natural gas safety and risk

8/13/2019 Natural Gas Safety and Risk

1/71

2010 CEC / Combustion Safety, Inc. All rights reserved

Your world is changing!

Natural gas and fired equipment

Safety & Risk Challenges
http://www.industcards.com/guadalupe-power.jpg


2/71


3/71

Founded in 1984

Over 40 staff with hundreds of years of industry experience

National and international capabilities, experience & expertise

Creation & implementation of corporate-wide programs

Industry leaders - NFPA 85, NFPA 86, ASME CSD-1, & NBIC committees

Objective code-based recommendations & designs

WE DONT REPRESENT Equipment or component MANUFACTURERS!
http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/home.asp


4/71

1. Inspections & Testing

2. Fuel Piping Safety 4. Retrofits & Service Work

3. Training


5/71

Combustion Equipment Compliance Testing

Over 1,000 pieces of equipment per year

Code required testing

Engineering review of systems versus established codes

Online reporting & tracking

The most comprehensive, consistentand disciplined third-party combustion

system equipment inspection and testingprogram in the industry.


6/71

Online Reports

Secure online inspection report tracking & delivery Proprietary software platform


7/71

Knowledge of Estandards & otheinternational cod


8/71

Burner TuningEquipment RetrofitsSafety UpgradesEmergency ServiceRoot Cause Analysis

Typical retrofit project size$50,000 to $1,000,000


9/71

Customized in-person training

Online corporate programsEquipment simulatorsAssessment


10/71

Site hazard assessments

Site and job specificpurging plans On-site outage & job support Training


11/71

Todays Goals

Important changes coming to

your world.

Some basic concepts

Design for safety


12/71

So How Important is this?

How about more than 10 deadin the past two years

dozens more injured!


13/71

Kleen Energy

Middletown, C

February 2010

Series of gas blowing events during new

construction into a narrow space betweentwo massive towers

Ignition source thought to be welders

6 dead, several injured

Blast moved a 200 cooling tower and put parked cars into a ditch


14/71


15/71

All of this from a mistake purging a new 4 gas line

Recent Incidents - ConAgra Garner, NC Site June 2009


16/71

US Chemical Safety Boa

First was ConAgra Garner NC, then Kleen Energy within 8 months

They were already working with NFPA about ConAgra when Kleen

happened.

Everyone realized that NFPA 54 did not apply to this world, (over

125 psig gas and electric utility exemption).

US Chemical safety board does not make policy, they try to guide

others to provide things where there seems to be a gap.

US CSB Reached out to EPRI & NFPA.

16
http://www.csb.gov/


17/71

How we are involved

17


18/71

How we are involved

18


19/71

Key Issues for you

Business as usual will be over

You will be:1) Retrofitting systems for safe purging/re-

introduction.

2) Preparing PHAs

3) Conducting training4) Contractor monitoring

This impacts regular operational activities19


20/71

Todays Goals


your world.

Some basic concepts

Design for safety


21/71

Understanding Safe Gas Piping Practices

6 steps for safe gas piping work:

1. Shut-offs and isolation

2. Pre-repair purge or venting

3. Make the repair

4. Pressure test/Leak check

5. Post-repair purge

6. Gas re-introduction


22/71

OSHA 1910.147Control of hazardous energy (lockout/tag out)


23/71

Double Block and Vent

Gas

Vent line to some

distance away

Line

pressure

Work

Area

No pressure

Isolation Technique


24/71

Valve PM is Vita

Operators & Plugs can be a problem


25/71

Turbine/Gas pre-heater application to 350F

Wrong valve sealant used

Sealant choice/application techniques

are important

Plug seize


26/71


27/71

Get correct thickness!

Blinds

Isolation Techniqu


28/71





3. Make the repair





29/71

GasVenting is just

a release of gas

to a well

Ventilated area

Purge

Medium

Like Nitrogen

Purging

Is when

you push the

Gas out with

Something inert

Caution

Purging versus venting

Pre-Repair Gas Remov


30/71

30

Purge

Inlet

Valve

PV1

Vent

ClosedClosed

Vent to a

safe

location

100% Gas

Relieving pressure in the line

outside any enclosures

This is venting


31/71

31

Purge

Inlet

Valve

PV1

Vent

Valve

V V1

ClosedClosed

Nitrogen

Purge Endpoint

100% Nitrogen

< 1% LEL

< 1 % O2

Endpoint

Vent

outdoors


32/71

Usually need Nitrogen

at least 3 times

1. Pre-repair purge (at least 3 volume changes)

2. Pressure testing/leak checking the pipe

3. Post-repair purge (to get the Air/Oxygen out)

How Much Nitrogen?


33/71

33

Symptoms of Oxygen Deficiency

One full breath of nitrogen can strip

the blood of oxygen and could result

in a loss of consciousness.

Nitrogen Concerns


34/71





3. Make the repair





35/71





3. Make the repair





36/71

How are you

documenting?

Requirements

Check your states requirementsASME B31.3, very extensive guidancePneumatic can be very dangerous, need owners permission

Document all sections in a binder and mark on a drawing

Nitrogen

Third party verification makes sense

Leak Checking Is informal

Pressure testing is not


37/71

New valves and components can leak

Casting defect


38/71

It has no natural odor, it is odorized by the utility with Mercaptan

Many of your sites not odorized

Utilities Design standard is to detect 1% of gas by volume

Takes 4.3% to be at LEL, but human smell degrades with age

and lots of things like rust and new pipe absorb Mercaptan

YOU CANT TRUST THE SMELL!

NaturalGas

Facts

Understanding Purge Hazard


39/71





3. Make the repair





40/71

Purge

Inlet

Valve

PV1

Vent

Valve

V V1

Nitrogen

< 1% LEL

< 1 % O2

Open 2nd

Open 1st

Nitrogen Introduction

Close

Close

Post Repair Purge(To Remove Oxygen)

Vent to a safe

location


41/71





3. Make the repair





42/71

42

Purge

Inlet

Valve

PV1

Vent

Valve

V V1

0% O2

ClosedOpen

Increasing LEL

Closed

Open

Gas Re-introduction Ventoutdoors


43/71

43

Purge

Inlet

Valve

PV1

Outlet

Valve

PV2

ClosedClosed

(Typical LEL Meter Cant Do This)

Back in service

Over 90% CH4

0% O2

Meter Must Read % Methane (Different Meter)

Remember: 100% LEL is only 4.3% Methane


44/71

44

You will need

% Methane als

LEL meter OK for some of

the job, but not for percent

Methane (probably 2

different meters)

Meter must be able to find Methane in

An Oxygen deficient environment
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.brandtinst.com/biosystems/detector/images/cannon2/cannon3.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.brandtinst.com/biosystems/&usg=__3CIi9rKsb8Dy2AD2VJiShMFPL58=&h=349&w=255&sz=36&hl=en&start=1&sig2=3UqpXEcxS6o8pF5AzP6syw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=g3dV-0AzFc2CcM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmethane%2Bmeters%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4DKUS_enUS218US218%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=fZGBS7qvEIbmtgPy3KXrAwhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.brandtinst.com/biosystems/detector/images/cannon2/cannon3.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.brandtinst.com/biosystems/&usg=__3CIi9rKsb8Dy2AD2VJiShMFPL58=&h=349&w=255&sz=36&hl=en&start=1&sig2=3UqpXEcxS6o8pF5AzP6syw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=g3dV-0AzFc2CcM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmethane%2Bmeters%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4DKUS_enUS218US218%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=fZGBS7qvEIbmtgPy3KXrAwhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.brandtinst.com/biosystems/detector/images/cannon2/cannon3.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.brandtinst.com/biosystems/&usg=__3CIi9rKsb8Dy2AD2VJiShMFPL58=&h=349&w=255&sz=36&hl=en&start=1&sig2=3UqpXEcxS6o8pF5AzP6syw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=g3dV-0AzFc2CcM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmethane%2Bmeters%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4DKUS_enUS218US218%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=fZGBS7qvEIbmtgPy3KXrAwhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.brandtinst.com/biosystems/detector/images/cannon2/cannon3.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.brandtinst.com/biosystems/&usg=__3CIi9rKsb8Dy2AD2VJiShMFPL58=&h=349&w=255&sz=36&hl=en&start=1&sig2=3UqpXEcxS6o8pF5AzP6syw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=g3dV-0AzFc2CcM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmethane%2Bmeters%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4DKUS_enUS218US218%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=fZGBS7qvEIbmtgPy3KXrAw


45/71

Todays Goals


your world.

Some basic concepts

Design for safety


46/71

Consider

DBB Trunion mounte

Ball valves (2 seals)

Double seat

Check interstiti

space


47/71

When you blow down a line or system

Wheres the plume going?

Are breakers off, proximity to other things?


48/71

For natural gas the % of fuel

by volume for it to burn is:

Upper (UEL) 15.0%

Lower (LEL) 4.3 %

15.0%

4.3%

0%

100%

Wont burn above this

Wont burn below this

Flammability Range

The mixture must be just right to burn


49/71

Makes a

flammable cloud

2,300 cubic feet

Every 1 cubic foot of gas released makes more

than 23 cubic feet of air/gas mixture flammable

GAS

100

Implications of a 4.3% LEL


50/71

Wheres the plume going

Release height

Wind speed & direction

Initial pressure

Continuous release or fixed volume

(pressure decay over time)

Proximity to ignition sources

Air intakes

Building openings

Risk FactorsModel Inputs


51/71

Constant source

of ignition

20 high


52/71

Releasing a lot of high pressure gas

Downward can be dangerous

Release purged or

vented gas

Upward, nat. gas sg .6


53/71

Block

valve

Block

valveVent

valve

DBB for finger rack feed isolation today

Safe to work

downstream200 Out of service

TODAY

Design does not minimiz

Piping to be out of servic


54/71

Block

valveNew block

valve

New purge

valve

Safe to work

downstream Future

Kept in

SERVICE

Closed

During

service

Design does not minimiz

Piping to be out of servic

Less than 5%

of past volumeto be vented

In the future.

DBB for finger rack feed isolation (Propose


55/71

Site and project specific

isolation, purging,

and re-introduction plans

Training for

specific jobs or

gas piping safe practices

Review of potential

projects and new piping

system designs for

purging compliance.

How We Can Help


57/71

For NFPA GPS Committee Work Only. Prepared by D. Beach. Updated 4/7/2011.

NFPA56 (PS)

Provisional Standard for the

the Commissioning and Maintenance

of Flammable Gas Piping Systems

2012 Edition

NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire

Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169.

Copyright 2012 National Fire Protection Association. All Rights Reserved.

NFPA 56 (PS)

Provisional Standard for the Commissioning and Maintenance

of Flammable Gas Piping Systems

IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for use subject to importantnotices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publicationscontaining this document and may be found under the heading Important Notices and

Disclaimers Concerning NFPA Documents. They can also be obtained on request from NFPA

or viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers.

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates thatexplanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.

Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical rule beside the paragraph, table, or figure inwhich the change occurred. These rules are included as an aid to the user in identifying changes

from the previous edition. Where one or more complete paragraphs have been deleted, the deletion

is indicated by a bullet () between the paragraphs that remain.

A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph indicates material that has been

extracted from another NFPA document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition of thesource documents for extracts in mandatory sections of the document are given in Chapter 2 andthose for extracts in informational sections are given in Annex B. Extracted text may be edited for

consistency and style and may include the revision of internal paragraph references and other

references as appropriate. Requests for interpretations or revisions of extracted text shall be sent tothe technical committee responsible for the source document.


58/71


Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 2 and Annex B.

Chapter 1 Administration

1.1 Scope.

1.1.1 Applicability. This standard applies to commissioning and maintenance procedures forflammable gas piping found in electric-generating plant, industrial and commercial applications.

1.1.1.1* Coverage of piping systems shall extend from the point of delivery to the gas-consuming

equipment isolation valve.

(A) For other than undiluted liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas) systems, the point of delivery shall

be considered to be the outlet of the customer meter or at the connection to a customers piping,

whichever is further downstream, or at the connection to customer piping if there is no meter.

(B) For undiluted LP-Gas, the point of delivery shall be considered to be the outlet of the final

pressure regulator, exclusive of line gas regulators, in the system.

(C) For facilities that produce flammable gas for consumption on site, the point of delivery shall be

considered to be the discharge isolation valve for the gas producing equipment.

1.1.2Nonapplication of Standard. This code shall not apply to the following items:

(1)* Piping systems covered by NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code

(2)* Piping systems covered by NFPA 2,Hydrogen Technologies Code

(3)* LP-Gas (including refrigerated storage) at utility gas plants (seeNFPA 59, Utility

LP-Gas Plant Code)

(4)* LNG Facilities covered by NFPA 59A, Standard for the Production, Storage and

Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas

(5) LP-Gas used with oxygen for cutting, welding or other hot work

(6)* Vehicle fuel dispensers(7) Gas piping, meters, gas pressure regulators, and other appurtenances used by theserving gas supplier in distribution or transmission of gas other than undiluted LP-Gas

(8) Commissioning and maintenance of appliances or equipment

1.2 Purpose. This standard provides minimum safety requirements for the commissioning andmaintaining of flammable gas piping systems, including cleaning new or repaired piping systems,

placing piping systems into service, and removing piping systems from service.

1.2.1 For the purposes of this document, a piping system shall be understood to mean a complete

piping system, including valves, regulators and other appurtenances, and any segment thereof that

can be isolated from the system.1.3 Retroactivity. The provisions of this standard reflect a consensus of what is necessary to

provide an acceptable degree of protection from the hazards addressed in this standard at the time

the standard was issued.

1.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, the provisions of this standard shall not apply to facilities,

equipment, structures, or installations that existed or were approved for construction or installationprior to the effective date of the standard; where specified, the provisions of this standard shall be


59/71


retroactive.

1.3.2 In those cases where the authority having jurisdiction determines that the existing situation

presents an unacceptable degree of risk, the authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to

apply retroactively any portions of this standard deemed appropriate.

1.3.3 The retroactive requirements of this standard shall be permitted to be modified if theirapplication clearly would be impractical in the judgment of the authority having jurisdiction and

only where it is clearly evident that a reasonable degree of safety is provided.

1.4 Equivalency. The provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the use of systems,

methods, or devices of equivalent or superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness,

durability, and safety over those prescribed by this standard.

1.4.1Technical documentation shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction todemonstrate equivalency.

1.4.2The system, method, or device shall be approved for the intended purpose by the authority

having jurisdiction.

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications

2.1 General.

The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter are referenced within this standard and

shall be considered part of the requirements of this document.

2.2 NFPA Publications.

National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code, 2009 edition.

NFPA 58,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2008 edition.

2.3 Other Publications.

2.3.1 ASME Publications.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.

ANSI/ASMEBoiler and Pressure Vessel Code,2007.

ANSI/ASME B31.1, Power Piping, 2008.

ANSI/ASME B31.3, Process Piping,2002.

2.3.2 Other Publications.

Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary,11th edition, Merriam-Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA,2003.

2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.

NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2008 edition.

NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, 2010 edition.

NFPA 85,Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code, 2007 edition.


60/71


Chapter 3 Definitions

3.1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall apply to the terms used in this

standard. Where terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be

defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used.

Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarilyaccepted meaning.

3.2 NFPA Official Definitions.

3.2.1* Approved.Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.

3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).An organization, office, or individual responsible

for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an

installation, or a procedure.

3.2.3 Labeled.Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol, or other

identifying mark of an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and

concerned with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeledequipment or materials, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with

appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner.

3.2.4* Listed.Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization

that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products orservices, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or

periodic evaluation of services, and whose listing states that either the equipment, material, or

service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a

specified purpose.

3.2.5 Shall.Indicates a mandatory requirement.

3.2.6 Should.Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.

3.3 General Definitions.

3.3.1 Bulk Gas System. A system in which compressed gas is delivered, stored, and discharged in

the gaseous form to a piping system.

3.3.2* Competent Person. One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in

the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to

employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

3.3.3 Engines.Prime movers such as internal combustion engines, external combustion engines,gas turbine engines, rotary engines, and free piston engines using either gaseous fuels or liquid

fuels or combinations thereof. [NFPA 37, 2010]

3.3.4 Equipment Isolation Valve. A manual shutoff valve for shutoff of the flammable gas toeach piece of equipment.

3.3.5* Inert Gas. A nonreactive, nonflammable, noncorrosive gas such as argon, helium, krypton,

neon, nitrogen, and xenon. [NFPA 55, 2010]

3.3.6* Line Gas Regulator. A pressure regulator placed in a gas line between the service

regulator and the appliance regulator.

3.3.7 Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG). A scraping tool that is forced through a pipe or flow


61/71


line to clean out accumulations of dirt, scale, and debris from the walls of the pipe.

3.3.8 Prime Mover.An initial source of motive power used to drive machinery.

3.3.9 Purge. To free a gas conduit of air or gas, or a mixture of gas and air. [54, 2012]

3.3.9.1 Purge into Service.The act of replacing the air or inert gas in a closed system by a

flammable gas.

3.3.9.2 Purge out of Service. The act of replacing the normal flammable content of a closed

system by inert gas, air or water.

Chapter 4 General Requirements

4.1 Piping System Construction. Flammable gas piping systems shall be constructed in

accordance with ASME B31.1, Power Piping; ASME B31.3, Process Piping; or NFPA 54,

National Fuel Gas Code, as applicable.

4.2 Notification of Hazards. Personnel in the affected area(s), as determined by the process

hazard analysis, who are not directly involved with the commissioning or maintenance offlammable gas piping systems shall be informed of the hazards associated with the activity prior to

the initiation of any such activity.

4.3* Process Hazard Analysis. Commissioning and maintenance procedures shall include a

process hazard analysis for each activity.

4.3.1 The process hazard analysis for each commissioning or maintenance activity shall addressthe following, as a minimum:

(1) Release or disposal of fluids

(2) Ignition Sources static electricity and grounding

(3) Personnel safety and training

(4) Nonessential personnel evacuation

(5) Warnings/Alarms

(6) Emergency Response

(7) Restricted access to affected area

(8) Scope of work

(9) Notification of AHJ

(10) Well-defined responsibilities

(11) Assignment of duties

(12) Authority to shutdown

(13) Safety officers


62/71


(14) Review and compliance plans for other standards/regulations

(15) Monitoring of affected area during discharge

(16) Communication plans

(17) Management of Change(18) Accurate Piping and Instrument Drawings

(19) Hot Work Permits

(20) Lockout/Tagout procedures

(21) Operation procedures

(22) Personal Protective Equipment

(23) Control of point of discharge

(24) Weather monitoring

(25) Air traffic

(26) Restoration of Service

Chapter 5 Training Requirements

5.1Persons whose duties fall within the scope of this standard shall be provided with training that

is consistent with the scope of their job activities.

5.1.1Such training shall include hazards of flammable gas, hazards of any compressed gas used

for cleaning or purging, safe handling practices of flammable gas and compressed gas as

applicable, emergency response procedures, and company policy.

5.1.2Personnel training shall be supervised by a competent person and shall be documented.

5.1.3Training records shall be maintained for a period not less than 5 years from the date ofcompletion of the activity.

Chapter 6 Commissioning

6.1 General.

6.1.1Commissioning of flammable gas piping shall include all pressure testing, cleaning, and

flammable gas charging by the owner/operator or designated contractor(s).

6.1.2 Commissioning procedures shall be developed and implemented by a competent person.


63/71


6.1.3Commissioning procedures shall be documented.

6.1.4Commissioning shall occur when piping system construction is complete.

6.1.4.1Piping system segments that can be isolated for cleaning prior to completion of the entire

piping system shall be permitted to be cleaned, tested, and secured in a clean condition in

accordance with Section 5.3.

6.1.4.2 Hangers, supports, or other means capable of restricting the movement of piping shall beinstalled prior to initiating commissioning activities in accordance with the process hazard

analysis.

6.1.5*Fluid media for testing or cleaning shall not introduce a flammable atmosphere into or

create a fire hazard in the piping system being tested or cleaned.

6.1.6Where utilities such as steam, water, or compressed air are used for commissioning activities

in quantities or duration that can disrupt distribution or operations internal or external to thefacility, commissioning activities shall be coordinated with the managing authority of the utility.

6.1.7 Personnel not involved in the commissioning shall be evacuated from the affected area(s) as

determined by the process hazard analysis.

6.1.8Access to all parts of the piping system during commissioning activities shall be restricted in

accordance with the process hazard analysis.

6.2* Pressure Testing and Inspection. Prior to cleaning or being charged with flammable gas,piping systems shall be inspected and pressure tested to determine that the materials, design,

fabrication, and installation practices comply with the requirements of this standard and the

intended application.

6.2.1 Pressure testing and inspection procedures shall be documented.

6.2.2Where piping is designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 54, pressure testing and

inspection shall be in accordance with NFPA 54 Chapter 8.

6.2.3Where piping is designed and installed in accordance with ASME B31.1, pressure testingand inspection shall be in accordance with Chapter VI of ASME B31.1.

6.2.4*Where piping is designed and constructed in accordance with ASME B31.3, leak testing

and inspection shall be in accordance with Chapter VI of ASME B31.3.

6.2.5*Where pneumatic testing is conducted in accordance with B31.1 or B31.3, the test medium

shall be air, carbon dioxide, or an inert gas. Oxygen shall never be used.

6.2.6Where repairs or additions are made following the pressure test, the affected piping shall betested in accordance with NFPA 54, ASME B31.1, or ASME B31.3, as applicable.

6.2.7*A piping system shall be tested as a complete unit or in sections. Under no circumstances

shall a valve in a line be used as a bulkhead between flammable gas in one section of the piping

system and test medium in an adjacent section, unless a double-block-and-bleed valve system is

utilized.


64/71


6.2.8*A valve, including the valve closing mechanism, or component shall not be subjected to the

test pressure unless it can be determined that the valve or component is designed to safely

withstand the pressure.

6.2.9Regulator and valve assemblies fabricated independently of the piping system in which theyare to be installed shall be permitted to be tested with inert gas or air at the time of fabrication. [54,

8.1.1.6]

6.3 Cleaning of Flammable Gas Piping.

6.3.1 General.

6.3.1.1 Flammable gas shall not be used for internal cleaning of piping systems except as permitted

by 6.3.5.

6.3.1.2An alarm shall precede the start of cleaning in accordance with the process hazard analysis.

6.3.2*Acceptable Fluid Media. Air, inert gas, steam, or water shall be acceptable cleaning

media except as permitted by 6.3.5.

6.3.3 Temporary Power/Fuel Supply

6.3.3.1Where electric power is used as the prime mover for the cleaning media supply system, itshall be connected in accordance with NFPA 70, National Electric Code.

6.3.3.2Where fuel gas is used as the fuel for the cleaning media supply system, it shall be piped

and connected in accordance with NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Codeor NFPA 58,LiquefiedPetroleum Gas Code, as applicable.

6.3.3.3Where fuel oil is used as the fuel for the cleaning media supply system, it shall be piped andconnected in accordance with NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment.

6.3.4Temporary Piping (Including Hose Assemblies).Temporary piping systems, including

hose assemblies, used to connect cleaning media supply source to the piping system shall be in

accordance with ASME B31.1 Paragraph 122.10.

6.3.5Pipeline Inspection Gauge Cleaning.A pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) shall be permitted

to be used to clean piping systems.

6.3.5.1The fluid used to propel the PIG through the piping system shall be permitted to be water,steam, air, inert gas, or flammable gas.

6.3.5.2 PIG Cleaning using flammable gas as the propellant shall be limited to piping between the

point of delivery and the plant boundary.6.3.6 Point of Discharge During Cleaning Process.

6.3.6.1Target.Where a target is used to indicate debris during the cleaning process, it shall be

designed and secured to withstand the velocity and pressure of the exiting media and debriswithout breaking or failing.


65/71


6.3.6.2 The point of discharge location shall be determined based on the following criteria:

(1) personnel

(2) important buildings/building openings

(3) vehicles/vehicular traffic(4) ignition sources

(5) atmospheric conditions

(6) design/location of target, if used

(7) topography

(8) discharge fluid characteristics

(9) Noise transmission to neighbors

(10) Management of Change

(11) Breathing air displacement/asphyxiation or toxicity hazard

(12) Location of Instrumentation and Controls

6.4 Isolation and Protection of Clean Piping Systems or Segments. Where piping systems arecleaned in stages during fabrication or field assembly, the clean piping shall be isolated and

protected against infiltration of dirt or debris.

6.5 Charging Piping System with Flammable Gas.

6.5.1Where gas piping containing air is placed in operation, the air in the piping first shall be

displaced with an inert gas, which shall then be displaced with flammable gas in accordance withSection 5.5.2.

6.5.1.1Inert gas displacement shall result in an oxygen concentration in the piping system of notmore than 60 percent of the limiting oxidant concentration as determined in accordance with

NFPA 69, Section 7.2.3.

6.5.2 Outdoor discharge of purged gases.

6.5.2.1The open end of a piping system being pressure vented or purged shall discharge directly toan outdoor location.

6.5.2.2Purging operations shall comply with the requirements in 5.5.2.2.1 through 5.5.2.2.5.

6.5.2.2.1 The point of discharge shall be controlled with a shutoff valve.

6.5.2.2.2 The point of discharge shall be located at least 10 feet from sources of ignition, at least

10 feet from building openings and at least 25 feet from mechanical air intake openings.

6.5.2.2.3 During discharge, the open point of discharge shall be continuously attended andmonitored with a combustible gas indicator that complies with Section 5.5.3.

6.5.2.2.4 Purging operations introducing flammable gas shall be stopped when 90% flammable

gas by volume is detected within the pipe.


66/71


6.5.2.2.5Persons not involved in the purging operations shall be evacuated from all areas within

10 ft (3.1 m) of the point of discharge.

6.5.3Combustible Gas Indicators.

6.5.3.1 Combustible gas indicators shall be listed and calibrated in accordance with the

manufacturers instructions.

6.5.3.2Combustible gas indicators shall numerically display a volume scale from 0 to 100 percent

in 1 percent or smaller increments.

Chapter 7 6 Maintenance

7.1 Isolation. Flammable gas piping shall be isolated from the flammable gas supply and

downstream piping and equipment prior to maintenance.

7.2 Charging with Inert Gas. Where existing gas piping is opened, the section that is openedshall be isolated from the gas supply and the residual flammable gas in the piping shall be

displaced with an inert gas.

7.2.1Inert gas supply shall be in accordance with Section 5.3.2.2.

7.2.2Outdoor Discharge of Residual Flammable Gas.

7.2.2.1The open end of a piping system being pressure vented or purged shall discharge directly to

an outdoor location.

7.2.2.2Purging operations shall comply with the requirements in 6.6.2.2.1 through 6.6.2.2.5.

7.2.2.2.1 The point of discharge shall be controlled with a shutoff valve.

7.2.2.2.2 The point of discharge shall be located at least 10 feet (3.1 m) from sources of ignition,

at least 10 feet from building openings and at least 25 feet from mechanical air intake openings.7.2.2.2.3 During discharge, the open point of discharge shall be continuously attended and

monitored with a combustible gas indicator that complies with Section 5.5.3.

7.2.2.2.4 Purging operations introducing inert gas shall be stopped when the fuel flammable gas

level (by volume) detected within the pipe and within a 5 ft (1.5 m) radius of the point of dischargeis less than 25 percent of the lower flammable limit.

7.2.2.2.5Persons not involved in the purging operations shall be evacuated from all areas within

10 ft (3.1 m) of the point of discharge.

7.3 Inert Gas Disposal.

7.3.1Following charging with inert gas, the piping system shall be permitted to be opened toatmosphere or charged with air.

7.3.2Inert gas shall be permitted to be released indoors where mechanical ventilation is activatedto prevent displacement of breathable air.

7.3.2.1Where inert gas is released indoors, an oxygen monitoring system shall be installed in thearea and activate audible and visual alarms if oxygen levels fall below 19.5 percent by volume.


67/71


7.4 Hot Work Safety. Cutting, welding and allied processes shall be in accordance with NFPA

51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and other Hot Work.

7.4.1 Prevention of Accidental Ignition.Where work is being performed on piping that has

contained gas, the following shall apply:

7.4.1.1Provisions for electrical continuity shall be made before alterations are made in a metallicpiping system.

7.4.1.2Smoking, open flames, lanterns, or other sources of ignition shall not be permitted.

7.4.1.3A metallic electrical bond shall be installed around the location of cuts in metallic gas pipesmade by other than cutting torches.

7.4.1.3.1Where cutting torches, welding, or other sources of ignition are unavoidable, it shall be

determined that all sources of gas or gasair mixtures have been secured and that all flammable gas

or liquids have been cleared from the area.

7.4.1.3.2Piping shall be charged with inert gas in accordance with 6.2 before welding or cuttingwith a torch is attempted.

7.4.1.4Artificial illumination shall be restricted to listed safetytype flashlights and safety lamps,and electric switches shall not be operated, on or off. [54: 4.3.1]

7.5 Returning to Service. Flammable gas piping shall be returned to service in accordance with

Section 5.5.

7.5.1Returning affected equipment to service shall be in accordance with the manufacturers

instructions and good engineering practice.

Chapter 8 Special Problems

8.1 Reserved.

Annex A Explanatory Material

Annex A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational

purposes only. This annex contains explanatory material, numbered to correspond with the

applicable text paragraphs.

A.1.1.1.1 The piping system includes segments that can be located between pieces of equipment,

such as gas conditioning or compressing equipment. This document does not cover the

commissioning or maintaining of that equipment. This document covers the commissioning or

maintaining of those piping segments and equipment as a system as it relates to the flow ordisplacement of flammable gas. The equipment isolation valve is intended to be the final

isolation valve prior to the manufacturers or suppliers equipment gas train. For some common

pieces of equipment in NFPA Standards, the isolation valve is identified and referenced as follows:

(1) NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and GasTurbines, uses the term shutoff valve, referenced in section 5.4.2.


68/71


(2) NFPA 85,Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code, uses the term manual shutoff valve

referenced in Figure A.5.3.2.3 for single burner boilers, Figure A.6.6.5.1.5.4(A) and (B) for

multiple burner boilers, and Figure A.8.8.5.8(A), (B), and (C) for heat recovery steam generators.

(3) NFPA 86, Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, uses the term equipment isolation valve,

referenced in section 6.2.3.4

(4) NFPA 87,Recommended Practice for Fluid Heaters, uses the term equipment isolation valvereferenced in section 6.2.4.3

A.1.1.2(1) The scope of NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code, is included here for the convenienceof the user.

1.1 Scope.

1.1.1 Applicability.

1.1.1.1 This code is a safety code that shall apply to the installation of fuel gas piping

systems, appliances, equipment, and related accessories as shown in 1.1.1.1(A)through 1.1.1.1(D).

(A) Coverage of piping systems shall extend from the point of delivery to the

appliance connections. For other thanundiluted liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas) systems, the point of delivery shall beconsidered to be the outlet of the

service meter assembly or the outlet of the service regulator or service shutoff valve

where no meter is provided. For undiluted LP-Gas, the point of delivery shall beconsidered to be the outlet of the final pressure regulator, exclusive of line gas

regulators, in the system.

(B) The maximum operating pressure shall be 125 psi (862 kPa).Exception No. 1: Piping systems for gasair mixtures within the flammable range are

limited to a maximum pressure of 10 psi (69 kPa).

Exception No. 2: LP-Gas piping systems are limited to 20 psi (140 kPa), except as

provided in 5.5.1(6).(C) Requirements for piping systems shall include design, materials, components,

fabrication, assembly, installation, testing, inspection, operation, and maintenance.

(D) Requirements for appliances, equipment, and related accessories shall includeinstallation, combustion, and ventilation air and venting.

A.1.1.2(3) The scope of NFPA 2,Hydrogen Technologies Code, is included here for theconvenience of the user.

1.3* Application.

1.3.1 This code shall apply to the production, storage, transfer, and use ofhydrogen in all occupancies and on all premises.

1.3.2 The use of hydrogen shall include stationary, portable, and vehicularinfrastructure applications.

1.3.3 The fundamental requirements of Chapters 1 through 8 shall apply inaddition to the use-specific requirements provided in Chapters 9 through 20, as

applicable.

1.3.4 Exemptions. This code shall not apply to the following:

(1)Onboard vehicle or mobile equipment components or systems, including the

onboard GH2 or LH2 fuel supply


69/71


(2)Mixtures of GH2 and other gases with a hydrogen concentration of less than 95

percent by volume when in accordance with NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and

Cryogenic Fluids Code

(3)The storage, handling, use, or processing of metal hydride materials outside of

metal hydride storage systems defined in Chapter 3

A.1.1.2(3)The scope of NFPA 59,Liquefied Petroleum Gas at Utility Gas Plants, is included herefor the convenience of the user.

1.1 Scope.

1.1.1* This code shall apply to the design, construction, location, installation,

operation, and maintenance of refrigerated and nonrefrigerated utility gas plants.Coverage of liquefied petroleum gas systems at utility gas plants shall extend to the

point where LP-Gas or a mixture of LP-Gas and air is introduced into the utilitydistribution system.

1.1.2 When operations that involve the liquid transfer of LP-Gas from the utility gasplant storage into cylinders or portable tanks (as defined by NFPA 58,Liquefied

Petroleum Gas Code) are carried out in the utility gas plant, these operations shallconform to NFPA 58,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code.

1.1.3 Installations that have an aggregate water capacity of 4000 gal (15.14 m3) or less

shall conform to NFPA58,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code.

A.1.1.2(4)The scope of NFPA 59A, Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), is included here for the convenience of the user.

1.1* Scope.

1.1.1 This standard shall apply to the following:

(1) Facilities that liquefy natural gas

(2) Facilities that store, vaporize, transfer, and handle liquefied natural gas (LNG)(3) The training of all personnel involved with LNG

(4) The design, location, construction, maintenance, and operation of all LNG

facilities

1.1.2 This standard shall not apply to the following:

(1) Frozen ground containers

(2) Portable storage containers stored or used in buildings

(3) All LNG vehicular applications, including fueling of LNG vehicles

A.1.1.2(5)Vehicle fuel dispensers are covered by NFPA 2,Hydrogen Technologies Code, NFPA30A, Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages, NFPA 52, Vehicular

Gaseous Fuel Systems Code, and NFPA 58,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code.

A.3.2.1 Approved.The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect, or certify

any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evaluate testing

laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations, procedures, equipment, or materials,the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other

appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evidence of

proper installation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also refer to the


70/71


listings or labeling practices of an organization that is concerned with product evaluations and is

thus in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of

listed items.

A.3.2.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).The phrase authority having jurisdiction, or its

acronym AHJ, is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and approval

agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority havingjurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire

chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, or health department;building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory authority. For insurance purposes,

an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may

be the authority having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his or herdesignated agent assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations,

the commanding officer or departmental official may be the authority having jurisdiction.

A.3.2.4 Listed.The means for identifying listed equipment may vary for each organization

concerned with product evaluation; some organizations do not recognize equipment as listed

unless it is also labeled. The authority having jurisdiction should utilize the system employed by

the listing organization to identify a listed product.

A.3.3.2 The definition is extracted 29CFR1926.32(f). OSHA guidance material statesadditionally: by way of training and/or experience, a competent person is knowledgeable of

applicable standards, is capable of identifying workplace hazards relating to the specific operation,

and has the authority to correct them. Some standards add additional specific requirements which

must be met by the competent person.

A.3.3.5 Inert Gas. Inert gases do not react readily with other materials under normal temperaturesand pressures. For example, nitrogen combines with some of the more active metals such as

lithium and magnesium to form nitrides, and at high temperatures it will also combine with

hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements. The gases neon, krypton, and xenon are considered rare

due to their scarcity. Although these gases are commonly referred to as inert gases, the formationof compounds is possible. For example, xenon combines with fluorine to form various fluorides

and with oxygen to form oxides; the compounds formed are crystalline solids. [NFPA 55, 2010]

A.3.3.6 The service regulator in an undiluted Liquefied Petroleum Gas system can include any one

of the following:

1. The second stage regulator or integral two-stage regulator

2. A 2-psi service regulator or integral 2 psi service regulator

A.4.3 Commissioning or maintenance procedures should include, as a minimum, consideration ofprocess safety management as described in 29 CFR part 1926.64 for construction of new facilities

or 29 CFR 1910.119(e). The intent of the reference to the regulation is to direct users to the

process hazard analysis; it is not intended to imply that all facilities are subject to the entireregulation. For further information on hazard analyses, users can reference AICHE Center for

Chemical Process Safety Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures.

A.6.1.5Compressors can introduce lubricating oil or other flammable constituents to the

compressed gas supply. Care should be taken to insure that these flammable constituents are not

introduced to the piping system in concentrations that could lead to a flammable atmospherewithin the pipe. This can include the use of 100% oil- free compressors, or filtering systems

that remove residuals prior to introduction to the piping system.


71/71

A.6.2 Where pressure testing is completed before the piping system is cleaned of dirt and debris,

operators should release the media and debris in a way that would not pose a risk to personnel.

Operators can consider the following methods to discharge the pressure test media:

(1) Releasing test media at a rate that prevents the ejection of debris or liquids at high

velocity

(2) Providing means to capture debris or liquids exiting the system

(3) Locating the discharge point a safe distance from any person, vehicle, or structure.

A.6.2.4ASME B31.3 requires a leak test wherein piping systems are subjected to pressures at

least 1.5 times the design operating pressure and such pressure is held for at least 10 minutes.

NFPA 54 and ASME B31.1 require a similar test procedure and parameters but refer to the test asa pressure test.

A.6.2.5 ASME B31.1 and B31.3 require the use of a nonflammable and nontoxicgas as the testmedium for pneumatic testing. This document specifically limits the acceptable media further to

air, carbon dioxide or inert gas. Oxygen is specifically prohibited because of the possible

subsequent introduction of flammable gas and risk of developing a flammable atmosphere.

A.6.2.8 Components can be relief valves, pressure switches, sensing lines, fill lines, thermowells,gauges, orifice plates, flanges, blinds, pressure-operated releases, or other similar appurtenances.

A.6.3.2 This is not intended to exclude specialized cleaning chemicals used in solution with water

in accordance with manufacturers instructions by competent personnel.

Annex B Informational References

B.1 Referenced Publications.

The documents or portions thereof listed in this annex are referenced within the informationalsections of this standard and are not part of the requirements of this document unless also listed in

Chapter 2 for other reasons.B.1.1 NFPA Publications.National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy,

MA 02169-7471.

B.1.2 Other Publications.

B.2 Informational References. (Reserved)

ANSI/ASSE Z690.1, Vocabulary for Risk Management

ANSI/ASSE Z690.2, Risk Management Principles and Guidelines

B 3 References for Extracts in Informational Sections (Reserved)

ANSI/ASSE Z690.3, Risk Assessment Techniques