DEC 1999 NBR 13545

Lifting purposes - Shackles

Origin: Projeto NBR 13545:1999ABNT/CB-07 - Comitê Brasileiro de Navios, Embarcações e TecnologiaMarítimaCE-07:100.14 - Comissão de Estudo de Acessórios de Movimentação deCarga a BordoNBR 13545 - Lifting purposes - ShacklesDescriptors: Shackle. LiftingThis edition replaces the edition NBR 13545:1995This Standard is based on ISO 2415:1987In all cases the latest Portuguese language version of this Standard shall betaken as authoritativeValid after 31.01.2000

Key words: Shackle. Lifting 12 pages

Summary1 Scope2 References3 Definitions4 Form and dimensions5 Mechanical properties6 Material7 Heat treatment8 Hardness9 Workmanship10 Screw threads11 Type testing12 Proof test13 Manufacturer's certificate14 Marking15 DesignationAnnex A (normativo)

Foreword

ABNT - Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas - is the Brazilian Standardization Forum. Brazilian Standards, thecontent of which is the responsibility of the Comitês Brasileiros (ABNT/CB) and Organismos de Normalização Setorial(ONS), are drawn up by Comissões de Estudo (CE). Such CE committees are made up of representatives of the sectorsinvolved and include producers, consumers and neutral entities (universities, laboratories and others).

Draft Brazilian Standards, prepared by ABNT/CB and ONS, are circulated to the ABNT members and other interestedentities for National Voting.

This Standard cancels and replaces NBR 13545:1995, to which the following changes have been made:

a) changing in arrangement of elements to align with ISO, putting the Brazilian typical requirements, in annex;

b) the grade 10 shackle, similar to the grade B of the American Standard Federal SpecificationRR-C-271D, has been included;

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NBR 13545:19992

c) adoption of the relation between proof force and working load limit of ISO 2415, and adoption of the relation 2,5:1between minimum ultimate strength and proof force;

d) adoption of pin diameters of Federal Specification RR-C-271D in metric units, with maximum and minimum values,and permission to use a handling device on the type X pin head for shacles of body diameter equal or greater than 76mm;

e) changing of the deformation criterium to proof force test or deformation test of 0,25% or 0,5 mm whichever is greaterto 1% or 0,5 mm whichever is greater, except to shackle internal length;

f) increasing of fatigue resistance from 10000 cicles to 20000 cicles limited to shackles with working load limit until 32 t;

g) permission for evaluation of the minimum ultimate strength of shackles with working load limit above 100 t bycalculation;

h) deletion of the surface coating requirements.

1 Scope

This Standard specifies the general characteristics, performance and critical dimensions necessary for interchangeabilityand compatibility with other components, of forged dee and bow shackles in a range of sizes having working load limits from0,63 to 200 t, and in grades M (4), T (8) and 10.

In the case of dee shackles for use with forged steel lifting hooks (see ISO 4779 and 7597), it may be necessary to useintermediate components to make the connection.

2 References

The following standards contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Standard. Atthe time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreementsbased on this Standard shall investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below.ABNT maintains registers of currently valid national standards.

ISO 261:1998, ISO general-purpose metric screw threads - General plan

ISO 263:1973, ISO inch screw threads - General plan and selection for screws, bolts and nuts -- Diameter range 0.06 to6 in

ISO 643:1983, Steels - Micrographic determination of the ferritic or austenitic grain size

ISO 2859-1:1989, Sampling plans and procedures for attribute inspection - Procedure

ISO 4779:1986, Forged steel lifting hooks with point and eye for use with steel chains of grade M (4)

ISO 4948-1:1982, Steels - Classification - Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based onchemical composition

ISO 6506-1:1999, Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test - Part 1: Test method

ISO 6508-1:1999, Metallic materials - Rockwell hardness test - Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N,T)

ISO 7597:1987, Forged steel lifting hooks with point and eye for use with steel chains of grade T (8)

3 Definitions

For the purposes of this Standard, the following definitions apply. See also figures 1 and 2.

3.1 shackle: A component for handling or attaching load, consisting of two readily separable parts, the body and the pin.

3.2 body: One of the two parts of the shackle, consisting of a bar of suitable section formed or forged to the appropriateshape and terminating in coaxial eyes.

3.3 crown: The part of the shackle body opposite to the pin.

3.4 eyes: Bosses on the ends of the body with coaxial holes through which the pin passes.

3.5 pin: A straight bar of circular section which passes through the eyes, arranged so as to be secure when in position andwhich can be readily disassembled (see figures 1, 2 and 3).

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3.6 dee shackle: A shackle the crown of which forms a semicircle of internal radius half the width between the eyes.

3.7 bow shackle: A shackle the crown of which forms more than a semicircle of internal radius more than half the widthbetween the eyes.

3.8 ultimate strength: The maximum force reached during the static tensile testing of a shackle at the end of which theshackle fails to retain the load.

3.9 minimum ultimate strength: The minimum force that the shackle shall sustain without fracture. The shackle shall becapable of sustaining the load under the action of this force.

3.10 proof force, Fe: The force applied as a test to a finished shackle, as specified in clause 12.

3.11 working load limit (WLL): The maximum mass, which a shackle is designed to sustain in general service.

4 Form and dimensions

4.1 Dee shackles

The dimensions of dee shackles shall comply with the requirements laid down in figure 1 and table 1.

4.2 Bow shackles

The dimensions of bow shackles shall comply with the requirements laid down in figure 2 and table 2.

4.3 Hole diameter

The diameter of the unthreaded hole or holes in the body of the shackle shall not exceed the following values:

a) Hole diameter for pins having a diameter up to and including 20 mm: D + 1 mm

b) Hole diameter for pins having a diameter over 20 mm and up to and including 45 mm: D + 1,5 mm

c) Hole diameter for pins having a diameter over 45 mm: 1,05 × D.

Where D is the actual pin diameter.

4.4 Types of shackle pin

The threaded shackle pins shown in figure 3 only illustrate typical examples of pins and other suitable forms of pin areacceptable.

The pins illustrated are of the following types:

- Type W: screwed with eye and collar (see figure 3a).

- Type X: bolt with hexagon head, hexagon nut and split cotter pin (see figure 3b).

Other types of pin are designated as type Z for the purposes of the designation system (see clause 15).

5 Mechanical properties

5.1 General

The mechanical properties of the shackles in terms of proof force and ultimate strength shall be as specified in tables 1and 2.

5.2 Proof force

Each shackle, tested in accordance with 11.2, shall be capable of sustaining the proof force specified in tables 1 and 2without permanent deformation greater than 1% of the initial dimension or 0,5 mm, whichever is the greater, and withoutan increase in the actual dimension, L, of the shackle body or in a similar dimension measured between punch marks onthe eyes and the crown, exceeding 0,25% or 0,5 mm, whichever is the greatest. The pin, after loosening, shall turn freely.

5.3 Ultimate strength

Each shackle, tested in accordance with 11.3, shall have an ultimate strength at least equal to that specified in tables 1and 2 without fracture or distortion to the extent that the shackle becomes incapable of sustaining the load.

On completion of the test, each shackle shall show evidence of deformation.

5.4 Fatigue resistance [grades T (8) and 10]

Shackles with a working load limit up to and including 32 t, when tested in accordance with 11.4, shall, after at least20 000 cycles, be capable of sustaining the load.

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Figure 1 - Dimensions of dee shackles

Table 1 - Dee shackle

Working load limit

t

Bodydiamete

r(ref.)

mm

Openbetween eyestol. ±5%mm

Insidelengthtol. ±5%mm

Pin diameter

D

mm

Eyeexternaldiamete

r

mm

Proof load

kN

Minimum ultimatestrength

kN

GradeM(4)

GradeT(8)

d W L Máx. Mín. emax. GradeM(4)

GradeT(8)

GradeM(4)

GradeT(8)

0,25 0,5 6 11 22 8 7,7 17 5 10 12,5 250,4 0,8 8 14 28 10 9,3 21 8 16 20 40

0,6 1,2 9,5 17 34 13 12,4 28 12 24 30 60

1,0 2,0 13 21 44 16 15,5 35 20 40 50 1001,6 3,2 16 26 55 19,2 18,7 42 32 64 80 160

2,5 5,0 19 33 69 23 21,9 50 50 100 125 2503,2 6,3 22 37 78 26 24,9 56 64 126 160 320

4,0 8,0 25 42 87 29 27,9 63 80 160 200 400

5,0 10 28 46 97 32 31,0 70 100 200 250 5006,3 12,5 32 53 109 35 34,1 77 126 250 315 630

8,0 16 35 59 123 39 37,5 85 160 320 400 80010 20 38 66 138 42 40,5 91 200 400 500 1 000

12,5 25 45 74 154 51 49,5 112 250 500 625 1 25016 32 51 83 174 58 56,6 128 320 640 800 1 600

20 40 57 93 195 64 62 140 400 800 1 000 2 000

25 50 63 104 218 70 68 154 500 1 000 1 250 2 50032 63 70 118 247 76 74 168 640 1 260 1 600 3 200

40 80 76 131 275 83 81 182 800 1 600 2 000 4 00050 100 88 147 308 96 94 211 1 000 2 000 2 500 5 000

63 125 101 165 346 108 106 237 1 260 2 500 3 150 6 300

80 160 114 186 390 127 125 279 1 600 3 200 4 000 8 000

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Figure 2 - Dimensions of bow shackles

6 Material

6.1 General

The steel shall be produced by the electric or an oxygen-blown process.

The steel shall be made in conformity with fine grain practice in order to obtain an austenitic grain size of5 [grades M(4) or T(8)] and 6 [grade 10] or finer when tested in accordance with ISO 643. This can be achieved, forexample, by ensuring that it contains sufficient aluminum or an equivalent element to permit the manufacture of shacklesstabilized against strain-age embrittlement during service; a minimum value of 0,025% (m/m) of total aluminum is given forguidance.

6.2 Specific requirements for grade M (4)

In its finished state, as supplied to the shackle manufacturer, the steel shall comply with the requirements specified in thisclause, as determined by a cast analysis or check analysis on the bar or on the finished shackle. The manufacturer shouldsupply a cast analysis of the steel if required by the purchaser.

The steel shall be fully killed, suitable for forging and capable of being heat treated to obtain the mechanical propertiesrequired by this Standard.

The sulfur and phosphorus contents in the steel shall be restricted as specified in table 3.

Within the limitations specified above, it is the responsibility of the shackle manufacturer to select steel so that the finishedshackle, suitably heat-treated, complies with the requirements for the mechanical properties specified in this Standard forthis grade of shackle.

6.3 Specific requirements for grades T (8) and 10

In its finished state, as supplied to the shackle manufacturer, the steel shall comply with the requirements specified in thisclause, as determined by a cast or check analysis on the bar or on the finished shackle. The manufacturer should supply acast analysis of the steel if required by the purchaser.

The steel shall be fully killed, suitable for forging and contain alloying elements in sufficient quantities to guarantee themechanical properties of the shackle after appropriate heat treatment.

The steel for grade T (8) and 10 shackles shall contain at least two of the following elements, in the alloying proportionsspecified in ISO 4948-1:

- nickel;

- chromium;

- molybdenum.

The sulfur and phosphorus contents in the steel shall be restricted as specified in table 3.

Within the limitations specified above, it is the responsibility of the shackle manufacturer to select steel so that the finishedshackle, suitably heat-treated, complies with the requirements for the mechanical properties specified in this Standard forthis grade of shackle.

NBR 13545:19996

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7 Heat treatment

7.1 Grade M (4)

After forging, the shackle shall be normalized or hardened and tempered.

7.2 Grades T (8) and 10

After forging, the shackles shall be hardened from a temperature above the AC3 point and tempered before beingsubjected to the manufacturing proof force. The tempering temperature shall be a minimum of 400°C.

The tempering conditions shall be at least as effective as a temperature of 400°C maintained for a period of1 h.

NOTE - A method of verification is as follows. After the components have been re-heated to and maintained for 1 h at 400°C andthen cooled to room temperature, they should conform in the finished condition to proof force and minimum ultimate strength oftables 1 and 2.

Surface hardening shall not be permitted for load-bearing parts of the shackle.

8 Hardness

8.1 Hardness requirement

The hardness values of shackles shall not exceed the values specified in table 4.

8.2 Hardness testing

In order to determine Brinell hardness numbers, the tests shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 6506 using,where practicable, a 10 mm steel ball and a force of 29,42 kN (HBS 10/3000).

In order to determine Rockwell C hardness numbers, the tests shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 6508.

Other methods of determining hardness may be used provided the values obtained, when converted to equivalentBrinell or Rockwell C values, comply with the requirements laid down in table 4.

The surface on which the impression is to be made shall be obtained by filling, grinding or smooth machining, andshall be in a suitable position on the body (as shown in figures 1 and 2) and on the shackle pin.

Suitable precautions should be taken to ensure that the surface is representative of the material and that its hardnessis not affected by decarburization, carburization or by the method used for preparing the test surface.

Table 3 - Maximum content of phosphorus and sulfur, % m/m

Grade M (4) Grade T (8) and 10

Element cast analysis check analysis cast analysis check analysis

Sulfur 0,035 0,04 0,025 0,03

Phosphorus 0,035 0,04 0,025 0,03

Table 4 - Hardness values

GradeBrinell hardness Rockwell hardness

HRC

4 217 17

8 380 41

10 420 45

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9 Workmanship

The body shall be forged in one piece without welding. Holes in shackle bodies shall be aligned axially with each other andcentrally to the outside diameter of the eyes.

The pin shall be either forged and machine-finished, as necessary, machined from a bar, or subject to agreement betweenpurchaser and manufacturer, as forged and suitably finished. The screwed portion of the pin shall be concentric with themain portion. The collar or head of the pin shall fit closely against the body of the shackle.

When a threaded pin is fully tightened, the length of thread, which remains visible between the jaws of the shackle, shall notbe greater than one thread and a half (e.g. in the case of type W pin).

The length of the plain portion of the bolt shall be such that when the nut is screwed onto the bolt, it seats onto the shoulderof the bolt and not on the shackle body (e.g. in the case of the type X pin).

In all cases when the pin is correctly fitted in the body of the shackle, the jaw width, W, shall not be significantly reduced.

The finished shackle body and pin shall be free from any harmful surface defects, including cracks and other defects.

10 Screw threads

Unless otherwise specified screw threads shall conform to either ISO 261 or ISO 263 and they shall be class 6g/6H (mediumfit).

Alternative forms of thread may be used provided that the strength of the shackle is not impaired.

11 Type testing

11.1 General

Type tests demonstrate that shackles certified by the manufacturer as complying with the requirements laid down in thisStandard possess the mechanical properties specified in this Standard. The purpose of these tests is to prove the design,material, heat treatment and method of manufacture of each size of finished shackle, as well as protective coating, if applied.Any change in the design, material specification, heat treatment, method of manufacture, including protective coating, ifapplied, or in any dimension outside normal manufacturing tolerances which may lead to a modification of the mechanicalproperties as defined in clause 5 shall require that the type tests specified in 11.2 to 11.4 be carried out on the modifiedshackle.

All shackles to be type-tested shall comply with all the other requirements laid down in this Standard. The tests specified in11.2 to 11.4 shall be carried out on each size of shackle of each design, material, heat treatment and method ofmanufacture, as well as the protective coating, if applied.

In the tests specified in 11.2. to 11.4, the force shall be applied axially without shock to the crown of the body, using a testmachine fitting having a diameter not greater than the actual diameter of the shackle pin, and to the centre of the shacklepin, using a test machine fitting having a width not exceeding the actual diameter of the pin.

11.2 Deformation resistance test

Three samples shall be tested and each shall be capable of sustaining the proof force specified for the shackle in tables 1and 2.

After the test force has been removed, the shackle shall not show permanent deformation greater than 1% of the initialdimension, as well as an increase in the actual dimension, L, of the shackle body or in a similar dimension measuredbetween punch marks on the pin and the crown, exceeding 0,25% or 0,5 mm, whichever is the greatest.

NOTE - See also clause 12 for proof testing of shackles, where required.

11.3 Static strength test

11.3.1 WLL ≤ 100 t

NOTE - This test may be carried out on the same shackles that have been submitted to the deformation test.

Three samples shall be tested and each shall have an ultimate strength at least equal to the minimum value specified for theshackle in tables 1 and 2.

The force shall be applied slowly until the minimum ultimate strength value is reached, remaining at this value until the handstabilizes.

Each shackle body and pin shall be capable of withstanding the force without fracture or distortion to the extent that theshackle becomes incapable of sustaining the load.

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11.3.2 WLL > 100 t

For shackles with a working load limit of over 100 t, the ultimate strengths may be verified by calculation provided that theshackles are of the same geometrical design and are the same in other respects as those shackles with a working loadlimit of up to and including 100 t, which have been tested in accordance with 11.3.1.

11.4 Fatigue tests [Grades T(8) and 10: WLL≤ 32 t]

Shackles with a working load limit of up to and including 32 t shall be subjected to the fatigue test. Three samples shall betested.

The range applied during each cycle shall be equal to 1,5 times the working load limit specified in tables 1 and 2 for theshackle. The minimum force in each cycle shall be positive and less than or equal to 3 kN. The frequency of forceapplication shall be between 3 Hz and 25 Hz. The samples tested shall be capable of sustaining at least 20 000 cycles ofthe force range specified above without failing to sustain the load.

NOTE - 76 mm may have a device on the head like an eye, a lug or similar for handling. In this case the head do not need to behexagonal.

Figure 3 - Typical examples of shackle pin types

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11.5 Acceptance criteria for type testing

11.5.1 Deformation test (see 11.2)

All three samples tested shall pass the deformation test in order for the shackle of the size submitted for type testing tocomply with this Standard.

11.5.2 Static strength test and fatigue test (see 11.3 and 11.4)

If all three samples pass the test, the shackle of the size submitted for type testing complies with this Standard.

If one of the samples fails, two other samples shall be tested and both shall pass the test in order for the shackle of the sizesubmitted for type testing to comply with this Standard.

If two or three samples fail to pass the test, the shackle of the size submitted for type testing does not comply with thisStandard.

12 Proof test

The finished shackles (i.e. after manufacture, heat treatment and machining, as well as protective coating, if applied) shallbe subjected to the appropriate proof force specified in tables 1 and 2, in accordance with annex A.

The proof load shall be applied to the crown of the shackle and to the center of the pin by test machine fittings having adiameter not greater than the actual diameter of the shackle pin. The force shall be applied slowly until the proof force valueis reached, remaining at this value for at least one minute.

After the proof force has been removed, the requirements of 5.2 shall be verified.

13 Manufacturer’s certificate

When the type testing as specified in clause 11 has been carried out with satisfactory results, the manufacturer may issuecertificates of conformity for shackles of the same nominal dimensions, size, material, heat treatment and method ofmanufacture, as well as the protective coating, if applied, as the shackles tested.

The manufacturer shall keep a record, for at least 10 years after the last certificate has been issued, of the materialspecification, heat treatment, dimensions, test results and all relevant data concerning the shackles which have satisfied thetype tests. This record shall also include the manufacturing specifications, which apply to subsequent production.

Any change in material specification, in method of manufacture, in heat treatment, as well as protective coating, if applied, orin any dimension outside normal manufacturing tolerances which may lead to a modification of the mechanical properties asspecified in clause 5 shall be considered as a design change. Tests in accordance with clause 11 shall be required beforethe manufacturer is permitted to issue certificates of conformity for any modified design.

The manufacturer shall provide a certificate with each consignment of shackles, giving the following information for eachconsignment:

a) quantity and description of the shackle;

b) the grade letter or number, i.e. M (4), T(8) or 10;

c) the traceability code, to enable any particular shackle or batch of shackles in the consignment to be identified;

d) the proof force applied (see clause 12);

e) the working load limit in tonnes.

The certificate shall declare that each shackle complies with this Standard and is within the manufacturer’s specification ofthe type-tested shackle(s). It shall also state the name and address of the testing establishment and the status of thesignatory.

14 Marking

14.1 Shackle body

Each shackle shall be legibly and indelibly marked in a manner which will not impair the mechanical properties of theshackle. This marking shall conclude at least the following information placed on the shackle by the manufacturer:

a) the manufacturer’s identification mark or symbol;

b) the grade letter or number, in the case of shackles T(8) or 10;

c) the working load limit in tonnes;

d) the traceability code to enable any particular shackle or batch of shackles in the consignment to be identified(mandatory for shackles of body diameter greater than 19 mm).

NBR 13545:1999 11

14.2 Shackle pins [Grades T(8) e 10]

Shackle pins, 13 mm diameter and above shall be legibly and indelibly marked with the relevant grade number andmanufacturer’s symbol in a manner, which will not impair the mechanical properties of the pin.

Pins below 13 mm diameter shall be marked with at least the grade number.

15 Designation

For reference and ordering purposes, shackles complying with this Standard may be designated by the following system.The following elements shall be used in the order given:

Shackle NBR 13545 – X – YZ TN

Where X is the grade of the shackle, Y the type of shackle body, Z the type of shackle pin and TN the nominal size intonnes.

_________________

/ANNEX A

NBR 13545:199912

Annex A (normative)Sampling and criteria of conformity

A.1 Dimensional inspection

If no reference is made in the purchase document, the quantity of the sample and the acceptance criteria of the dimensionalvariables mentioned in tables 1 and 2 should be as specified in table A.1.

A.2 Proof force

The proof force test in grade T(8) and 10 shackles shall be performed according to table A.1.

The proof force test in grade M shackles shall be performed in accordance with table A.2.

A.3 Minimum ultimate strength

If the shackle lot has been approved upon in proof force tests in accordance with this Standard and the manufacturerpossesses adequate process and quality system control or his product is subject to the certification of a third party, the clientshould dispense the manufacturer from the performance of the minimum ultimate strength test.

However, if requested in the purchase document, the size of sample and acceptance criteria shall be in accordance withtable A.3.

A.4 Hardness test

Each shackle lot, after manufactured and heat treated, shall be subjected to hardness testing, in order to check if it is inaccordance with table 4. The size of the sample shall be as shown in table A.4.

Table A.1 - Sizes of lot and sample and maximum permissible number of defectives for proof loadof shackles grades T(8) and 10 and for dimensional inspection

Size of lot Size of sample Maximum permissible number ofdefectives

up to 50 5 0

51 - 150 20 1

151 - 280 32 2

281 - 500 50 3

501 - 1 2001) 80 5

Table A.2 - Sizes of lot and sample and maximum permissible number of defectives for proof force for Grade M shackles

Size of lot Size of sample Maximum permissible number ofdefectives

up to 150 5 0151 - 500 20 1

501 - 1 2002) 32 2

Table A.3 - Sizes of lot and sample and maximum permissible number of defectives for minimum ultimatestrength test

Size of lot Size of sample Maximum permissible number ofdefectives

≤ 25 1 026 - 50 2 051 - 500 3 0> 500 5 0

Table A.4 - Sizes of lot and sample and maximum permissible number of defectives for hardness test

Size of lot Size of sample Maximum permissible number ofdefectives

≤ 280281 - 1 2003)

832

01

__________________________________1) For bigger lot sizes ISO 2859-1, level II, AQL 2,5%, shall be followed.1) For bigger lot sizes, ISO 2859-1, level I, AQL 1%, shall be followed.1) For bigger lot sizes, ISO 2859-1, level I, AQL 1,5%, shall be followed.