More than just a treatment

Natural Gas Solutions

Does your raw natural gas contain hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, mercaptans or more? Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions offers treatments specifically designed to your needs. Our natural gas solutions enable you to optimize the use of natural resources, and thus add value to your operation.

More than just a treatment

2 Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment

Executive Summary

The challenge

The composition of natural gas varies tremendously: almost every source contains a different blend of impurities. The options for treatment are almost as diverse. That’s why having a solution specifically designed for your particular gas field is crucial: the quality of the gas processing affects downstream products. And tightened environmental regulations on emissions and products are making sulfur management a necessity.

Natural gas solutions

Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions provides answers to each client’s particular challenges, drawing on our knowledge and skills across the entire gas conditioning value chain, our extensive global experience and our broad portfolio of proprietary Lurgi and cryogenics technologies.

• Natural Gas recovery up to 99+ %

• Helium recovery 98+ %• Helium purity up to 99.995+ %

Lurgi Sulfur Management

Cryogenic Purification

CO2 / H2S

Mercaptans

H2S

N2

Membranes

Amine Units

Purisol®MolSieves

• Nitrogen abatement below 1 % content in Natural Gas

OUR SOLUTIONYOUR CHALLENGE YOUR BENEFIT

• Bulk removal of CO2 down to pipeline spec• Hollow fibres• Reduced CAPEX

• Sulfur recovery 99.9+ %• Complete mercaptan destruction• Meeting SO2 emission down to 150 mg/mn

3

• CO2 removal less/or equal 10 ppm• H2S removal down to 2 ppm

• Efficient mercaptan recovery with NMP• Mercaptan Removal down to 5 ppm

He

Solutions for all types of natural gas, including associated and unconventional gas

The right technology can open a lot of doors.

Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment 3

The best solution

Our technology is always of the highest quality, ensur-ing maximum availability and reliability, and resulting in greater productivity over a longer lifetime. But that’s not all: We take into account your raw gas, your budget and your location to deliver the best solution for your specific requirements. That means ensuring compliance with relevant emissions regulations, and providing the lowest possible CAPEX and OPEX. We will find a solu-tion even for the toughest challenges such as modular, skid-mounted units for clients in remote regions.

Your choice of end products

When properly purified, natural gas offers a rich array of opportunities – liquefied natural gas (LNG), pipeline gas, gas to liquid (GtL), various petrochemicals as well as methanol and its derivates. Taking into account the specific constraints of each industry, Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions offers solutions that maximize the value of the desired end products.

A spirit of partnership

Our ultimate goal is to enable our customers to reach theirs. We provide advice and support throughout the entire process, from R&D and feasibility studies to op-erator trainings, up to maintenance after commissioning and start-up. Even more we do act as an EPC provider. As your partner of choice, we ensure that you keep up to pace with our innovations, updating your plant with new technology as it becomes available. And as your business grows, we can help you expand your process-ing capacity.

To ensure your plant runs smoothly and efficiently as possible, we can provide your staff with opera-tor trainings.

Why Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions?

Customer- specific

solutions with lifetime support

Designing solutions for industries

A good business partner is experienced, flexible, future oriented and has the resources and technol-ogy to make things happen.

4 Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment

Natural Gas Processing Scheme

Mercaptan Rich Gas

Sweet Gas

Purisol®

AGR RSH + H2ORemoval NRU

N2 He

to AtmosphereIncinerationLTGT®

AGE

H2SRich Gas

Raw NaturalGas

Claus

Aquisulf®

ASU

S

O2

Fuel Gas

Regeneration Off Gas

Regeneration Gas

Acid Gas

AGE – Acid Gas Enrichment AGR – Acid Gas Removal ASU – Air Separation Unit

LTGT® – Lurgi Tail Gas Treatment NRU – Nitrogen Recovery Unit RSH – general formula for Mercaptan

Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment 5

Life can be easy. Take the advantages of our processes.

Solutions for CO2 and H2S

Acid gas removal (AGR)

Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions has installed close to 100 units for acid gas removal around the world. Thanks to our extensive expertise, we can deliver the most appropriate acid gas treatment for your pipeline and LNG specifications.

Amine units

Amine-based solvents are an effective method for processing some types of acid gas. Amine units are also ideal for unconventional gases, such as shale gas, which have varying compositions of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Depending on the composition of raw natural gas we apply BASF’s OASE purple (former aMDEA®), MDEA, or other amine based solvents for an optimal selective processing of acid gas.

Membranes

Some natural gas is rich in carbon dioxide. In this case,meeting product specifications requests a particularly efficient method of removing carbon dioxide. In con-junction with Air Liquide Medal, Global E&C Solutions offers membranes comprised of hollow fibers for selective permeation of carbon dioxide while minimizing hydrocarbon losses. These combine high permeability with high hydrocarbon resistance, making them an attractive option for bulk carbon dioxide removal. And they require little maintenance, making them ideal for remote and offshore locations. Plus they are highly flex-ible – membrane banks can easily be activated or shut down in line with demand.

Membranes offer a substantial CAPEX reduction for gas fields with large CO2 amount.

Gas Treatment

6 Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment

Life can be easy. Take the advantages of our processes.

Molsieves

Molecular sieves (molsieves) remove water and a wide range of mercaptan from raw natural gas, producing the dry, sweet gas. Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions uses a specialized multilayer bed for mercaptan removal, increasing adsorption capacity and thereby reducing CAPEX. At the same time, low coking tendency during regeneration and high thermal and mechanical stress resistance ensure low OPEX.

Purisol®

The Lurgi Purisol® process effectively removes mercap-tan from molsieve unit regeneration gas streams, boost-ing the overall sulfur recovery rate of your plant. This process is based on an eco-friendly physical solvent, NMP, which is stable, non-corrosive, non-toxic and easy to regenerate, keeping operating costs down.

Effective removal of mercaptan

Mercaptan

Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment 7

Claus

The Claus process is the most widely used option world- wide for converting hydrogen sulfide to sulfur. Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions uses Lurgi Claus technology with a highly efficient and reliable burner system. What’s more, our proprietary Claus burner is specifically designed for the destruction of mercaptan. This is the only solution on the market that completely eradicates these problematic substances.

OxyClaus®

Lurgi OxyClaus® technology boosts the capacity of new and existing Claus and tail gas units by adding air and oxygen for more efficient combustion. This proprietary burner increases your operational flexibility – temporarily high or low amounts of hydrogen sulfide are efficiently managed by an automatic change over from air to oxygen operation and vice versa, without the need for additional equipment. OxyClaus® is capable of processing feed gases with hydrogen sulfide contents from 20 to 100 percent.

OxyClaus® enables you to save round about 30 percent of the total installed cost of a new sulfur recovery unit. Benefit from CAPEX savings on your tailor-made solution.

Claus and OxyClaus®

burners convert hydrogen sulfide

and mercaptan

Process Air

H2S Acid Gas

Oxygen

Air Claus BurnerOxyClaus® Burner

PilotFuel Gas

Steam

Mercaptan

Combustion Air

Oxygen

More than 170 plants based on Lurgi Claus technologies.

Sulfur Management

H2S and Mercaptan

8 Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment

Recovery Rates

and Cost Factors

Lurgi Sulfur Technology Recovery in %

Cost Factor in %

Claus 2cs, (2 catalytic stages)

96.0 – 97.0 100

Claus 3cs, (3 catalytic stages)

97.0 – 98.0 110

Claus 2cs + SULFREEN® 99.0 – 99.4 135

Claus 3cs + SULFREEN® 99.4 – 99.6 145

Claus 2cs + HYDROSULFREEN®

99.5 – 99.7 155

Claus 2cs + LTGT® using existing regeneration unit

99.8 – 99.9+ 165

Claus 2cs + LTGT® incl. regeneration

99.8 – 99.9+ 185

Emission-free Claus 100 165

LTGT® – Lurgi Tail Gas Treatment

For even higher yields, you can decide on LTGT®, which uses selective chemical absorption for an outstanding recovery rate of 99+ percent. This extremely efficient method has a low pressure drop, and offers the possi-bility of using existing solvent regeneration units, saving equipment costs.

Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions constantly innovates its portfolio, taking into consideration increasingly strin-gent environmental regulations.

With our sulfur management you meet World Bank Standards in terms of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions providing scrubber solutions or giving you an alternative by using BASF’s OASE yellow in our LTGT®.

Sulfreen®

With Lurgi’s patented sub-dewpoint tail gas treatment Sulfreen®, you can achieve sulfur yields of up to 99.6 percent. As it does not require chemicals or solvents, this process minimizes investment and operating costs. Sulfreen® has successfully been employed in more than 45 sulfur recovery units.

Tail gas treat-ment solutions for increased sulfur recovery rates

Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment 9

Aquisulf®

Liquid sulfur obtained from hydrogen sulfide in Claus units always contains an amount of dissolved hydrogen sulfide. This poses a risk for operators, as it is toxic. Moreover, hydrogen sulfide in liquid sulfur has an ad-verse effect on the solidity of formed sulfur. Our liquid sulfur degassing process, Aquisulf®, brings residual hydrogen sulfide down to less than 10 ppm by weight. Only small quantities of the catalyst are needed, lower-ing the cost of the solution and making it a sound investment to manage risks and ensure a quality end product.

OmniSulf®

OmniSulf® is a one-stop solution that brings together the key technologies involved in natural gas condition-ing. This end-to-end, tailor-made process comprises Claus, AGE, LTGT®, incineration, Aquisulf®, OASE purple, molsieves and Purisol®. As the licensor, we have sole responsibility for the entire process, guaranteeing its effective integration and ensuring compliance with tight end-product specifications. And with just one interface, OmniSulf® is extremely convenient for clients.

Liquid sulfur degassing

process

We are constantly

developing new processes for

SRU units.

Sweep Air

S to Storage

S Sweep Air outejector

World’s largest LNG plant in Qatar uses our gas treatment technology.

Aquisulf® OmniSulf®

Sulfur Management

aMDEA®

DMR

Purisol®

Offgas Inc.LTGT®Claus

10 Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment

Nitrogen removal units (NRU)

Often, natural gas is of substandard quality due to high nitrogen content. This can occur naturally, or result from well management using nitrogen injection. Nitrogen is removed from natural gas by cryogenic separation down to 1 percent or few percent residual content with high natural gas recovery up to 99 percent or more. The rejected gaseous nitrogen (which also possibly contains helium) is flared or released to atmosphere. It can also be treated in a helium recovery unit.

The design of the cryogenic system is optimized for the specific requirements of each application, can handle wide ranges of nitrogen contents in the feed gas and delivers purified gas with constant nitrogen content. Combining Lurgi technologies with cryogenics expertise in cold boxes, Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions offers tailor-made solutions for efficient nitrogen removal from your natural gas stream.

Nitrogen and helium solutions drawing on our extensive expertise in cryogenic cold boxes.

Helium recovery units

Helium is a scarce resource highly sought after, especially in light of the multitude of promising new applications that are currently emerging, such as optic fibers, self-cleaning glas, and innovative semi-conductors. Helium is often separated from natural gas in the course of removing nitrogen. Raw helium is first recovered from this rejected nitrogen by cryogenic separation through several partial condensation or distillation steps. It is further successively purified from hydrogen, methane and nitrogen in a dehydrogenation unit and in a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) unit.

N2 and He

Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment 11

Air Liquide turnkey

Helium liquefaction system

Pure helium 99.995+ % purity is then liquefied for stor-age or filling into containers and trailers at temperatures in the range of -270°C; Air Liquide offers a full liquefac-tion system from gaseous helium to customer applica-tion including supervision station, gas analysis system, liquefier, liquid helium storages, gas bags for recovery of helium losses as well as compression.

How does it work? The Air Liquide helium liquefaction train cool down is achieved by a thermodynamic helium cycle with compression and turbine. Liquefied nitrogen (LIN) is used for the cool down of the helium containers only. The overall consumption of LIN is minimized.

References

• RasLaffan1–2005 Capacity: ~ 10 t /d LHe

• RasLaffan2–FIPQ12013 Capacity: ~ 20 t/d LHe Largest helium processing plant in the world

Taylor-made solutions, specifically designedto address both the type of impurities you en-counter in the raw natural gas you dispose of, and the specific end-product you need.

Liquefaction capacity without pre-cooling with N2 Up to 145 l/h

Liquefaction capacity with pre-cooling with N2 Up to 330 l/h

Liquid N2 consumption < 125 l/h

Electricity consumption 45 to 250 kW

Adding value through expertise

12 Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment

Tried and tested

Hundreds of plants around the world are based on our technologies. The numbers speak for themselves:

• Morethan170LurgiClausplants,rangingfromsmall(4 t/d) to large (up to 1,000 t/d) train sizes, are in operation

• Morethan40LurgiOxyClaus® burners are in operation

• Morethan60tailgastreatingprocessesarein operation

• Morethan50Aquisulf® contracts have been signed• FourtrainsaccordingtotheOmniSulf® concept are

in operation, and two are under construction• AirLiquidehasdesignedmorethan500coldboxes,

which can also be used for nitrogen removal in natural gas

Our natural gas treating solutions are in opera-tion at the world’s biggest LNG plant in Qatar.

References

OmniSulf®’s excellent safety and reliability is backed up by overall process guarantees.

Natural gas solutions with a proven track record

Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment 13

Rising prices

Natural gas is far more abundant than crude oil, which is rapidly being depleted. As a result, climbing energy prices are making unconventional forms of gas, such as shale gas, coalbed methane and tight gas, increasingly attractive. However, many new sources of gas are sour, so sweetening is essential. Along with environmental regulations, putting an end to flaring. Increasingly, flare gas is being put to good use, with the help of natural gas conditioning.

Rising standards

In recent years, stricter environmental standards have been introduced around the world, applying to treat-ment plants as well as end products. Many countries have already imposed tough limits on sulfur emissions from natural gas processing facilities, while others are likely to follow suit. As a result, businesses that invest in highly efficient sulfur management solutions now will be prepared for the future.

Growing demand

LNG, which produces relatively low greenhouse emissions, is becoming increasingly sought after as a clean source of fuel – although standards for LNG are continuing to be tightened, requiring more and more efficient processing. Even the move towards renewable energies is increasing demand for gas – as renewables are intermittent and need back-up in the form of highly available gas power plants.

New applications

As larger quantities of natural gas are processed, more byproducts are becoming available for commercial exploitation. We are working on new patents and co-operating with partners to explore new possibilities in this regard. One exciting area is enhanced oil and gas recovery (EOR/ EGR) – which uses carbon dioxide to help extract oil/ gas from wells that have lost sufficient pressure.

Driven by spiraling crude oil prices and growing environmental considerations, natural gas is the fastest growing fossil fuel within the global energy mix.

Fuel of the future

Increasing demand for

natural gas – and efficient

treatment solu-tions

Your partner of choice

14 Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment

About Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions

A premium strategic partner able to meet constantly growing customer needs.

Cutting-edge innovations

We enable our customers to optimize the use of the planet’s natural resources in order to provide clean and sustainable energy thanks to our people and their capability to innovate constantly. Through cutting-edge innovation applied to our proprietary technology, Cryogenics, Lurgi and Zimmer, we contribute to the transformation of the energy industry and help to preserve and protect the atmosphere of our planet.

Long term experience

With over 1600 patents to our credit, we foster innovation to continuously enhance our technological, engineering and project execution skill-set. Our technology focus and long term view of people development allow us the consequent nurturing and development of competencies of our 4,000 experts.

Your partner of choice

Offering a full spectrum of standard and customized solutions and drawing on our expertise in engineering, procurement and construction through to manufac-turing, technology development and FEED studies, Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions will meet the challenges of the most complex projects, maintaining control over reliability and delivering on performance guarantees while meeting the highest safety standards.

Global capabilities, local footprint

Your global success will be built on our global capabilities organized in a network of 15 engineering centers, 3manufacturingworkshopsaswellassalesandbusi-ness offices and representatives spread around virtually all continents with a strong local footprint to serve our clients.

Natural Gas Solutions – More than just a treatment 15

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