natural law index

Natural Law

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical

Approaches

Edited by

Alejandro N. Garca, Mario ilar

and Jos M. Torralba

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches, Edited by Alejandro N.

Garca, Mario ilar and Jos M. Torralba

This book first published 2008 by

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Copyright 2008 by Alejandro N. Garca, Mario ilar and Jos M. Torralba and contributors

All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a

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ISBN (10): 1-84718-643-2, ISBN (13): 9781847186430

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements ................................................................................... ix

Introduction ................................................................................................ 1

Part I: Historical Approaches

Chapter One................................................................................................ 9 Marcus Tullius Cicero and the Role of Nature in the Knowledge of Moral Good Laura E. Corso de Estrada

Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 23 Rom 1:182:16 and Natural Law: A Rhetorical Approach Juan-Luis Caballero Chapter Three ........................................................................................... 43 Practical Truth and Practical Falsehood in Thomas Aquinas Joaqun Garca-Huidobro Chapter Four............................................................................................. 65 The Darkening of Natural Reason and the Force of Law and Custom Mara Elton Chapter Five ............................................................................................. 85 Some Reflections on Ethical Rationality in the Economic Theory of the School of Salamanca Maria Idoya Zorroza Chapter Six ............................................................................................. 109 Phillip Melanchthon and the Reception of Aristotelian Natural Law Theory in the European Reformation Manfred Svensson Chapter Seven......................................................................................... 127 Montaigne and Descartes: A Dialogue on Morals Raquel Lzaro

Table of Contents vi

Chapter Eight.......................................................................................... 149 Natural law in Hume: An Imitation of Divine Voluntarism? ngel Belea Lpez Chapter Nine........................................................................................... 159 The Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Law in the Early Writings of Leibniz Agustn Echavarra Chapter Ten ............................................................................................ 181 Edmund Burke and the Natural Law Ivone Moreira Chapter Eleven ....................................................................................... 195 Kant on the Law of Nature as the Type of Moral Law: On the Typic of the Faculty of Pure Practical Judgment and the Good as the Object of Practical Reason Jos M. Torralba

Part II: Contemporary Reception of Natural Law

Chapter Twelve ...................................................................................... 225 Phenomenological Perspectives on Natural Law Encarna Llamas Chapter Thirteen..................................................................................... 237 Guaranteeing the Right to Have Rights: Hannah Arendts Theory of Politics Julia Urabayen Chapter Fourteen .................................................................................... 259 Alasdair MacIntyre: On Natural Law Margarita Mauri Chapter Fifteen ....................................................................................... 267 The Relation between Natural Law and the Law of Christ in the Context of the Current Debate on the Specificity of Christian Morality Toms Trigo

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches vii

Part III: Systematic Approaches

Chapter Sixteen ...................................................................................... 289 Naturalistic Fallacy and Ethics: Problems of the Normativity of Nature in Aristotelian-Thomistic Philosophy Hctor Zagal Chapter Seventeen .................................................................................. 301 The Practical Value of Natural Law Theory in the Work of St Thomas Aquinas Mario ilar Chapter Eighteen .................................................................................... 329 Imperium, Instinct and Natural Law Teresa Enrquez Chapter Nineteen .................................................................................... 349 Natural Law, Essential Law and Personal Law: A Study on the Nature, Hierarchy and Aim of these Human laws Juan Fernando Sells Chapter Twenty ...................................................................................... 361 Health as a Norm and Principle of Intelligibility Jos Ignacio Murillo

Part IV: Juridical Approaches

Chapter Twenty One............................................................................... 379 Practical Reason, Morality and Law Angela Aparisi Miralles Chapter Twenty Two.............................................................................. 393 Philosophical Hermeneutics and Natural Law: Some Critical and Evaluative Considerations Carlos I. Massini-Correas Chapter Twenty Three............................................................................ 409 Rules of Imputation and Human Rationality Pablo Sanchez-Ostiz

Table of Contents viii

Chapter Twenty Four.............................................................................. 427 Practical Reason, Justice and Law (the Present Relevance of the Aristotelean-Thomistic Perspective) Diego Poole Chapter Twenty Five .............................................................................. 451 Exigibility in Legal Obligations Caridad Velarde Bibliography........................................................................................... 469 List of Contributors ................................................................................ 489

Subject Index.......................................................................................... 495

Name Index ............................................................................................ 511

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Angela Aparisi Miralles Doctor of Law (University of Valencia). She is currently Lecturer and Director of the Department of Philosophy of Law and the Institute of Human Rights at the University of Navarra. She has served as a Deputy Judge on the Provincial Court of Valencia. Her publications include: Los orgenes ideolgicos de la Revolucin Norteamericana, El Proyecto Genoma Humano. Reflexiones sobre sus relaciones con el Derecho, and tica y Deontologa para juristas. Research interests: Philosophy of Law, Human Rights, Bioethics. ngel Belea Lpez Doctor of Philosophy. He is Honorary Fellow in the Department of Moral and Political Philosophy II at the Universidad Complutense (Madrid). He has recently published Obligacin y consecuencialismo en los moralistas britnicos (2005), and Sociopoltica del hecho religioso. Una introduccin (2007). His research interest is in the field of utilitarian and consequentialist philosophy. Juan-Luis Caballero B.A. in Sacred Scripture (Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome) and Ph.D. in Biblical Theology. He is currently Professor of New Testament at the University of Navarra. The following biblical studies comprise a number of his contributions to the study of conscience and human behaviour: Retorica y teologa. La Carta a Filemn (2005), La verdad en la Biblia (2006), and Creacin y pecado en el pensamiento paulino. Juan Pablo II, lector de Rm 8,19-22 (forthcoming). His research interests include the New Testament, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Pauline Theology. Laura Estela Corso de Estrada Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Researcher and Professor at the Catholic University of Argentina and Researcher at the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina. Her recent publications include: Naturaleza y vida moral. Marco Tulio Cicern y Toms de Aquino (2008), Marco Tulio Cicern. Sobre Las Leyes. Estudio preliminar

List of Contributors 490

y edicin bilinge anotada (2008) and Natura y ratio en la especulacin sobre el cosmos. Guillermo de Auxerre y Felipe el Canciller (2008). Her main research interests are the sources of Stoic tradition in Mediaeval philosophy in the 12th and 13th centuries. Agustn Ignacio Echavarra He is currently Research Assistant and Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra. He has been DAAD Visiting scholar at Mnster University. His recent publications include: Harmony, Dissonance and the Permission of Evil in the Early Writings of Leibniz (2006), Existencia y optimidad en Leibniz: una encrucijada entre arbitrarismo y necesitarismo (2006) and Voluntad antecedente y voluntad consecuente: las aporas de una herencia escolstica en el sistema de Leibniz (forthcoming). His research interests are in the areas of metaphysics and theodicy, with special interest in the problem of evil in authors such as Leibniz, Thomas Aquinas and Maritain. Mara Elton Bulnes Doctor of Philosophy and currently Professor at the University de los Andes (Santiago, Chile). She has been a Visiting Scholar at Glasgow University, Boston University and Cambridge University. She has published five books, among which are: Amor y reflexin. El amor puro de Fnelon en el contexto del pensamiento moderno (1989) and La is-ought question. La crtica de T. Reid a la filosofa moral de D. Hume (2000). Her main research interests are on Ethics and Modern Moral Philosophy. Teresa Enrquez B.A. in Philosophy and M.A. in the History of Thought. She is currently Professor at the Universidad Panamericana (Aguascalientes, Mexico). She has been Scholarship Researcher by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology. Her research interests lie in moral philosophy and theory of action. Joaqun Garca Huidobro Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Professor of Legal Philosophy at the Universidad de los Andes (Santiago, Chile). His recent publications include: Filosofa y retrica del iusnaturalismo (2002), and Simpata por la poltica (2006). Research interests: ethics and political philosophy. He is a former DAAD and Humboldt Foundation scholar.


Raquel Lzaro Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra. She has been a Visiting Scholar in Glasgow and Paris. Her recent publications include: Montaigne el escptico: un filsofo moderno o postmoderno? (2005), Adam Smith: Individuo, Organizacin Social y Participacin (2003) and La sociedad comercial en Adam Smith : mtodo, moral, religin (2002). Her research interests are in the Scottish Enlightenment and 17th century French philosophy . Encarna Llamas PhD. in Philosophical Anthropology. She is currently Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the Catholic University of Valencia. She has been Fulbright Visiting Scholar at the Catholic University of America. Her publications include: Charles Taylor: una antropologa de la identidad (2001), La imaginacin creadora (2004), and Intencionalidad como constitucin en el conocimiento prctico (2005). Research interests: phenomenology in philosophical anthropology, ethics and the social sciences. Margarita Mauri lvarez Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Professor of Ethics in the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Barcelona. Her publications include: Moral Knowledge in Aristotles Ethics (1992), Les virtuts en el pensament contemporani (1992), and El conocimiento moral (2005). Her research interest is in the field of moral philosophy. Carlos I. Massini Correas Doctor of Law and Doctor of Philosophy (2001). He is currently Professor of Philosophy of Law and Ethics at the University of Mendoza (Argentina) and of Practical Philosophy at Austral University (Buenos Aires). He has been Visiting Professor at many European and American universities; he is Academic Secretary of the University of Mendoza and a member of the Board of the Argentine Association of Philosophy of Law. His recent publications include: Philosophy of Law (2005), La ley natural y su interpretacin contempornea (2006), La falacia de la falacia naturalista (1995). His research interests are in the philosophy of law and ethics.


Ivone Moreira Master in Philosophy. She is currently Reader at the Catholic University of Portugal. Her recent publications include: A Virtude da Prudncia no Pensamento Poltico de Edmund Burke (2006), Sociedade Poltica e Contrato Social As Perspectivas de Locke e Burke (2005), and Conceito e Fins da Educao em Srgio (2004). Researchs interests: political and moral philosophy. Jos Ignacio Murillo Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy and a Board Member of the Institute of Anthropology and Ethics at the University of Navarra. He has been a Visiting Research Scholar at the University of Munich, Catholic University of America, Oxford University and the University of Notre Dame. His publications include: Operacin, hbito y reflexin. El conocimiento como clave antropolgica en Toms de Aquino (1999), and El valor revelador de la muerte (1999). His research interests are in philosophical anthropology. Diego Poole Doctor of Law (Universidad Complutense, Madrid). He is currently Professor in the School of Law at the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Madrid). He is the author of El derecho de los juristas (1998). His research interests are in the philosophy of law. Pablo Sanchez-Ostiz Doctor of Law and Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Policy in the School of Law at the University of Navarra. He has been a Fellow of the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (1996), and of the Humboldt Foundation since 2002. He is the author of El delito contable tributario (1995), and Encubridores o cmplices? (2004), and he was the Spanish editor of Imputacin y Derecho penal (by Joachim Hruschka, 2005). His research interest relate to the theory of imputation, accessory liability, legal argumentation and white-collar crime. Juan Fernando Sells Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarre. He has been Visiting Professor at Notre Dame University. His recent publications include: Propuestas antropolgicas del siglo XX (2004-2007), Antropologa para inconformes. Una antropologia abierta al futuro (2006), and El conocer personal.


Estudio del entendimiento agente segn Leonardo Polo (2003). His research interests are in the fields of philosophical anthropology and medieval philosophy. Mario ilar He is currently Research Assistant and Assistant Lecturer in Ethics in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra. He has been a Visiting Scholar at the University of Reading. His research interests are moral and social philosophy, natural law in Thomas Aquinas, the philosophy of law, and the relations between culture and philosophy. Select publications include: Metodologa de investigacin y tcnicas para la elaboracin de tesis (2006), and Trascendentales, encuentro entre tica y religin (2007). Manfred Svensson Doctor of Philosophy (University of Munich). He is currently Professor of Ethics at the University of los Andes (Santiago, Chile). His research interests include moral philosophy, St. Augustine and Melanchthon. He has translated Kierkegaards The Present Age into Spanish (2001), and is the author of Felipe Melanchthon y la teora de la primera historiografa protestante (2005) and of Das Theorie-Praxis-Problem bei Augustin (forthcoming). Jos M. Torralba PhD. in Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra. He has been a Visiting Scholar at the Universities of Oxford and Munich. Research interests: moral philosophy, theory of action and theory of judgment. He is the author of Accin intencional y razomaniento prctico segn G.E.M. Anscombe (2005), and La facultad del juicio en la filosofa prctica de Kant (forthcoming), and the editor of Two Hundred Years Later: Returns and Re-interpretations of Kant (2005). Toms Trigo Doctor of Theology and Philosophy (Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, Rome). He is currently Professor of Moral Theology in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Navarra. His recent publications include: El debate sobre la especificidad de la moral cristiana (2003), and Moral de la persona (2006). His research interests centre on moral theology and virtue ethics.


Julia Urabayen Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra, and Secretary of the Humanities Department and of the journal, Anuario Filosfico. Her recent publications include: El pensamiento antropolgico de Gabriel Marcel. Un canto al ser humano (2001), Las sendas del pensamiento hacia el misterio del ser. La filosofa concreta de Gabriel Marcel (2001), and Las races del humanismo de Emmanuel Levinas: el judasmo y la fenomenologa (2005). Her main research interest is 20th century French Philosophy. Caridad Velarde Ph. D. in Law. She is currently Professor of Philosophy and Theory of Law at the University of Cdiz. She has been a Visiting Scholar at the Universities of Oxford, Toronto and New York. She is the author of Hayek. Una teora de la justicia, la moral y el derecho (1994) and Universalismo de derechos humanos. Anlisis a la luz del debate anglosajn (2003). Her research interests concern social reality in legal hermeneutics. Hctor Zagal Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at Universidad Panamericana (Mexico City). He has been a Visiting Scholar at the University of Notre Dame. His recent publications include: Ethik fr junge Menschen (2000), Horisms, syllogisms, aspheia en Aristteles (2002), and Mtodo y ciencia en Aristteles (2005). Mara Idoya Zorroza Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently working as a Research Specialist with the Special Research Group on Classical Spanish Thought (14th16th centuries): its Medieval Inspiration and Influence on Contemporary Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra. She has translated and edited a number of books by Bez, Aquinas, Francisco de Vitoria, and has published a number of papers on these topics. She is also a Visiting Professor at the University of Piura, Peru.

SUBJECT INDEX

action and desire, 51 and human goods, 230 and human rationality, 102,

166. and knowledge, 138, 412 and omission, 413 and performance, 100 and reflexiveness, 424 as effect in the world, 208 as movement, 329 author of an, 411; see also

agent causes of, 268, 269; see also

causality contingency of human, 93 ethics and external, 111, 121,

122 evil, 283 form and matter of, 276, 338 good, 58, 225, 304, 323, 324 institutionalization of, 252 natural and free, 329, 345 object of, 77, 79, 91, 276, 333 secundum naturam, 291 social character of human,

246 species of, 77 theory of, 204 transcendent and immanent

end of, 269 truth of the, 93; see also

practical truth voluntary, 412

adiaphorist controversy, 120, 121

agency and moral order, 232 and rules, 423 as defining human beings, 239

agent and imputation, 410 and knowledge, 416 as causa libera, 411 as executor, 337 as origin of conduct, 410 permanence of the, 422

anthropology, 322, 326, 372 and ethics, 199, 363, 374 Christian, 279, 374, 381 dualist, 280, 371

appetite, 46-59, 305, 311, 340, 341, 430-436, 444, 445 and end, 53, 57, 329 and good, 430 and knowledge, 335 and virtue, 46 animal and human, 430 conformity with intellect, 57 free, 336 hierarchy of, 434 intellectual, concupiscible and

irascible, 46, 59 natural, 344 object of, 303 order of, 309 rational and sensible, 340,

341, 430 rectitude of, 52, 61, 62, 437 right, 46, 50-52, 56-62 unruly, 69

Subject Index 496

application applicatio legis ad factum,

414-424 levels of, 211 of moral law to actions, 211-

214, 232, 294 of norms, 3, 54, 427 of principles of natural law,

120 authority, 12, 81, 87, 92, 134,

147, 222, 325, 426, 446 and law, 447 legitimate, 211, 514 of reason, 381 political, 91 religious, 141, 156

autonomy, 205, 411 and obligation, 461 person and nature, 234 theonomous, 274

bindingness, 197, 201 of law and morality, 452 of legal rules, 399 of the law, 316, 444 see also obligation

casuistry, 99 causality, 206, 214-216, 336,

366, 411 cause

causa libera, 411, 416 efficient, 268, 269, 364 final, 154, 366 formal, 228, 268, 354 material, 443

charity, 268 city citizenship, 3, 238, 239, 255 civic harmony, 14 coercion

type of, 201 see also bindingness and

obligation cogito, 134-136, 144 commanding, 340

see also obligation and duty common good, 4, 14, 72, 77, 81,

91, 98, 100, 172, 174, 263, 317, 323, 388, 391, 427, 435, 436, 441-447, 456 and human law, 443, 446 as the harmony of the world,

173 political, 442 universal, 445

common sense, 293, 384 conscience, 33-41, 56, 69, 72,

98, 128, 272, 280, 374 and action, 39 and law, 23 and natural law, 23 and truth, 39, 322 defective or erroneous, 71,

388 dignity of, 389 historical progress of, 71 Pauline conception of, 39 judgment of, 100 see also moral judgment

consequences, 387 desirable, 432 good, 432 immediate, 246 of actions, 432, 462, 511

consequentialism, 388 contract

and law, 463 and obligation, 458 of deposit, 383 relations of, 92 see also economics


creation creation and knowledge, 31 creation and redemption, 272 see also God and natural law

Decalogue, 32, 119, 270 as a summary of natural law,

119 decisionism, 398 deliberation, 100, 434 democracy, 248 desire, 208

rational, 217 see also appetite

determinism, 355 dignity human, 255, 256, 349, 370, 402,

436 disposition

natural and human, 18, 19 moral, 216

duty, 37, 150, 197, 208, 209, 363, 365, 420, 448, 454-458 and law, 457 and moral good, 217 and obligation, 452, 454 and right, 457 civil, 115 contrary to, 209 ends that are, 211 juridical, 200 kinds of, 458 knowledge of, 20, 458 legal and moral, 452, 454,

457, 459 parental, 462 particular, 201 perfect and imperfect, 208,

210, 211 positive, 211 see also obligation

economics, 2, 85-87, 245, 250 and common good, 98 and contracts, 91 and interest, 95; see also

usury and justice, 88 and law of supply and

demand, 89, 90, 98 and lucrum cessans, 89, 90 and prudent man, 93, 96 as an order of practical

reason, 90, 91, 98 as human action, 89 see also property

emotivism, 63, 260, 381, 459, 465

empiricism, 150, 260, 381 psychology of, 152

end and living beings, 368 aprehended as good, 68 basic in human action, 47 desire of, 209 different from purpose, 228 given by nature, 47, 50 internal, 368 in knowledge and action, 309 last, 435, 438 mediate and immediate, 310 natural, 20, 47, 48, 226, 296 orientation toward the, 47 perfective, 14 practicable, 306 see also mean and teleology

Enlightenment, 69, 83, 110, 125, 260, 394

ethics and grace, 268 and metaphysics, 394 and nature, 150, 289

Subject Index 498

as inexact science, 294; see also moral science and prudence

as natural science, 155 as scientia practica, 305 Christian, 267, 268, 276, 277,

319, 326 public and private, 439

evil a priori knowledge of, 207 and illness, 368 and sin, 31 as fruit of the ignorance, 51 as object of the will, 205 intrinsically, 283

exceptions, 66 exigibility, 5, 452, 460

and definition of law, 457 and endorsement, 461 and obligation, 455

faith, 268 and reason, 140

Faktum, 212, 214, 363 feeling

and moral judgment, 157 moral, 156

fideism, 130, 140 finality, 366, 368

and organic being, 366 see also teleology

flourishing human, 265 see also happiness form

natural, 338, 339 formalism, 212, 216 foundation

anti-foundationalism, 394-395, 405

of Christian morality, 275

of ethics, 395 of knowledge, 394

free will, 78, 142, 216, 217, 246, 329, 333, 342, 343, 441 and imperium, 330

freedom, 342, 358, 363, 375, 422 and contingency, 137 and divine command, 316 and evil, 316 and grace, 269 and human condition, 239 and human identity, 254 and imputation, 411 and personal law, 357 as autonomy, 411 as cause, 215 411 categories of, 205-212 legality of, 201 and necessity, 213 right to, 199 transcendental, 272

God, 13, 26-40, 52, 69, 73, 80,

99, 110-119, 130, 134, 136, 139, 141-144, 151, 156, 157, 160-174, 184, 188, 197, 231, 233, 259, 268-282, 315, 320, 321, 325, 334, 339, 342, 343, 350, 362, 380, 385, 435, 436, 443-447 and person, 359 and sin, 164 as a judge, 33 as author of the moral law,

164 as basis of natural law, 165,

173 as creator, 269, 339 divine command, 339


divine retribution, 27, 31, 32, 33

justice of, 26, 27 knowledge of, 30, 32 obedience to, 117 omnipotence, 160, 164 personal, 350 will of, 188

good and health, 368 and natural inclinations, 320 and reason, 344 and truth, 321 as a natural property, 153 as conformity to reason, 314 as end, 228 as object of the appetite, 303 as object of the will, 204, 205 as perfection, 161 basic human goods, 402, 431,

438 concrete, 232 constitutive, 23-234 definition of, 67 external and internal, 260 general, 156 greatest possible, 163 highest, 112 inconditional character of,

207 individual and common, 264 kinds of, 207 knowledge of the, 16, 198,

207, 225, 233, 261 life, 47, 48, 62, 127, 144, 261,

262, 264, 384 moral, 65 moving to act, 226 nature of the, 232, 261 not property of the object, 204 of human life, 20

real and apparent, 53, 304 sensitive, 341 tendency towards, 336; see

also appetite transcendental, 334, 356 universal, 174, 233 see also common good

Gospel, 25-27, 32, 116 and outer actions, 121

guilt universal, 26

habits innate, 357 theoretical and practical, 355 see also virtues

happiness, 48, 52, 138, 154, 185, 187, 207, 343, 372, 430, 431, 444 and good, 172 and harmony of the universe,

161 as human success, 372 as wisdom, 185 imperative of, 209

health, 4, 289, 370-375, 438 and evolution, 370 and happiness, 372 and human perfection, 369,

371 and virtue, 373 as a normative ideal, 368 biological, 370, 371 definition of, 368, 370 human and moral, 369, 374,

375 hedonism, 216, 217 hermeneutics, 393, 395, 397 history

and change of customs, 133

Subject Index 500

human identity, 262 and nature, 252 moral sources of, 225

human nature, 1, 3, 4, 12-18, 35, 70, 75-79, 116, 129, 141, 157, 188, 225-230, 234, 238-241, 253, 270, 289-296, 331, 349-359, 370, 371, 384, 391 and creation, 116 and culture, 295, 355 and ethics, 225, 226, 355 and God, 350 and grace, 35 and history, 362 and human condition, 239,

241, 253 and human essence, 349, 355,

357 and inclinations, 350 and institutions, 361 and person, 233, 272, 350 and politics, 253 and statistics, 350 and supernatural, 269 and synderesis, 352 and teleology, 226, 234 and totalitarism, 238 body and soul, 371 Christ and, 283 constitutive goods and, 233 definition of, 291, 296 empirical and rational, 199 immutability of, 75 imperfection of, 214 inclinations of, 117 knowledge of, 118, 289 normative character of, 225,

229, 230, 234, 335 and personal act of being, 349 plenitude of, 225, 230, 234

sin and fallen, 79, 80, 116, 351, 374

unity of, 371 universality of, 357 variability of, 351 weakness of, 70 see also nature

human rights, 3, 110, 181, 238, 254-256, 402 abstract concept of, 192 and plurality, 251 and politics, 255 basic natural, 388

imperative and moral judgment, 202, 205 of humanity as an end in

itself, 210 categorical, 196, 201, 203,

208, 212 formula of the law of nature,

219, 214 formula of universal law, 210 three kinds of, 207, 209

imperium, 4, 102, 329-340 and incontinence, 342 and instinct, 331 and virtues, 345 senses of, 340

imputation, 4, 409-425 and application of the law,

418 and causation, 410 and evaluation of the imputed

act, 415 and ignorance, 417, 421 and necessity, 421 and responsibility, 419; see

also responsibility as attribution of meaning, 416


imputatio facti, 414-424 imputatio iuris, 414, 415, 419,

421, 424 judgment of, 413 merit and demerit, 414 rules of, 409, 415, 417 objects of, 410, 415 see also knowledge

incentive, 209 and law, 317

inclinations ends of natural, 68 natural, 14, 20, 66, 68, 80,

199, 297, 320, 322, 371, 384, 445

to act in accordance with reason, 66

see also dispositions ans instinct

incontinence, 49, 51, 58, 70, 324, 342 and continence, 324

instinct, 292 and inclination, 331 divine, 338 cognitive character of, 338 inner, 338

institutions and happiness, 182 and legality, 459

intellect, 57 and innate ideas, 68 divine, 61, 68 dual form of knowledge of, 68 habits of, 69 practical, 46, 50, 56, 60, 61,

303, 304, 321 theoretical, 379 see also reason and practical

reason

intellectualism, 118, 119, 198, 357

intention, 91, 434, 459 and imputation, 416, 417 see also action

interpretation of law, 400, 455 see also hermeneutics

iusnaturalism, 195, 199, 200, 201, 395, 428, 464, 465 as essentialism, 427 classical, 427 hermeneutic, 396, 405 modern and classical, 201,

398 rationalist, 427, 458 realist, 405

Jacobinism, 183 Judaism, 24, 30, 40 judgment

and application, 68, 211 and imputation of action, 411 and practical knowledge, 308 as instinct, 335 connaturality with the good

and moral, 100 diversity of, 132 faculty of, 101, 103, 202-207,

213, 215 moral, 3, 103, 202, 203, 210-

213, 237, 434 natural, 132, 344 of action, 304 of duty, 453 practical, 19, 49, 53, 100,

202-206, 212, 213, 434 prudence and moral, 93 synderesis and moral, 68 teleological, 367

Subject Index 502

Typik, 202 see also knowledge and

practical knowledge justice, 26-29, 33, 34, 75, 89, 90,

98, 116, 154, 160-178, 187, 252, 356, 389, 390, 397, 399, 429, 438, 440, 441, 446-448, 460, 464 and divine will, 160 and economics, 91 and equity, 173, 389 and law, 75, 460, 463 and legal praxis, 404 and nature of things, 390 as artificial virtue, 155 as potentiori utile, 161, 172 as public utility, 174 as the charity of the wise, 160 as the working of God, 28 commutative, 441 definition of, 171 distributive, 441 divine, 2, 26, 28, 29, 32, 116,

159, 160, 174 formal reason of, 160 immutability of principles of,

75 inner and outer, 123 jurisprudence, 169, 390 jus strictum, 172, 173 legal, 441 particular and general, 438,

441 perfect and imperfect, 208,

210 suum cuique tribuere, 172 theory of, 382 universal, 167, 172 virtue of, 88, 427, 438, 441 voluntarist basis for, 161

justification

of Jews and pagans, 29 universality of, 29

knowledge and eidetic intuition, 291 charity and moral, 269 eternal reasons, 374 ignorantia facti, 421 ignorantia iuris, 421 interrelation with trend, 19, 48 legal, 16, 380 metaphysical status of, 395 moral, 18, 19, 47, 229, 232,

396 natural aptitude towards

moral, 17 natural notitiae and moral,

165 objectivity in, 132 recta ratio scibilium and

moral, 307, 311 practice and moral, 225 scientific and legal, 380 strong evaluation and moral,

230 see also practical knowledge

law agraphos nomos or unwritten,

23, 38, 398 and coercion, 317, 458 and circumcision of the heart,

28-36 and community, 443 and customs, 71 and Gospel, 113 and grace, 316 and justice, 456 and morality, 448 and normativity, 455 and rationality, 114, 425, 455


and rules, 72 as a dictamen of reason, 165 as reason existing in God, 15,

165 as a social practice, 400 as force of nature, 15 as right reason, 20 as the reason inherent to

nature, 15 be under the, 316 common to all times, 15 disobedience of, 454 divine and human, 114 divine retribution by the, 27 educational value of, 79 essential, 349 eternal, 69, 110, 118, 154,

188, 278, 319-322, 336, 342, 436, 444

for themselves, 23, 34, 35, 39 formal constituent of, 457 formal nature of the moral,

217 formal requirements of, 400 ignorance of the, 421 incentive for action and

moral, 209 international, 459 justification by the, 26 lex vetera, 273 moral, 3, 4, 65, 79, 129, 150,

197, 200-218, 278, 355, 363

Mosaic, 23-41 old and new, 267-281 obligatory nature of, 317, 451 of Christ, 3, 23, 267-276 of freedom, 213 of nature, 38, 151, 201-213,

363 of the cross, 270

permissive, 210 personal, 4, 277, 349, 357 positive, 381 prescription of the, 317 promulgation of, 72, 111 rule of, 29, 400 source of, 160, 170 type of moral, 212, 214 universal, 2, 191, 201, 202,

203, 218, 294 unjust, 443, 451 unto oneself, 302, 317 utility as foundation of, 186 written in the hearts, 23, 37 see also natural law

legalism, 461

man as lord and master of nature,

135 as measure of things, 130 inner and outer, 122

maxims, 203-206, 210, 213 as relation between will and

action, 206 modality of, 207 of provisional moral code,

139 two levels of, 204

means and end, 51 see also action

mercy, 32 metaphysics, 86, 138, 160, 199,

211, 212, 306, 320, 334, 366, 393, 397

moral absolutes, 453 and physical possibility, 208 autonomy, 203, 270 modalities, 205, 206, 211

Subject Index 504

morally forbidden and permitted 208, 212

morally necessary, 205, 210 morally possible and

impossible, 202-215 norm, 63 order, 9, 11-16, 21, 138, 232,

311 realism, 149, 153, 232 schematism, 213 science; see ethics and

prudence sense, 151, 153, 154, 158, 331 theology, 270, 271, 276, 277-

280, 283, 306, 327 morality

and legality, 209, 381, 442, 452, 453, 458, 460, 465

and natural appetites, 431 and nature, 363 and right, 201 and truth, 145 as internal, 458 Christian, 267-275, 279-284 object, end and circumstances,

77 provisional moral code, 137,

138 universality of, 189

natural and artificial, 295 and empirical observation,

290 Humes conception of, 153 knowledge of what is, 290 order, 12-15, 433 philosophy, 334 sociability, 14

natural law and Aristotles Ethics, 113

and biological nature, 361 and Christian ethics, 73, 78,

270 and civiles mores, 113 and creation, 16, 38, 188 and customs, 73, 79, 80 and divine law, 114 and divine revelation, 73 and eternal law, 278, 320, 336 and human law, 76, 95 and human rights, 192 and inclinations, 119 and instinct, 329, 343 and koinai ennoiai, 119 and marriage, 78 and Mosaic Law, 37 and natural form, 335 and natural reason, 79 and passions, habits and

dispositions, 65 and politics, 115 and positive law, 75, 165,

170, 200, 254, 318, 354, 397, 400

and practical reason, 112 and society, 75, 263 and synderesis, 68, 351 and the Germans, 67-70 as abstract, 181 as an aptitude and not a code,

234 as bridge between theology

and philosophy, 122 as confirmation of Christian

doctrine, 115 as constituted by reason, 314 as source of positive law, 116 as unavailable, 405 connaturality with, 16 contemporary explanations of,

3, 260


definition of, 120 degrees in, 121 descriptive-reflexive level of,

312-314, 321 epistemological and real

levels of, 302 etsi Deus non daretur, 173,

350, 437 first principles of, 427 foundation of, 73, 111, 116-

118, 402 founded in innate notions and

not in inclinations, 118 honeste vivere, 172, 173 immutable, 350 is not law, 399 ius naturale and ius gentium,

332 knowledge of, 65, 66, 74, 116,

118, 123, 229, 259, 301, 351, 402

legalist conception of, 152 loss of meaning of, 256 metaphysical foundation of,

166 modern theory of, 198 naeminem laedere, 172 obligatory character of, 151 practical value of, 301 precepts of, 67, 69, 74, 76, 77,

201 prescriptive-practical level,

312, 313, 314, 321 principles of, 45, 65, 119, 429 rational justification of, 401 received from Adam through

tradition, 123 restricted to external actions,

121 theory, 301, 302, 308, 311,

313, 314, 318-324

universality of, 351 voluntarist conception of, 150 without reference to nature,

259 see also law and nature

natural right, 11, 195, 200 and natural instincts, 331 and positive right, 76 freedom as a, 199 modern conception of, 199

naturalism, 2, 135, 149, 150, 154, 297, 300 and human nature, 226 and supernaturalism in

theology, 269 sources of modern, 149

naturalistic fallacy, 150, 289, 361, 362, 427 and health, 369 is and ought question, 4, 154,

381, 444 nature

ad unum, 330, 334, 339 ambiguities of the concept of,

300 and freedom, 217 and grace, 272, 276, 281 and normativity, 292, 299 and person, 272 and teleology, 296 animal and human, 333 as biological process, 254 as limit to human will, 396 as principle of operations, 350 as the condition of being well

or unwell, 367 as the mother of justice, 14 cosmic, 14 divine, 12, 16 generic, 335 intelligible, 214, 215

Subject Index 506

knowledge of, 292, 361 legality of, 201, 212, 216 man and, 245 physical, 17 rational, 20, 21, 186, 188, 260 secundum naturam and

according to, 20, 34, 290, 291, 352

sensible, 199 state of, 192 technique of, 367 work and, 244, 245 see also natural law and

human natue needs

of human life, 244 see also inclinations and

appetite Neoplatonism, 37, 332 nihilism, 393, 394, 398 nominalism, 2, 85

objectivism

universalist, 232 obligation, 212, 301, 453, 459

and agency, 228 and feeling, 363 and law, 444 and natural inclinations, 320 and natural relationships, 462 and nature, 362 and promise, 461 and reason, 319 based on the will of the

legislator, 150 capacity to obligate, 72, 454 legal and moral, 453 moral, 155, 453, 459 nature of moral, 150 source of normativity, 197 to obey the law, 399, 452, 460

types of, 458, 460 uses of the term, 453 vis obligandi, 301, 317, 320,

322 see also bindingness and duty

oikeosis, 19 option

fundamental, 272, 433 order

see reason and moral Patristic, 276 Peasants War, 114 perception

internal, 19 of the human self, 16

person, 353, 354, 357 and human essence, 349 and human species, 349 and rationality, 425 as subject of imputation, 422

phenomenology, 225 politics, 3, 169, 185, 237, 239,

245-256, 403 and morality, 189 as a basic human activity, 248

government, 191 positivism, 464

legal, 170, 380, 381, 393, 455 practical, 313

agibile, 313 and practicable, 308, 313 meaning of, 307, 311 necessity, 210 sphere, 206

practical knowledge, 4, 48, 229, 234, 303-310, 403, 404, 438 actual and habitual, 308 and practical science, 307,

308, 311


moral science as theoretical-practical, 313

perfect, 306, 309 practical-practical, 307 theoretical and, 305, 379 see also knowledge and

judgment practical philosophy

rehabilitation of, 43, 382, 451 practical reason, 2-4, 50, 60, 66,

90, 92, 96, 98, 112, 129, 184, 190, 201-205, 208-213, 230, 302-313, 320-323, 355, 383-386, 429, 432, 433, 451, 452, 456, 465 and application, 99, 427 and circumstances, 103, 382 and contingency, 66 and legal reasoning, 380 and promulgation of positive

law, 120 and teleology, 225 and truth, 321; see also

practical truth articulation of goods and, 232 autonomy of, 274 categories of, 206 darkening of, 68 empirically conditioned, 208 its dependence on affects, 68 judicative function of, 202,

322 law of pure, 214 object of, 204, 205, 211, 212 postulates of, 163, 173 principles of, 117, 117, 304,

314, 429 pure, 198, 202, 204 theoretical and, 66, 302, 303,

305, 306, 320, 321, 379 see also intellect

practical reasoning, 53, 262, 265, 381, 384, 389, 391, 428, 431-433 and error, 53 and principles of natural law,

429 and virtues, 264 correct and morally good, 432 deductive, 232 knowledge and appetite in,

432 logical-deductive, 389 principles of, 427 specificity of, 428 see also rationality

practical syllogism, 58, 432 and deontic syllogism, 58 conclusion of, 58, 432 premises of, 427, 429

practical truth, 2, 18, 43-63, 96, 97, 304, 389 accordance between intellect

and appetites, 49, 57 and contingency, 44, 59, 61 and intention, 61 and practical falsehood, 43,

52, 56 and rectitude, 50 and speculative truth, 58 and technical truth, 61, 62 and the truth of moral

judgments, 57 and virtues, 45 as order of reason, 98 as the truth of actions, 44, 57 broader and prudential

meaning of, 305 elements of, 46 see also truth, prudence and

practical knowledge

Subject Index 508

praxis, 4, 45, 47, 52, 54, 58-63, 252, 317, 395, 404, 405 and poiesis, 247 politics as a form of, 246

precepts, 346 instincts and natural law, 329 of practical reason, 322 see also duty and obligation

prejudice defence of, 182

principles first practical, 345 morally-practical, 208 operative, 336, 338 pre-moral, 384 technically-practical, 208, 210 universal moral, 190 see also practical reason and

natural law property, 182

at the base of society, 183 see also economics

Protestanstism, 73, 110, 112, 118, 269 and ethics, 110 and natural law theory, 109 Reformation, 2, 109, 110,

114, 118, 122, 125 prudence, 4, 46, 56, 61, 77, 92-

102, 189, 191, 246, 304, 307-310, 313, 330, 337-347, 356, 384, 390, 404, 440 and art, 62 and certainty in moral matters,

128 and law, 444 and legal reasoning, 389 and moral judgment, 92, 311 and moral science, 307, 308,

311 and objectivity, 104

and practical reason, 304 and science, 403 as practical-practical, 313 command of, 102 history as preceptor of, 189 in political decision, 181 phronesis, 294, 384, 403 phronimos, 384 prudent man, 50, 54, 59, 85,

92-97, 101-103, 183 recta ratio agibilium, 307 see also judgment, practical

truth and practical knowledge

rationalism, 260, 458 rationality, 16, 18

divine, 16 imputation and human, 410 practical, 43, 435

reason ad opposita, 334 and faith, 280, 282 and prejudice, 184 and revelation, 268 as ruler, 319 as unable of seeking truth,

132 corrupt, 70 darkened, 65, 66, 268 divine, 12, 14, 16, 18 eternal, 319 is useless, 129 living in accordance with, 314 lgos spermatiks, 16 natural, 2, 65, 66, 68, 72-81,

100, 103, 156, 319, 321, 323, 335, 336, 346, 352

order of, 47, 68, 282, 354 recta ratio or right, 12, 13, 16,

20, 48, 55, 61, 98, 99, 100,


165, 176, 291, 292, 297, 298, 305, 307, 308, 311, 440

secundum rationem, 283, 299, 341, 343

spoiled, 70 true, 48, 50, 53, 58, 59, 62 see also practical reason and

intellect relativism, 398 responsibility, 410, 415

attribution of, 409 see also imputation and agent

Respublica optima, 163, 169, 179

revelation natural, 30, 40 see also God

right and obligation, 460 native, 199 source of, 460 to have rights, 239, 254, 255,

256 see also law and human rights

rule and deed, 414 practical, 205 see also law

rules of conduct, 4, 276, 409, 413,

415, 416, 420, 423 of imputation, 4, 410, 415,

416, 417, 422, 425

scepticism, 130 Scholastic, 2, 89, 104, 106, 164,

305, 312 Neo-Scholastic, 289, 296

science and values, 365

Biology, 367, 368 Mathematics, 364, 365, 367 Mechanics, 364, 365, 367 moral; see ethics and

prudence Newtonian, 364

self-legislation, 302, 318 see also autonomy

senses pitfall of the, 133

sin, 33 by passion, 70 by vice, 70 reason of, 315 see also human nature and

justification synderesis, 47, 53, 67-71, 74,

77-83, 103, 307, 321, 331, 345, 347, 351-357 and conscience, 69 and knowledge of human

faculties, 352 as innate habit,

natural law index

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