“Native Americans in New England: A Historical Overview”National Endowment for the Humanities

Professors Alice Nash and Neal Salisbury, Directors University of Massachusetts

July 7 to July 27, 2013

Beyond Thanksgiving: A Montessori Approach & Guide to the People of 17th Century New England during an Age of Possibilities

As compiled by Carol Harding

Overview: How to Use This Project:

It is the purpose of this project to provide access to primary and secondary resources that will foster research by practitioners and students leading to contemplation and informed thinking about the possibilities presented to the indigenous people of the eastern woodlands and European colonists during the 17th Century period of contact and transition in southern “New England.”

This project is not intended to serve as an isolated presentation, but as background to ongoing discoveries and revelations as supported by a guided investigation of primary documents, secondary sources and materials by upper elementary students. Resources, links and cited sources can thus be used as a means of accessing information regarding the circumstances encountered by people during an age of sustained contact and settlement in 17th Century New England. Conflicts and collaborations are thus viewed as a complex interaction between diverse people as indigenous cultures sought to maintain their traditions of reciprocity, consensus and spirituality in the midst of an invasion of ideologies, technologies, religions and pathogens from Feudalistic Europe.

Through the provision of documents, deeds, treaties, maps and information about the cultures and influences guiding developments in 17th Century New England, teachers can facilitate authentic research and realizations among students. Copies of images and information about how people met their needs can be applied to time lines, or Fundamental Needs Charts, and background information about the geography of place and the social, political, economic and religious practices of people can be converted into cards for use with History Question Charts, or as a source of materials for reports. Actual copies of deeds, treaties and maps serve as primary sources as to what actually happened during this period of time, allowing for discussion about the encroachments, impositions and decisions that changed the course of history during an age of opportunity and possibility for peaceful coexistence.

Essential Questions:

What were the crucial factors and opportunities guiding Massasoit’s decision to collaborate with the Plymouth Colony?

What influences guided the 50 years of peaceful coexistence between the colonists of Plymouth and the Wampanoags?

What kinds of cultural exchanges took place between these diverse people?

Based on the evidence, how did European dynamics of oppression and power affect both Native people and colonists?

How did the colonial economy and system of trade lead to a cycle of indebtedness and land sale among Native people?

What role did Christianity assume in perpetuating a hierarchical power structure of servitude and dependency among Native people?

How did Indian leaders use Christianity to position themselves outside of the sphere of influence of colonial religious authority?

What were the possibilities for the continued evolution of an ecological and sustainable collective cosmology as opposed to a mercantile system driven by private enterprise?

What were the causal factors leading to conflicts (and war) between the colonists and the Native people?

How did indigenous place names become English place names?

How does an examination of deeds demonstrate encroachments by colonists on indigenous lands?

What evidence is there that suggests systematic disenfranchisement?

Does the systematic disenfranchisement of indigenous people by colonial governing bodies and courts in the 1600s continue to this day?

How are indigenous people described in historical books and documents?

How did indigenous lifestyles differ from that of the English colonists?

In what kinds of ways did the indigenous people collaborate with the English?

In what ways did the indigenous traditions conflict with English belief systems and ways of living in terms of social/political/economic and religious constructs?

What might have led to a sustainable, reciprocal and democratic outcome versus an age of domination, conquest and resistance?

Primary Sources:

Alan M. Voorhees Map Collection in Map Collections, Virginia Memory: Digital Collections, Library of Virginia. Web. 30 July 2013. <http://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/>.

Virginia state archives and reference library houses maps of British Empire and French and Spanish settlements in America.

American Centuries: History and Art from New England, Memorial Hall Museum Online. 2001. Web. 30 July 2013. <http:// www.americancenturies.mass.edu/>. Site contains artifacts, documents, maps, photographs and books from the Connecticut River Valley region of Massachusetts. Includes background essays on geology, history of indigenous peoples of New England and on topics relating to Deerfield, Massachusetts.

American History from Revolution to Reconstruction and Beyond. University of Groningen (The Netherlands). Nov. 1994. Web. 04 Aug. 2013. <http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/>.

Source for primary documents dating before and after 1600. Includes proclamations, declarations, charters, petitions, letters, etc., regarding Colonial America and beyond. Includes history outlines and essays.

Americae mappa generalis: secundum legitimas projectionis stereographicae regulas ... / in lucem proferetibus Homannianis Heredibus [map]. (1746). (Homann Erben (firm), publisher). John H. Levine Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 15 Sept. 2005. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?465241>. Depicts native Americans with volcanoes erupting in the background; shows boundaries of colonies and provinces.

Avalon Project - Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. 2008. Web. 25 July 2013. <http:// avalon.law.yale.edu/>.

Contains comprehensive collection of treaties, charters, acts, agreements and other documents as listed chronologically from Ancient times through the 21st Century.

Avalon Project - 17th Century Documents : 1600 - 1699. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. 2008. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/17th.asp>.

More specific look at documents from century that shaped America.

Bellin, Jacques Nicolas, (cartographer). Carte de la Nouvelle Angleterre, Nouvelle Yorck, et Pensilvanie : pour servir à l'Histoire générale des voyages / par M.... [map]. ([1757]). (Jean Frangois de La Harpe, Abrege de l'histoire generale des voyages. 1780.) Maps of North America/Countries/United States/Parts, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434578>.

Shows provinces, towns, forts, rivers, Indian tribal territory, and relief.

Bell, Peter, (geographer) and Richard William Seale, (engraver). A new and accurate map of North America [map]. (1768). (Variant ed. of LC Maps of North America, 1750-1789, 119). Maps of North America/Parts, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 23 March 2005. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?1261561>.

Eastern North America from James Bay to Florida. Blaeu, Willem Janszoon, (cartographer). Americae nova tabula / auct. Guiljelmo Blaeuw [map]. ([1635?]). (Burden, P. D. Mapping of North America, 189.) Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?1030040>.

Map includes inset of Greenland, note and portraits of native Americans and views of cities forming border on three sides.

Bolton, Solomon, (cartographer) and Richard William Seale, (engraver). North America performed under the patronage of Louis Duke of Orleans, First Prince of the Blood by the Sieur d'Anville [map]. (1752). Maps of North America/Whole, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434597>.

Large map of America shows shoals, banks, and other navigational hazards off the coast of Nova Scotia and in the Caribbean area as well as provinces, cities and towns, forts, indigenous villages and tribal territory.

Type to enter

text

Champlain, Samuel de. Carte Géographique De La Nouvelle Franse Faicte / Par Le Sieur De Champlain Saint Tongeois Cappitaine Ordinaire Pour Le Roy En La Marine, Faict Len 1612 [map]. 1612. National Library of France (BnF). Wikipedia. Web. 29 July 2013. <http:// en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Samuel_de_Champlain_Carte_geographique_de_la_Nouvelle_France.jpg>.

Map of New France as depicted by Samuel de Champlain, 1612.

Champlain, Samuel de. Samuel De Champlain's 1607 Map [map]. 1607. (Reason): American Treasures of the Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress. Web. 29 July 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/vc004344.jpg>.

Acclaimed as "the first thorough delineation of the New England and Canadian Coast," the map of the New England and Canadian coast from Cape Sable to Cape Cod was compiled by Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), founder of New France.

Connecticut River Valley, 1872 [map]. (Marcius Willson, History of the United States. New York, NY: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, and Co., 1872. 87.) Maps ETC, Educational Technology Clearinghouse, FCIT, University of South Florida. 2009. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/1700/1756/1756.htm>.

A map from 1872 of the Connecticut River and Valley in Massachusetts.

"The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493." The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/imperial- rivalries/resources/doctrine-discovery-1493>. Provides copy of Pope Alexander VI’s Demarcation Bull, May 4, 1493. Photo of document collection.

EDSITEment |The Best of the Humanities on the Web. National Endowment for the Humanities. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://edsitement.neh.gov>.

Provides resources and links to websites and lesson plans according to area of interest in humanities.

Faden, William, (engraver). The British colonies in North America [map]. ([1777]). (LC Maps of North America, 1750-1789, 732). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 26 Feb. 2005. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?484202>. Colonies as claimed by England, France, and Spain during Revolution.

First Nations Seeker - Indian Tribes - Native Americans - Inuit. “First Nations Seeker.” 22 March 2005. Web. 31 July 2013. <http:// www.firstnationsseeker.ca/>.

Provides directory of and links to North American indigenous peoples according to their nations and communities. Grouped linguistically according to era of First Contact.

“The Gilder Lehrman Collection.” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. 2002. Web. 31 July 2013. <https://www.gilderlehrman.org/collections>.

Comprehensive collection of primary sources and other documents and resources as indexed according to era of interest.

Gookin, Daniel, "Historical Collections of the Indians in New England." (1792). Special Collections Publications. Paper 13. Digital Commons @URI, The University of Rhode Island. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/sc_pubs/13>. Location provides legible image of referenced manuscript by Daniel Gookin with his informative commentary on the indigenous peoples of New England.

Giovanni Battista Ramusio. 1556, La Nuova Francia [map]. Venice, 1556. From the second edition of the Viaggi, published in 1565. Aquarian Maps - Americas, The Map Collection at Yale University Library. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://www.library.yale.edu/MapColl/oldsite/map/71-1556a.jpg>. Euphemistic, colorful map of New France off the Grand Banks.

Heath, Dwight B., ed. Mourt’s Relation: A Journey of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. New York: Cornith. 1963. Print. Recounting of the Mayflower landing at Cape Cod and settlement at Plymouth as written by Edward Winslow and William Bradford. First published in 1622, the book predates Bradford’s Of Plymouth Plantation and covers the contact and relationship with indigenous people up to the sharing of a commemorated meal with the Wampanoags.

Hill, Samuel, (engraver). A new map of North America shewing all the new discoveries, 1797 [map]. (1797). (Jedidiah Morse, compiler, The American gazetteer...,Thomas & Andrews, publisher). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?433664>. States, provinces, counties, cities, towns on the American continent with details of “West-India islands” in 1797.

History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web. The American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning (Graduate Center, CUNY) and the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (George Mason University). 1998. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://historymatters.gmu.edu/>.

Stated mission of site is to serve "...as a gateway to web resources and other useful materials for teaching U.S. history."

Indian Country Today. “Indian Country Today Media Network.” The Oneida Nation of New York. January 2011. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/>.

National online newsmagazine featuring Native & American Indian news, culture, music, art, and commentary.

Jansson, Jan, Engraver. America Septentrionalis [map]. ([1639 ?]). (Koemen, C. Atlantes Neerlandici, II. 431.) The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 February 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434086>.

Map shows California as an island. Includes decorations and illustrations of animals.

Keere, Pieter van den. America / Petrus Kaerius caelav., anno Do 1646 [map]. (1646). (Phillips, Maps of America. 104). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434532>.

Lamb, Francis (engraver) and Speed, John, (cartographer). A map of New England and New York / F. Lamb sculp [map]. [1676]. (John Speed, Theatre of the empire of Great Britain). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434826>.

Pictorial relief map with illustrations of animals and coat-of-arms. The Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, NYPL Digital Gallery. New York Public Library. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://www.nypl.org/lawrence-h-slaughter-collection-english- maps- charts- globes- books-and-atlases>. Extensive map collection documents geographical transition and changes in America before, during, and after the 17th Century.

Lea, Philip, (cartographer). A new map of New England, New York, New Iarsey, Pensilvania, Maryland, and Virginia / by Philip Lea in Cheap-side, London [map]. ([1690?]). Maps

of North America/Countries / United States/Parts, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 2 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434020>.

Covers Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, southeastern New York, New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware, eastern Maryland, and eastern Virginia.

Lodge, John, (engraver). An exact map of New England, New York, Pensylvania & New Jersey, from the latest surveys [map]. (1778). (William Russell, The history of America. London: 1778). Maps of North America/Countries/United States/ Parts, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?465035>. Relief map of Middle Atlantic seaboard with mountains, waterways, and place names. Library of Congress, Collections with Maps, Discovery and Exploration. Web. 01 Aug. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/collection/discovery-and-exploration/>.

Collection under title of "Exploration and Discovery" contains selection of early maps.

A map of the United States of America, as settled by the peace of 1783 [map]. (1783). (I. Fielding, Pater-Noster Row, publisher). Geography and Map Division, The Library of Congress. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/resource/g3700.ar075500/>.

Includes major towns and cities, forts Indian villages and tribal territory, and rivers of area east of the Mississippi River from Canada to Florida.

Massachusetts, 1891 [map]. (Moses King, King's Handbook of the United States. Buffalo, NY: Moses King Corporation, 1891. 480.) Maps ETC, Educational Technology Clearinghouse, FCIT, University of South Florida. 2009. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/3500/3516/3516.htm>.

Map from 1891 showing major cities, towns, ports, railroads, mountains, lakes, rivers, islands, and coastal features.

Massachusetts Geology. USGS - US Geological Survey. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://mrdata.usgs.gov/sgmc/ma.html>.

Interactive geologic map with selectable attributes, including physical and political demarcations.

MACRIS. Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System. Massachusetts Historical Commission. Web. 01 Aug. 2013. <http:// mhc-macris.net/>. Site provides scanned photos of historic properties in Massachusetts according to towns, and includes information on historic names, architects, architectural styles, uses, and significance of the buildings.

MAGIC Map and Geographic Information Center. University of Connecticut. Web. 01 Aug. 2013. <http://magic.lib.uconn.edu/>.

Historical map collection presented by year and location. Includes maps of New England and Connecticut from 1600s onwards.

Maps ETC Homepage. Florida’s Educational Technology Clearinghouse, Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida. Web. 01 Aug. 2013. <http://etc.usf.edu/>.

Provides images of historic maps of early America from explorations and settlements of the English, French, and Spanish, through the end of the American Revolutionary War.

Massachusetts and Rhode Island [map]. (1842-[1845]). (Samuel Breese and Sidney E. Morse, Atlases of the United States/United States/The cerographic atlas of the United States). The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 8 Oct. 2005. Web 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?1401783>.

Counties, cities, railways and canals depicted in map of Massachusetts and Rhode Island in mid-1800s.

The Massachusetts Geological Survey. The OSMG-Geology Resources and Geologic Maps and Data for Massachusetts. Department of Geosciences. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Web. 25 July 2013. <http:// www.geo.umass.edu/ stategeologist/frame_massgeo.htm>

Site for Massachusetts geologic information and environmental data with educational resources.

"Metacom Relates Indian Complaints about the English Settlers, 1675." History Matters. Web. 30 July 2013. <http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6226>.

Metacomb reiterates transgressions of Colonists to John Easton, Attorney General of the Rhode Island Colony in June of 1675, including: the loss of Wampanoag land; the

English colonists’ growing herds of cattle and their destruction of Indian crops; and the unequal justice Indians received in the English courts.

Mini Matrix-Maker Home Page. Neil Ramsden. 2011. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://www.neilramsden.co.uk/spelling/matrix/>. Interactive web-based tool for creating word matrices. Used in conjunction with word study, etymology, morphology of words, etc.

"The Mohegan Tribe: Our Vision." The Mohegan Tribe: Government-Tribal Council. The Mohegan Tribe.Web. 31 July 2013. <http:// www.mohegan.nsn.us/our_vision.htm>.

Tribal statement of commitment to a shared and transcendent vision.

Moll, Herman, (engraver). A map of New England, New York, New Jersey and Pensilvania [map]. (1730). (David Humphreys, An historical account of the incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Containing their foundation, proceedings and the success of their missionaries in the British Colonies, to the year 1728). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?433851>.

Relief map showing towns where missionaries are sent.

Moll, Herman (engraver). New England, New York, New Jersey and Pensilvania / by H. Moll, geographer [map]. [1732?]. (Thomas Bowles, publisher). Maps of North America/Countries /United States/Parts, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434019>. Covers areas north of Delaware Bay to Nova Scotia.with relief map with rivers, boundaries, settlements, roads and woods.

Moll, Herman. A new map of the north parts of America claimed by France under ye names of Louisiana, Mississipi, Canada, and New France with ye adjoining territories of England and Spain [map]. (1720). (Herman Moll, The world described, [1709-1736], plate 9.) View Collection, Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://maps.bpl.org/id/17062>.

Map of New France with territories of England and Spain.

Montanus, Arnold, Nouvelle Hollande (à présent Nouvelle-York), Nouvelle-Angleterre, et une partie de la Virginie / dressées sur les propres manuscrits de ceux qui en ont fait la

decouverte, et mises en lumiere par Pierre vander Aa, marchand libraire a Leide.[map]. ([1729?]). (Pieter van der Aa, publisher). Maps of North America/Countries /United States/Parts, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?433975>.

Depicts Europeans trading with indigenous peoples; included locations of “Canada,” “Philadelphie,” and “Pensilvanie.”

Montanus, Arnoldus, (engraver). Novi Belgii, quod nunc Novi Jorck vocatur, Novae q[ue] Angliae & partis Virginiae : accuratissima et novissima delineati...[map]. ([1671?]). (Arnoldus Montanus, De Nieuwe en onbekende weereld. Antwerp: J. Meurs). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434504>.

Morden, Robert, (cartographer). A new map of New England and New York / by Robt. Morden [map]. ([ca. 1700]). (Robt. Morden, Atlas terrestris). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?433724>.

Covers New England as far north and east as Casco Bay, Me., and covers N.Y. as far west as the Hudson River Valley.

Morden, Robert, (cartographer) and Cockerill, Thomas, (cartographer). New England and New York / by Robt. Morden [map]. (1680). (Robert. Morden, Geography rectified, or, A description of the world) Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?465068>. Covers Hudson River Valley and Long Island portions of N.Y. State.

Nolin, Jean Baptiste, (cartographer). Carte du Canada et de la Louisiane qui forment la Nouvelle France et des colonies angloises ou sont representez les pays contestez dressée sur les observations et sur plusieurs cartes particulieres et meme Angloises [map]. (1756). (Jean-Francois Daumont, publisher) Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434487>.

Map of New France with New York, New England, and New Jersey; mountains and waterways.

The Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library. Web. 01 Aug. 2013. <http:// maps.bpl.org/ view_collection>.

Collection includes images of early surveys of indigenous and colonial settlements in seventeenth century maps.

NYPL Digital Gallery: After Columbus: Four-hundred Years of Native American Portraiture. New York Public Library. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/explore/dgexplore.cfm?topic=history&col_id=182?> Images of prints and drawings from the 1600s through early 1900s.

The OMSG - Geology Resources and Geologic Maps and Data for Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Geological Survey. Web. 30 July 2013. <http://www.geo.umass.edu/ stategeologist/frame_massgeo.htm>.

Site includes geological survey, information, maps, data, educational resources and publications.

"Order for Fasting, Prayer, and Thanksgiving." Yale Indians Paper Project: New England Indian Papers Series Database, Yale University Library. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://jake.library.yale.edu/neips/data/html/ 1686.11.15.00/1686.11.15.00.html>.

Copy of order regarding fast and Thanksgiving dated October 1686 from the Connecticut General Court as published in: Wyllys Papers, 1590-1796, Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, vol. 21 (Hartford, 1924), 291-292.

Ortelius, Abraham, [map]. America. [Description of America]. (1603). (From: Abraham Ortelius his epitome of the theater of the worlde. Nowe latlye ... renewed and augmented. Micheal Coignet, editor. James Shawe, publisher.) Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, NYPL Digital Library, New York Public Library. 4 June 2008 Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm? strucID=253698&imageID=433718>. Early map depicting North and South America reflective of perspective of cartographer in late sixteenth century Europe.

Parsons, Usher M.D., "Indian Names of Places in Rhode Island." (1861). Special Collections Publications. Paper 1. Digital Commons@URI, University of Rhode Island. 2006. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/sc_pubs/1>.

Pamphlet of indigenous place names of Rhode Island compiled by Usher Parsons M.D. for the Rhode Island historical Society. Published in 1861.

"Petition of Uncas concerning Mohawk Conspiracy and Vindication of His Name." Yale Indian Papers Project: New England Indian Papers Series Database, Yale University Library. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://jake.library.yale.edu:8080/neips/data/html/ 1678.05.00.00/1678.05.00.00.html>.

Published document image with translation of Uncas' petition.

"Pynchon, John (1626-1703), et Al Propositions Made to the 5 Nations." (23 Sept.1689). Primary Sources, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://www.gilderlehrman.org/collections/6e7e64f6- a3d1-4b87-8693-238832971814?back=/mweb/search%3Fneedle%3DPolitics %2526fields%3D_t301001410>. Document includes a response to the cited proposition involving the acknowledgement of friendship with the English, and promise to pursue the French and Eastern Indians as enemies.

Pynchon Papers. Ed. Carl Bridenbaugh and Juliette Tomlinson. Vol. 2: Selections from the Account Books of John Pynchon, 1651-1697. Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1985. Pp. 77-80. Print. Copies of ledger kept by Pynchon of his transactions and trades with detailed listing of commodities of the period.

Raid on Deerfield: The Many Stories of 1704. Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association (PVMA) / Memorial Hall Museum. 2004. Web. 30 July 2013. <http:// 1704.deerfield.history.museum/>.

Site provides information on Deerfield attack and captivity of inhabitants as well as images of artifacts maps, and timeline.

Salisbury, Neal, ed. The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, by Mary Rowlandson, with Related Documents. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 1997. Print.

Provides context and extensive background notes for the Rowlandson narrative of captivity and release in the spring of 1675.

Seale, Richard William, (engraver). An accurate map of Canada, with the adjacent countries : exhibiting the late seat of war between the English & French in those parts [map]. (1761). (Phillips, Maps of America. 191; D.C. Jolly, Maps of America in periodicals before 1800. 183). Maps of North America/Countries/Canada,The Lionel Pincus and

Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?465021>.

Covers Canada as well as New England, New York, New Jersey, parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania.

Seller, John, (cartographer). New England and New York/by John Seller [map]. (1703). (John Seller, A new system of geography...). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?433728>.

Covers New England and the Hudson River Valley and Long Island of New York.

Speed, John, (cartographer). Newengland and New York [map]. (1676). (An epitome of Mr. John Speed's Theatre of the empire of Great Britain). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 26 Feb. 2005. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?433720>.

Pictorial representation and detail of New England of 1676.

Thornton, Samuel (cartographer). A large draught of New England, New York and Long Island; Boston Harbour [map]. (ca. 1702-1707). Charting America: Maps from the Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection and Others, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 3 Feb. 2004. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?481135>.

Detail of coastal New England with inset of Boston Harbor.

Thornton, Samuel (cartographer). Part of NEW ENGLAND [map]. (ca. 1702-1707) Charting America: Maps from the Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection and Others, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 26 June 2008. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?1640625>. Detail of capes and bays of coastal New England. "Treaty of Hartford (Copy)." Yale Indian Papers Project: New England Indian Paper Series Database, Yale University. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://jake.library.yale.edu/neips/data/html/1638.09.21.00/1638.09.21.00.html>.

Articles of agreement between English in Connecticut and sachems.

"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples." UN Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Social Policy and Development Division, United Nations, UN. March 2008. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf>.

Universal proclamation regarding human rights of indigenous peoples.

United States of America / compiled from the latest & best authorities by John Melish; engraved by Saml. Harrison [map]. (1822). (Messrs. Murray, Draper, Fairman & Co., publisher). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 15 Feb. 2008. Web 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434140>. Shows the United States east of the Continental Divide and parts of Canada and Mexico.

The University of Oklahoma College of Law: A Chronology of US Historical Documents. The University of Oklahoma College of Law. Web. 04 Aug. 2013. <http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/>.

Provides six documents of the 17th Century, including charters and the First Thanksgiving Proclamation (of 1676), as well as a copy of “The Iroquois Constitution.”

Virginia, Nieu Neder-landt, Nieu Englandt [map]. ([1669?]). Charting America: Maps from the Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection and Others. John H. Levine Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery. The New York Public Library. 26 February 2005. Web. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434977> (25 July 2013).

Covers Atlantic coast from New England to Virginia.

Visscher, Nicolaes, (cartographer). Novi Belgii Novaeque Angliae nec non partis Virginiae tabula / multis in locis emendata per Nicolaum Visscher [map]. ([1690?]). (Nicolaes Visscher, Atlas minor sive geographia compendiosa.) Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 26 Feb. 2005 Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?434503>.

Pictorial, decorative relief map.

Wampanoag Homesite/Plimoth Plantation. Plimouth Plantation. Web. 30 July 2013. <http:// www.plimoth.org/>.

Site information and images of Wampanoag Homesite include mat-covered wetu and bark-covered nush wetu with three fire pits inside and making of a mishoon using fire as a tool to hollow out a tree. Includes information and imagery of contrasting lifestyles at Plymouth Plantation.

Wells, Edward, Cartographer, and Nicholls, Sutton, Engraver. A new map of the most considerable plantations of the English in America / Sutton Nicholls, sculp. [English plantations in America.] (1700). (Edward Wells, A new sett of maps both of antient and present geography). Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, NYPL Digital Gallery, The New York Public Library. 12 May 2008. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?433732>.

Williams, Roger. A Key into the Language of America. Ed. John J. Teunissen and Evelyn J. Hinz. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1973. Print.

First published in the 1640s by Roger Williams, book provides guide to communicating with America’s first inhabitants as well as insights into their customs.

Yale Indian Papers Project: New England Indian Papers Series Database, Yale University. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://jake.library.yale.edu:8080/neips/search>.

Invaluable resource for primary sources. Subjects listed by tribal communities in chronological timeframe. Documents include deeds, maps, letters, etc from Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and parts of Eastern New York and Long Island. Often presented with digital document image and scholars’ transcription.

The Yale Map Collection, Antiquarian Maps -The Americas, Yale University Library. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://www.library.yale.edu/MapColl/oldsite/map/amer.html>.

Reference for early maps of North America.

Background information/historical context for teachers:

The typical lineage of study of American history begins with the last period of glaciation and extends through periods set apart by their references to ancient people and their adaptions to changing technologies, climates and level of engagement in cultivation of plants. The context for this study is the geology, geography, flora, fauna, and peoples of the mid-Atlantic Coastal region. Clans of people here engaged in village based agriculture, communal use of resources and supplemented their needs with hunting, gathering, and fishing to provide food, shelter, and clothing. First contact that began with Norse explorers had expanded to include trade with European fishermen. Some of the exchange included pathogens that devastated indigenous

populations, laying the stage for the sustained contact and settlement or colonization. This project explores the relationships and events as documented through deeds, maps,documents, and other resources from and about this time.

Annotated Bibliography of Secondary Sources

Apess, William. “Eulogy on King Philip.” In Barry O’Connell, ed. On Our Own Ground: The Complete Writings of William Apess, A Pequot. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992. Print.

In his eulogy, presented in 1836, Apess relates a riveting account of events leading to King Philip’s War and, in doing so, does justice to his memory.

“Aztec smallpox victims” [illustration]. (16th Century). (Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future. Oxford University Press, 2009. 60). Wikimedia Commons. Web. 30 July 2013. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aztec_smallpox_victims.jpg>.

"Bibliography of Native American Land Issues.” “Archives and Special Collections.” Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://www.pequotmuseum.org/uploadedFiles/Content/Research_Center/ Library_and_Archives/Archives_Original_Source_Material/Native%20American %20land%20issues.pdf>.

Cites land deeds and transactions between indigenous people and colonists. Provides synopsis of terms of exchange.

“Bibliography of New England and Long Island Indian Tribes’ Materials.” Archives and Special Collections, Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://www.pequotmuseum.org/uploadedFiles/Content/Research_Center/ Library_and_Archives/Archives_Original_Source_Material/Southern%20New %20England%20Tribes.pdf>. Contains tribal records, sermons and overseer account books from tribes of region.

Brooks, Lisa and Jenny Davis. The Indigenous Northeast: a Network of Waterways [map]. 2008. The Common Pot. Web. 29 July 2013. <http://www3.amherst.edu/~lbrooks/ map1.html>.

Map depicting waterways of North America, hence transportation and trade routes.

Brooks, Lisa and Jenny Davis. Kwinitekw Environs [map]. 2008. The Common Pot. Web. 29 July 2013. <http://www3.amherst.edu/~lbrooks/map4.html> .

Map showing Wabanaki wôlhanak, mission villages, and neighboring Native territories from Sobakw, the sea, to Ktsitekw, the St. Lawrence River.

Brooks, Lisa and Jenny Davis. Wampum Trade Routes [map]. 2008. The Common Pot. Web. 29 July 2013. <http://www3.amherst.edu/~lbrooks/map2.html>.

Map shows major trading routes along waterways of the northeast.

Calloway, Colin G. New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1997. Print. Calloway states in his preface that he intends to make his readers “rethink their colonial past” through a survey of interactions between indigenous people and colonists of 17th Century New England.

“Captain Benjamin Church” [illustration]. (c. 1675). Print Collection portrait file. Stephen A. Schwarzman Building / Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. NYPL Digital Gallery. The New York Public Library. Wikimedia Commons. 2010. Web. 30 July 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colonel_Benjamin_Church.jpg>.

Carlson, Richard G., ed. Rooted Like the Ash Trees: New England Indians and the Land. Abilene, Texas: Eagle Wings Press. 1987. Print.

Collection of articles by and about indigenous people of New Englanders describes the relationship of people to their land. Includes information about oral traditions and folklore; lifestyles; food and hunting; archeological research; ethnohistory; herbs; traditional painting and pottery; and a glossary of original place names.

Champlain, Samuel de. Port St. Louis or Plymouth Bay, 1613 [map]. (1884). (Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, Vol. 4. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, 1884. 109.) Maps ETC, Educational Technology Clearinghouse, FCIT, University of South Florida. 2009. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/8000/8000/8000.htm>.

A facsimile from a map by Champlain (1613) of the Plymouth Bay as called Port St. Louis by Champlain, as explored by the French prior to the landing of the Pilgrims. “Columbus Taking Possession of the New Country” [illustration]. (Prang Educational Co. Boston, 1893). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. Library of Congress. Web. 30 July 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b49587/>

Painting of Christopher Columbus kneeling, holding flag and sword with two other men holding flags. Other men appear on land and in boats with three ships in background.

“Creation Myths & Legends.” Compiled by Mary Gibson in “Selected Books about American Indian Creation Stories.” The Children’s Library, The Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center. Mashantucket, CT. 2007. Print. Bibliography of sources of creation stories with clan affiliation of author and tribal source of story provided. Abridged to include only New England associated material.

Cronin, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1984. Print. Cronin provides the necessary overview as to changes to the ecology following colonization and the economy as the result of turning resources into commodities and woodlands into farmlands.

Demos, John. A Little Commonwealth : Family Life in Plymouth Colony. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. Print.

Provides descriptions of housing, furnishings, and clothing of Plymouth colonists.

Devlin, Mary Gene, et al. “Geology and the Formation of New England” in “Everyday Life in a New England Town.” US History Lessons, American Centuries: History and Art from New England, Memorial Hall Museum Online. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/classroom/curriculum_6th/lesson1/bkgdessay.html> Provides background concerning geological events forming the landscape of New England.

Early Settlements in New England and Distribution of the Indian Tribes, 1686 [map]. (1881). (W. H. DePuy, People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge: V.2. New York, NY: Phillips & Hunt, 1881. 1230.) Maps ETC, Educational Technology Clearinghouse, FCIT, University of South Florida. 2009. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/9900/9975/9975.htm>.

A map of the Dominion of New England (1686), showing the early settlements and the general tribal lands of the Pawtuckets, Massachusetts, Wampanoags, Narragansets, Nipmucks, Pequods, and Mohegans.

English Settlements around Massachusetts Bay, 1620–1652 [map]. ([1886]). (Robert H. Labberton, New Historical Atlas and General History. New York: Townsend

MacCoun, 1886. Plate LVIII.) ETC Maps, Educational Technology Clearinghouse, FCIT, University South Florida. 2009. Web. 25 July 2009. <http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/6900/6945/6945.htm>. Map of Massachusetts Bay showing the early English settlements from Plymouth to Haverhill on the Merrimac River.

“Ethnobotany: Plants Sustaining People.” Celebrating Wildflowers - Ethnobotany. US Forest Service. Web. 02 Aug. 2013. <http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/>.

Information on food, dyes, essential oils, fibers, soaps, medicinal plants, etc..

Fairbanks, Jonathan L., and Trent, Robert F. New England Begins: The Seventeenth Century. Vols. 1-3. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1982. Print. Provides a fully illustrated survey of the material culture of the Atlantic coastal region of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut during the period of 1600-1698. Three volume work covers: Introduction/Migration and Settlement; Mentality and Environment; and Style.

"Geology and the Formation of New England." American Centuries: History and Art from New England. Memorial Hall Museum Online. Summer 2001. Web. 30 July 2013. <http:// www.americancenturies.mass.edu/classroom/curriculum_6th/lesson1/ bkgdessay.html>.

Information on geological background of New England could be used as background information for students to inspire further interest and research.

Hoxie, Frederick E, ed. Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life From Paleo-Indians to the Present. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1996. Print. Reference provides broad range of information on indigenous people as written by separate authorities. Text includes illustrations, photographs and maps.

“King Philip 1827” [illustration]. (1827). (Benjamin Church. The history of Philip's War, commonly called the Great Indian War, of 1675 and 1676....Boston: S.G. Drake, 1827). (Original in the John Carter Brown Archive of Early American Images, John Carter Brown Library, Brown University). Wikimedia Commons. Web. 30 July 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:KingPhilip_1827_BenjaminChurch_SamuelDrake04264001.jpg>.

Dignified portrait of King Philip.

Massachusetts Bay, 1667 [map]. (Benson J. Lossing, Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution, Vol. I. New York, NY: Harper and Brothers, 1851. 446.) Maps, ETC, Educational Technology Clearinghouse, FCIT, University of South Florida. 2009. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/8100/8178/8178.htm>.

Facsimile of map of Boston Harbor and adjacent settlements in 1667.

“Massachusetts Geology.” USGS - US Geological Survey. U.S. Department of the Interior. Web. 30 July 2013. <http:// mrdata.usgs.gov/sgmc/ma.html>. Provides images of Massachusetts (and other states) according to selected geological qualities, units and structural features.

“Native American Ethnobotany.” UM-Dearborn College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters. University of Michigan-Dearborn. Summer 2003. Web. 02 Aug. 2013. <http://herb.umd.umich.edu/>.

A database of plants used by indigenous peoples of North America with links to USDA Plant Database of photos and maps.

NativeTech: Indigenous Plants & Native Uses in the Northeast. Tara Prindle. Web. 02 Aug. 2013. <http://www.nativetech.org/plantgath/ash.htm>.

List of common and Latin names of plants growing along trails in Connecticut park with indigenous uses and photographs. Provides bibliography of ethnobotany books.

NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art. Tara Prindle. Web. 02 Aug. 2013. <http://www.nativetech.org/>.

Site includes articles on bead, clay and pottery, clothes, metalwork, plants and trees, stonework and tools, weaving and cordage, and other indigenous technologies of Eastern Woodlands Peoples. Includes instructions, resources, etc.

Neil Ramsden - Morphology Micro-site. Neil Ramsden. Web. 02 Aug. 2013. <http://www.neilramsden.co.uk/spelling/>.

Site for investigations into English morphology and word building through the knowledge of the meaning of word stems through the use of Ramsden’s Word Searcher and Mini-Matrix Maker.

The New England Colonies, 1600s [map]. (1911). (Jacques W. Redway, The Redway School History. New York: Silver, Burdett and Company, 1911. 66). Maps ETC, Educational Technology Clearinghouse, FCIT, University of South Florida. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/7600/7698/7698.htm>.

Simplified look at American colonies in New England.

NOAA. Bering Land Bridge Movie [map]. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/parcs/atlas/beringia/lbridge.html>.

Animated map of Beringia Land Bridge from 21,000 BCE to modern age.

Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://www.etymonline.com>.

Authoritative online source for the meaning and evolution of modern English words.

Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Print.

Desk copy of English words with provided etymologies.

Pequod (Pequot) War, 1636–1638 [map]. (1881). (W. H. De Puy, People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge, Vol 1. New York: Phillips & Hunt, 1881. 953.) Maps ETC, Educational Technology Clearinghouse, FCIT, University of South Florida. 2009. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/5000/5059/5059.htm>.

Map depicts the area of the Pequot War (1636–1638) between the allied Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies against the Pequot tribe, as well as territories of the Mohegans, Narragansetts, and Pequots; English settlements; and route of the campaign (1637) of Captain John Mason from Fort Saybrook up the coast to Wickford, Rhode Island, then overland to the Pequot Fort on the Mystic River, site of the Mystic Massacre.

“Plymouth Colony Seal” [illustration]. (1629). (Samuel Adams Drake. Nooks and corners of the New England Coast. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1875. 267.) 14 Aug. 2007. Web. 30 July 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plymouth_Colony_seal.png>

Seal of the Plymouth Colony depicts four figures within a shield bearing St George's Cross, apparently in Native-American style clothing, each carrying the burning heart symbol of John Calvin.

Revere, Paul. “Portrait of King Philip” [illustration]. (1772). (Benjamin Church, The Entertaining History of King Philip's War, 1772 ed.). "Philip, King of Mount Hope, from the Church's The Entertaining History of King Philip's War," by Paul Revere. Mabel

Brady Garvan Collection, Yale University Art Gallery. Courtesy of Yale University. “King Phillip’s War.” Wikimedia Commons. 30 July 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg>.

Hand-colored engraving of Metacom by Paul Revere.

Roe, Herbert. “Chromesun Kincaid Site” [illustration]. (2004). Wikimedia Commons. 6 January 2008. Web. 30 July 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromesun_kincaid_site_01.jpg>. Oil painting of The Kincaid Site in Massac County, Illinois.

Salisbury, Neal. Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Print. Comprehensive representation chronicles complex relationships in Colonial America. Considers conflicts of born of European religious dogma and imposition of a feudal economy on communal, ecological indigenous cultures.

Smith, John. Smith’s Map of Virginia [map]. (1616). (Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America Vol. III. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1884). Maps ETC., Educational Technology Clearinghouse, FCIT, University of South Florida. Web. 25 July 2013. <http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/8500/8504/8504.htm>.

Facsimile of early map of New England as observed by Captain John Smith in 1616. Map depicts coastline from Cape James (Cape Cod) to Pembrocks Bay with prominent portrait of Smith in northwest corner.

Sturtevant, William C. and Trigger, Bruce C., eds. Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast Vol. 15. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Print.

Definitive reference on indigenous cultures of northeast. Richly illustrated with extensive bibliography.

"Treaty with The Wampanoag ~ March 22/April 1, 1621 & September 13, 1621." Native American Lost Souls Genealogy Project. Web. 2 July 2013. <http://nativeamerican.lostsoulsgenealogy.com/treaties/wampanoag1621.htm>. Peace Treaty of 1621 that set the terms for peaceful co-existence between Pilgrims and Wampanoag people.

White, John. White's Old Virginia [map]. (1585). (Justin Winsor. Narrative and Critical History of America Vol. III. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1884). Maps

ETC. Florida Center for Instructional Technology, FCIT, University of South Florida. 25 July 2013. Web. <http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/8400/8497/8497.htm>. A facsimile of John White's map of the Virginia region in 1585.