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Naturalistic research

by:

I.Gusti Ayu Lokita P.U.

A.A. Yudha Martin

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Qualitative

research

approaches

Interpretive approach:

how people make sense

about the world

naturalistic approach:

social studies in natural

context

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What is naturalistic

research?

• Research designs which describe and

measure the behavior of people as it

occurs in their everyday lives. (Frey,

Botan and Kreps, 1999)

• Research designs are naturalistic to the

extent that the research takes place in

real-world settings and the researcher

does not attempt to manipulate the

phenomenon of interest

Naturalistic Research Chart

What kind of data are you going to obtain?

Audio-Visual Records Records of public behavior

Observational Research

Is the data single case?

Yes

Case Studies

No

Do participants know the observation?

Yes

Acknowledged PsResearch

No

Unacknowledged PsResearch

Archival Research

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Assumptions of Naturalistic

research

(Frey, Botan and Kreps, 1999)

1. Naturalism: The belief that phenomena should be studied in context.

2. Phenomenology: The belief that the object of interest be examined without any preconceived notions or expectations.

3. Interpretive nature: The belief that the researcher, while trying to see the situation from the point of view of those studied, cannot escape his/her own view.

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characteristics

1. Site: Studying phenomena in context, or in situ.

2. Embodied practice: Researchers place their bodies in a context and use themselves as the primary “instrument” to collect data.

3. Qualitative methods: An array of interpretive techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate, and come to terms with the meaning of naturally occurring phenomena.

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Investigation strategies

• Direct observation: the researcher is

the main instrument

• In-dept interview: use an unstructured

format consisting of open-ended

questions in places and under

conditions that are comfortable for and

familiar to them

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Role of observer

• Complete participant: Fully involved in a social setting and does not let people know they are being studied; “going native;” (consider ethical dilemmas).

• Participant-observer: Involved as fully as possible in a social situation where people know they are being studied; agenda is revealed.

• Observer-participant: Primarily observes and participates only to a limited extent; marginal member of the group.

• Complete observer: Does not interact with the group, strictly an observer; greatest objectivity.

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How to select subject

• Purposively selecting subject that we believe may help us yield the data we need

• Snowball/chain referral asking the subjects to nominate another person with the same trait as the next subject. The researcher then observes the nominated subjects and continues in the same way until the obtaining sufficient number of subjects.

• Convenience Subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher

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Principles of Site-

selection

1. Select a site so that the issue can be

seen in a reasonably clear fashion

2. Select a site that is comparable to

others or that have been studied by

other researchers, but not the one that

is over-studied

3. Select a site in which the research will

not come to be seen as a burden on the

local population, the researcher may

accept the local routines and norms

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Necessary research

skills

• language facility (the ability to pick up

on nuances of expression, keeping in

mind that people communicate through

gestures, body language, and the use

of space in addition to what they say in

words)

• explicit awareness (the ability to

perceive the mundane details that

most people filter out of their routine

observations)

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Necessary research

skills (cont..)

• good memory (because it is not always

possible to record observations on the

spot)

• cultivated naiveté (i.e., never being

afraid to ask the obvious question)

• writing facility (because in the last

analysis, most observational data will

only be useful when placed in some

sort of narrative context)

• Interpersonal skills

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How researcher

position himself

• Researcher is the main instrument in

naturalistic research, therefore, he

should know how to position himself

within his research.

• He should draw his defining line of

comfort zone and whether he can deal

with crossing the line for research

purpose.

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How to take a note

Every note should be headed by the

date, place, and time of observation

As many verbatim verbal exchanges as

possible should be recorded

Pseudonyms or other codes should be

used to identify participants in order to

preserve anonymity and confidentiality.

Events should be recorded in sequence

Basic notes should be free of inferences

and interpretations

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validity

the degree to which research findings

somehow match up with reality

• Method triangulation

• Work in team (several researchers)

• A visual recording (video)

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reliability

the degree to which there is consistency

in the research process regardless of

who is doing the research.

It is impossible to eliminate personal

variation or opinion

It is certainly true that systematizing

observations and repeating them with

care over a period of time will help

convince skeptics of the reliability of

the findings but it is not natural

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Reporting naturalistic

research

• Telling a tale

• Writing report:

Thematic

Chronological

Puzzle-Explication

Exemplars: Quotes and descriptions that

help illustrate and crystallize the

concept.

• Performance, film, photography

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example

• Communication Strategies Used by

High School English Language

Learners in Multilingual Classrooms

(Spromberg, 2011)

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• Data collection:25 English language

learners are observed in their

classroom in a New York city public

school . All observation are video-

recorded and done by the researcher

• Data analysis: the transcripts are

identified by Dornyei and scott’s

communication strategies taxonomy

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• Finding: communication strategies

used are asking for clarification, self-

rephrasing, miming, and other-repair

• Overall, communication strategies are

used among multicultural students to

negotiate meaning to have mutually

comprehensible message

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conclusion

• Naturalistic researchers must identify

and gain entry to the site they want to

study, determine the role they will take,

what and how they will observe, who

they will interview and what they will

ask and how to record the information

and present it.

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references

• Frey, L., Botan, C., & Kreps, G. (1999).

Investigating communication: An

introduction to research methods. (2nd

ed.) Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

• Spromberg,S.2011. Communication

Strategies Used by High School

English Language Learners in

Multilingual Classrooms.Thesis. New

york: Hunter College