national report thailand

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Municipal Solid WasteManagement in Thailand



Total Population in Thailand is61,661,701

Population Growth Rate is 0.35

GDP 4.688 Billion Baht

GNP 4.560 Billion Baht

Solid Waste Generation is

38,170 ton/day

Situation in Thailand in 2000



Significance of MSW Management

73,77148,359GNP per capita(baht)

37,87929,135Wastegeneration

(ton/day)

4,688,0002,827,158GDP (millionbaht)

0.321.20Population

Growth Rate

61,661,70157,788,965Total Population19991992

year



Current problems of solid waste

management in Thailand

Lack of law and regulation to cover entire system of solid wastemanagement

Existing laws do not include effective municipal solid wastemanagement to be implemented.

Lack of clear measures to promote waste reduction and publicparticipation.

The infectious waste from hospitals is not properly controlled.

Lack of clear measures to promote separation of householdhazardous waste from conventional household waste.



Recent trend of changes

The Environmental Act was revised and enacted in September 1992

Change in the role of Environmental management

A National MSW management plan was developed

for the entire country in 1997

Application of inappropriate technologies such as the open dumping

Many significant environmental problems

Solid waste management has improved from 1992 to 1999



Comparison of Waste generation & Waste disposal

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Year

W a s t e ( t o n / d a y

)

Waste disposal

Waste generation



BMA 9,130 ton/day

Municipalities

&Pattaya 11,785 ton/day

Outside of municipality

&sanitary district 17,255 ton/day

Total 38,170 ton/day

Solid Waste Generation in 2000



Solid Waste Composition - Thailand



Waste separation

•Waste separation is key mechanism for thereduction of waste quantity

•Setting up laws and regulations for separating

wastes, as wet and dry wastes, before disposal.

•Provide rubbish bins or containers according to

the types of wastes

•Limit contamination to the lowest levelso that the wastes can be utilizeddownstream.



Waste collection and transport



Total Solid Waste

9,120 ton/day

On-Nut Solid Waste

Management Plant

4,690 ton/day

Nong-kham Solid Waste Management

PlantSanitary Landfill (by Private

Contractor) 2,290 ton/day

Sanitary Landfill

(by Privat

Contractor)3,640 ton/day

Compost Plant

1,050 ton/day

Tae-Rang Transferring Station

Sanitary Landfill (by Private

Contractor) 2,140 ton/day

Quantities of Collected Wastes inBangkok (1997)



Collection truck with

Compactor


Side loading Truck




Small truck withcompactor

Large truck withcompactors




Side –loaded truck

Container hauling truck



Transfer station in

Bangkok

Waste Transportationfrom Bangkok

to disposal site



Disposal of Solid Wastes

Landfill

20%

Open dump&

incineration

1%

Sanitary

landfill

7%

Open dump

72%



Disposal of Solid Wastes

Open Dumping

Sanitary Landfill



Waste composting

Waste separation

Composting drum



Waste composting

Composting

Screening

CompostingMaturation Building



Resource Recovery, Recycle and Reuse

40-60% of solid wastegenerated can be recycledand reused.

The 3 major recycledwaste materials are

Paper 57% Glass 19%

Plastic 15%

The recycling rate hasincreased approximately9% per year



Community participation

The waste buying marketat municipality of

Phitsanulok

Opposition of waste disposalat Chiangmai left thegarbage uncollected



Case Study of Small Communities

Participating in MSW Management

Project of Solid Wastes Exchange At Klong Toey community in Bangkok is the project of solid wastes exchanging with eggs

Solid Waste Bank P rojectThe Wad Klang community at Bangkapi district inBangkok has developed a solid waste bank project.

For an incinerator in the Hang Dong districtThe local people in Hang Dong district stronglyopposed the project

i



Waste scavenging

Recyclable wastes collectedat sources by the scavengeris estimated at 286tones/day

Amount of materialsrecovered by thescavengers varies between50-150 kg/person/day

paper 55%

Recyclable glass 1- 3%

Plastic 10-15%

Composition of recyclable materials



Informal sector involvement

A material buyingcentre from “saleng” groups in Phitsanulok .

An itinerant waste picker, or “saleng”, pedling her tricyclethrough Bangkok traffic in search

of garbage.



Participation of Woman

63-67% of total female in Thailand hasbeen employed during 1994-1998

There are 48 staff within the division of

which about 52% of total staffs is female, inthe Hazardous Substance and WasteManagement Division, PCD

It was found that 60% of woman are participatedIn waste scavenging at Phitsanulok municipality



Climatically and Seasonal Influences

They were little effect on moisture content

of whole waste. The average moisturecontent of solid waste was reported at about50-60%

It was found that composition of wastes insummer (March-April) was not muchdifferent from rainy season.



Central government organizations

related to the solid waste management

Prime minister

Ministry of Industry

Ministry of ScienceTechnology and Environment Ministry of Public Health

Office of EnvironmentalPolicy and Planning

Ministry of Interior

Departmentof Industrial Works

Industrial Authorityof Thailand

ProvincialEnvironmental

Office

Pollution ControlDepartment

Department of HealthDepartment of

Local AdministrationDepartment ofPublic Works

The ProvincalAdministrativeOrganization

MunicipalityThe Sanitary

District

Sub-districtAdministrative

Organization

National

Environment Board



Institutional Deficiencies and Weakness

unclear demarcation among the

responsible central agencies andcomplicated relationship between localmunicipalities and central agencies

incapability of local municipalitiesproject implementation (both technically

and financially).



Resources and Skills

Organization management of solid waste landfilling in Nonthaburi municipality

Technical Depar tment

Driver

Non permanent staff

Technicians in solid

waste landfilling

Head of Survey and

Design Divison

Survey and

Design Divison

Construction and

Maintence Division

Mechanical

Division

R d kill i i lid



Resources and skill requirement in solid

waste management in local municipality.

- Drive solid waste trucksDrivers

- Cleansing landfill area, gardening etc.Worker

- Estimate the operating cost, income, fees and purchase Accountant/computer

specialist (Certificatelevel)

- Monitoring quality of water/wastewater, leachate andrunoff of landfill- Air quality

Analyticalchemist/environmentalscientist (Certificate level)

- Control whole electrical related works ๆ Electrical Technician(Certificate level)

-Control solid waste treatment system and disposal site-Control wastewater treatment plant

Environmental Engineer(Bachelor degree)

DutiesPosition



Efficiency of SWM Staff and Equipments

377377DPC of BMA

5692,659DOH

4803,201PWD100606IEAT

151700DIW

91324DEQP

84559PCD

65591OEPP

Staffs for Solid WasteManagementNumber of StaffsOrganization



Health aspect

5100Southern Region2900Northeastern Region

1800Northern Region

3400Central Region (Excl. BKK)5100Bangkok Metropolis

3000Non-Municipal Area

4700Municipal Area

3300Total

Whole Kingdom

Households received impactfrom solid waste pollutionLocations

Household pollution impact more than one way possible andenvironmental information by region in 1998.

Legal Aspects



Environmental FundThe Fund provides grants to governmental agencies andlow-interest loans to the private sectors who are engagedin the activities related to the improvement of theenvironment.

Legal Aspects

The Environmental Act was revised and enacted in September 1992

Reconstruction of the Office of the National Environment Board•the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP)•Pollution Control Department (PCD)

•the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP



Economics and Financial Aspects

The budget for MSW management in Thailand comes from two parts:

•national expenditure basically for facility construction

•service fees for running cost.

In the BM, the collection fee per household is 40 baht (A$ 2) permonth compared to 150 baht (A$ 8) of the actual cost.




•A willingness of the central and local government sectors to employthe private sector

•A desire to improve standards of operation

•The capability and willingness of the private sector to participate

•A proper legal framework

•The need to inject funds into SWM infrastructure and the relativeabilities and costs associated with government and the private sector

meeting this need

Public P rivate Partnership

Private sector involvement (“privatization”) in the development of public

infrastructure and in the provision of public services has been proven to behighly effective.

To ensure privatization’s success, the following criteria must be addressed:




Cost Recovery

•Low customer Fee Levels

•Low Collections Performance •Relatively High Cost Strcture

The low levels of cost recovery in the SWM sector can beattributed to three major factors as follows:

I d t f d t t



Income and payment of department

of public cleansing, BMA.

0

200 , 000 , 000

400 , 000 , 000

600 , 000 , 000

800 , 000 , 000

1,000 , 000 , 000

1,200 , 000 , 000

1,400 , 000 , 000

1,600 , 000 , 000 1,800

, 000 , 000

2,000 , 000 , 000

1986 1988 1989 1991 1993 1996 1997 2000 2001

Baht

PaymentIncome




Resources Utilization

1.20-1.40Cardboard

0.80-1.10Waste paper

1.30-1.80Newspaper

3.20-3.30Writing paper

39.70-49.70Copper

14.70-17.70 Aluminum

1.50-1.60Iron0.10-0.20Beer bottles (brown)

0.70-0.80Mekhong bottles (white)

0.20-0.30Broken bottles3.20-3.30Plastic bottles

Selling price (baht kg-1)Materials



Encourage waste separation and recycling program atsources such as at homes, businesses, institutions andfactories by employing segregation strategy thatmatched to the appropriate and effective waste

collection and disposal practices.

Recommendations-Technical Aspects

Encourage the private sector to provide services in solid wasteand night soil collection, transportation, and disposal

As a waste collection planning criterion guideline for each

community; Procurement of collection bins at 1150 liters for350 residents, and a demand 10 cubic meter collection truck for every 5,000 residents.

Rehabilitate the existing unsanitary disposal sites. ( PCD)

Establish waste disposal centers for adjacent communities toshare common disposal facilities, and adopt the integratedMSW management approach.



Specify organization and responsibility of thegovernment and private sector for efficient solid wasteand night soil control, monitoring, and management

Recommendations Institutional

Aspects and Capacity Building



Recommendations-Legal Aspects

Establish laws, regulations, orders, and standards that createmechanisms for returning used products and packaging for

recycling, and reduction of solid waste

Amend laws, regulations, and order relating to solid wasteand night soil management fees, and fees for reduction andrecycling of solid waste.

Establish solid waste disposal site pollution control standard



Recommendations


Provide funding incentive, technical assistance and various-facility to private investors on MSW management business ornon-government organizations involved in solving solid waste

management problem.

Apply the “Polluter Pay Principle” for both the public andgovernment organizations



Recommendations-Health Aspects

•Disposal method should be mostly sanitary landfill.

•Disposal site should not be located in public area.

•People didn’t want disposal site in neighborhood (NIMBY syndrome).



Recommendations-Public Awareness

Initiate education and training program in fosteringtechnical and administrative capabilities to concernedlocal government and private personnel in the area of MSW management.

Public relation in waste reduction campaign by wasteseparation and recyclable waste through educationinstitutes. However the budget should be supported bygovernment.

Promote public education program, correct attitude and socialvalues reinforcement in keeping public cleanliness and properMSW management for all children and citizens in the society.

Recommendation for Integrated



Recommendation for Integrated

Solid Waste Management

•

Jurisdictions work together, so that all levels of government and the private sector all have the same

goals and policies for waste management.

The functional aspects like source reduction, separation,collection, distribution, and disposal all function well together

Waste management activities are coordinated across space

and time

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