national wildlife health center west nile virus what’s new in the wildlife arena? november 2003...
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus
What’s New in the Wildlife Arena?
November 2003
What’s New in the Wildlife Arena?
November 2003
National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Emi Kate SaitoEmi Kate Saito
(I’m the one on the far left –
INCDNCM 2003, AZ)
Background:
•Born/raised Pittsburgh PA
•BS, 1993: U. of WI – Madison•Zoology, Biological Aspects of Conservation
•VMD, 1997: U. of PA
•MSPH, 2001: Emory U.•Epidemiology
•WNV-related work:•Dekalb Co. Board of Health, Atlanta GA (2001)
•NWHC, Madison WI (since 2002)
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Famous last words in Emi’s life:
Famous last words in Emi’s life:
From a guidance counselor in high school:“Why don’t you become a veterinarian?
They work a nice M-F, 9-5 job.”Ha.
Upon graduating from college:“I want to be a field biologist. I’ll get my
veterinary degree so I can treat my subjects if they get sick/injured.”
=little sleep & little pay
Upon graduating from vet school:“My head hurts. I think my brain is full.”
From a guidance counselor in high school:“Why don’t you become a veterinarian?
They work a nice M-F, 9-5 job.”Ha.
Upon graduating from college:“I want to be a field biologist. I’ll get my
veterinary degree so I can treat my subjects if they get sick/injured.”
=little sleep & little pay
Upon graduating from vet school:“My head hurts. I think my brain is full.”
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Basic Virus ReviewBasic Virus Review
• Family: Flaviviridae
• Genus: Flavivirus Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex
• Complex includes:Japanese EncephalitisSt. Louis EncephalitisUsutu - Austria 2002, 2003
West Nile
• Family: Flaviviridae
• Genus: Flavivirus Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex
• Complex includes:Japanese EncephalitisSt. Louis EncephalitisUsutu - Austria 2002, 2003
West Nile
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
TransmissionTransmission
Virus
Virus
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Role of Wildlife in Maintenance
of WNV
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
Found DeadGeneral weakness, lethargyEmaciationSedentaryDifficulty maintaining balance, tremblingInability to walk, perch, stand, or flyDo not respond normally to danger
Found DeadGeneral weakness, lethargyEmaciationSedentaryDifficulty maintaining balance, tremblingInability to walk, perch, stand, or flyDo not respond normally to danger
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Dead bird mortality, 2003Dead bird mortality, 2003
As of 11/3/2003:approximately 13,000 dead birds found
positive44 states + DC
Although state of MD not testing birds, positive birds found from military installations in MD
ID, NV, OR, WA7 Canadian Provinces
Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
As of 11/3/2003:approximately 13,000 dead birds found
positive44 states + DC
Although state of MD not testing birds, positive birds found from military installations in MD
ID, NV, OR, WA7 Canadian Provinces
Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Also in the Western Hemisphere…
Also in the Western Hemisphere…
Resident/non-migratory birdsMexicoDominican RepublicJamaicaEl Salvador?
Resident/non-migratory birdsMexicoDominican RepublicJamaicaEl Salvador?
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
# Species Affected# Species Affected
at least 171 dead avian speciesanother 35 antibody-positive
23 mammals (including equids)another 6 antibody-positiveprairie dogs? unconfirmed
1 reptileanother antibody-positive
at least 171 dead avian speciesanother 35 antibody-positive
23 mammals (including equids)another 6 antibody-positiveprairie dogs? unconfirmed
1 reptileanother antibody-positive
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
2003 WNV-Related Wildlife Mortality Events
2003 WNV-Related Wildlife Mortality Events
American White PelicansRaptorsBlack VulturesSquirrels
Captive/Farmed:Alligators
American White PelicansRaptorsBlack VulturesSquirrels
Captive/Farmed:Alligators
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Other Wildlife MortalityOther Wildlife Mortality
Cotton-tail rabbits -- WYCrows- WA
Cotton-tail rabbits -- WYCrows- WA
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Testing MethodsTesting Methods
SpecimensOrgansOropharyngeal/cloacal swabsImmature feathers (blood quills)
TestsVirus Isolation RT-PCRVecTest
SpecimensOrgansOropharyngeal/cloacal swabsImmature feathers (blood quills)
TestsVirus Isolation RT-PCRVecTest
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Utility of Continuing Dead Bird Testing and ReportingUtility of Continuing Dead Bird Testing and Reporting
Dead (positive) birds continue to serve as early indicator of human risk of infection
Arboviral panel/Diagnostic evaluation of dead wildlife can lead to discovery of other agents of concern
Dead bird reporting (or lack of) may indicate higher risk areas, as well as indicate areas where need to target more education campaigns
Further understanding of epidemiology and ecology of virus in North America
Dead (positive) birds continue to serve as early indicator of human risk of infection
Arboviral panel/Diagnostic evaluation of dead wildlife can lead to discovery of other agents of concern
Dead bird reporting (or lack of) may indicate higher risk areas, as well as indicate areas where need to target more education campaigns
Further understanding of epidemiology and ecology of virus in North America
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Why to stop testing…Why to stop testing…
Cost of shipping, testing, staff to collect
Inconvenience – lots of phone calls, particularly after the 1st positive
If it’s known to be in the area, could solely focus on mosquito testing…VecTest useful – designed for mosquito
testing, cheaper, considered to have acceptable sensitivity/specificity for surveillance purposes
Cost of shipping, testing, staff to collect
Inconvenience – lots of phone calls, particularly after the 1st positive
If it’s known to be in the area, could solely focus on mosquito testing…VecTest useful – designed for mosquito
testing, cheaper, considered to have acceptable sensitivity/specificity for surveillance purposes
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Research Update…Research Update…
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Some studies to mention:Some studies to mention:
Crows in ILCrows in OKBlue Jays in OHHerpsBird CountsBird vaccination studies
Crows in ILCrows in OKBlue Jays in OHHerpsBird CountsBird vaccination studies
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National Wildlife Health CenterNational Wildlife Health Center
Thank you for your attention!
Thank you for your attention!
Any questions?
Any questions?
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