natural resources (energy)
DESCRIPTION
To learn more about Natural Resources.TRANSCRIPT
….
- Introduction
- Prior knowledge
- Soil and Dirt
- What are soil Horizons?
- Types of soil
- Types of soil according to origen
- Bad uses of soil
- Good uses of soil
- Types of soil
- Types of soil according to origen
- How to conserve soil
- Question
- Where did soil come from?
- How is soil formed?
- Why do we need soil?
- What is a ped and their types
- Uses of soil
-Why do plants grow better in soil than in
sand?
-Can we lose soil?
-News
-Videos
-Quotes
-Posters
-Source
Soil is the very thin layer covering parts of
the crust of the earth that can be use to grow
our food. Today soil is endangered by
erosion. The chief factors responsible for
erosion are the overcultivation of marginal
soils, overgracing of vegetation by sheep and
goats, the cutting down of trees that anchor
the soil, and the overpumping of groundwater
that leaves the soil dry.
Soil VRS. Dirt
The substance that
plants, trees, etc.
Grow in; earth;
poor/dry/acid/sandy
soil.
1.A substance that
is not clean, such as
dust or mud.
2.A dirt track.
Is it "soil" or "dirt?"
Well, it depends. It's kind of like when a farmer
sees a stalk of corn, all on its own, out in the
middle of his soybeans - it "shouldn't otta' be
there!" If you find soil where it "shouldn't otta' be"
(like on your mom's nice, clean, kitchen floor, or all
over your clothes) then it can be considered "dirt"
because it makes things "dirty". On the other hand,
if you find soil where it's supposed to be (outside)
and doing what it's supposed to do (holding up
buildings, giving plants room to grow) then you
want to call it "soil" for sure!
Some people say that dirt is matter in the wrong
place.
A soil horizon is a layer parallel to the soil surface, whose
physical characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath.
Each soil type has at least one, usually three or four horizons.
Horizons are defined in most cases by obvious physical features,
chiefly color and texture. These may be described both in
absolute terms (particle size distribution for texture, for instance)
and in terms relative to the surrounding material, i.e. ‘coarser’ or
‘sandier’ than the horizons above and below.
Horizon formation (horizonation) is a function of a range of
geological, chemical, and biological processes and occurs over
long time periods. Soils vary in the degree to which horizons are
expressed.
They're the layers in the soil. The top layer is the O horizon. It's
only about an inch thick, but it is very healthy. The A horizon, or
topsoil, has roots, tiny microscopic bacteria and fungi, and lots of
other small creatures (like worms) running around in it. Next, is
the B horizon which is hard and not many plants and animals can
get through it. At the bottom is horizon C. C is the parent
material that was used to form the other three layers. It is even
harder than B and not many things live there.
In terms of soil texture, soil type usually refers to the
different sizes of mineral particles in a particular sample.
Soil is made up in part of finely ground rock particles,
grouped according to size as sand, silt and clay. Each size
plays a significantly different role.
For example, the largest particles, sand, determine
aeration and drainage characteristics, while the tiniest,
sub-microscopic clay particles, and are chemically active,
binding with water and plant nutrients. The ratio of these
sizes determines soil type: clay, loam, clay-loam, silt-loam,
and so on.
In addition to the mineral composition of soil, humus
(organic material) also plays a crucial role in soil
characteristics and fertility for plant life. Soil may be
mixed with larger aggregate, such as pebbles or gravel.
Not all types of soil are permeable, such as pure clay.
There are many recognized soil classifications, both
international and national.
Soil consists of rock fragments mixed with varying
amounts of organic material. The origen of soils depend
on the kind of rocks from which they were formed rocks
can be:
-Igneous, such as granite and basalt.
-Sedimentary, such as sand stone and limestone.
- Metamorphic, such as slate and marble.
HUMUS:
The organic constituent of soil, usually formed by the
decomposition of plants and leaves by soil bacteria is
called humus.
CONCLUTION: The origin the soil is determined by the
kind of rock from which it was form and the composition
of its organic content.
Overcultivation: When soil is over used it is
depleted of essential substances that plants need
to grow.
Overgrazing: Soils get depleted of vegetation
when animals feed on it at a pace that cannot be
sustained by replacement by new vegetation.
Forest Depletion: The cutting down of trees
that anchor the soil leaves the soil barren.
Rotation of crops: Changing kinds of crops
helps to preserve the nutrients of the soil.
Some crops tend to use different kinds of
components from the soil.
Leaving the soil fallow: Leaving the soil
without use gives it time to recover its
nutrients.
Preserving forests and creating new ones:
Vegetation prevents erosion and helps to
keep water sources.
Soil can be kept in good condition for farming
by keeping it from losing their nutrients. How to
conserve a particular soil depends on the
characteristics of the soil in question and the kind
of crop that is going or has been planted. Soils, for
example, generally lose nitrogen but it can be
replaced artificially.
It is important to prevent erosion. Soil must be
properly watered to keep it from drying. Soil must
be kept from strong winds that may turn it into
dust. Lack of water and strong winds make a
perfect combination for producing erosion.
WHAT IS SOIL?
Soil is the upper layer of earth in which plants grow. It is a mixture
of rock fragments, clay minerals and organic matter: The organic matter
consists largely of partially decomposed plant debris called humus.
HOW DO PEOPLE USE SOIL RESOURCE?
Soil is used mainly in the production of food.
SOIL:
Any type of rock may form the parent material of a soil. The
particles of rock typically vary in size down to microscopic fineness and
are intimately mixed with dark, partly decomposed plant debris called
humus. The humus content decreases with dept a great many factors are
involved in the production of soil including microorganisms such as
bacteria and fungi. Soil is important natural resources because it is the
source from in which plants absorb nutrients with their roots. Plants
serve as sources of animal food. Green plants produce their own
nutrients from the soil.
SOIL NITROGEN:
Nitrogen is an element essential for the construction of proteins.
Nitrogen is the main component of air but the nitrogen we get comes
from the soil. Plants absorb Nitrogen and some plants such as beans of
lentils produce proteins that contain nitrogen, animals also produce
proteins and we human beings get most of our proteins from animal
flesh.
Soil comes from solid rock which makes up the bulk of the
earth crust. Soil originates in the weathering of rock, a
complex disintegration process whose result is a coat of
rock fragments and clay minerals mixed up with varying
amounts of organic matter. Any type of rock may form the
parental material of soil. The particles of rock typically
vary in size down to microscopic fineness and are
intimately mixed with dark, partly decomposed plant
debris called humus. The humus content decreases with
dept a great many factors are involved in the production of
soil including microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
Soil is important natural resource because it is the source
from in which plants absorb nutrients with their roots.
Plants serve as sources of animal food. Green plants
produce their own nutrients from the soil.
Most of the soil here on earth has been around a long time. Soil is like a turtle when it comes to making new soil; it can take hundreds or thousands of years to make just one-inch more.
But soil has to start somewhere, right? It does. Soil forms
from its" parent material". This can be rocks, dead leaves,
broken tree limbs lying on the ground, and dead bugs.
Heat, rain, ice, snow, wind, and sunshine help to break the
parent material down into smaller and smaller pieces until
it becomes soil.
Soil originates in the weathering of rock, a complex disintegration
process whose result is a coat of rock fragments and clay minerals
mixed up with varying amounts of organic matter.
There are thousands of different soils throughout the world. Soils
are formed through a combination of five important factors.
Parent Material Earthy materials, both mineral and organic. Parent
material can be a volcanic deposit such as ash; it can be sediment
that has been transported and deposited by wind or water; or it can
be a deposit left by glaciers.
Climate - Parent material is broken down into finer particles by a
process called weathering, which is controlled by the climate of a
given location. Temperature and water are major climatic forces that
influence weathering.
Living Organisms - Both plants and animals help to create soils. As
they die, plants and animals add organic matter to weathered parent
material to help form subsoil and topsoil. As animals dig through the
soil, they break it up, permitting more are and water to enter.
Topography - Topography is the hilliness, flatness, or amount of
slope of the land.
Time - The age of a soil must be considered in thousands and even
millions of years since it may take hundreds of years for these
factors to form one inch of soil from parent material.
The main reason we need soil, simply put is that it sustains life on
this planet, along with Fire, Water and Air. We need it to grow food.
We also need soil to grow trees and plants to provide us with oxygen
to breath, and to stand up in it. Life attains certain elements and
compounds necessary to maintain, expand, and produce more life.
Aka vitamins and minerals soil maintains life by allowing plants and
microorganisms to flourish within it, thus supporting other life
forms...it provides a place to anchor things of our livelihood. All life
needs soil because it is a vital part of the ecosystem. Without soil,
plants could not grow and all animals that eat plants, including
humans, would not have anything to eat.
Soil covers the earth and gives us foundation for buildings. Soil is
very
important as it requires many years to form.
A ped is a single unit of soil structure (the shape of the soil). Soil
comes in several shapes:
granular -looks like cookie crumbs
blocky -blocks of different sizes
columnar -tall columns of soil that have a salt "cap" at the top
platy -thin, flat plates of soil stacked on top of each other
massive -very large clumps or clods of soil that are hard to break apart
The way a soil feels when you touch it is called its "texture." A soil that
feels "gritty" is made up of sand, the largest pieces of soil. A soil that
feels soft, silky or "floury" is made of the medium size soil pieces - silt.
The smallest size soil pieces, clay, feel "sticky" and are hard to squeeze.
We use soil to grow plants, nurture trees, freshen
veggies and fruits grow trees, crops, and build shelter.
Plant growth is a primary use of soil. It contains the
necessary nutrients and retains water. Its pH is a major
factor in how effective soil is for growing plants. The
desired range is between 6.0 and 6.5. Fertile soil allows
plants to receive the proper chemical reactions in order
to stimulate growth. Soil's ability to accommodate a
plant's root system is also important for the growth of a
plant.
Soil is a significant part of the construction industry. It is
used as a foundation for homes and buildings.
Construction professional’s use a process called soil
compaction to increase the density of the soil and ensure
its stability. Compacting the soil also prevents soil
settlement and reduces water seepage. Soil scientists
often measure the strength of soil before a construction
project to determine how easily the soil changes shape
and whether it is capable of maintaining under the weight
of a building. Working on the wrong type of soil may lead
to cracks in the foundation, leaks and floods.
Soil holds nutrients that plants need a lot better than
sand or clay. Clay is hard, so it makes it harder for roots
of plants to grow down to reach the water or nutrients
under it.
Soil has millions of pores which hold and store nutrients,
water, and oxygen so it can distribute it throughout out
the plant. Sand has too much ventilation which will not
be able to hold anything well.
The adequate soil depends on the plant being grown.
Some plants need more or less sand, more or less clay,
and more or less organic material. It all depends on the
plant being grown.
Can we lose soil?
Yes. Soil "erodes" (washes or blows away) when
there is nothing to help it stay in place.
How can we keep our soil in place?
Plant some grass, trees or other plants in areas
where the soil is eroding. They help keep soil from
moving around. Farmers have ways to keep the soil
on the land so that they can grow food for us to
eat. They use special machinery when they plant
their crops, and they plant windbreaks. Windbreaks
are rows of trees that are planted next to fields to
keep the wind from blowing the soil away.
When we try to save our soil it is called "soil
conservation." Conservation is the best way to be
sure that we have land to live on now and in the
future.
Soil and Strong Winds.
Today in China strong winds are sweeping millions of
tons of loose soil into the air in late winter and early
spring. The dust storms leave desert behind. Harvests in
China have been declining as a result of such ecological
catastrophes, and its worried government is trying
various schemes to keep the remaining soil in place.
The problem of soil erosion is not confined to China:
erosion by water as well as by wind contributes to the
loss of farmland soils in much of the world faster than
new soil is formed. Iowa has lost about half its topsoil in
the past 150 years.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5h7rqIsOleU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PK85skEXDQ8&feature=fvsr
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ct6hNc4GLbQ&feature=fvwrel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02MxCrzcFXY&feature=relmfu
All over the land are vast and handsome pastures, with
good grass for cattle, and it strikes me the soil would be
very fertile were the country inhabited and improved by
reasonable people.
Alvar N. C. de Vaca
As in the rankest soil the most beautiful flowers are
grown, so in the dark soil of poverty the choicest flowers
of humanity have developed and bloomed.
James Allen
At an unprecedented time with the worst attack ever on
our soil, our President displayed extraordinary
determination, leadership and resolve when history was
thrust upon him and the United States.
Olympia Snowed
At the age of nineteen and a half, I went to the Land of
Israel to till its soil and live by the labour of my hands. As
I did not find work, I sought my livelihood elsewhere.
Samuel Y. Agnon
SOURCE:
- “ The Physical Universe”
K. Krauskopf and A. Beiser.
Mc Graw Hill. 2008.
LET ME REMID YOU!!! ;)
Made by: Colleen Guzman Lorza