national seminar on construction industry – … · 2019-04-03 · key words: total station, gis,...

NATIONAL SEMINAR ON CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY – INSPIRING THROUGH PRACTICE

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INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING AND MAPPING FOR LAND SURVEYORS USING TOTAL STATION, LISCAD AND ARCGIS FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT WORKS

Indra Bahadur Chhetri and Sanjit Kr. Bhattarai, Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Jigme Namgyel Engineering College.

Abstract

Survey is the fundamental study for all construction projects. With the advent of time, there has been great development and enhancement in the surveying techniques. From the vintage chain surveying to satellite surveying, the modern engineering projects and construction has reached a new modern era of engineering. This !"#$%&'()'"!"%*!(*+"(+$!*,'$-&.(&/0"%*(,1(!2'0"3$%4( $%(5+2*&%(&%/(/$6"'"%*(&)).$"/(surveying techniques required for the design of projects and construction setting ,2*!7((82'*+"'#,'"($*("9).&$%!(&%($%*"4'&*"/(&))',&-+(,1(:"./(!2'0"3(;$*+(&)).$-&*$,%(tools of total station and surveying software such as LISCAD, AutoCAD and ArcGIS. The report also showcases the execution of six weeks Survey Camp on “Topographic Survey of Sherubtse College Campus”, which was driven by the motive to apply -.&!!',,#( ."&'%$%4( *,( '"&.( :"./( )',<"-*!7( =,),4'&)+$-( !2'0"3( $!( $%/""/( *,( "!*&>.$!+(accurate ground control points which were very essential for the new constructional development within the campus. Thus, this seminar report showcases a method to enhance and inspire classroom learning through providing the scholars with time >,2%/(:"./(>&!"/()',<"-*!(*+&*(*'$&.!(*+"(*+",'"*$-&.(?%,;."/4"(*,(&)).$"/('"&.(;,'./(projects.

Key words: Total Station, GIS, Setting out of buildings, Topographic Survey, Surveying Tools, Classroom Learning

Introduction

Surveying is the branch of engineering that deals with the art and science of determining the relative positions of distinctive features on or beneath the surface of the earth, by measurements of distances, directions and elevations (R.Agor, 2008). The application of surveying requires the knowledge of mathematics, physics, and !"#$"%&#&'!&(!)#*$!+"("%,-#.!#/"%&$#0+$!#1&2"+&#*(3#34+5(6#*77#8(65(&&+5(6#9"+:$#such as designing and construction of highways, water supply systems, irrigation projects and buildings.

In the absence of the survey maps, it is becomes redundant to layout the alignments of road, canals tunnels, transmission power line and microwave or television


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relaying towers and so on. Detailed map of the sites of engineering projects are necessary for the precision establishment of sophisticated instruments. Surveying 5$#!;&#0+$!#$!&<#2"+#!;&#&'&/4!5"(#"2#*(,#<+"=&/!-#>$#!;&#$4//&$$#"2#*(,#&(65(&&+5(6#is based upon the accurate and complete survey work, an engineer must therefore 1&#!;"+"46;7,#2*%575*+#95!;#!;&#<+5(/5<7&#*(3#35?&+&(!#%&!;"3$#"2#$4+@&,5(6#*(3#mapping.

For the purpose of water supply-sanitary system, irrigation system, highway designing, the relative altitudes are required, which is ascertained by the process of leveling. The details of the enclosed area and the ground nature can also be portrayed in the combined form of a topographic map. Not only this, the whole land /*(#1&#$4+@&,&3#*$#35?&+&(!#*+&*$#*(3#/*(#1&#<7"!!&3#5(!"#*#$5(67&#%*<-#

Advent of Modern Surveying Techniques in Bhutan

“Some form of practice of land estimation did exist as far back as Bhutanese history ventures, which was accepted as the basis for taxation by the land users and the local chieftains” (Measuring towards perfection (MTP), 2008). There has never been any %*="+#/"(A5/!#"@&+#7*(3#5(#B;4!*(-#C;5$#%*,#1&#34&#!"#!;&#*@*57*1575!,#"2#*14(3*(!#land vis-à-vis small population size or attributed to a well-accepted customary land tenure system.

Land use by way of shifting cultivation, pastoral-nomadic practice and long term occupation through mass forest clearing were common practice in all regions. Such practices occurred unabated. Customary unwritten rules prevailed over land use, resources sharing, land boundaries and even the movement of men and livestock from place to place.

8?"+!$# !"# $,$!&%*!5/*77,# +&/"+3# 7*(3# ;"735(6$# 5(# B;4!*(# 9&+&# %*3&# "(7,# *2!&+#!;&# DE!;# /&(!4+,F# 0+$!# 5(# !;&# 9&$!&+(# +&65"(# *(3# 6+*34*77,# 5(# +&$!# "2# !;&# /"4(!+,#(Empowering Land Governance through Sustainable Geo-Information Management, National Land Commission (NLC), August 2012). During the last century the purpose of land recording, unit of measurement, contents of the Sa-Thram, land policy and !;&#+&7*!5"($;5<#1&!9&&(#7*(3#*(3#7*(3"9(&+$#;*@&#/;*(6&3#$56(50/*(!7,-

The system of recording landholdings in Bhutan can be traced back to a time when 7*(3#"?&+&3#!"#!;&#+&7565"4$#/"%%4(5!5&$#1,#7*,#<&"<7&#*$#G"&#="##9&+&#+&/"+3&3#2"+#collection of annual Tho jo from the share croppers.

C;&#H*+!;*%#I;&%#5$#!;"46;!#!"#1&#!;&#&*+75&$!#/"%<+&;&($5@&#"J/5*7#+&/"+3#"2#landholding in Bhutan. The Martham Chem was compiled in 1919 during the reign of


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the First King and was revised in 1936 during the reign of the Second King (Measuring Towards Perfection, 2008).

Figure 1: A page of Marthram Chem (Measuring Towards Perfection, 2008)

!" Chain Survey

C;&#/;*5(#$4+@&,$#5(#B;4!*(#$!*+!&3#*$#&*+7,#*$#DKLM$#5(#35?&+&(!#<*+!$#"2#!;&#/"4(!+,#but the results could never be compiled and put to any practical use. Several Sa-Thram compilations were made. The most notable one is Ashi Tashi Thram of Trashigang Dzongkhag.

C;&#0+$!#/*3*$!+*7#$4+@&,#"(#*#(*!5"(953&#$/*7&#9*$#/*++5&3#"4!#34+5(6#!;&#<&+5"3#1965s to 1968 (Dasho Sangay Rinzin). One objective of chain survey was to /"(@&+!#!;&#4(5!#"2#7*(3#%&*$4+&%&(!#2+"%#NO"&(3+&P#*(3#NQ*(63"P#!"#*/+&$-#C;&#main outcome of the chain survey was the compilation of Acre Zindre Thram and indexing the Thram numbers in a proper format. The survey of all landholdings in the /"4(!+,#4$5(6#*#RR#2&&!#S4(!&+P$#/;*5(#95!;5(#*#<&+5"3#"2#2"4+#!"#0@&#,&*+$#*<<&*+$#to be a herculean task. The verbal accounts of some eyewitnesses suggest that all land parcels were not actually surveyed. It appears that the area estimation or “Migtshe” and mathematical conversion of 3 Langdos of Kamzhing and 4 Langdos of Chhuzhing to one acre were practiced extensively.

8$42'"(@A(!&%/(+,./$%4(B2&%*$:"/(>3(4'&$%!()',/2-"/(CD$-*2'"(-,2'*"!3A("!EF


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Figure 3: Langdo System in Bhutan (Picture courtesy: NLC)

Figure 4: Chain Surveying (Source: Measuring Towards Perfection, 2008)

!" Plane Table Surveying

In June 1980, during the 52nd Session of the National Assembly the people’s +&<+&$&(!*!5@&$# N<"5(!&3# "4!# !;*!# !;"46;# !;&# */+&*6&# "2# 7*(3T;"735(6$# 5$# $;"9(#less in the land-deeds, the actual acreage of such holdings is large. Therefore, it was proposed that the Government should conduct a resurvey of landholding in the country,’ (52nd National Assembly Session, 1980). In Bhutan, the cadastral resurvey by plane tabling (PT) method started in 1979 and ended in 1997, after 18 long years UVQI)#WMDWX-C;&#%"$!#$56(50/*(!#1+&*:!;+"46;#"2#!;&#YC#$4+@&,#9*$#!;&#*3"<!5"(#of mapping reference system by using survey control points, extended from the Geodetic Trigonometric Survey (GTS) stations.


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Figure 5: Plane Table Surveying in Bhutan, (Picture courtesy: NLC)

The PT survey gave birth to another round of survey- the New Sathram Compilation (NSC), which started from Paro in 1985. The NSC continued from Samtse in 1990 and completed only in 2005 from Zhemgang, after 17 long years (Empowering Land Governance through Sustainable Geo-Information Management, NLC, August 2012). During NSC if the area of PT survey was equivalent to the area of Acre Zindre Thram !;&#0&73#@&+50/*!5"(#9*$#("!#(&/&$$*+,-#Z"9&@&+)#52#!;&+&#9*$#$56(50/*(!#35?&+&(/&#in the areas the boundaries were resurveyed.

!" Total Station Survey

C"!*7#$!*!5"($#9&+&#0+$!#3&@&7"<&3#5(#!;&#,&*+#DK[M$#1,#Z&97&!!TY*/:*+3#UB+5(:&+#*(3#Minnick 1995). These instruments sensed horizontal and vertical angles electronically instead of optically, and combined them with an EDM slope distance to output the X-Y-Z coordinates of a point relative to the instrument’s X-Y-Z coordinates. An EDM device is added to the theodolite and allows for the simultaneous measurements of the angle and the distance. With the addition of a data collector, the total station interfaces directly with onboard microprocessors, external PCs, and software. The ability to perform all measurements and to record the data with a single device has revolutionized surveying.

In general, there are three types of total station operating methods:

!"#$%$&'()*#C"!*7#$!*!5"(#+&\45+&$#*#$"753#+&A&/!"+#"+#+&!+"#+&A&/!"+#$56(*7#+&!4+(#from the remote point to resolve digital angles and distances. Prisms are attached !"#*#<"7&#<"$5!5"(&3#"@&+#*# 2&*!4+&-#]&\45+&$# !9"T%*(#0&73#/+&9!"<&+*!"+#*(3#rodman.

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8$42'"(GA(D.&%"(=&>."(H2'0"3I(:'!*(E&/&!*'&.(Mapping in Bhutan, 1979-1997,(Picture courtesy: NLC)


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!" #$%$&'()" ,$--. The total station will resolve (and coordinate) signal returns "?#(*!4+*7#2&*!4+&$-#_5$!*(/&$#%*,#1&#2*+#%"+&#75%5!&3#!;*(#!;"$&#"1!*5(&3#2+"%#+&A&/!"+$"!,<5/*77,#7&$$#!;*(#D)MMM2!-##>77"9$#2"+#%"+&#&/"("%5/*7#"(&T%*(#0&73#crew operations.

!" Robotic: Total station self-tracks single operator/rodman at remote shot or stakeout points. One-man crew operation, with operator normally based at remote rod point.

The National Land Commission was institutionalized in 2007. The same year, His Majesty the King Commanded the National Land Commission to carry out nationwide cadastral resurvey. As per the Command the National Cadastral Resurvey Programme (NCRP) was started from Lhuentse Dzongkhag on 5th June, 2008

C;&#0+$!#I*3*$!+*7#$4+@&,#5(#B;4!*(#9*$#/*++5&3#"4!#4$5(6#Q&5/*#C"!*7#O!*!5"($#CI]#803 or of later model.

Figure 7: Capacity building Training, NCRP, June 2008, (Picture courtesy: NLC)

Topographic Survey Camp

`56%&# V*%6,&7# 8(65(&&+5(6# I"77&6&# "?&+$# *# _5<7"%*# /"4+$&# "(# O4+@&,5(6#Y+"6+*%% 5/;#&(!5!7&$#!;&#6+*34*!&$#!"#4(3&+6"#$5'#9&&:$#"2#+&*7#0&73#$4+@&,#tasks. Till date two batch of surveying graduates have conducted survey camp in @*+5"4$# $&/!5"($# "2# /"($!+4/!5"(# $&+@5/&$# *(3# *7$"# !"# /"77&6&$-# O56(50/*(!7,)# !;&,#have conducted complete survey of JNEC and Sherubtse College. The motive of the survey was based on the following reasons:


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1. New constructional activities required the computation of area, suitable maps for planning and thus to establish the Survey Control Points the survey work was very essential

2. It provides an opportunity to graduates to apply the classroom studies in the +&*7#0&73#*(3#6*5(#!;&#&'<&+5&(/&#"2#<+"=&/!#$4+@&,5(6

Relevancy to Construction work

Topographic survey involves the programme called “Survey” and “Stake-Out” 9;5/;# 5$# ;&7<247# 5(# 3&0(5(6# !;&# 6+"4(3# /"(35!5"($# "(# *# /"%<4!*!5"(*7# 2"+%*!# "2#maps and then to set out the designed plans consecutively.

Survey Procedures and Standards

Appropriate instrumentation and procedures shall be selected to obtain precision requirements necessary to meet or exceed the accuracy standards. Total station $;*77#1&#/"($53&+&3#*<<+"<+5*!&#2"+#<&+2"+%5(6#!;&#$4+@&,-#O4J/5&(!#/"(!+"7#$;*77#be distributed throughout the survey to allow horizontal and vertical positioning to be checked for compliance with stated accuracy standards.

It entails typical planimetric and topographic work over a 73.3 acre ± site, with extensive above ground and also underground utility detailing. The project was controlled relative to existing installation control established by National Land Commission Secretariat (NLCS). The DRUKREF 03 / Bhutan National Grid (Transverse Mercator) is a projected CRS (last revised on October 26, 2010) used for the project. The target/drawing scale was 1:500. Ground spot elevations were shot at a minimum "2#a#%#$<*/5(6#*(3#!;&#0(*7#3+*95(6$#9&+&#3&75@&+&3#5(#%&!+5/#2"+%*!#95!;#*#M-a#%#contour interval.

Stake Out

O!*:&# "4!# 5$# *# <+"/&34+*7# $&!$# !"# 3&0(&# !;&# <+&3&0(&3# /""+35(*!&$# b8*$!5(6)#Northing, Elevation] on the ground. This is essential for establishing the desired or designed plans on the ground for constructional commencement. For the topographic survey project, stake out was done in order to locate the Ground Control Point (GCP) on the ground. Since we had the list of control points with their coordinates (from NLC), we located all the control points on the map. However, we could not exactly locate those points on the real ground. Therefore, we did stake out to locate control point 0006367 (known coordinate). We set up instrument over 0006361 to carry stake out survey. We oriented the instrument


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by manual angle setting. By entering the ENH of 0006367 provided by NLC, we did stake out. We found CP 0006367 and it was within the range of about 1 meter from the stake out point.

Figure 8: Ground Control Point (0006367)

Traversing

For the detail survey to be carried out, we usually need two known points for orientation of the instrument. However, there was only one control point established by NLC within the campus. So there was a need of establishing control points in the campus. We found out three control points, one within the campus and another two outside the campus. We then ran the closed traverse using those three known points thereby establishing the several control points in the campus for the purpose of detail survey. We set the instrument over the GCP 0006361 and oriented with respect to GCP 0006367. Those two GCPs were established by NLCs. Then we ran the traverse across the campus and closed it at GCP 0006360. The !+*@&+$&#+"4!&#*(3#!;&#$!*!5"($#*+&#$;"9(#5(#!;&#064+&#1&7"9-

Commencement of Survey

We started the detail survey after the completion of establishing control points in the campus. We used the traverse stations as the control points for detail survey. We tried to pick all the man-made features as well as the natural features.


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Table 1: Ground Control Points and its Location

DISC-NO STATION DESCRIPTION

6358 .$#7"/*!&3#*!#:*(674(6#4<<&+#%*+:&!#*1"4!#aM%#*1"@&#I;*3"+N$#$;"<#*(3#below Drimpon Rinchen’s house.

6360 Is located at Rigangnay about 15m above Tandin Zangmo’s house.

6361Located at a place called Tshangkhar on the ridge about 25m below the double electric pole and is about 180m NE of College main gate and about 100m east of college campus.

6367 Is located at Bumpazor about 250m North of Mani dun-jur and 120m East of Stupa.

Disc No. Easting Northing Height Old Plot No.6358 227170.7343 518760.4460 1939.2464 HDKcWWd._CdLWa6359 227313.7163 519070.5773 1889.3782 6360 227344.2723 519474.4830 1847.1810 HDKcWWdC]>eYCdCBTK6361 227781.0214 519821.6993 1821.3784 HDKcWWdC]>eYCdf6367 227912.4596 520211.1377 1733.5273 HDKcWDd._CdLWDc>6368 227786.1615 520296.5805 1724.9017 HDKcDRdIZg]CdDD

Editing of Data in LISCAD

>2!&+# /"%<7&!5(6# 3*57,# 0&73# 9"+:# 9&# ;*@&# !"# 3"9(7"*3# 3*!*# 2+"%# !"!*7# $!*!5"(#using drive or using USB cable in case of Leica TS06. This downloaded data is just raw data. Therefore, we have to edit the data using LISCAD software to make it readable.

C*$:T#h5&73# C+*($2&+T#.(<4!T#_*!*# +&/"+3&+i#]&$"7@&T#I+&*!&# 0&73# 07&T#]&34/&#0&73#07&

Preparing Map in ArcGIS 10.2.2

>+/S.O# 5$#*#%*<#%*:5(6#$"2!9*+&#!;*!# 5$#@&+,#4$&247# 5(#*#@*+5&!,#"2#0&73$#$4/;#*$#4+1*(#<7*((5(6#*(3#/5@57#&(65(&&+5(6-#C;&$&#0&73$#4$&#>+/S.O#2"+#@*+5"4$#<4+<"$&$#to communicate information. However, they all communicate their information through maps. Material needed:


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Figure 9: Details of Ground Control Points (GCPs)

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Survey Documentation and Map Production

Conclusion

In this report, the importance of a standardized report format and some important engineering concepts used for all major survey projects; especially those for planned designed and construction has been explained. A project report submitted in a consistent format provides essential background information to the design engineer. Generally, a project report is prepared for every major surveying project; in particular, those projects involving new work. This report covers map of survey prepared utilizing the latest approved version of: LisCAD Version 11.2 and ArcGIS 10.2 during the course of survey camp at Sherubtse College Campus which was primarily focused to bridge the gap between the classroom learning and the engineering profession. The following maps are prepared.

1. Boundary map2. Utility Map3. Road Network Map4. Topographic Map

Figure 10: Overview of Survey Data Flow


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Indra Bahadur Chhetri is an Associate Lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying at Jigme Namgyel Engineering College, Dewwathang. He has bachelors in Civil Engineering from College of Science and Technology, Phuentsholing.

Sanjit Kumar Bhattarai is also an Associate Lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying at Jigme Namgyel Engineering College, Dewwathang. He has bachelors in Civil Engineering from College of Science and Technology, Phuentsholing.

national seminar on construction industry – … · 2019-04-03 · key words: total station, gis,...

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