1

Nationalism

2Niccolo Machiavelli

Nationalism was strongest in Europe from 1848 – 1914.

**Realpolitik = new type of politics, in the 1840s, in which

leaders were willing to do anything to further the national

interests of the people {Machiavellian strategy}.

3

Italian Unification

4

Carbonari {charcoal burners} was a secret society initially formed to

drive the French out of Italy.

Austrian Empire 1815 - 1859

Carbonari

5

Giuseppe Mazzini

• 1820s - frustrated with Carbonari’s

inability to create lasting liberal

reforms

• Wore black

• Wrote The Duties of Man which

became a Bible for nationalists

throughout Europe

• Founded Young Italy in 1831

• Critical to the spread of nationalist

ideas across the continent

6

Young Italy plotted a revolt

for 1832 in Piedmont, but

spies discovered the plan &

arrested its leaders.

Mazzini had to flee to

France.

7

The Role of the Papacy in

Italy

Between 1831 – 1846, Pope Gregory XVI

was an example of the backward

traditionalist force of the papacy.

8

Pope Pius IX {1846 – 1878}

Pope Pius IX, the next pope,

promoted liberal reform. His

goal was to change the image

of the Catholic Church from

backward to “progressive” in

order to win popular support.

The problem was that he had

no way to CONTROL the

liberal reform once it started!

9

Traditionally conservative Austria was

scared to death of liberal reforms spreading

into its empire {which included Lombardy &

Venetia in N. Italy}. In 1846, Austria moved

50,000 troops into Ferrara. In 1848, there

were liberal uprisings in VIENNA, Lombardy,

and most of the N. Italian states!

**Metternich’s Austrian government was

overthrown!!

Papal States

Austrian Lombardy &

Venetia

Papal

States

Austrian Lombardy &

Venetia

Pope Pius IX then turned

conservative since he wanted

PEACEFUL CHANGE, not a revolt

against CATHOLIC Austria!!

10

Pius IX appointed Count Rossi

as his chief minister, to keep

Rome under control. Rossi

was assassinated & Pope Pius

IX fled to Naples - - - in fear of

losing his life!!

Count Pellegrino Rossi, Min. of

Justice to Pope Pius IX

11Proclamation of the Roman Republic, 1849

12

In 1848, Giuseppe Garibaldi returned

to Italy from South America. In 1834,

Garibaldi seized the frigate he was

working on to use it to help free Genoa

(Sardinia) from Austrian control.

Garibaldi

was

arrested &

sentenced

to death!

He escaped

& traveled

to S.

America.

He fought in numerous wars in Brazil &

Argentina & gained fame for guerilla

warfare tactics. In S. America, he started

the nationalist Red Shirts.

13Garibaldi defends the Roman Republic from the French, 30 April 1849

14

Nationalist

Efforts on the

Rest of the

Italian Peninsula

15

In 1848, The Kingdom of Sardinia {includes Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, &

Sardinia} gained independence as a Parliamentary Monarchy.

16

King Victor Emmanel II of

Sardinia

Risorgimento {Resurgence}

Count Camillo Cavour,

Prime Minister

I’m hot!!

17

Cavour made Sardinia a

model of economic success.

18

*** The Problem =

Sardinia was not

militarily strong enough

to remove Austria from

Northern Italy.

Austrian Territory

{Lombardy & Venetia}

19

Crimean War 1854 - 1856

** Sardinia’s Realpolitik

Solution = Cavour sends

Sardinian troops to fight as

allies with the British and

French troops in the Crimean

War against the Russians and

Tsar Nicholas I. Cavour thinks

this will allow Sardinia to later

enlist the help of Britain and

France in driving AUSTRIA out

of Northern Italy.

Russia was badly defeated by

Br., Fr., and Sardinia!

20

Crimean War 1854 - 1856

Causes of Crimean War:

1) Declining Ottoman Empire

gave control of Christian

shrines in Holy Land to

Catholic France instead of the

Christian Russian Orthodox

Church (Russian propaganda

excuse. 2) ** Real reason was

Russia wanted control of the

Ottoman territories of

Moldavia and Wallachia (now

Romania) because they were

close to the Bosporus &

Dardanelles Straits which

were the key to Russian ship

passage into the

Mediterranean Sea and other

ocean shipping.

Bosporus

Strait

Dardanelles Strait

21

The Turkish Empire in 1854

Crimean War

Moldavia and Wallachia = the two

provinces Russia wanted to get

from the Ottoman Empire.

** Tsar Nicholas I used the need to

protect Orthodox Christians in the

Ottoman Empire as an excuse for

Russia to occupy these 2

provinces in 1853. This is an

example of Realpolitik strategy!!

Tsar

Nicholas I

(1825-1855)

22

Louis Napoleon III of France

1858 – Cavour and Napoleon III

created a secret treaty. Napoleon

agreed to send 200,000 troops to

help drive Austria out of N. Italy and

Cavour promised to give France the

states of Nice & Savoy.

23

Nice and Savoy (above) given to Napoleon III of

France.

24

Napoleon III reneged on his

agreement to help Sardinia once

he saw how quickly she defeated

Lombardy. He feared he would

help create a more unified and

powerful enemy on his border - -

Italy. Napoleon now made a

secret peace agreement with

Austria.

By 1860, most other N. italian

provinces (Tuscany, Modena,

Parma, Romagna) revolted

against Austria and joined with

Sardinia!!!

25

In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi

formed a new volunteer army

called the “Red Shirts” and

fought to conquer the Kingdom

of Two Sicilies from Spain!!

In 1861 Garibaldi joined the

Kingdom of Two Sicilies with the

rest of Italy.

****** By 1870, Italy was

fully unified and became

the state we know

today!! ***********

26

Reasons Italy Remained Weak After Unification:

1. Italian people could not get along. Their history was

one of many small, independent states, often ruled by

foreign powers.

2. Had mostly illiterate population & poor educational

system.

3. Little experience with Parliamentary government.

4. Poor government - - only the educated landowners were

allowed to vote (600,000 out of 20 million population!).

5. ** Most importantly, the Pope resented loss of control of

Rome & the Papal States. He told Catholics not to

cooperate with the new government.

27

Unification of

Germany

(major phase =

1867 – 1871)

28

German Confederation Created by the Congress of Vienna, 1814

29

Problems with the German

Confederation:

a) Loose organization of

independent states

b) Austria was part of the

Confederation even though she

DID NOT want German

unification. Austria feared the

competition of a more

powerful, united Germany.

c) Smaller German states

opposed unification for fear of

being dominated by the more

powerful state of Prussia.

The German Confederation

30

The Zollverein – German Customs Union

1834 Prussia created the Zollverein, a customs union to end tariffs

between the German states & develop a unified economy. **This

speeded industrialization by lowering prices and creating larger

markets.

31

Ruhr

Valley

In 1850, Prussia led the move toward German Unification.

32

Prussian Advantages:

a) powerful military

b) Strong gov’t (Parliament dominated by King & wealthy *Junkers (large

landholders)

c) Industrial Revolution greatly strengthened Prussia economically

1) Ruhr Valley – loaded with coal (for iron & steel)

2) Construction of an efficient RR improved transport

d) Progressive gov’t reforms

1) Abolished serfdom

2) Started public education system

33

Kaiser Wilhelm I Count Otto von Bismarck

In 1862, Kaiser Wilhelm I appointed Count Otto von Bismarck as Prime

Minister of Prussia.

34

“The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and

majority decisions – that was the mistake of 1848-1849 – but by iron and

blood!” (industry & military)

Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck

35

Bismarck tried to increase taxes in order to increase the size of the Prussian

military and strengthen its role in the German Confederation. The Prussian

Parliament refused & Bismarck just did it anyway!! *** This is an example of

Realpolitik!!

1864 - - Denmark attempted to annex Schleswig-Holstein. As a result,

Prussia joined with Austria to conquer and control Schleswig-Holstein.

1866 - - Bismarck started a war with Austria over control of Schleswig-

Holstein. **This was really an excuse to go to war with Austria and give

Prussia control of the German Confederation. Austria was defeated in what

was known as the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. Prussia now controlled all

German land except Catholic Southern Germany.

Bismarck then replaced the German Confederation with the Northern German

Confederation and expelled Austria from it!

36

37

Catholic Southern Germany in yellow

Ems Dispatch

38

1868 - - a revolution in Spain forced

Queen Isabella II out.

1870 - - revolutionary Spanish gov’t

offered the Spanish throne to Prince

Leopold of Hohenzollern, the cousin

of the King of Prussia! Napoleon III of

France sent his ambassadors to the

city of Ems to force Leopold to give

back the Spanish throne.

*** Bismarck manipulated a telegram

(the Ems Dispatch) to make it sound

like the French ambassador was

THROWN OUT by Prince Leopold.

This upset the French and resulted in

Napoleon III declaring war on

Prussia!!! *** This is EXACTLY WHAT

BISMARCK WANTED. He knew this

would allow him to unify Catholic S.

Germany with Protestant N. Germany

through military alliance & war.

Queen Isabella II

Napoleon III

Prince Leopold

Bismarck

39

1870 – 1871 Franco-Prussian War - - - Prussia defeated

France in 3 months!!! Prussia forced France to give up

Alsace-Lorraine {border provinces rich in iron ore & coal}

& pay a large cash payment!! ***Germany was now

unified, but at the cost of making France a permanent

enemy! This is considered the beginning of the Second

Reich (empire / First Reich was that of Charlemagne, 768-

814 AD).

Bismarck’s excellent diplomatic skills held Germany

together despite multiple problems.

40

41

Moves to Create a Cohesive German Nation:

1. German gov’t consisted of an upper house, called the Bundesrat, whose

members were mostly Junkers (wealthy landowneers) who were

appointed by the King. Bundesrat could veto any moves of the Reishstag.

The lower house was called the Reichstag. Since its members were

elected by males over 25 years old, it placated the liberals {Realpolitik

manipulation}.

Government power was held mostly by the Chancellor (leader of the

majority party) and the Kaiser (King).

2. Compulsory military service.

3. 1872 Bismarck tried to end the Catholic threat to Prussia through the

policy of Kulturkampf {culture struggle} in which the Bundesrat passed

laws expelling the Jesuit order, forbade the clergy to criticize the gov’t,

and closed all Catholic schools.

4. 1878 Kulturkampf was repealed since it was strengthening Catholic

resistance to Bismarck. Bismarck also needed the support of the

Catholics against the growing power of the German Socialist Party.

42

Moves to Create a Cohesive German Nation:

{continued}

Liberals were the first to take a stand against Bismarck’s dictatorial

government! They wanted a more democratic type of gov’t - -

Constitutional Monarchy. ** Economic prosperity {industrialization}

silenced their criticisms! Bismarck implemented social welfare programs

to gain support of the Leftists.

5. 1888 Wilhelm II {29-year-old son of Kaiser Wilhelm I} became Kaiser.

Young Kaiser Wilhelm II was jealous of old man Bismarck and his power.

** In 1890, Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismarck to resign. Wilhelm then

began a policy known as Weltpolitik {world power}. This policy was to

make Germany a world power by building its commercial, colonial, and

military power.

Kaiser Wilhelm II began competing for colonies in Asia, Africa, and the

Pacific.

*** Kaiser Wilhelm II implemented a policy of militarism in which he

began to increase the size of the German army and *** started to build a

NAVY!! This started an arms race with Britain!!

43

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Weltpolitik

44

45

Nationalism in

Eastern

Europe

46

Austrian Empire in the Mid 1800s

47

Magyar Nationalist,

Louis Kossuth

Austrian Emperor

Ferdinand I

Foreign Minister Metternich

Flees Vienna in 1848 (to

England)

48

Linguistic Groups in the Austrian

Empire

1st Pan-Slavic Congress, Prague (1848)

49

Slavic Languages in Europe

Pan-Slavism in Eastern Europe was a difficult political issue because the

Slavic population was spread out across many different nations.

50

1867 Ausgleich creates a Dual Monarchy

Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph

& King of Hungary (1867)

51The Height of Ottoman Power was Achieved in the 1500s

52

The Ottoman Empire, “The Sick Old Man of Europe”

A) In the late 1800s, the Ottoman Empire was collapsing due to nationalist

movements. Thus it was known as “The Sick Old Man of Europe.”

In 1830, Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro won autonomy {not fully

independent until the Congress of Berlin in 1878}.

In 1850, Egypt & Arabia gained autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.

In 1859 Romania gained autonomy.

B) There was intense Imperialist competition for control of the collapsing

Balkan region.

1) Britain & France supported the falling Ottoman Empire as a buffer to

Russian expansion in the Mediterranean.

a) Britain wanted to protect the Suez Canal (1869) as a gateway to its

main colony – India.

b) France was worried about competition for African colonies

53Ottoman Empire 1807 - 1924

54

The Ottoman Empire, “The Sick Old Man of Europe”

2) 1875 – 1877 Russo-Turkish War - - Bosnia & Herzegovina (Balkans)

revolted against Ottoman rule. Bosnia & Herzegovina wanted to create

a united, independent Slavic state instead of being a minority within the

Ottoman Empire. Serbia & Montenegro helped Bosnia-Herzegovina

because they had Slavic people too. When the revolt spread to

Bulgaria, Russia joined in on the Slavic side since there were also many

Slavic people in Russia. *** Russia did this in order to gain land along

the Bosporus & Dardanelles Straits so she could control trade and

military access from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Russia’s

moves were an example of “Realpolitik.”

a) 1878 Treaty of San Stefano - - the Ottomans lost the war with Russia.

The Russians were granted control of Bulgaria as a reward. This

treaty led to the 1878 Congress of Berlin since other European

nations DID NOT want Russia to have control of the Bosporus &

Dardanelles Straits.

b) Austria-Hungary became very scared of the growing momentum of

the Pan-Slavic Movement (all Slavic people united in one state under

Russian leadership)

55

56NATIONALISM - -

SERBIA

Eastern Question?

Sick Old Man of

Europe?

57

Land Gained by Russia in the Treaty of San Stefano, 1878

{Bulgaria}

58

The Ottoman Empire, “The Sick Old Man of Europe”

3) 1878 Congress of Berlin - - (international conference to deal with the

problems created by the collapsing Ottoman Empire and Russia’s

aggressive moves)

a) Removed Bulgaria from Russian control and made it independent.

b) Gave independence to Serbia, Montenegro, & Romania.

c) Austria-Hungary was given the right to rule Bosnia-Herzegovina as

a MANDATE

d) France was allowed expansion into Tunisia (Africa – from her

original colony of Algeria)

e) *** The Key Problem = Serbia & Montenegro bitterly resented

Austro- Hungarian (dominantly German and Hungarian cultures)

rule over Bosnia-Herzegovina (mainly Slavic culture)!!!

C) Late 1800s - - the decline of Old European Powers (like the Austrian and

Ottoman Empires) and the rise of New European Powers (like

Germany) caused many problems!!!

59

60

61

Imperial Holdings to 1880

62

European Colonies in Africa, 1914

63

1878 Congress of Berlin

removed Bulgaria from

Russia & made it

independent!

64

Early Russian

Nationalism

65

66

Tsar Alexander II of Russia

{ruled 1855-1881}

1861 Emancipation Edict

Mirs

Kulaks

Zemstvos

Tsar Alexander’s reforms

encouraged revolutionary activity in

Russia!

67

Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 by a bomb thrown under his

carriage as it passed over a bridge. An organization called “The People’s

Will” claimed responsibility. People’s Will promoted further democratic

reforms.

68

Land and

Freedom

(1870s)

69

Alexander Herzen (anti-tsarist

revolutionary & publisher of

newspaper called “The Bell”)

“The People’s Will” radical revolutionary group

that fought autocracy by assassinating Tsar

Alexander II

70

Tsar Alexander III

(ruled 1881 – 1894)

Russification

Jewish Pogroms

Tsar Nicholas II

(ruled 1894 – 1917)

71

72

73

Sergei Witte (1849-1915) led Russia

into the Industrial Age {Finance

Minister to Tsar Alexander III}

74

On the right, Lenin and some of the founding members of The Russian Social

Democratic Party, formed in exile in Switzerland in 1898 due to the repressive political

policies of Tsar Nicholas II.

75

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) {1870 – 1924}

76

Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin {1866-1887}

Arrested & hanged in 1887 for participation in a PEOPLE’S WILL

Assassination plot against Tsar Alexander III

{Brother of V.I. Lenin}

77

Lenin’s mug shot when

arrested in 1895

Nadezhda Krupskaya –

Russian Socialist who

married Lenin in 1898

while the two were exiled

in Siberia

78

79

One of Stalin‘s Gulags

Siberian Gulags

80Europe in 1900

81

82

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin {incognito, travelling

on a train arranged by the German}

83

George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 – 1831)

Dialectical Theory

84

“What Is To Be Done?” 1902

85

Mensheviks

86

Two Tactics of Social

Democracy in the

Bourgeois-Democratic

Revolution, 1905

Lenin’s strategy of **Dual

Revolution

87

Sergei Witte (1849-1915) –

dismissed by Tsar Nicholas II in

1903.

88

89

90

Bloody Sunday, 1905

{at Tsar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg}

91

Father Georgi Gapon

92

Bloody Sunday, 1905

Tsar Nicholas II

93

P.A. Stolypin

{Finance Minister to

Tsar Nicholas II}

94

Tsar Nicholas II (1868 – 1918)

95

Tsar Nicholas II. of Russia (1868-1918) and his wife Tsarina

Alexandra (1872-1918) with their 5 children

96

97