NC Animal Waste as a Potential NC Animal Waste as a Potential Resource for Reducing CO2 and Resource for Reducing CO2 and

Methane EmissionsMethane Emissions Kurt Creamer, P.E.Kurt Creamer, P.E.

Animal and Poultry Waste Animal and Poultry Waste Management CenterManagement Center

North Carolina State UniversityNorth Carolina State University

Development of Environmentally Development of Environmentally

Superior TechnologiesSuperior Technologies NC Attorney General AgreementsNC Attorney General Agreements with with

Smithfield Foods, Premium Standard Farms, Smithfield Foods, Premium Standard Farms, and Frontline Farmersand Frontline Farmers

Performance Standards• “Eliminate the discharge of animal waste to surface

waters and groundwater through direct discharge, seepage, or runoff;

• Substantially eliminate atmospheric emissions of ammonia;

• Substantially eliminate the emission of odor that is detectable beyond the boundaries of the parcel of land on which the swine farm is located;

• Substantially eliminate the release of disease-transmitting vectors and airborne pathogens;

• Substantially eliminate nutrient and heavy metal contamination of soil and groundwater”

Economic Feasibility Determination

• Projected 10 year annualized cost of the technology (including capital, operation and maintenance) per 1000 # steady state live weight for each category of farm system

• Compared to lagoon and spray-field system

• Projected revenues, including income from byproducts

• Available cost-share monies or other financial assistance from federal, state or other public sources

• Impact that the adoption of the technology may have on the competitiveness of the NC pork industry

• ID/quantification (if possible) of emissions to environmental media from each category of farm system implementing the technology as compared to lagoon and spray-field system

• Estimate of the economic benefits to NC households arising from the changes in emissions to environmental media resulting from implementation of the technology

EKOKANUpflow-BiofilterBladenboro, NC

Sequencing Batch ReactorBailey, NC

Thermophillic ADRocky Mount, NC

Ambient ADClayton, NC

Constructed WetlandRichlands, NC

BEST / RECIPFB CombustionRose Hill, NC

Mesophilic AD / MicroturbineMagnolia, NC (Site 1)Kenansville, NC (Site 2)Warsaw, NC (Site 3)

Super Soil SystemsClinton, NC (Site 1)Warsaw, NC (Site 2)

•Gasification / Belt SystemNCSU Grinnells Labs

•Black Soldier Fly Larvae•Belt System•Ultrasonic Plasma Resonator•Desalinization SystemNC State UniversityLake Wheeler Road Field Laboratory

LOCATION MAPEnvironmentally Superior Technology Demonstration Projects

LEGEND Project Location First Round Technology Second Round Technology• On-Campus Project

Note: Projects are listed by name(s), then by location to nearest city.

Mesophilic AD.Greenville, NC

High solids Thermophilic ADClinton, NC

North Carolina producesapproximately 650 million chickens, 50 million turkeys, and 19 million hogs per year.

Energy Potential from Animal Waste (Barker, NCCES Publication No. EBAE 071-80)

Species Animal weight (lbs) Biogas* (cu ft/head/d) Energy Gross (BTU**/head/d)Dairy cow 1400 46.4 27,800Beef feeder 800 27.6 16,600Market hog 135 3.9 2,300Poultry layer 4 0.29 180*60% methane**1 gallon gasoline = 120,000 BTUs

Ambient Anaerobic Digestion Swine Waste Treatment SystemJulian Barham Farm, Zebulon, North Carolina

July 3, 2002

Eulerian- Lagrangianmodel to simulate odor dispersion

y = 33.546 ex x = odor intensity (0-8)

Results reported (July 2003): In-ground ambient temperature digester / energy recovery / greenhouse vegetable production system

• Carbon loading reduced by 90%

• 560 – 990 kWh electricity/d

• Tomato yield of 711 kg/d

Super Soil Systems, USA Swine Waste Treatment SystemGoshen Ridge Farms, Warsaw, North Carolina

July 3, 2002

High Solids High Temperature Anaerobic Digester

Results reported (January 2004): High Solids High Temperature Anaerobic Digester system

• 12 decatherms of methane per ton of feedstock

• Post processed material met Class A biosolids requirement for fecal coliform bacteria

Superheatedsteam

Gas cleanup & Ash recovery

Downdraft burnerfueled

with unreacted gas

CatalystH2and CO are reacted

to form liquid fuel

Organicwaste

Flue

Superheatedsteam

Gas cleanup & Ash recovery

Downdraft burnerfueled

with unreacted gas

CatalystH2and CO are reacted

to form liquid fuel

Organicwaste

Flue

Figure 3. Schematic of the BK Technologies steam-reforming gasifier. Indirect heating and steam reforming combine to maximize the energy content of the product gas.

Results reported (July 2003): Belt system (Van Kempen / Koger proj.)

• DM of belt collected manure fraction app. 50%

• NH3 emissions of app. 1.0 kg/pig space/yr

Smithfield truck running on BioDiesel

Manure is flushed into a buffer basin, then pumped to concentrators at central plant – showing 3 of 23 farms.

BioDiesel Plantrendering oil/fat, vegetable oil or used cooking is reacted with methanol to synthesize Biodiesel

Buffer Basin

Filling station

BioMethanol trucked from biomethanol plant to biodiesel plant

BioDiesel delivery to Filling station

Schematic by Prince Dugba 01-08-03

BioDiesel/Diesel20/80 Blend

Sewage Lines

Oil/Fat from rendering or soybean orused cooking oil

Glycerine

Storage Cell

Hog Farm

Treated WaterRaw Manure

Heat to digester

Heated Mixed Methane Digesters (4)

Biogas toMethanol plant

BioMethanol Plant

Manure

Digester effluent and concentrator supernatant to lagoons

Concentrators (4)

Supernatant

Treated Water

DigesterEffluent

6.0% TS slurry to digester

Centralized Biogas Production in North Carolina?

Economic Feasibility Determination

• Projected 10 year annualized cost of the technology (including capital, operation and maintenance) per 1000 # steady state live weight for each category of farm system

• Compared to lagoon and spray-field system

• Projected revenues, including income from byproducts

• Available cost-share monies or other financial assistance from federal, state or other public sources

• Impact that the adoption of the technology may have on the competitiveness of the NC pork industry

• ID/quantification (if possible) of emissions to environmental media from each category of farm system implementing the technology as compared to lagoon and spray-field system

• Estimate of the economic benefits to NC households arising from the changes in emissions to environmental media resulting from implementation of the technology

APWMC Web Address

• www.cals.ncsu.edu/waste_mgt/

• (follow prompts that reference NC Attorney General Agreements - progress reports, descriptions, presentations, etc.)