and

Con

serv

atio

n of

w

ildlif

e ha

bita

ts

Agr

eem

ents

and

pr

otoc

ols

rela

ted

to W

ildlif

e in

pl

ace

Num

ber o

f A

gree

men

ts

Long

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Wild

life,

Env

ironm

ent,

Fore

ign

Affa

irs,

EA

C,

Fore

stry

, W

ater

, La

nds,

an

d Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent.

4.9

Stre

ngth

en

impl

emen

tatio

n of

m

easu

res

to c

ontro

l w

ildlif

e po

achi

ng a

nd

illeg

al h

arve

stin

g of

fo

rest

ry p

rodu

cts

illeg

al h

arve

st o

f W

ildlif

e an

d fo

rest

pr

oduc

ts

cont

rolle

d

Inci

denc

e of

ill

egal

taki

ng o

f w

ildlif

e an

d fo

rest

pro

duct

s fro

m p

rote

cted

ar

eas

redu

ced.

Long

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Wild

life,

E

nviro

nmen

t, Fo

rest

ry,

Wat

er,

Land

s, L

ocal

G

over

nmen

t; an

d ac

adem

ic

and

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; N

GO

s/C

BO

s


40 41

(NEAP)(NEAP)

38

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

4.10

Pro

mot

e m

onito

ring

and

cons

erva

tion

of

enda

nger

ed a

nd

thre

aten

ed s

peci

es

End

ange

red

and

thre

aten

ed

spec

ies

cons

erve

d

Num

ber o

f en

dang

ered

an

d th

reat

ened

sp

ecie

s Lo

ng T

erm

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Wild

life,

E

nviro

nmen

t, Fo

rest

ry,

Wat

er,

Land

s,

Fish

erie

s,

Tour

ism

, Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent;

and

Aca

dem

ic

and

Res

earc

h In

stitu

tions

; N

EM

C, N

GO

s/C

BO

s, M

edia

4.11

Pro

mot

e re

sear

ch a

nd

diss

emin

atio

n of

fin

ding

s on

wild

life

and

biod

iver

sity

Iden

tific

atio

n of

pr

iorit

y ar

eas

and

best

pra

ctic

ed fo

r co

nser

vatio

n

Num

ber o

f re

sear

ch

repo

rts a

nd

best

pra

ctic

es

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r W

ildlif

e, S

cien

ce a

nd

Tech

nolo

gy, L

ocal

G

over

nmen

t, E

nviro

nmen

t ,

Fore

stry

, Liv

esto

ck, a

nd

Aca

dem

ic a

nd R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns, C

OS

TEC

H,

NE

MC

, Priv

ate

sect

or,

NG

Os/

CB

Os

5.

Def

ores

tatio

n

5.1

Stre

ngth

en

enfo

rcem

ent o

f for

est

rela

ted

legi

slat

ion

• Im

prov

ed fo

rest

pa

trol a

nd

surv

eilla

nce

• Fo

rest

le

gisl

atio

n co

mpl

ianc

e

• N

umbe

r of

fore

sts

co

nser

ved

•

Leve

l of

com

plia

nce

Lon

g te

rm

Min

istry

resp

onsi

ble

for

Fore

stry

, Wild

life,

Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent a

nd

Env

ironm

ent;

Priv

ate

sect

or,

NG

Os/

CB

Os

5.2

Pro

mot

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f woo

d lo

ts

Woo

dlot

s es

tabl

ishe

d A

rea

of

woo

dlot

s Lo

ng te

rm

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Fo

rest

, Loc

al G

over

nmen

t: an

d P

rivat

e se

ctor

, N

GO

s/C

BO

s 5.

3 C

ontro

l and

pro

mot

e su

stai

nabl

e pr

oduc

tion

of c

harc

oal

Cha

rcoa

l bu

sine

ss

man

aged

• To

nnes

/ ba

gs o

f ch

arco

al

• P

erce

ntag

e pr

oduc

ed

from

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Fo

rest

, Ene

rgy,

Env

ironm

ent,

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent,

and

NE

MC

, Priv

ate

sect

or,

NG

Os/

CB

Os,

Med

ia

39

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

sust

aina

ble

man

aged

fo

rest

/ w

oodl

ands

.

5.4

Stre

ngth

en e

nerg

y co

nser

vatio

n pr

ogra

mm

es

Ene

rgy

effic

ienc

y pr

ogra

mm

es

impl

emen

ted

Num

ber o

f en

ergy

effi

cien

t te

chno

logi

es

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Fo

rest

, Ene

rgy,

Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent;

and

Priv

ate

sect

or, N

GO

s/C

BO

s 5.

5 P

rom

ote

use

of

alte

rnat

ive

ener

gy

sour

ces

such

as

sola

r, na

tura

l gas

and

win

d

alte

rnat

ive

sour

ces

of e

nerg

y us

ed

Num

ber o

f al

tern

ativ

e so

urce

s an

d us

ers

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Fo

rest

, Ene

rgy,

Env

ironm

ent,

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent:

and

Priv

ate

sect

or, N

GO

s/C

BO

s

5.6

Pro

mot

e us

e of

Tr

aditi

onal

Kno

wle

dge

that

enh

ance

en

viro

nmen

tal

cons

erva

tion

Trad

ition

al

know

ledg

e pr

actic

ed

Num

ber o

f tra

ditio

nal

know

ledg

e pr

actic

ed

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Fo

rest

, Ene

rgy,

Env

ironm

ent,

Agr

icul

ture

, Liv

esto

ck, L

ocal

G

over

nmen

t, C

omm

unity

D

evel

opm

ent,

and

Priv

ate

sect

or, N

GO

s/C

BO

s 5.

7 S

treng

then

tre

e pl

antin

g an

d co

nser

vatio

n ca

mpa

ign

Tree

pla

ntin

g an

d co

nser

vatio

n ca

mpa

igns

st

reng

then

ed

Num

ber o

f tre

es p

lant

ed

and

surv

ived

Lo

ng te

rm

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Fo

rest

, Env

ironm

ent,

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t; an

d P

rivat

e se

ctor

; NG

Os/

CB

Os

5.8

Pre

pare

and

di

ssem

inat

e aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

me

on

sust

aina

ble

fore

st

man

agem

ent

Aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

mes

pr

epar

ed a

nd

impl

emen

ted

• N

umbe

r of

prog

ram

mes

on

su

stai

nabl

e fo

rest

m

anag

emen

t •

Leve

l of

awar

enes

s

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Fo

rest

, Env

ironm

ent,

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t: an

d P

rivat

e se

ctor

, NG

Os/

CB

Os


42 43

(NEAP)(NEAP)

40

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

6.

Urb

an

Pollu

tion

6.1

Stre

ngth

en

enfo

rcem

ent o

f le

gisl

atio

n re

late

d to

U

rban

pol

lutio

n pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol

Enf

orce

men

t of

legi

slat

ion

impl

emen

ted

Leve

l of

com

plia

nce

L

ong

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t, E

nviro

nmen

t ,W

ater

, Tr

ansp

ort,

Indu

stry

, NE

MC

, P

rivat

e se

ctor

, NG

Os/

CB

Os

6.2

Est

ablis

hmen

t /

stre

ngth

en i

nteg

rate

d w

aste

man

agem

ent

syst

em

Inte

grat

ed w

aste

m

anag

emen

t in

maj

or c

ities

, m

unic

ipal

ity a

nd

tow

ns e

stab

lishe

d

Are

a an

d po

pula

tion

se

rvic

ed

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t, W

ater

, E

nviro

nmen

t; an

d N

EM

C,

Priv

ate

sect

or; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

6.3

Stre

ngth

en d

ata-

base

an

d re

porti

ng s

yste

m

on m

unic

ipal

was

te

man

agem

ent

Dat

a-ba

se in

pl

ace

Ava

ilabi

lity

of

Up-

date

d da

ta

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t; E

nviro

nmen

t; an

d P

rivat

e se

ctor

; NG

Os/

CB

Os

6.

4 D

evel

op a

nd

impl

emen

t Nat

iona

l W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Stra

tegy

and

Act

ion

Pla

n

Nat

iona

l Was

te

Man

agem

ent

Stra

tegy

and

A

ctio

n P

lan

in p

lace

and

im

plem

ente

d

• A

mou

nt o

f w

aste

co

llect

ed,

treat

ed a

nd

disp

osed

•

Am

ount

of

was

te

reco

vere

d/

recy

cled

and

re

-use

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t ;E

nviro

nmen

t; an

d P

rivat

e se

ctor

; NG

Os/

CB

Os

6.5

Pro

mot

e us

e of

ex

cret

a an

d ot

her

orga

nic

was

te a

s

sour

ces

of e

nerg

y

Exc

reta

and

oth

er

orga

nic

was

te

used

as

sour

ces

of e

nerg

y

Num

ber o

f te

chno

logi

es

and

user

s

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r E

nerg

y, H

ealth

, Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent;

Indu

stry

E

nviro

nmen

t; an

d

41

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

C

AM

AR

TEC

; RE

A; P

rivat

e se

ctor

; NG

Os/

CB

Os

6.6

Stre

ngth

en

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

pr

ogra

mm

es o

n up

grad

ing

of

infra

stru

ctur

e fo

r un

plan

ned

settl

emen

ts

Pro

gram

mes

on

upgr

adin

g of

in

frast

ruct

ure

for

unpl

anne

d se

ttlem

ents

im

plem

ente

d

Are

a up

grad

ed

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t, La

nds,

W

orks

, Env

ironm

ent;

and

Priv

ate

sect

or; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

7. C

limat

e C

hang

e

7.1

Und

erta

ke

com

preh

ensi

ve

vuln

erab

ility

as

sess

men

t on

clim

ate

chan

ge

impa

cts

Vul

nera

bilit

y as

sess

men

t re

ports

in p

lace

Num

ber o

f R

epor

ts

Med

ium

te

rm

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r E

nviro

nmen

t, Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent;

and

Sec

tor

Min

istri

es; p

rivat

e se

ctor

; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

7.2

Impl

emen

t the

N

atio

nal C

limat

e C

hang

e S

trate

gy a

nd

Act

ion

Pla

n of

200

9

Impl

emen

tatio

n re

ports

on

the

stra

tegy

and

A

ctio

n P

lan

incl

udin

g N

atio

nal

Act

ion

Pla

ns(

NA

Ps)

and

N

atio

nally

A

ppro

pria

te

Miti

gatio

n A

ctio

ns

(NA

MA

s)

Num

ber o

f re

ports

Long

term

Sec

tor M

inis

tries

, Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent,

and

priv

ate

sect

or; R

esea

rch

and

Aca

dem

ic In

stitu

tions

, N

GO

s/C

BO

s

7.3

Mai

nstre

am c

limat

e ch

ange

Ada

ptat

ion

into

sec

tora

l Pol

icie

s,

stra

tegi

es,

prog

ram

mes

, pla

ns

and

budg

ets

• C

limat

e ch

ange

ad

apta

tion

issu

es

mai

nstre

am

ed

Num

ber o

f po

licie

s,

stra

tegi

es a

nd

prog

ram

mes

Med

ium

te

rm

Sec

tor M

inis

tries

, Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent,

and

priv

ate

sect

or; R

esea

rch

and

Aca

dem

ic In

stitu

tions

, N

GO

s/C

BO

s


44 45

(NEAP)(NEAP)

42

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

• M

itiga

tion

prog

ram

mes

and

pr

ojec

ts

prep

ared

an

d im

plem

ent

ed.

7.

4 E

nhan

ce p

ublic

aw

aren

ess

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g on

cl

imat

e ch

ange

ad

apta

tion

and

miti

gatio

n

Aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

mes

im

plem

ente

d

• N

umbe

r of

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

mm

es

• Le

vel o

f aw

aren

ess

and

unde

rsta

ndi

ng

Long

term

Sec

tor M

inis

tries

, Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent,

and

priv

ate

sect

or; R

esea

rch

and

Aca

dem

ic In

stitu

tions

, N

GO

s/C

BO

s

7.5

Des

ign

and

impl

emen

t pr

ogra

mm

es a

nd

proj

ects

at L

GA

s le

vel

to a

ddre

ss a

dapt

atio

n

Pro

gram

mes

and

pr

ojec

ts p

repa

red

and

impl

emen

ted

Num

ber o

f pr

ogra

mm

es

and

proj

ects

Lo

ng te

rm

Sec

tor M

inis

tries

, Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent A

utho

ritie

s,

priv

ate

sect

or; R

esea

rch

and

Aca

dem

ic In

stitu

tions

, N

GO

s/C

BO

s

7.6

Pro

mot

e/S

treng

then

m

oder

n an

d tra

ditio

nal

early

war

ning

sys

tem

s

Func

tiona

l ear

ly

war

ning

sys

tem

s in

pla

ce

• U

p to

dat

e in

form

atio

n •

Num

ber o

f In

dige

nous

kn

owle

dge

used

Long

term

Sec

tor M

inis

tries

, Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent A

utho

ritie

s,

priv

ate

sect

or; R

esea

rch

and

Aca

dem

ic In

stitu

tions

, N

GO

s/C

BO

s

8.

Mod

ern

biot

echn

olog

y 8.

1 S

treng

then

en

forc

emen

t of

legi

slat

ion

rela

ted

to

safe

use

of M

oder

n bi

otec

hnol

ogy

Com

plia

nce

to

legi

slat

ion

rela

ted

to s

afe

use

of

Mod

ern

biot

echn

olog

y

Leve

l of

com

plia

nce

L

ong

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r, S

cien

ce a

nd T

echn

olog

y,

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent,

Env

ironm

ent ,

Agr

icul

ture

, Fo

rest

ry, L

ives

tock

, and

43

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

CO

STE

CH

, NE

MC

, Priv

ate

sect

or, N

GO

s/C

BO

s, M

edia

8.

2 S

treng

then

Cap

acity

of

Reg

ulat

ory

Aut

horit

ies

in h

andl

ing

Gen

etic

ally

Mod

ified

O

rgan

ism

s (G

MO

s)

Cap

acity

of

Reg

ulat

ory

Aut

horit

ies

Enh

ance

d

• Le

vel o

f ca

paci

ty in

ha

ndlin

g G

MO

s •

Num

ber o

f G

MO

s ca

ses

deal

t w

ith

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r E

nviro

nmen

t, S

cien

ce a

nd

Tech

nolo

gy, F

ishe

ries,

H

ealth

, Agr

icul

ture

, For

estry

, Li

vest

ock;

LG

As,

and

C

OS

TEC

H, N

EM

C, A

cade

mic

an

d R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns,

NG

Os/

CB

Os,

8.3

Pro

mot

e re

sear

ch a

nd

Info

rmat

ion

diss

emin

atio

n on

ap

plic

atio

n of

Mod

ern

biot

echn

olog

y

Res

earc

h fin

ding

s re

ports

N

umbe

r of

repo

rts

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r, S

cien

ce a

nd T

echn

olog

y,

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent,

Env

ironm

ent ,

Agr

icul

ture

, Fo

rest

ry, L

ives

tock

, and

C

OS

TEC

H, N

EM

C, P

rivat

e se

ctor

, NG

Os/

CB

Os

8.4

Stre

ngth

en p

ublic

aw

aren

ess

cam

paig

ns

on s

afe

use

of M

oder

n bi

otec

hnol

ogy

Pub

lic a

war

enes

s ca

mpa

igns

co

nduc

ted

Num

ber o

f ca

mpa

igns

and

Le

vel o

f aw

aren

ess

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r E

nviro

nmen

t, S

cien

ce a

nd

Tech

nolo

gy, F

ishe

ries,

H

ealth

, Agr

icul

ture

, Liv

esto

ck;

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent,

and

Aca

dem

ic a

nd R

esea

rch

Inst

itutio

ns, M

edia

9. E

lect

rical

and

El

ectr

onic

Eq

uipm

ent

(EEE

) was

te

9.1

Stre

ngth

en

enfo

rcem

ent o

f le

gisl

atio

n re

late

d to

m

anag

emen

t of E

EE

an

d th

eir w

aste

Com

plia

nce

to

legi

slat

ion

rela

ted

to E

EE

and

thei

r w

aste

Leve

l of

com

plia

nce

L

ong

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r, In

dust

ry, L

ocal

Gov

ernm

ent,

Env

ironm

ent,

TRA

, TB

S,

TCR

A, N

EM

C, P

rivat

e se

ctor

,


46 47

(NEAP)(NEAP)

44

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

9.2

Dev

elop

and

im

plem

ent n

atio

nal

stan

dard

s fo

r im

porte

d an

d lo

cally

pro

duce

d

EE

E

Sta

ndar

ds

deve

lope

d an

d im

plem

ente

d

Num

ber o

f st

anda

rds

Sho

rt te

rm

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Indu

stry

, S

cien

ce

and

Tech

nolo

gy,

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t

Env

ironm

ent;

and

TBS

, P

rivat

e se

ctor

; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

9.3

Dev

elop

and

im

plem

ent

insp

ectio

n gu

idel

ines

and

pr

oced

ure

for

cont

rolli

ng q

ualit

y of

E

EE

Gui

delin

es a

nd

proc

edur

es

deve

lope

d an

d im

plem

ente

d

Num

ber o

f gu

idel

ines

Sho

rt te

rm

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Indu

stry

, S

cien

ce

and

Tech

nolo

gy

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t E

nviro

nmen

t; an

d TR

A, T

CR

A, T

BS

, Priv

ate

sect

or; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

9.4

Inst

all s

cree

ning

fa

cilit

ies

for E

EE

at

entry

poi

nts

Scr

eeni

ng

equi

pmen

t in

plac

e

Num

ber o

f op

erat

iona

l sc

reen

ing

faci

litie

s M

ediu

m

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t, S

cien

ce

and

Tech

nolo

gy;

Env

ironm

ent;

and

Priv

ate

sect

or; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

9.5

Dev

elop

and

im

plem

ent g

uide

lines

fo

r man

agem

ent o

f E

EE

was

te

Gui

delin

es

deve

lope

d an

d im

plem

ente

d

Num

ber o

f gu

idel

ines

S

hort

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Indu

stry

, Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent

Env

ironm

ent;

and

Priv

ate

sect

or; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

9.6

Con

duct

inve

ntor

y an

d de

velo

p da

taba

se o

f E

EE

and

thei

r was

te

Inve

ntor

y re

port

and

data

base

in

plac

e

Up

to d

ate

data

base

on

EE

E a

nd th

eir

was

te

Sho

rt te

rm

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t; E

nviro

nmen

t, In

dust

ry,

and

Priv

ate

sect

or; N

GO

s/C

BO

s

45

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

10. I

nvas

ive

Alie

n Sp

ecie

s (IA

S)

11.1

Rev

iew

and

impl

emen

t re

leva

nt n

atio

nal

polic

ies

and

legi

slat

ion

to a

ddre

ss is

sues

of

inva

sive

alie

n sp

ecie

s

Rel

evan

t nat

iona

l po

licie

s an

d le

gisl

atio

n re

view

ed a

nd

impl

emen

ted

Num

ber o

f po

licie

s an

d le

gisl

atio

n Lo

ng te

rm

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Env

ironm

ent,

Wat

er,

Fish

erie

s, A

gric

ultu

re, J

ustic

e,

Fore

stry

, Liv

esto

ck; a

nd L

ocal

G

over

nmen

t,

11.2

Stre

ngth

en

phyt

osan

itary

in

spec

tion

at e

ntry

po

ints

Insp

ectio

ns a

t en

try p

oint

s im

plem

ente

d

Num

ber o

f en

try p

oint

s co

nduc

ting

insp

ectio

n

Long

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Agr

icul

ture

, L

ives

tock

, Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent

and

Env

ironm

ent,

11.3

Pro

mot

e ap

plic

atio

n of

In

tegr

ated

Pes

t M

anag

emen

t (IP

M) t

o co

ntro

l IA

S

Inte

grat

ed p

est

man

agem

ent

impl

emen

ted

Leve

l (n

umbe

r/are

a)of

IAS

co

ntro

lled

Long

term

Min

istry

re

spon

sibl

e fo

r E

nviro

nmen

t, Fi

sher

ies,

A

gric

ultu

re,

Wat

er,

Fore

stry

, Li

vest

ock;

an

d Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent

11

.4 P

rom

ote

rese

arch

and

di

ssem

inat

e in

form

atio

n on

IAS

Res

earc

h fin

ding

s re

ports

N

umbe

r of

repo

rts

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r, S

cien

ce a

nd T

echn

olog

y,

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent,

Env

ironm

ent ,

Agr

icul

ture

, Fi

sher

ies,

For

estry

, Liv

esto

ck,

and

CO

STE

CH

, NE

MC

, R

esea

rch

and

Aca

dem

ic

inst

itutio

ns, P

rivat

e se

ctor

, N

GO

s/C

BO

s 11

. Bio

fuel

s 11

.1

Dev

elop

and

im

plem

ent n

atio

nal

polic

y an

d le

gisl

atio

n re

late

d to

de

velo

pmen

t of

biof

uels

Rel

evan

t nat

iona

l po

licie

s an

d le

gisl

atio

n in

pl

ace

and

impl

emen

ted

Num

ber o

f po

licie

s an

d le

gisl

atio

n

Long

term

Min

istri

es

resp

onsi

ble

for

Ene

rgy,

Sci

ence

an

d Te

chno

logy

, Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent,

Env

ironm

ent

,Agr

icul

ture

, Fo

rest

ry,

Live

stoc

k,

and

CO

STE

CH

, N

EM

C,

Priv

ate

sect

or,

NG

Os/

CB

Os


48 49

(NEAP)(NEAP)

46

Envi

ronm

enta

l C

halle

nge/

Issu

e Pr

iorit

y A

ctio

ns

Expe

cted

out

put

Indi

cato

r Ti

me

fram

e

Impl

emen

ters

11.2

P

rom

ote

rese

arch

an

d di

ssem

inat

e in

form

atio

n on

B

iofu

els

deve

lopm

ent

Rep

ort o

n re

sear

ch fi

ndin

gs

Num

ber o

f re

ports

Long

term

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r, E

nerg

y, S

cien

ce a

nd

Tech

nolo

gy, L

ocal

G

over

nmen

t, E

nviro

nmen

t ,A

gric

ultu

re, F

ores

try,

Live

stoc

k, a

nd C

OS

TEC

H,

NE

MC

, Priv

ate

sect

or,

NG

Os/

CB

Os

11.3

S

treng

then

pub

lic

awar

enes

s ca

mpa

igns

on

biof

uels

dev

elop

men

t

Pub

lic a

war

enes

s ca

mpa

igns

co

nduc

ted

Leve

l of

awar

enes

s Lo

ng te

rm

Min

istri

es re

spon

sibl

e fo

r E

nerg

y, E

nviro

nmen

t,

Edu

catio

n, A

gric

ultu

re,

Live

stoc

k; L

ocal

Gov

ernm

ent

s, a

nd In

stitu

tions

, Med

ia

CHAPTER FIVE IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES


50 51

(NEAP)(NEAP)

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES

5.1 Stakeholder Involvement

Environmental concerns are cross cutting in nature and their impacts are obviously felt at various levels. Integration of environmental plans in development process at all levels is an important tool in ensuring Sustainable Development. Stakeholders involvement in environmental action planning is a legal requirement. Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 provides for environmental planning in the country and obliges each Sector Ministry and Local Government Authorities to develop their Environmental Action Plans based on the NEAP. The existing environmental strategies, programmes and projects set the framework for stakeholders’ involvement in environmental protection and management in the country.

The implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NEAP will involve local communities, civil societies, private sector, academic and research institutions, Local Government Authorities, Central Government, and Policy makers. The key stakeholders in the implementation of the NEAP are presented in the Implementation Plan (Chapter 4) and will be under the coordination of the Vice President’s Office. Stakeholders are obliged to prepare and submit annual progress report to the Vice President’s Office by March of each year.

5.2 Resource Requirements

Effective environmental protection and management through appropriate implementation of the Environmental Action Plans requires a deliberate allocation of both financial and human resources. The benefits from various interventions in integration of environmental concerns depend on planning processes. Therefore, there is a need for prioritization of environmental issues in the budget allocation process.

Potential sources of funding include:

i) National Environmental Trust Fund; ii) Constituency Development Fund; iii) Central and Local Government Budgetary allocations; iv) Global Environment Facility; v) Bilateral arrangements; andvi) Support from NGOs; CBOs; FBOs; and vii) Statutory funds from the implementation of MEAs such as Climate Change EAs viii) Contributions from private sector and individuals.

In addition there is a need for carrying out a needs assessment to identify resource requirements for effective implementation of the NEAP. This will enable formulation of a mini-strategy for resource mobilization both locally and internationally and devise means to facilitate accessibility of these resources by stakeholders.

6.1 Monitoring and Evaluation

The purpose of monitoring and evaluation of the NEAP is to ensure effective and efficient implementation of various priority actions in addressing environmental challenges. The monitoring and evaluation of the Environmental Action Plan will be carried out using participatory approaches.

Monitoring will be undertaken on continuous basis. Evaluation of the implementation of the NEAP will be done annually and at the end of the duration of the NEAP. Annual evaluations are meant to assess performance and provide opportunity to reflect on the gaps and devise remedial measures. The terminal evaluation will provide inputs in reviewing the NEAP.


52

(NEAP)

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