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TRANSCRIPT
NATIONAL FAMILY HEALTH SURVEY (NFHS-3)
INDIA
2005-06
ASSAM
November 2008
Suggested citation: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2008. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06: Assam. Mumbai: IIPS.
For additional information about the 2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), please contact:
International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai - 400 088 Telephone: 022-2556-4883, 022-2558-3778 Fax: 022-2558-3778 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]: http://www.nfhsindia.org
For related information, visit http://www.iipsindia.org or http://www.mohfw.nic.in
CONTRIBUTORS
H. Lhungdim Sunita Kishor
B. Amenla Nuken
CONTENTS
Page
KEY FINDINGS ..........................................................................................................................1
TABLES
Table 1 Results of the household and individual interviews .............................................. 29 Table 2 Household population by age, education, sex, and residence .............................. 30 Table 3 Housing characteristics ............................................................................................... 31 Table 4 Household possessions, ownership of agricultural land, and wealth index ......................................................................................................... 33 Table 5 Religion and caste/tribe by wealth index ................................................................. 34 Table 6 School attendance ....................................................................................................... .34 Table 7 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood .................................................. 35 Table 8 Birth registration of children under age five ........................................................... 35 Table 9 Children’s work............................................................................................................ 36 Table 10 Background characteristics of respondents ............................................................. 37 Table 11 Current fertility ............................................................................................................ 38 Table 12 Fertility by background characteristics .................................................................... 39 Table 13 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood ....................................................................... 40 Table 14 Birth order .................................................................................................................... 41 Table 15 Birth intervals ............................................................................................................... 42 Table 16 Fertility preferences by number of living children ................................................ 43 Table 17 Desire to limit childbearing ....................................................................................... 44 Table 18 Ideal number of children ............................................................................................ 45 Table 19 Indicators of sex preference ....................................................................................... 46 Table 20 Knowledge of contraceptive methods ...................................................................... 47 Table 21 Current use of contraception by background characteristics ............................... 48 Table 22 Contraceptive use by men with last partner ........................................................... 50 Table 23 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms ................................................. 51 Table 24 Source of modern contraceptive methods ............................................................... 52 Table 25 Informed choice ........................................................................................................... 54 Table 26 First-year contraceptive discontinuation rates ........................................................ 54 Table 27 Men’s contraception-related perceptions and knowledge..................................... 55 Table 28 Need for family planning among currently married women ............................... 56 Table 29 Age at first marriage ................................................................................................... 57 Table 30 Early childhood mortality rates ................................................................................ 58 Table 31 Early childhood mortality rates by background characteristics ........................... 59 Table 32 High-risk fertility behaviour ...................................................................................... 60
Page
Table 33 Antenatal care .............................................................................................................. 61 Table 34 Antenatal care services and information received ................................................. 62 Table 35 Antenatal care indicators ........................................................................................... 63 Table 36 Pregnancies for which an ultrasound was done ..................................................... 64 Table 37 Delivery and postnatal care ....................................................................................... 65Table 38 Delivery and postnatal care by background characteristics ................................. 66 Table 39 Trends in maternal care indicators ........................................................................... 67 Table 40 Male involvement in maternal care: Men’s report ................................................. 68 Table 41 Vaccinations by background characteristics ........................................................... 69 Table 42 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI and fever .................................... 70 Table 43 Prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea..................................................................... 71 Table 44 Feeding practices during diarrhoea .......................................................................... 72 Table 45 Knowledge of ORS packets ........................................................................................ 73Table 46 ICDS coverage and utilization of ICDS services ..................................................... 74 Table 47 Utilization of ICDS services during pregnancy and while breastfeeding ............................................................................................................... 76 Table 48 Nutritional status of children .................................................................................... 77Table 49 Initial breastfeeding .................................................................................................... 79 Table 50 Breastfeeding status by age ........................................................................................ 80 Table 51 Median duration of breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices ................................................................................... 81 Table 52 Prevalence of anaemia in children ............................................................................ 83 Table 53 Micronutrient intake among children ....................................................................... 84 Table 54 Presence of iodized salt in household ...................................................................... 86 Table 55 Women’s and men’s food consumption ................................................................... 87 Table 56 Nutritional status of adults ......................................................................................... 88 Table 57 Prevalence of anaemia among adults ....................................................................... 89 Table 58 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and its prevention ............................................................ 90 Table 59 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS ....................................... 92 Table 60 Sexual behaviour, blood transfusion, and injections .............................................. 93 Table 61 Knowledge of AIDS and sexual behaviour: Youth ................................................. 94 Table 62 Attitudes toward family life education in school .................................................... 95 Table 63 Prevalence of tuberculosis .......................................................................................... 96 Table 64 Knowledge and attitude toward tuberculosis ......................................................... 97 Table 65 Health problems ........................................................................................................... 98 Table 66 Tobacco and alcohol use by women and men ......................................................... 99 Table 67 Source of health care .................................................................................................. 100 Table 68 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men ...................................................................................................................... 101 Table 69 Control over and magnitude of cash earnings....................................................... 102 Table 70 Decision making ........................................................................................................ 103 Table 71 Decision making by background characteristics .................................................. 104 Table 72 Women’s access to money and credit ..................................................................... 105
Page
Table 73 Gender-role attitudes................................................................................................. 106 Table 74 Gender-role attitudes by background characteristics ........................................... 107 Table 75 Experience of any physical or sexual violence....................................................... 108 Table 76 Forms of spousal violence......................................................................................... 109Table 77 Spousal violence by background characteristics .................................................. 110 Table 78 Spousal violence by husband’s characteristics and empowerment indicators .................................................................................................................... 111 Table 79 Injuries to women due to spousal violence ........................................................... 112 Table 80 Help seeking behaviour ............................................................................................ 112
APPENDIX
Estimates of sampling errors.......................................................................................................113
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INTRODUCTION
The 2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) is the third in the NFHS series of surveys. The first NFHS was conducted in 1992-93, and the second (NFHS-2) was conducted in 1998-99. All three NFHS surveys were conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India. The MOHFW designated the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the nodal agency for the surveys. Funding for NFHS-3 was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the Government of India. Technical assistance for NFHS-3 was provided by Macro International, Maryland, USA. Assistance for the HIV component of the survey was provided by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) and the National AIDS Research Institute (NARI), Pune.
The survey provides trend data on key indicators and includes information on several new topics, such as HIV/AIDS-related behaviour, attitudes toward family life education for girls and boys, use of Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) services, men’s involvement in maternal care, and health insurance. For the first time, NFHS-3 provides information on men and unmarried women. In addition, NFHS-3 provides estimates of HIV prevalence for India as a whole based on blood samples collected in every state in the country, including Assam. Separate HIV estimates are also provided for Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh.
In Assam, NFHS-3 is based on a sample of 3,437 households that is representative at the state level and within the state at the urban and rural levels. The survey interviewed 3,840 women age 15-49 from all the sample households and 1,394 men age 15-54 from a subsample of households to obtain information on population, health, and nutrition in the state. The household response rate in the state as a whole was 98 percent and the individual response rates were 95 percent for eligible women and 86 percent for eligible men.
In addition to the interviews, height and weight measurements were taken for all children under age six years in the sample households and all interviewed women and men. Haemoglobin levels were measured for all interviewed women and men and for all children age 6-59 months in the sample households. All interviewed women and men from a subsample of households selected for HIV testing were eligible to have their blood collected for HIV testing. The NFHS-3 fieldwork in Assam was conducted by TNS India Private Limited between December 2005 and April 2006.
This report presents the key findings of the NFHS-3 survey in Assam, followed by detailed tables and an appendix on sampling errors. More information about the definitions of indicators included in this report is contained in Volume I of the NFHS-3 National Report, and the questionnaires and details of the sampling procedure for NFHS-3 are contained in Volume II of the NFHS-3 National Report (available at www.nfhsindia.org).
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
Household compositionFour–fifths of households in Assam are in rural areas, and one–fifth is in urban areas. Onaverage, households in Assam are comprised of 4.7 members. Thirteen percent of households are headed by women with 11 percent of the population.
The vast majority of households have household heads who are Hindu (70%) or Muslim (24%). Only 5 percent of households have household heads who are Christian and less than 1 percent have household heads who belong to other religions.
Over one in five households has a household head (22%) who belongs to the other backward classes (OBC); 13 percent of households have households heads who belong to the scheduled castes and 10 percent have heads who belong to the scheduled tribes. Half of household heads do not belong to the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes.
Thirty-five percent of Assam’s population is under age 15 and only 4 percent are age 65 and over.
Among children under 18 years of age, 7 percent have experienced the death of one or both parents. In all, 82 percent of children below 18 years of age live with both parents, 12 percent live with one parent, and 5 percent live with neither parent.
Housing characteristicsIn Assam, only 20 percent of households live in a pucca house; even in urban areas, only half of households live in a pucca house. Thirty-eight percent of households (27% of rural households and 81% of urban households) have electricity, up from 26 percent at the time of NFHS-2. Twenty-four percent of households have no toilet facilities; down from 37 percent at the time of NFHS-2. About three in ten rural households and 3 percent of households in urban areas have no toilet facilities.
Fifty-seven percent of households in Assam get their drinking water from atube well or borehole; only 12 percent get it from a tap.
Seventy-two percent of households use an improved source of drinking water (86% of urban households and 69% of rural households), but only 6 percent have water piped into their dwelling, yard, or plot (25% of urban and only 1 percent of rural households). Fifty-seven percent of households get their drinking water from a tube well or borehole. Half of the households treat their drinking water to make it potable: 22 percent boil the water, 31 percent use a ceramic, sand, or other filter, 3 percent strain the water through a cloth, and 4 percent treat it in some other way.
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Wealth indexThe wealth index is constructed by combining information on 33 household assets and housing characteristics such as ownership of consumer items, type of dwelling, source of water, and availability of electricity, into a single wealth index. The household population is divided into five equal groups of 20 percent each (quintiles) at the national level from 1 (lowest, poorest) to 5 (highest, wealthiest). Since the quintiles of the wealth index are defined at the national level, the pro-portion of households or population of a particular state that fall in any specific quintile will vary across states.
Based on the wealth index, Assam is poorer than the country as a whole. Although one-fifth of households in Assam are in the lowest wealth quintile, only 13 are in the highest quintile (lower than the national average). Twenty-four percent of rural households are in the lowest wealth quintile and only 6 percent are in the highest wealth quintile. By contrast, in urban areas, only 4 percent of the households are in the lowest wealth quintile and 37 percent are in the highest wealth quintile.
EDUCATION
Current school attendance among children Three-fourths (76%) of children age 6-17 years attend school in Assam, and this percentage does not vary much by residence (76% in rural and 79% in urban areas). Ninety-one percent of primary-school age children (6-10 years) attend school. School attendance drops to 76 percent for children age 11-14 years and is only 46 percent for children age 15-17 years. Among children age 6-10 years and 11-14 years, school attendance is only slightly higher (2-4 percentage points) in urban areas than in rural areas. However, among the age group 15-17 years, school attendance in urban areas is 16 percentage points higher than in rural areas.
In Assam, there is some gender disparity in education, although its extent and direction differs by age and residence. In the age
4 1813
131530 2220
28 37
233424 12 6
Wealth IndexPercentage of households in urban and rural areasand percent distribution of households by wealth quintile
Total100%
Urban20%
Rural80%
Lowest Highest
Percentage of children attending school by age
Are there gender differentials in children’scurrent school attendance?
Male92
6-10 years 11-14 years 15-17 years
8976 77
4943
Female
4 1813
131530 2220
28 37
233424 12 6
Wealth IndexPercentage of households in urban and rural areasand percent distribution of households by wealth quintile
Total100%
Urban20%
Rural80%
Lowest Highest
Percentage of children attending school by age
Are there gender differentials in children’scurrent school attendance?
Male92
6-10 years 11-14 years 15-17 years
8976 77
4943
Female
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group 6-10 years, the gender disparity in favour of boys is small (5 percentage points in urban areas and 3 percentage points in rural areas) and in the age group 11-14 there is almost no gender disparity. However, in the age-group 15-17 years, a gender differential in favour of boys is evident in rural areas; in urban areas, by contrast the gender disparity is reversed and a higher proportion of girls than boys attend school.
Literacy and educational attainment In NFHS-3, literate persons are those who have either completed at least standard six or ‘passed’ a simple literacy test conducted as part of the survey. According to this measure, only 63 percent of women and 76 percent of men age 15-49 are literate in Assam.
Thirty percent of women and 14 percent of men age 15-49 have never attended school. Only 29 percent of men have completed 10 or more years of education, and an even lower proportion of women, 19 percent, have attained that level of education.
Only 29 percent of men and 19 percent of women age 15-49 have completed at least 10 years of schooling.
Attitudes toward family life education in school Virtually all adults in Assam agree that children should be taught moral values in school. However, only a minority of women (40-42%) and a small majority of men (54-61%) think that children should learn in school about the changes in their own bodies during puberty. Even fewer adults think that children should learn about puberty-related changes in the bodies of the opposite sex in school.
Most adults, women more than men, do not think that children should learn about sex and sexual behaviour and contraception in school. Only one in five women and about one in three men think that sex and sexual behavior are appropriate topics for the school curriculum. An even smaller proportion of women (15-19%) and men (29-31%) think girls and boys should learn about contraception in school.
The majority of men (63-64%) believe information on HIV/AIDS should be part of the school curriculum; however, less than half of women agree (46-47%). Only a small proportion of men (30%) and women (14-16%) say that boys and girls should be taught in school about condom use to avoid sexually transmitted diseases.
FERTILITY
Age at first marriageThe median age at first marriage is about 19 years among women age 20-49. Among men age 30-49, more than 50 percent married after age 25. Thirty-nine percent of women age 20-24 years got married before the legal minimum age of 18 and 16 percent of men age 25-29 years got married before the legal minimum age of 21.
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Fertility levels At current fertility levels, a woman in Assam will have an average of 2.4 children in her lifetime. Fertility in NFHS-3 is more than one child lower than it was at the time of NFHS-1, but is almost unchanged since NFHS-2.
Fertility in rural areas, at 2.7 children per woman, is more than one child higher than in urban areas, where the fertility rate, at 1.4 children per woman, is lower than the replacement level of fertility. Among births in the three years preceding the survey, 26 percent were of birth order four or higher.
In Assam, fertility according to caste/tribe is higher among women who do not belong to the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, or other backward classes, than women who do belong to each of these groups. Fertility among women belonging to the other backward classes is particularly low and well below replacement (1.6). The total fertility rate for Muslim women, at 3.6 children, is much higher than for Hindu women (2.0).
Fertility inAssam is lower
than the national average and
lower than in most of the
otherNortheastern
states.
Fertility TrendsTotal fertility rate(children per woman)
Total Fertility Rate by StateChildren per woman
NFHS-1 NFHS-2 NFHS-3
3.5
2.3 2.4
4.03.83.8
3.73.3
3.23.1
3.02.9
2.82.72.7
2.62.6
2.42.42.42.4
2.32.2
2.12.12.1
2.02.0
1.91.9
1.81.81.8
BiharUttar Pradesh
MeghalayaNagaland
JharkhandRajasthan
Madhya PradeshArunachal Pradesh
MizoramManipurHaryana
INDIAChhattisgarhUttarakhand
GujaratAssam
Jammu & KashmirOrissa
West BengalTripura
DelhiMaharashtra
KarnatakaSikkimPunjab
Himachal PradeshKerala
Tamil NaduGoa
Andhra Pradesh
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There are large differentials in fertility by wealth and education. At current fertility rates, women in the lowest wealth quintile will have almost three children more than women in the highest wealth quintile. Similarly, women with no education will have more than two children more than women with 10 or more years of education.
Teenage pregnancy Among young women age 15-19 in Assam, 16 percent have already begun childbearing, a level similar to the national average. Three percent of women age 15 have started childbearing, but among women age 19 years, almost two-fifths (39%) are already either mothers or pregnant. Young women in rural areas are more likely to have begun childbearing than young women in urban areas (17% and 13%, respectively). Teenage pregnancy and motherhood is more prevalent among women with no or little education and among women in lower wealth quintiles than among other women.
Birth intervalsThe median interval between births is 37 months. The median birth interval in Assam is not only six months longer than the national average, but is also longer than in all other states of India except Kerala, Tripura, and Goa. Almost half (47%) of non-first-order births occur within three years of a previous birth, including 8 percent of births that take place within 18 months of the last birth and 12 percent that take place within 24 months. Research shows that waiting at least three years between births reduces the risk of infant mortality.
Fertility preferences Sixty-nine percent of currently married women and 65 percent of currently married men either want no more children, are already themselves sterilized, or have a spouse who is sterilized. Among those who do want another child, 50 percent of women and 47 percent men would like to wait at least two years. For about two-thirds of women and men the ideal family size is two or fewer children.
2.92.0
1.4 1.2
Total fertility rate (children per woman)
3.42.9
2.11.3
No education < 5 yearscomplete
5-9 yearscomplete
10 or moreyears
complete
MiddleSecondLowest Fourth Highest
Education Wealth Index
How does fertility vary with education and household wealth?
4.1
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In Assam, there is evidence of a preference for sons. Twenty-four percent of women and 18 percent of men want more sons than daughters, but only 2-3 percent of women and men want more daughters than sons. However, most men and women would like to have at least one son and most also want at least one daughter.
The desire for more children is strongly affected by women’s number of sons. For example, among women with two children, those with two sons are 27 percent more likely to want no more children than those with two daughters. Notably, however, the proportion of currently married wo-men with two children who want no more children is higher in NFHS-3 than it was in NFHS-2, irrespective of women’s number of sons.
Unplanned pregnancies are relatively common. If all women in Assam were to have only the number of children they want, the total fertility rate would be 1.8 instead of 2.4.
FAMILY PLANNING
Knowledge of family planning methods Knowledge of contraception is almost universal in Assam. Female sterilization and the pill are the most widely known methods, known by the vast majority of currently married women (95% each) and men (93% each). In addition to the pill, the government family planning programme promotes two other temporary methods, namely, the IUD and condoms. Each of these two methods is known by over seven in ten currently married women; however, only 40 percent of currently married men know about the IUD, although 91 percent know about condoms.
2 boys and no girls
Current family size
2 girls and no boys1 boy and 1 girl
63
90
67
44
23
6673
66
85
NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2
How does son preference affect women’s desirefor children?Percentage of currently married women withtwo children who want no more children
Pill IUD Condom Femalesterilization
73 73
96 96 95
5971 72
6170
8795
NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2
How many women know aboutfamily planning?Percentage of currently married women
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Knowledge of female sterilization was high in Assam even in NFHS-1, but knowledge of most other contraceptive methods, particularly the pill and traditional methods, has increased over time. For example, among currently married women, 95 percent now know about the pill, compared with 87 percent in NFHS-2. However, the proportion of women who know about male sterilization has declined from 80 percent in NFHS-2 to 72 percent in NFHS-3.
Contraceptive useThe contraceptive prevalence rate among currently married women age 15-49 is 57 percent, up from 43 percent at the time of NFHS-2. Two-thirds of urban women use contraception, compared with 55 percent of rural women.
Modern methods account for only 48 percent of all contraceptive use in Assam; down from 61 percent at the time of NFHS-2. Modern method use is lower in Assam than most of the other States.
Contraceptive use is higher among women in the age group 30-39 years than among younger or older women. Christian and Muslim women are less likely to use contraception (46% each) than Hindu women (61%).
Althoughcontraceptiveprevalence in
Assam is the same as the national
average, modern method use is abouthalf of the national
average.
Any modern method
43 43
2027 27
57
Any method
NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2
How many women use family planning?Percentage of currently married women
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate by StatePercentage of currently married women
MeghalayaNagaland
BiharJharkhand
Arunachal PradeshUttar Pradesh
RajasthanGoa
ManipurOrissa
Jammu & KashmirChhattisgarh
Madhya PradeshINDIA
AssamSikkim
UttarakhandMizoram
Tamil NaduPunjab
HaryanaKarnataka
TripuraGujarat
DelhiMaharashtra
Andhra PradeshKerala
West BengalHimachal Pradesh
2430
3436
4344
47484951
5353
56565758596061
636364
666767676869
7173
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Contraceptive use is particularly high among the wealthiest women (67%), women in urban areas (66%), and those with 10 or more years of schooling (65%).
Consistent with son preference, women in Assam are more likely to use contraception if they already have a son. For example, among women with two children, 68 percent of women with two sons and no daughter use a method of family planning, compared with 58 percent of women with two daughters and no son (not all data shown in table).
In Assam, the majority of family planning users use traditional methods, and not modern methods. Among all the states in India, the use of traditional methods is the highest in Assam and the share in total contraceptive use of both the rhythm method and withdrawal has increased between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3.
Although urban women are more likely than rural women to be using a modern method, similar proportions of women use traditional methods in both urban and rural areas (29-30%). Traditional-method use increases with education and the wealth index; whereas modern- method use does not vary much by education, but increases with wealth.
Only 13 percent of currently married women in Assam use female sterilization, down from 16 percent in NFHS-2. The most commonly used spacing methods are the rhythm method (17%), withdrawal (12%) and the pill (10%). Only 2 percent use condoms. In general, better-educated, and wealthier women are more likely to use spacing methods than less-educated, unemployed, or poor women.
Contraceptive use at last sex as reported by currently married men (46%) is lower than currently married women’s report of current contraceptive use (57%)
In Assam, traditional methods are more commonly used than modern methods.
The majority of women who are sterilized had the operation in a government facility (78%), usually in a government/municipal hospital; whereas the majority of pill users (83%) and condom users (79%) got their most recent supply from the private medical sector.
According to women’s reports, among users for whom the brand is known, most pill users (86%), but only 38 percent of condom users use socially marketed brands.
What contraceptive methods do women use?Currently married women
Malesterilization
0.2%sterilizationFemale
13%Pill 10%
IUD 1%Condom 2%
Rhythm 17%
Withdrawal12%
Not usingany method
44%
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The one-year discontinuation rate of contraception in Assam is similar to the national average. In Assam, 28 percent users of any contraceptive method discontinue use within a year of method adoption, compared with 27 percent in India as a whole. Discontinuation of the condoms is particularly high: 58 percent of condom users discontinue use within the first year after they adopted the method. Discontinuation is also quite high for pills (38%). Nearly a quarter of rhythm-method users (23%) and users of withdrawal (25%) also discontinue use within one year.
Informed choiceWomen who know about all available contraceptive methods and their side effects can make better choices about what method they prefer. Forty-two percent of users of female sterilization, pills, and IUD were told by a health worker about the side effects of their method, and more than one-third (36%) were told what to do if side effects occurred. Thirty-seven percent were told about other methods they could use.
Men’s attitudesAlmost all men (97%) in Assam reject the idea that contraception is women’s business and a man should not have to worry about it, and reject the idea that women using contraception may become promiscuous (84%). However, 44 percent of men incorrectly believe that women who are breastfeeding cannot become pregnant. Only about one-half of men (49%) know that a condom, if used correctly, protects against pregnancy most of the time.
Unmet needUnmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of currently married women who either want to space their next birth or stop childbearing entirely but are not using contraception. According to this definition, 11 percent of currently married women have an unmet need for family planning (4% for spacing and 7% for limiting), down from 17 percent in NFHS-2. Currently, 84 percent of the demand for family planning is being satisfied, up from 72 percent in NFHS-2.
INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
With 66 deaths before the age of one year per 1,000 live births in the five-year period preceding the survey, the infant mortality rate in Assam is the fifth highest in the country. Nonetheless, infant mortality in Assam has declined from its estimated level (70 deaths) in NFHS-2. The under-five mortality rate is 85 deaths per 1,000 live births. These rates imply that despite declines in mortality 1 in 15 children in Assam still die within the first year of life and 1 in 12 die before reaching age five. Infant mortality in rural areas (67 per 1,000 live births) is 16 percent higher than in urban areas (58 per 1000 live births).
Trends in Infant MortalityDeaths per 1,000 live births
Urban Rural Total
NFHS-3NFHS-2NFHS-1
47
67
91 89
70 6671 6758
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In the first five years of life, girls in Assam face a higher mortality risk than boys except during the post-neonatal period (1-11 months). The under-five mortality rate for girls is 11 percent higher than for boys. Children whose mothers have no education are more than twice as likely to die before their first birthday as children whose mothers have completed 10 or more years of school. Scheduled-caste children and children not belonging to scheduled castes, scheduled, tribes and other backward classes are at greater risk of dying than children not belonging to these groups.
Children born to mothers under the age of 20 years are at a much higher risk of dying in infancy than children born to mothers in the prime childbearing ages. Infant mortality is 94 deaths per 1,000 births for teenage mothers, compared with 50-68 for mothers age 20-39. Having children too close together is especially risky. The risk of death in the first year of life is twice as high for children born less than two years after a previous birth than for children whose mothers waited four or more years between births.
The infant mortality rate in
Assam is the fifth highest in
India and is highest among
all the Northeastern
states.
High-risk births have higher mortality ratesDeaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births
6350
71
68
63
50
94
78
1012-3 years
4 years or more
<2 years
Previous birth interval
4 or more2-3
1
Birth order
30-39
20-29
<20
Mother's age at birth
Infant Mortality Rate by StateDeaths per 1,000 live births
Uttar PradeshChhattisgarh
Madhya PradeshJharkhand
AssamRajasthan
OrissaBihar
Arunachal PradeshINDIA
Andhra PradeshTripuraGujarat
West BengalJammu & Kashmir
MeghalayaKarnataka
UttarakhandPunjab
HaryanaDelhi
NagalandMaharashtra
Himachal PradeshMizoram
SikkimTamil Nadu
ManipurKerala
Goa
737170
6966
6565
6261
5754
5250
484545
43424242
403838
363434
3030
1515
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PERINATAL MORTALITY
Perinatal mortality, which includes stillbirths and very early infant deaths (in the first week of life), is estimated at 63 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies that lasted 7 months or more. Perinatal mortality is similar in urban and rural areas (62 and 64, respectively). Birth intervals have a very strong effect on perinatal mortality. For pregnancies that take place less than 15 months after a previous birth, the perinatal mortality rate is 135 per 1,000, compared with only 46 if the interval is 15-26 months and 50-60 per 1,000 when the birth interval is at least 27 months. (Data for perinatal mortality are not shown in the tables).
MATERNAL HEALTH
Antenatal careAmong women who gave birth in the five years preceding the survey, over two-thirds received antenatal care from a health professional (53% from a doctor and 14% from all other health personnel) for their last birth. About 3 in 10 women (28%) received no antenatal care. Eighty-seven percent of urban women received antenatal care from a health professional for their last birth, compared with 64 percent of rural mothers.
Younger women are more likely than older women to receive antenatal care, as are women with more education, urban women, and women having their first child. Christian and Muslim women are less likely than Hindu women to receive antenatal care.
Despiteimprovements in
antenatal care coverage, only one in four women in Assam received at
least three antenatal care visits for their
last birth in the past five years.
Three or More Antenatal Care Visits by StatePercentage of last births in the past five years
1727
333636
394141
45525454
595960626263
686970
74757575
8085
949596
BiharUttar Pradesh
NagalandArunachal Pradesh
JharkhandAssam
Madhya PradeshRajasthan
UttarakhandINDIA
MeghalayaChhattisgarh
HaryanaMizoram
TripuraOrissa
West BengalHimachal Pradesh
GujaratManipur
SikkimJammu & Kashmir
PunjabDelhi
MaharashtraKarnataka
Andhra PradeshKerala
GoaTamil Nadu
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Scheduled-tribe women are less likely to receive antenatal care than women of other caste/tribecategories. Ninety-six percent of women belonging to the highest wealth quintile received antenatal care from health personnel compared with little more than one-third of women in the lowest wealth quintile.
Two-fifths of women with a birth in the past five years received antenatal care during the first trimester of pregnancy for their last birth, as is recommended. Another 21 percent had their first antenatal care visit during the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy (data not shown in tables). Nearly two-fifths of mothers (39%) had three or more antenatal care visits; urban women are twice as likely to have three or more visits as women in rural areas.
Among women who had a birth in the past three years, the proportion who received three or more antenatal care visits for their last birth has been steadily increasing over time: first by 6 percentage points between NFHS-1 and NFHS-2, and then by 5 per-centage points between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3. The proportion of women who had their first antenatal care visit in the first trimester has also been increasing over time, but the increase between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3 was only about half the increase between NFHS-1 and NFHS-2.
For 62 percent of their last births, mothers received or bought iron and folic acid supplements (IFA), but for only 16 percent of the births did mothers consume IFA for the recommended 90 days or more. Nearly two-thirds of mothers (65%) received two or more doses of tetanus toxoid vaccine. Only 2 percent took a de-worming drug during pregnancy.
Even when women receive antenatal care, they do not receive most of the services needed to monitor their pregnancy. Among women who received an antenatal check-up, an examination of the abdomen (61%) and a blood pressure check (53%) were the most common services received. Only about half of the women had their weight taken and even fewer (37-39%) had their blood tested and urine tested.
An ultrasound test was performed for 9 percent of pregnancies in the five years preceding the survey, less than the average for all pregnancies in the nation as a whole (24%). Women with at least 10 years of education were several times more likely to have an ultrasound test as women with no education. Only 1 percent of pregnancies among women in the lowest wealth quintile had an ultrasound test, compared to half the pregnancies among women in the highest wealth quintile.
Are mothers getting timely, appropriateantenatal care?Percentage of last births in the past three years
Three or more visits Visit during first trimester
NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2
25
3631
19
3832
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Delivery care Nearly four out of every five births (78%) in Assam take place at home; only one in five births (22%) takes place in a health facility. Women with four or more antenatal care visits are more likely to deliver in a facility than at home. The only other groups of women for whom institutional births exceed home births are women from urban areas (58%), women with 10 or more years of education (68%), and women belonging to the highest wealth quintiles (86%). In contrast, 10 percent or fewer births to Muslim women, births of order 4 or higher, births to women with no education, and births to women from the lowest wealth quintile take place in a health institution.
Less than one-third of all births (31%) take place with assistance from a health professional, and one-fourth are delivered by a traditional birth attendant. Forty-one percent of births were delivered by a relative or other untrained person.
The share of institutional births among all births in the three years prior to the survey in Assam has increased by only 5 percentage points in the seven years since NFHS-2. The increase between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3 in the proportion of births delivered by a health professional, at 10 percentage points, is twice the increase in the proportion of births delivered in a health facility.
The percentage of births in
Assamdelivered in a health facility is only about
half the nationalaverage.
Are babies being delivered safely?Percentage of births in the past three years
In a medical facility Assisted by a health professional
NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2
12
1823
31
2118
Institutional Delivery by StatePercentage of births in the past five years
NagalandChhattisgarh
JharkhandBihar
Uttar PradeshAssam
Madhya PradeshArunachal Pradesh
MeghalayaRajasthan
UttarakhandOrissa
HaryanaINDIA
West BengalHimachal Pradesh
ManipurTripuraSikkim
Jammu & KashmirPunjabGujarat
DelhiMizoram
Andhra PradeshMaharashtra
KarnatakaTamil Nadu
GoaKerala
1214
18202122
26292930
333636
394243
464747505153
5960
646565
8892
99
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In 78 percent of home births, a clean blade was used to cut the cord, as is recommended, but only 24 percent of home births followed the recommendation that the baby be immediately wiped dry and then wrapped without being bathed. A disposable delivery kit (DDK) was used for only 17 percent of home births.
Postnatal care Early postnatal care for a mother helps safeguard her health and can reduce maternal mortality. In Assam, only 16 percent of mothers had a postnatal check-up after their last birth and 14 percent had a check-up within two days of the birth, as is recommended. Postnatal care is most common following births in a medical facility; nonetheless, about half of births delivered in health facilities were not followed by a postnatal check-up of the mother. Only 4 percent of home births were followed by a postnatal check-up.
Male involvement in maternal careA little more than half (52%) of men with a child under three years said they were present during at least one antenatal check-up received by the child’s mother. Less than one-third (30%) of men with a child under three years were told by a health provider what to do if the mother had any pregnancy complication; 21-29 percent of men were told about other specific signs of pregnancy complications.
Few fathers with a child less than three years of age were provided information related to delivery care. Less than half (49%) were told about the importance of proper nutrition for the mother during pregnancy and 35 percent were told about the importance of delivering the baby in a health facility. Fathers in urban areas were more likely than fathers in rural areas to be provided this information.
Among fathers whose child was not delivered in a health facility, 52 percent each were told about the importance of using a new or unused blade to cut the umbilical cord and about the importance of cleanliness at the time of delivery; only 43-45 percent were told about the importance of breastfeeding the baby immediately after birth and keeping the baby warm immediately after birth.
CHILD HEALTH
Vaccination of childrenIn Assam, only 31 percent of children age 12-23 months is fully vaccinated against the six major childhood illnesses: tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and measles. The proportion of children fully vaccinated in Assam is below the national average of 44 percent. Fifteen percent of children in Assam did not receive any of the recommended vaccinations; this proportion is higher than in all Indian states, except Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Meghalaya.
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Sixty-two percent of children age 12-23 months have received a BCG vaccination and 59 percent have received at least the recommended three doses of the polio vaccine. However, only 45 percent have received the three recommended doses of the DPT vaccine and even fewer, 37 percent, have been vaccinated against measles.
The DPT and polio vaccines are given in a series. Many children receive the first dose but do not finish the series. Drop out is a
serious problem in Assam. Between the first and third doses, the dropout rate for the polio vaccine is 28 percent and the dropout rate for the DPT vaccine is even higher at 33 percent.
Despite the current low level of immunization coverage in Assam, there has been significant improvement in coverage between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3. Full immunization nearly doubled from 17 percent in NFHS-2 to 31 percent in NFHS-3, and the coverage of all individual vaccines also increased. The largest improvement was in the coverage of three doses of the polio vaccine, up by 21 percentage points, undoubtedly as a result of the Pulse Polio Campaign. However, despite extra attempts to eradicate the disease in Assam, 18 percent of children did not receive a single dose of the polio vaccine and 41 percent did not receive the recommended three doses.
Fullimmunization
coverage in Assam is one of the lowest
in the country.
Trends in Vaccination CoveragePercentage of children 12-23 months receiving vaccinations
All None BCG Polio 3 DPT 3 Measles
NFHS-3NFHS-2NFHS-1
1719
31
4437 37
2526
4538
31
59
3833
62
5448
33
15
Full Immunization Coverage by StatePercentage of children 12-23 months
NagalandUttar Pradesh
RajasthanArunachal Pradesh
AssamBihar
MeghalayaJharkhand
Madhya PradeshINDIA
GujaratAndhra Pradesh
MizoramManipur
ChhattisgarhTripuraOrissa
KarnatakaMaharashtraUttarakhand
PunjabDelhi
West BengalHaryana
Jammu & KashmirSikkim
Himachal PradeshKerala
GoaTamil Nadu
2123
2728
31333334
404445464747495052
55596060
63646567
707475
7981
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Hindu children are about twice as likely as Muslim children to be fully vaccinated. Girls (33%) are somewhat more likely than boys (30%) to be fully vaccinated. First-born children, children of educated mothers, children belonging to the other backward classes, and children belonging to wealthier households are more likely than other children to receive all vaccinations. Even so, less than half of children in most subgroups are fully vaccinated.
Childhood illnesses In the two weeks before the survey, 7 percent of children under age five had symptoms of an acute respiratory infection (cough and short, rapid breathing that was chest related and not due to a blocked or runny nose). Of these children, 34 percent were taken to a health facility or health provider and 9 percent received antibiotic drugs. The proportion of children with symptoms of ARI who were taken to a health facility is lower in Assam than in most other states in India.
Fourteen percent of children under age five years were reported to have had fever in the two weeks preceding the survey; 35 percent of these children were taken to a health facility or provider for treatment, and 1 percent received antimalarial drugs.
Overall, 8 percent of children had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey. Among these children, 31 percent were taken to a health facility. Twenty-six percent were treated with some kind of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or increased fluids, including 15 percent of children who were treated with a solution prepared from oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets and 13 percent who were given gruel. ORS use in treating diarrhoea among children remains very low, although three-fourths (75%) of women who had a birth in the five years prior to the survey have heard of ORS.
Two-fifths of children with diarrhoea did not receive any type of treatment at all. Ten percent received antibiotics, which are not normally recommended for treating childhood diarrhoea. In Assam, the proportion of children with diarrhoea who were taken to a health facility and who were treated with ORS are both lower than in most other Indian states.
Children should receive more fluids than usual during diarrhoeal illness, but in Assam, only 1 percent of children with diarrhea in the two weeks prior to the survey received more liquids than normal. One-third of children (32%) with diarrhoea received less liquid to drink than normal or did not receive any thing to drink at all, which can increase the risk of dehydration.
Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)The ICDS programme provides nutrition and health services for children under age six years and pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as preschool activities for children age 3-5 years. These services are provided through community-based anganwadi centres. Among the 89 percent of children under six years in Assam who are in areas covered by an anganwadicentre, only 30 percent receive some kind of services from a centre. The most common services children receive are supplementary food (28% of children under six) and early childhood care or preschool services (15% of children age 3-5 years). Seven percent of children age 0-71 months received any immunization from a centre. Only 5 percent of children each received
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health check-ups and growth moni-toring services at an anganwadi centre. More than one-third (36%) mothers of children who were weighed at an anganwadi centre received counseling from an anganwadi worker after the child was weighed.
Children of mothers with 5 or more years of schooling are more likely to receive any of the ICDS services, than children of mothers with less or no education. One-third or more children from the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes in areas covered by an anganwadi centrereceive some kind of service.
Among children under age six years in areas covered by an anganwadi centre, only 13 percent had mothers who received any service from a centre during pregnancy and the same proportion had mothers who received any service when breastfeeding.
BREASTFEEDING, NUTRITION, AND ANAEMIA
Infant feedingIn Assam, breastfeeding is nearly universal (96%) and 63 percent of children under 6 months are exclusively breastfed, as the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends. In addition, 75 percent are put to the breast within the first day of life, including 51 percent who started breastfeeding in the first hour of life. This means that nearly half of infants are deprived of the highly nutritious first milk (colostrum) and the antibodies it contains. Mothers in Assam breastfeed for an average of 33 months, which is longer than the minimum of 24 months recommended by WHO for most children.
It is recommended that nothing be given to children other than breast milk in the first three days when the milk has not begun to flow regularly. However, one-third of children are given something other than breast milk during that period.
WHO offers three recommendations for infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices for children 6-23 months old: continued breastfeeding or feeding with appropriate calcium-rich foods if not breastfed; feeding solid or semi-solid food for a minimum number of times per day according to age and breastfeeding status; and including foods from a minimum number of food groups per day according to breastfeeding status. Among all children age 6-23 months, only 41 percent of children are fed the recommended minimum times per day and 32 percent are fed from the minimum number of food groups. Overall, only 16 percent are fed according to all three recommended practices.
30 28
7 5 5
15
Anyservice
Immuni-zations
Pre-school
Supple-mentary
food
Growthmoni-toring
Healthcheck-up
How many children receive anganwadi centre services?Percentage of age-eligible children in areas coveredby an anganwadi centre receiving services
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Vitamin A deficiency can cause eye damage and a higher risk of dying from measles, diarrhoea, or malaria. The Government of India recommends that children under three years receive vitamin A supplements every six months, starting at age 9 months. However, only 19 percent of last-born children age 12-35 months were given a vitamin A supplement in the past six months, and just a little over half (51%) of children age 6-35 months ate vitamin A-rich foods during the day or night before the interview.
Eating foods rich in iron and taking iron supplements can prevent anaemia. Only 24 percent of children age 6-35 months ate iron-rich foods during the day or night before the interview, and only 1 percent of children age 6-59 months was given iron supplements in the week before the interview.
Children’s nutritional status Nearly half of children (47%) under age five years are stunted, or too short for their age, which indicates that they have been undernourished for some time. Fourteen percent are wasted, or too thin for their height, which may result from inadequate recent food intake or a recent illness. More than one-third (36%) are underweight, which takes into account both chronic and acute undernutrition.
Even during the first six months of life, when most babies are breastfed, 30 percent of children are stunted, 22 percent are wasted, and 30 percent are underweight. Children in rural areas are more likely to be stunted, but even in urban areas, 36 percent of the children suffer from chronic undernutrition. Girls and boys are equally likely to be stunted and wasted, but girls are slightly more likely than boys to be underweight. Undernutrition declines sharply with mother’s education and household wealth and is higher among children of higher birth orders, scheduled-caste children, and Muslim and Christian children than most other children.
Children’s nutritional status in Assam has improved slightly since NFHS-2 by some measures but not by all measures. Children under age three years (the age group for which nutritional status data are available in NFHS-2) are less likely to be too short for their age today than they were seven years ago, which means chronic undernutrition is less widespread; they are slightly less likely to be too thin for their height, which means acute undernutrition is also less widespread. However, the proportion of children who are underweight for their age has remained virtually unchanged since NFHS-2.
54
3541
1719
36
Stunted(low height
for age)
Wasted (low weight for height)
Underweight (low weight
for age)
NFHS-3NFHS-2
Note: Nutritional status estimates are based on the 2006WHO International Reference Population
Trends in Children’s Nutritional StatusPercentage of children under three years
�0
20
Adults’ nutritional status Adults age 15-49 in Assam suffer mostly from undernutrition, but overweight and obesity are also becoming a problem. More than one-third of adults age 15-49 are too thin (37% women and 36% men), and 8 percent of women and 5 percent of men are overweight or obese. Only 56 percent of women and 59 percent of men are at a healthy weight for their height.
Adult undernutrition is particularly serious among the young (especially among those in the age group 15-19), those in the lower wealth quintiles, those belonging to the scheduled castes, and the less educated.
Overweight and obesity are more common in older adults and among those in urban areas, the more educated, and those in the highest wealth quintile. Notably, one in five urban women and over one in four women belonging to the highest wealth quintile are overweight or obese.
Using iodized salt prevents iodine defi-ciency, which can lead to miscarriage, goitre, and mental retardation. Nearly three-fourths of households (72%) in Assam were using sufficiently iodized salt at the time of the survey. This is lower than the percentage observed during NFHS-2 (80%). However, a nationwide ban on non-iodized salt took effect just as the NFHS-3 fieldwork was being completed, so the effects of the new law could not be determined by the survey.
AnaemiaAnaemia is a major health problem in Assam, especially among women and children. Anaemia can result in maternal mortality, weakness, diminished physical and mental capacity, increased morbidity from infec-tious diseases, perinatal mortality, prema-ture delivery, low birth weight, and (in children) impaired cognitive performance, motor development, and scholastic achieve-ment. Among children between the ages of 6 and 59 months, a great majority, 70 percent, are anaemic. This includes 29 percent who are mildly anaemic, 39 percent who are moderately anaemic, and 2 percent who suf-fer from severe anaemia. Boys and girls are about equally likely to have anaemia. Although anaemia levels vary somewhat
Normal weight
56
8
None <5years
5-9years
10+years
Urban Rural Total
Education Residence
Thin Overweight/obese
How many women are at a healthy weight for their height?Percent distribution of women
37
56
5
39
54
20
26
60
18
23
57
8
35
57
5
39
51
2
47
Severe anaemia
Anaemia among women, men, and children
2%
39%
18%
3%
3%
21%
Women(70% anaemic)
Men(40% anaemic)
Children 6-59 months(70% anaemic)
Mild anaemiaModerate anaemia
45%
19% 29%
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according to background characteristics, anaemia among children is widespread in every group. Over three-fifths of children (62%) are anaemic even if their mother has 10 or more years of education and 41 percent of children in the highest wealth quintile are anaemic. Children whose mothers are anaemic are more likely to be anaemic than those whose mothers are not anaemic.
Seventy percent of women in Assam have anaemia, including 45 percent with mild anaemia, 21 percent with moderate anaemia, and 3 percent with severe anaemia. The prevalence of anaemia among women is the highest in Assam (along with Jharkhand) than in all other states in India. Anaemia is slightly higher among pregnant and breastfeeding women (73%) than among women who are not pregnant or breastfeeding (68%). Nonetheless, the prevalence of anaemia varies little by background characteristics. With the exception of Muslim women, at least 65 percent of women in every population subgroup are anaemic.
Anaemia is more widespread among children age 6-35 months than it was seven years ago at the time of NFHS-2, having risen 14 percentage points since then. The prevalence of anaemia among ever-married women age 15-49 has remained unchanged over the same period.
Two-fifths of men in Assam are anaemic, with men under 20 and over 40 more likely to suffer from anaemia than men in other age groups. As with women the prevalence of anaemia among men in Assam is the highest among all states in India. More than half of Christian men are anaemic. Anaemia among men is much higher at 40-47 percent among men in the lowest two wealth quintiles than among men in the highest wealth quintile (28%). The variation by wealth in the prevalence of anaemia is much sharper for men than for women. By caste/tribe,the prevalence of anaemia is higher among men belonging to the scheduled tribes and scheduled castes than other men.
HIV/AIDS
Awareness of AIDSLess than three-fifths of women (59%) in Assam have heard of AIDS. Women in urban areas are much more likely (84%) to know about AIDS than rural women (53%). Young women age 15-24 are more likely (64%) than older women age 30-49 to have heard of AIDS (53-55%). More women know about AIDS now than in the late 1990s; among ever-married women interviewed in NFHS-3, 53 percent know about AIDS, compared with 34 percent of ever-married women in NFHS-2.
Men are more likely than women to know about AIDS. In Assam, 79 percent of men age 15-49 have heard of AIDS, including 93 percent in urban areas and 75 percent in rural areas.
Knowledge of AIDS among both women and men increases sharply with education and wealth status. Even among those with no education, knowledge is higher among men (49%) than among women (21%).
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Knowledge of prevention and transmissionMen are much more likely than women to know how HIV is transmitted and how to keep from getting it. For example, only 26 percent of women know that consistent condom use can help prevent HIV/AIDS, compared with 54 percent of men; and 30 percent of women know that having just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chance of getting HIV/AIDScompared with 50 percent of men. Even in the rural areas and among those with little education, men are more likely than women to know how HIV can be transmitted and prevented.
Only 8 percent of women and 14 percent of men in Assam have ‘comprehensive know-ledge’ of HIV/AIDS. This means very few of them know that a healthy-looking person can have HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS cannot be transmitted through mosquito bites or by sharing food, and that condom use and having only one faithful, uninfected partner can help prevent HIV/AIDS. The only sub-group of the population in which at least one in four women and men have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS is those with at least 10 years of education and those belonging to the highest wealth quintile.
HIV-related stigmaAmong adults who have heard of AIDS in Assam, two-thirds of women and men would be willing to take care of a family member with HIV/AIDS in their home. While a similar proportion of women (68%) say that a female teacher who has HIV/AIDS but is not sick should be allowed to continue teaching, only 60 percent of men agree with this. About half of the adults who have heard of AIDS say that they are comfortable buying fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper with HIV/AIDS (54% of women and 45% of men) but a higher proportion say that if a family member got infected with HIV/AIDS, they would not want to keep it a secret (88% of women and men). Overall, only 30 percent of women and 26 percent of men express all four of these accepting attitudes toward persons with HIV/AIDS.
HIV testing prior to NFHS-3, blood transfusions, and safe injections Only 0.4 percent of women and 1 percent of men age 15-49 had ever been tested for HIV prior to NFHS-3. Urban residents are more likely than rural residents to have ever been tested for HIV.
In Assam, a slightly higher proportion of women (4%) than men (3%) have ever had a blood transfusion. Women are less likely than men (24% of women, compared to 27% of men) to have received an injection from a health worker in the past year.
26
54
30
50
814
Use condoms Have oneuninfected
faithful partner
Have comprehensiveknowledge
MenWomen
Do people know how to prevent HIV/AIDS?Percentage of women and men age 15-49
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While the proportions of women and men who have ever received a blood transfusion is higher in urban than in rural areas, the proportion who received an injection from a health worker in the past year is higher in rural than in urban areas. For more than 9 out of 10 women and men who received an injection from a health worker in the past 12 months, the last injection was ‘safe’, i.e., the syringe and needle was taken from a newly opened package or the needle used had been sterilized.
HIV prevalenceIn Assam, blood was collected for HIV testing from eligible women and men in a sub-sample of households. The results of the HIV testing of blood samples collected from Assam contributed to the national HIV prevalence estimate; however, no separate estimate of HIV prevalence is available for the state.
Nationally, NFHS-3 found that 0.28 percent of adults age 15-49 are infected with HIV, including 0.35 percent in urban areas and 0.25 percent in rural areas. If the six states considered by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) as having high HIV prevalence are excluded, the HIV prevalence estimate for the remaining 23 states combined, including Assam, is only 0.12 percent. In these 23 states combined, the prevalence is 0.08 among women age 15-49 and 0.16 among men age 15-49.
SEXUAL BEHAVIOURNFHS-3 included questions on respondents’ sexual behaviour. Respondents were asked about their age at first sex, their current and previous sexual partners, and condom use.
Additionally, men were asked whether they had paid for sex in the past year. These questions are sensitive and subject to reporting bias, so the results should be interpreted with caution.
Age at first sexual intercourseThe median age at first sexual intercourse for women age 20-49 in Assam is 19 years, whereas less than half of men have had sexual intercourse by age 25 in most age groups.
Among youth 15-24 years of age, women are much more likely than men to have ever had sex (46% of women, compared with 19% of men). The earlier age at sexual intercourse for women than men is a consequence of the fact that in India first sexual intercourse largely occurs within marriage and women marry at younger ages than men.
Higher-risk sex, multiple sex partners, and condom use Higher-risk sex is sexual intercourse with someone who is neither a spouse nor a cohabiting partner. Among those who had sex in the past year, 4 percent of men and no women reported having had higher-risk sex during the year. One percent of men who had ever had sex reported having had two or more partners in the past 12 months.
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Paid sexOne percent of men said they had paid for sex in the past year.
ADULT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE
TuberculosisIn Assam, 605 persons per 100,000 are estimated to have medically treated tuberculosis, based on reports from household respondents. Prevalence of medically treated tuberculosis is higher in Assam than in most other states. Tuberculosis is more common among men than among women and more common in rural areas than in urban areas. The prevalence of tuberculosis increases sharply with age. People who cook with solid fuels are much more likely to have tuberculosis than people who use electricity or gas for cooking.
Almost all respondents have heard of tuberculosis (92% of women and 96% of men), but even among those who have heard of tuberculosis, only 35 percent of women and 42 percent of men say that it is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing. Less than half of women and men (45%) have misconceptions about how tuberculosis is spread. However, most women and men know that tuberculosis can be cured (74% of women and 79% of men) and only about 2-3 percent say that if a family member had tuberculosis, they would want to keep it a secret from the neighbours.
Diabetes, asthma, and goitreAccording to self reports, 1 percent of women and men age 35-49 suffer from diabetes, higher than in any other age group. The prevalence of diabetes is higher among those who are more educated and those who belong to the highest wealth quintile. One percent of adults age 15-49 suffer from asthma (1,411 women and 1,105 men per 100,000). The prevalence of goitre or other thyroid disorders is almost twice as high among men as among women (1,371 per 100,000 men, compared with 760 per 100,000 women). It is also relatively high among those ages 15-19 and in rural areas.
Tobacco and alcohol useNearly three-fourths of men (72%) and about one-fourth of women (23%) use some form of tobacco in Assam. About a quarter of pregnant women use tobacco (data not shown in tables). Women and men who use tobacco are most likely to chew tobacco in the form of paan masala, gutkha, or other tobacco (23% of women and 59% of men). Among men, smoking cigarettes or bidis is also quite common (36%).
More men than women drink alcohol (38% of men compared to 8% of women). Among those who drink alcohol, 59 percent of women, compared with 41 percent of men consume alcohol at least once a week.
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Source of health careFor most households, the public medical sector is the main source of health care (50% of urban households and 69% of rural households). The use of the public medical sector as the main source of health care varies substantially with the wealth status of the household from 74 percent in the lowest wealth quintile to 35 percent in the highest wealth quintile. Among households that do not use government health facilities, the main reasons given for not doing so are lack of a nearby facility (49%) and poor quality of care (39%) (data not shown in tables).
Health insuranceDespite the emergence of a number of health insurance programmes and health schemes, only 2 percent of households in Assam report that they have any kind of health insurance that covers at least one member of the household. Among the various types of programmes, the most common is privately purchased commercial health insurance (46%), followed by health insurance through employer (18%) and medical reimbursement from employer (16%). Health insurance is over five times as common in urban areas as in rural areas, and increases sharply with the wealth status of the household.
WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT
Employment and earnings Only 27 percent of currently married women age 15-49 were employed in the last 12 months, compared with 98 percent of currently married men in the same age group; 13 percent of these women received no payment for their work, and 2 percent were paid only in kind. Overall, 85 percent of currently married employed women earn cash, compared with 92 percent of currently married employed men.
Among married women who work and are paid in cash, 90 percent decide how their earnings will be used, either alone or together with their husbands. Thirty-three percent of women who work for cash earn about the same or more than their husbands.
Decision makingMarried women were asked who makes decisions about their own health care, making large household purchases, making household purchases for daily household needs, and visiting their own family or relatives. Most currently married women (70-81%) participate in making each of these decisions. However, only 61 percent participate in making all four of these decisions and 12 percent do not participate in making any of the four decisions.
Women in nuclear households, compared with women in non-nuclear households, and women who are employed for cash, compared with women not employed for cash, are more likely to participate in these household decisions. Participation in decision making increases sharply with age and household wealth status. Other groups of women who are more likely to participate in all four decisions are women in urban areas and those with more years of education. Muslim women are less likely than Hindu or Christian women to participate in all four decisions.
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Other indicators of women’s empowermentTwenty-seven percent of women have some money that they can decide how to use. The proportion of women with money which they control is highest for women who are employed for cash and widowed, divorced, separated or deserted and increases with education and wealth. Only 12 percent of women have a bank or savings account that they themselves use.
Women’s knowledge and use of microcredit programmes is very limited. Only 42 percent of women have heard of any microcredit programme in the area and only 1 percent has ever used one.
Only 43 percent of women are allowed to go by themselves to the market, 41 percent to a health facility, and 66 percent to places outside their own village or community (data not shown in tables). Only 35 percent of women are allowed to go alone to all three of these places. Urban women, older women, scheduled-tribe women, employed women, women with 10 or more years of education, and women belonging to the wealthiest households have more freedom of movement than most other women.
In Assam only 27 percent of currently married women were employed in the past 12 months; only 12 percent of women have a bank account that they themselves use.
Gender-role attitudes Less than half of women (45%) in Assam believe it is justifiable for a husband to beat his wife under specific circumstances. Women are most likely to say wife beating is justified if a woman shows disrespect for her in-laws (32%) or if she neglects the house or children (31%). Men are somewhat less likely than women to agree with wife beating for one or more of the specified reasons (25%), including 17 percent who agree that disrespect for in-laws is justification for wife beating. Even among women and men who have completed at least 10 years of schooling, 34 percent of women and 19 percent of men agree that a husband is justified in beating his wife for one or more specified reasons.
Sixty-six percent of women believe a woman is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband for all three of the following reasons: if she knows he has a sexually transmitted disease, if she knows he has intercourse with other women, or if she is tired or not in the mood. Seventy-three percent of men say that a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband for all of these reasons. Eighty-five percent of men agree that when a woman refuses to have sex with her husband, the husband does not have the right to get angry and reprimand her, refuse her financial support, use force to have sex, or have sex with another woman.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
In Assam, 34 percent of women age 15-49 have ever experienced physical violence and 12 percent have ever experienced sexual violence. In all, 37 percent of women have ever experienced physical or sexual violence, including 42 percent of ever-married women.
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Spousal violenceMore than one-third (36%) of ever-married women report having ever been slapped by their husband. Fifteen percent of ever-married women report having had their arm twisted or hair pulled by their husband; 13 percent report having been pushed, shaken, or had something thrown at them by their husband and a similar proportion report having been punched with his fist or with something that could hurt them. Eight percent report that their husband kicked them, dragged them, or beat them up and 2-3 percent say that their husband tried to choke or burn them; or threatened or attacked them with a knife, gun, or any other weapon. Fourteen percent report that their husbands have physically forced them to have sex and 6 percent report that their husbands forced them to perform sexual acts that they did not want to perform. Sixteen percent report having ever experienced spousal emotional violence.
Overall, 40 percent of ever-married women have experienced spousal physical or sexual violence from their current husband or if currently not married, their most recent husband.
One percent of ever-married women report having ever initiated violence against their husbands.
Although the prevalence of spousal violence is lower among the more educated, 16 percent of women who have at least 10 years of education have experienced physical or sexual violence. Women whose mothers were beaten by their fathers are much more likely to be in abusive marriages themselves: 62 percent of women whose mothers experienced spousal physical or sexual violence have themselves experienced spousal violence, compared with 32 percent of
Assam is oneamong those Indian states
where the prevalence of
spousal violenceis well above the national
average.
Spousal Physical or Sexual Violence by StatePercentage of ever-married women
594646
4444
4242
4040
3938
3737
3531
302828
2725
2220
17161616
151313
6
BiharRajasthan
Madhya PradeshTripura
ManipurUttar Pradesh
Tamil NaduWest Bengal
AssamArunachal Pradesh
OrissaINDIA
JharkhandAndhra Pradesh
MaharashtraChhattisgarhUttarakhand
GujaratHaryana
PunjabMizoram
KarnatakaGoa
KeralaSikkim
DelhiNagaland
MeghalayaJammu & KashmirHimachal Pradesh
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women whose mothers did not experience spousal violence. Women with husbands who consume alcohol and get drunk often are much more likely than women whose husbands do not consume any alcohol to experience spousal violence; nonetheless, even among ever-married women whose husbands do not drink alcohol, 34 percent have experienced physical or sexual spousal violence.
About one-fourth of women who have experienced spousal physical or sexual violence have suffered injuries as a result of the violence. For most women who have ever experienced spousal violence, the violence first occurred within 1-2 years of their marriage (data not shown in tables).
Help seekingOnly 13 percent of women who have ever experienced violence have sought help to end the violence. Seventy percent of women have neither sought help nor told anyone about the violence. Among women who experienced only sexual violence, only 6 percent have sought help.
Among women who do seek help, most do so from their own families or their husbands’ families. Very few women seek help from any institutional source, such as the police (9%) or social service organizations (3%).
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Table 1 Results of the household and individual interviews
Number of households, number of interviews with women and men, and response rates, according to residence, Assam, 2005-06
Result Urban Rural Total
Household interviews Households selected 1,307 2,354 3,661 Households occupied 1,229 2,266 3,495 Households interviewed 1,188 2,249 3,437
Household response rate1 96.7 99.2 98.3
Interviews with women age 15-49 Number of eligible women 1,316 2,727 4,043 Number of eligible women interviewed 1,232 2,608 3,840
Eligible women response rate2 93.6 95.6 95.0
Interviews with men age 15-54 Number of eligible men 618 1,009 1,627 Number of eligible men interviewed 502 892 1,394
Eligible men response rate2 81.2 88.4 85.7
Note: Eligible women and men are women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 who stayed in the household the night before the interview (including both usual residents and visitors). This table is based on the unweighted sample. 1 Households interviewed/households occupied. 2 Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents.
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Table 2 Household population by age, education, sex, and residence
Percent distribution of the de facto household population by age and education, according to residence and sex, Assam, 2005-06
Background Urban Rural Total characteristic Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Age 0-4 6.0 7.7 6.8 11.2 11.0 11.1 10.3 10.4 10.3 5-9 9.0 7.7 8.4 13.6 12.9 13.2 12.8 12.0 12.4 10-14 9.9 10.8 10.3 12.7 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.1 12.2 15-19 10.9 9.7 10.3 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.5 9.2 9.4 20-24 10.4 11.2 10.8 7.3 9.9 8.6 7.8 10.1 9.0 25-29 9.1 9.5 9.3 7.9 9.3 8.6 8.1 9.3 8.7 30-34 7.3 8.9 8.1 6.2 7.8 7.0 6.4 7.9 7.2 35-39 9.0 8.3 8.7 7.4 6.6 7.0 7.7 6.9 7.3 40-44 6.1 6.8 6.4 5.6 4.3 5.0 5.7 4.7 5.2 45-49 7.2 4.5 5.9 4.7 3.3 4.0 5.1 3.5 4.3 50-54 3.9 4.6 4.2 3.1 4.6 3.9 3.2 4.6 3.9 55-59 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.1 2.5 2.8 3.2 2.7 2.9 60-64 2.7 2.5 2.6 3.1 2.2 2.7 3.1 2.3 2.7 65-69 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.5 70-74 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 75-79 1.4 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 80+ 0.4 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Don't know/missing 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 1,429 1,306 2,734 6,435 6,624 13,060 7,864 7,930 15,794
Sex ratio, all ages1 na na 914 na na 1,029 na na 1,008 Sex ratio, age 0-6 years1 na na 1,035 na na 982 na na 988
Education2 No education 8.5 16.7 12.4 18.6 32.1 25.5 16.7 29.5 23.1 <5 years complete 17.8 16.6 17.3 30.9 28.1 29.4 28.4 26.1 27.2 5-9 years complete 37.8 37.7 37.7 34.5 30.1 32.3 35.2 31.4 33.3 10-11 years complete 13.4 11.0 12.2 7.5 5.0 6.2 8.6 6.0 7.3 12 or more years complete 21.8 17.6 19.8 7.9 4.4 6.1 10.6 6.6 8.6 Missing 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 1,319 1,183 2,502 5,544 5,751 11,295 6,862 6,934 13,797
Median number of years of schooling completed 7.9 7.0 7.5 4.0 2.8 3.5 4.9 3.3 3.9
na = Not applicable 1 Females per 1,000 males. 2 Population age 6 and above.
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Table 3 Housing characteristics
Percent distribution of urban, rural, and total households and de jure population by household and housing characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Household and housing characteristic Urban Rural Total De jure
population
Household headship Male 87.3 86.4 86.6 89.5 Female 12.7 13.6 13.4 10.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Mean household size 4.0 4.8 4.7 na
Household structure1 Nuclear 68.5 63.9 64.8 56.4 Non-nuclear 31.5 36.1 35.2 43.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Religion of household head Hindu 81.6 67.3 70.2 67.2 Muslim 17.3 26.1 24.3 27.0 Christian 0.8 6.0 4.9 5.4 Other 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Caste/tribe of household head Scheduled caste 15.7 12.7 13.3 12.9 Scheduled tribe 2.7 11.4 9.6 10.1 Other backward class 15.7 22.9 21.5 20.6 Other 62.3 46.6 49.7 50.7 Missing 3.5 6.4 5.9 5.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Electricity Yes 80.6 27.3 38.1 36.5 No 19.3 72.7 61.9 63.5 Missing 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source of drinking water Improved source 85.5 69.1 72.4 72.1 Piped water into dwelling/yard/plot 25.2 1.1 6.0 4.8 Public tap/standpipe 5.2 5.8 5.7 5.4 Tube well or borehole 47.8 59.7 57.3 58.3 Other improved 7.3 2.6 3.5 3.5 Non-improved source 14.5 30.8 27.5 27.9 Other source 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Time to obtain drinking water (round trip) Water on premises 85.5 62.2 66.9 68.1 Less than 30 minutes 12.8 33.5 29.3 28.0 Thirty minutes or longer 1.7 3.8 3.4 3.5 Don't know/missing 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Water treatment prior to drinking2 Boil 18.9 22.6 21.9 21.1 Strain through cloth 1.3 2.8 2.5 2.9 Use ceramic, sand, or other water filter 49.9 26.4 31.1 30.4 Other treatment 7.8 3.1 4.0 3.8 No treatment 36.5 53.9 50.4 51.2 Don't know/missing 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
Continued…
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Table 3 Housing characteristics—Continued
Household and housing characteristic Urban Rural Total De jure
population
Sanitation facility Improved, not shared 48.1 26.3 30.7 31.7
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine 44.7 17.5 23.0 23.2 Pit latrine with slab 3.4 8.6 7.6 8.3 Other 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2
Not improved 51.7 73.5 69.1 68.2 Any facility shared with other households 37.9 11.1 16.5 13.8 Flush/pour flush not to sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 Pit latrine without slab/open pit 10.8 33.3 28.8 30.9 Other unimproved facility 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 No facility/open space/field 2.5 28.9 23.6 23.2
Other 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 Missing 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Type of house3 Kachha 2.9 24.1 19.8 20.1
Semi-pucca 46.0 60.5 57.6 57.9 Pucca 49.5 12.3 19.8 19.1
Missing 1.7 3.0 2.8 3.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Cooking fuel Electricity 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 LPG/natural gas 63.6 11.2 21.8 19.2 Biogas 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 Kerosene 6.1 0.3 1.5 0.8 Coal/lignite 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 Wood 27.0 77.8 67.6 70.7 Straw/shrubs/grass 1.6 5.0 4.3 4.5 Agricultural crop waste 0.0 1.6 1.3 1.3 Dung cakes 0.0 3.1 2.5 2.5 Other 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Missing 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Place for cooking In the house, separate room 65.2 51.1 54.0 53.1 In the house, no separate room 19.9 12.3 13.8 11.4 In a separate building 12.0 33.0 28.8 32.3 Outdoors 2.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 Other 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Missing 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 694 2,743 3,437 16,068
Type of fire/stove among households using solid fuels4 Open fire/chullah under a chimney 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.7 Stove without chimney 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 Open fire/chullah not under a chimney 97.4 96.5 96.6 96.2 Missing 1.4 1.7 1.7 2.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number using solid fuel 201 2,403 2,604 12,726
na = Not applicable 1 Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological,adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals. 2 Total percentages may add to more than 100.0 because multiple answers are allowed. 3 Houses made from mud, thatch, or other low-quality materials are called kachha houses, houses that use partly low-quality and partly high-qualitymaterials are called semi-pucca houses, and houses made with high quality materials throughout, including the floor, roof, and exterior walls, are called pucca houses. 4 Includes coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop waste, and dung cakes.
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Table 4 Household possessions, ownership of agricultural land, and wealth index
Percentage of urban, rural, and total households and de jure population possessing various household goods, means of transport,agricultural land, a house, and farm animals and having a bank account, health insurance, a BPL card, and a mosquito net, and percent distribution by the wealth index, Assam, 2005-06
Household possessions Urban Rural Total De jure
population
Household goods Mattress 84.8 53.4 59.7 59.7 Pressure cooker 64.6 20.0 29.0 27.5 Chair 84.3 72.9 75.2 76.6 Cot or bed 97.1 89.6 91.2 91.6 Table 86.2 71.5 74.4 76.2 Electric fan 70.9 22.6 32.3 31.3 Radio or transistor 26.5 30.1 29.3 30.6 Television (black and white) 25.4 17.5 19.1 20.1 Television (colour) 41.8 9.6 16.1 15.9 Any television 64.5 26.7 34.3 35.1 Sewing machine 27.0 9.2 12.8 13.1 Mobile telephone 25.8 4.8 9.0 8.8 Any other type of telephone 23.2 5.0 8.7 8.9 Computer 5.5 0.9 1.8 1.7 Refrigerator 23.4 2.9 7.0 6.6 Watch or clock 89.0 75.2 78.0 80.1 Water pump 7.3 3.3 4.1 4.9 Thresher 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 Tractor 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 None of the above 1.0 4.0 3.4 2.8
Means of transport Bicycle 50.0 64.1 61.2 65.2 Motorcycle or scooter 20.8 8.0 10.5 11.0 Animal-drawn cart 0.2 1.2 1.0 1.4 Car 8.4 1.6 2.9 3.0 None of the above 39.1 34.7 35.6 32.1
Agricultural land No agricultural land 82.4 52.2 58.3 54.3 Irrigated land only 4.4 8.5 7.7 8.5 Non-irrigated land only 10.4 35.3 30.3 32.7 Both irrigated and non-irrigated land 1.1 2.7 2.4 3.1 Missing 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Percentage owning a house 86.0 89.2 88.6 89.5
Percentage owning farm animals1 19.2 73.5 62.5 68.4
Percentage having a bank account/post office account2 63.0 33.0 39.1 38.9
Percentage covered by a health scheme/health insurance2 6.6 1.2 2.3 2.0
Percentage owning a BPL card 8.2 21.2 18.6 19.7
Percentage with a mosquito net that can be used for sleeping 97.1 91.6 92.7 92.8
Wealth index Lowest 4.3 24.3 20.3 19.8 Second 13.0 34.4 30.1 30.7 Middle 17.5 22.7 21.6 22.6 Fourth 27.9 12.1 15.3 15.0 Highest 37.4 6.4 12.7 11.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 694 2,743 3,437 16,068
BPL = Below poverty line1 Cows, bulls, buffaloes, camels, horses, donkeys, mules, goats, sheep, chickens, or ducks. 2 Any usual household member.
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Table 5 Religion and caste/tribe by wealth index
Percent distribution of the de jure population by wealth index, according to religion and caste/tribe, Assam, 2005-06
Wealth index Religion/caste/tribe Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total
De jure population
Religion of household head Hindu 13.8 26.8 24.3 19.1 15.9 100.0 10,792 Muslim 30.5 42.0 16.6 7.4 3.4 100.0 4,335 Christian 41.5 25.0 30.1 1.9 1.5 100.0 864 Other 19.8 0.0 39.9 16.1 24.2 100.0 70
Caste/tribe of household head Scheduled caste 22.1 31.8 25.4 12.8 7.8 100.0 2,074 Scheduled tribe 30.0 25.5 19.9 12.7 12.0 100.0 1,629 Other backward class 10.8 27.8 26.7 19.5 15.2 100.0 3,303 Other 20.6 32.5 19.9 14.5 12.5 100.0 8,141
Total 19.8 30.7 22.6 15.0 11.8 100.0 16,068
Note: Total includes de jure population with missing information on religion and caste/tribe of household head, which is not shown separately.
Table 6 School attendance
Percentage of de facto household population age 6-17 years attending school in the 2005-06 school year by sex, residence, and age, Assam, 2005-06
Male Female Total Age Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
6-10 years 95.0 91.5 91.9 89.9 89.0 89.1 92.7 90.3 90.6 11-14 years 78.9 75.1 75.7 79.1 76.0 76.5 79.0 75.5 76.1 15-17 years 55.9 47.5 49.1 62.6 39.3 43.3 59.0 43.4 46.2
6-14 years 87.3 84.8 85.1 84.4 83.4 83.6 85.9 84.1 84.4 6-17 years 78.7 76.9 77.2 78.6 74.0 74.7 78.6 75.5 75.9
Note: In this table, children’s age refers to their age at the start of the 2005-06 school year (assumed here to be April 2005).
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Table 7 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood
Percent distribution of de jure children under age 18 years by their living arrangements, and percentage of children with one or both parents dead, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Background characteristic
Living with both parents
Living with mother but
not with father
Living with father but not with mother
Not living with either
parent
Missing information on father/ mother Total
Percentage with one or both parents
dead Number of
children
Age <5 years 90.2 8.0 0.4 1.2 0.1 100.0 2.0 1,656 5-9 years 84.9 10.0 1.3 3.8 0.0 100.0 5.5 1,980 10-14 years 79.2 12.0 2.1 6.7 0.1 100.0 9.7 1,957 15-17 years 69.2 14.4 2.9 12.1 1.4 100.0 15.2 916
Residence Urban 83.4 8.5 1.6 6.1 0.4 100.0 5.7 863 Rural 82.2 11.0 1.5 5.1 0.2 100.0 7.5 5,646
Sex Male 83.5 10.2 1.8 4.3 0.1 100.0 6.7 3,277 Female 81.2 11.2 1.2 6.1 0.4 100.0 7.8 3,232
Total age <15 years 84.5 10.1 1.3 4.1 0.1 100.0 5.9 5,593
Total age <18 years 82.3 10.7 1.5 5.2 0.2 100.0 7.2 6,509
Table 8 Birth registration of children under age five
Percentage of de jure children under age five years whose birth was registered with the civil authorities, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Percentage of children whose birth was registered
Background characteristic
Registered, has a birth certificate
Registered, does not have a birth
certificate Total
registered De jure children
Age <2 years 32.1 8.1 40.2 654 2-4 years 40.2 4.6 44.8 1,002
Sex Male 37.9 4.8 42.6 814 Female 36.2 7.2 43.4 842
Residence Urban 59.7 7.7 67.4 183 Rural 34.2 5.8 40.0 1,473
Wealth index Lowest 14.9 3.9 18.9 448 Second 32.5 6.7 39.1 590 Middle 49.2 7.5 56.7 323 Fourth 53.5 7.2 60.7 177 Highest 85.8 4.6 90.4 117
Total 37.0 6.0 43.0 1,656
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Table 9 Children's work
Percentage of de jure children age 5-14 years who were engaged in different activities in the seven days preceding the interview by type of work, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Work for someone who is not a member of the
household1
Background characteristic Paidwork
Unpaid work
Household chores for 28
or more hours per
weekOther family
work2Total
working3Number of
children
Age 5-7 years 1.5 2.6 0.1 1.2 4.8 1,182 8-11 years 4.1 5.4 0.9 5.2 14.6 1,545 12-14 years 4.9 0.4 5.8 4.8 14.8 1,210
Sex Male 4.7 3.4 0.6 5.5 13.1 1,993 Female 2.4 2.7 3.7 2.3 10.3 1,944
Residence Urban 3.3 2.4 3.0 0.8 9.4 515 Rural 3.6 3.1 2.0 4.4 12.1 3,423
Wealth index Lowest 6.5 3.1 2.6 6.6 17.1 1,036 Second 4.8 4.3 1.4 3.9 13.1 1,293 Middle 1.1 3.1 2.2 3.3 9.4 822 Fourth 0.8 1.1 1.8 1.4 4.9 466 Highest 0.0 0.2 4.2 0.6 5.0 320
Total 3.6 3.0 2.2 3.9 11.7 3,937
1 Any work in the 7 days preceding the survey, paid or unpaid, for someone who is not a member of the household by children age 5-11 years and for 14 or more hours by children age 12-14 years. 2 Includes any work in the 7 days preceding the survey such as work on the farm, in a business, or sellinggoods in the street by children age 5-11 years and for 14 or more hours by children age 12-14 years. 3 Includes children age 5-11 years who in the 7 days preceding the survey, worked for someone who is not a member of the household, with or without pay, did household chores for 28 or more hours, or engaged in any other family work and children age 12-14 years who in the 7 days preceding the survey, worked for 14 or more hours for someone who is not a member of the household, with or without pay, did household chores for 28 or more hours, or engaged in any other family work for 14 or more hours.
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Table 10 Background characteristics of respondents Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by selected background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Weighted percent Number of women Number of men Background characteristic Women Men Weighted Unweighted Weighted Unweighted
Age 15-19 18.2 17.4 699 688 231 238 20-24 19.7 16.0 758 756 213 213 25-29 17.8 16.1 682 667 213 216 30-34 15.1 13.1 581 585 173 172 35-39 13.7 15.6 525 528 207 196 40-44 9.1 12.2 349 366 162 163 45-49 6.4 9.6 246 250 127 129
Residence Urban 18.8 22.7 721 1,232 301 479 Rural 81.2 77.3 3,119 2,608 1,026 848
Education No education 30.2 14.4 1,161 1,062 191 173 <5 years complete 14.3 19.1 548 513 254 233 5-9 years complete 36.1 37.3 1,387 1,401 495 502 10-11 years complete 9.1 13.8 351 386 183 196 12 or more years complete 10.2 15.3 392 477 203 223
Missing 0.0 0.0 1 1 0 0
Literacy Literate1 63.0 76.4 2,418 2,529 1,014 1,042 Not literate 35.4 22.9 1,358 1,249 303 274 Not measured 1.6 0.7 61 60 9 11 Missing 0.1 0.0 2 2 0 0
Media exposure Reads a newspaper/magazine at least once a week 19.8 39.1 759 887 518 568 Watches television at least once a week 44.4 56.6 1,706 1,938 750 804 Listens to the radio at least once a week 35.4 44.8 1,359 1,308 594 562 Visits the cinema/theatre at least once a month 2.2 10.2 83 92 135 143 Not regularly exposed to any media 38.6 22.1 1,481 1,334 293 265
Marital status Never married 25.3 42.7 971 999 567 585 Currently married 69.2 56.0 2,656 2,631 743 727 Married, gauna not performed 0.0 0.2 1 1 2 2 Widowed 3.9 0.8 149 149 11 10 Divorced/separated/deserted 1.6 0.3 63 60 4 3
Religion Hindu 69.9 71.8 2,684 2,753 952 976 Muslim 24.1 22.2 927 885 294 282 Christian 5.2 5.1 200 172 67 58 Other 0.5 0.9 18 18 12 10 Missing 0.3 0.1 12 12 1 1
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 13.3 14.7 512 529 195 205 Scheduled tribe 10.5 8.5 404 350 113 97 Other backward class 21.8 24.4 838 803 324 310 Other 48.1 48.0 1,847 1,938 637 661 Missing 6.2 4.4 239 220 58 54
Employment (past 12 months) Employed at any time 29.5 83.6 1,133 1,094 1,108 1,105 In agricultural occupation 4.8 18.5 185 157 245 213 In non-agricultural occupation 24.7 65.1 948 937 863 892 Not employed 70.2 15.9 2,697 2,737 211 216 Missing 0.2 0.5 10 9 7 6
Wealth index Lowest 16.0 14.9 615 534 198 171 Second 29.1 29.2 1,116 997 388 347 Middle 23.7 23.7 908 862 314 294 Fourth 17.5 18.9 673 748 251 289 Highest 13.7 13.2 527 699 176 226
Total age 15-49 100.0 100.0 3,840 3,840 1,326 1,327 Age 50-54 na 4.9 na na 68 67 Total age 15-54 na 100.0 na na 1,394 1,394
na = Not applicable 1 Refers to women and men who can read a whole sentence or part of a sentence and women and men who completed standard 6 or higher (who are assumed to be literate).
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Table 11 Current fertility
Age-specific and total fertility rates and crude birth rates from NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1, by residence, Assam, 2005-06
NFHS-3 NFHS-2 NFHS-1 Age Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
15-19 0.049 0.094 0.086 0.040 0.094 0.089 0.070 0.122 0.116 20-24 0.096 0.167 0.154 0.110 0.152 0.149 0.167 0.205 0.200 25-29 0.077 0.138 0.127 0.084 0.119 0.116 0.159 0.200 0.195 30-34 0.050 0.076 0.071 0.052 0.072 0.070 0.054 0.128 0.117 35-39 0.014 0.046 0.039 0.014 0.033 0.031 0.046 0.057 0.055 40-44 0.000 0.010 0.007 0.000 0.008 0.007 0.011 0.023 0.021 45-49 (0.000) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
TFR 15-44 1.43 2.65 2.42 1.50 2.39 2.31 2.53 3.68 3.53 TFR 15-49 1.43 2.65 2.42 1.50 2.39 2.31 2.53 3.68 3.53 CBR 13.6 23.9 22.1 15.8 22.3 21.8 23.2 31.4 30.4
Note: Rates are for the period 1-36 months preceding the survey (approximately 1990-92 for NFHS-1, 1996-98 for NFHS-2, and 2003-05 for NFHS-3). Age-specific fertility rates are expressed per woman. Rates for the age group 45-49 might be slightly biased due to truncation. TFR = Total fertility rate, expressed per woman CBR = Crude birth rate, expressed per 1,000 population
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Table 12 Fertility by background characteristics
Total fertility rates for the three years preceding the survey, percentage of women age15-49 currently pregnant, mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49, and total wanted fertility rates, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Background characteristic Total
fertility rate
Percentage currently pregnant
Mean number of children ever
born to women age 40-49 years
Total wanted
fertility rate
Residence Urban 1.43 3.8 3.0 1.16 Rural 2.65 5.3 4.2 1.95
Education No education 3.35 5.8 4.8 2.36 <5 years complete (2.93) 6.4 4.3 (2.21) 5-9 years complete 2.13 5.3 3.4 1.67 10 or more years complete 1.29 2.2 2.2 1.10
Religion Hindu 1.95 4.1 3.5 1.57 Muslim 3.64 7.2 5.4 2.37 Christian * 6.9 (4.6) *
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste (2.45) 4.2 3.7 (2.11) Scheduled tribe (2.49) 5.0 (3.8) (1.81) Other backward class 1.61 4.0 3.3 1.32 Other 2.73 5.5 4.3 1.93
Wealth index Lowest 4.06 7.7 5.3 2.67 Second 2.86 6.5 4.7 2.11 Middle 2.01 3.9 4.0 1.68 Fourth 1.42 3.6 3.3 1.10 Highest 1.21 2.2 2.5 1.07
Total 2.42 5.0 3.9 1.80
Note: Total includes women belonging to other religions and women with missinginformation on education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 125-249 unweighted woman-years of exposure for fertility rates and 25-49 unweighted cases for the mean number of children ever born. * Not shown; based on fewer than 125 unweighted woman-years of exposure for fertility rates.
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Table 13 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood
Percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a live birth or who are pregnant with their first child, and percentage who have begun childbearing, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Percentage who:
Background characteristic Have had a
live birth
Are pregnant with first
child
Percentage who have
begun childbearing
Number of women
Age 15 2.9 0.5 3.4 123 16 6.7 1.4 8.1 171 17 11.2 1.4 12.6 127 18 16.1 4.7 20.8 152 19 30.1 8.5 38.6 127
Residence Urban 9.9 3.0 12.9 118 Rural 13.8 3.3 17.1 581
Education No education 25.9 4.0 30.0 118 <5 years complete 19.8 3.5 23.2 103 5-9 years complete 11.5 2.9 14.3 353 10 or more years complete 0.5 3.3 3.8 126
Marital status Never married 0.0 0.0 0.0 509 Currently married 48.9 12.2 61.1 186 Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted * * * 5
Religion Hindu 10.2 2.6 12.8 456 Muslim 19.8 5.3 25.1 202 Christian (14.3) (0.0) (14.3) 33
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 16.9 1.3 18.2 92 Scheduled tribe 8.5 3.4 11.9 71 Other backward class 6.4 1.8 8.1 132 Other 16.9 3.4 20.3 349
Wealth index Lowest 21.0 3.8 24.8 94 Second 19.6 4.3 23.9 222 Middle 9.8 3.4 13.2 194 Fourth 5.8 1.6 7.4 112 Highest 3.8 1.5 5.4 77
Total 13.1 3.2 16.4 699
Note: Total includes women belonging to other religions and women with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
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Table 14 Birth order
Percent distribution of births during the three years preceding the survey by birth order, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06, and percent distribution of births to ever-married women by birth order, NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1
Birth order Background characteristic 1 2 3 4+ Total
Number of births
Mother's current age 15-19 76.0 21.7 2.3 0.0 100.0 104 20-29 37.0 30.0 16.5 16.5 100.0 607 30-39 13.0 13.0 15.0 58.9 100.0 242 40-49 * * * * 100.0 16
Residence Urban 45.8 32.4 11.2 10.6 100.0 105 Rural 33.3 23.5 14.8 28.4 100.0 865
Mother's education No education 20.2 18.0 17.7 44.0 100.0 361 <5 years complete 31.2 23.9 16.2 28.7 100.0 162 5-9 years complete 44.9 29.8 11.7 13.6 100.0 348 10 or more years complete 56.7 30.4 9.2 3.7 100.0 97
Religion Hindu 42.8 27.5 15.1 14.7 100.0 553 Muslim 23.3 20.2 13.3 43.2 100.0 346 Christian 27.6 21.0 13.3 38.1 100.0 63
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 36.9 29.0 17.3 16.8 100.0 128 Scheduled tribe 36.2 21.6 16.2 26.0 100.0 111 Other backward class 50.0 27.4 9.9 12.7 100.0 150 Other 30.0 22.5 14.1 33.4 100.0 516
Wealth index Lowest 17.7 16.3 17.7 48.3 100.0 256 Second 35.1 24.8 13.9 26.2 100.0 356 Middle 42.8 31.9 12.6 12.7 100.0 198 Fourth 47.0 23.8 15.5 13.7 100.0 100 Highest 58.1 33.9 7.1 1.0 100.0 59
Total 34.7 24.5 14.4 26.4 100.0 969
Births to ever-married women NFHS-3 34.6 24.5 14.4 26.5 100.0 968 NFHS-2 31.0 25.2 16.3 27.5 100.0 1,129
NFHS-1 22.1 19.7 17.3 40.9 100.0 1,486
Note: Total includes births to women belonging to other religions and births with missing information on mother’s education, religion, and caste/tribe, which are not shown separately. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
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Table 15 Birth intervals
Percent distribution of births during the five years preceding the survey by interval since the preceding birth, and median number of months since the preceding birth, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Months since preceding birth
Background characteristic 7-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 60+ Total
Number of non-first order
births
Median number of months since
preceding birth
Mother's current age 15-19 * * * * * * 100.0 26 * 20-29 8.5 14.2 32.1 23.9 11.8 9.5 100.0 635 34.1 30-39 5.7 8.5 19.6 18.3 17.2 30.7 100.0 408 46.6 40-49 (6.9) (5.1) (24.2) (8.6) (25.9) (29.3) 100.0 35 (50.0)
Residence Urban 5.7 9.2 16.1 21.3 15.5 32.2 100.0 102 47.2 Rural 8.0 12.3 28.7 20.9 13.9 16.2 100.0 1,001 36.4
Mother's education No education 8.8 11.0 29.0 22.9 14.1 14.2 100.0 495 36.4 <5 years complete 9.1 12.6 30.6 18.5 13.2 15.9 100.0 203 35.2 5-9 years complete 6.6 13.8 27.4 20.2 13.6 18.3 100.0 325 37.3 10 or more years complete 3.0 9.7 11.1 17.8 17.0 41.5 100.0 80 52.4
Religion Hindu 7.4 12.5 24.9 20.8 14.6 19.7 100.0 578 38.4 Muslim 8.7 11.2 30.7 20.6 14.6 14.2 100.0 438 35.6 Christian 6.0 13.4 29.8 23.9 7.5 19.4 100.0 80 36.1
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 7.4 12.6 25.3 24.4 13.9 16.4 100.0 137 38.4 Scheduled tribe 7.8 16.5 28.2 17.0 13.6 17.0 100.0 123 34.4 Other backward class 8.9 10.1 27.0 20.8 14.3 18.9 100.0 155 38.2 Other 8.2 11.7 28.2 20.1 13.9 17.8 100.0 611 36.6
Wealth index Lowest 7.9 10.1 32.5 22.6 11.6 15.3 100.0 362 35.8 Second 9.3 13.4 28.7 20.7 14.7 13.2 100.0 393 34.9 Middle 8.8 14.6 19.4 23.4 17.3 16.4 100.0 196 37.9 Fourth 2.9 13.0 27.1 15.3 10.0 31.8 100.0 101 41.4 Highest 1.2 3.6 14.1 12.9 21.1 47.1 100.0 50 55.3
Birth order 2-3 8.5 11.9 25.8 22.0 13.6 18.1 100.0 677 37.4 4-6 5.6 12.9 30.3 19.4 13.6 18.2 100.0 342 36.7 7+ 11.4 9.2 29.8 18.4 18.4 12.8 100.0 84 34.9
Sex of preceding birth Male 7.0 12.9 27.5 18.7 14.0 19.9 100.0 529 37.1 Female 8.5 11.2 27.5 23.0 14.0 15.7 100.0 574 36.9
Survival of preceding birth Living 5.4 11.1 28.4 21.6 14.7 18.8 100.0 988 37.9 Dead 28.5 19.7 20.2 15.0 8.3 8.3 100.0 115 25.2
Total 7.8 12.0 27.5 20.9 14.0 17.7 100.0 1,103 37.0
Note: First-order births are excluded from the table. The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the preceding pregnancy that ended in a live birth. Total includes information on births to women belonging to other religions and births with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, which are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
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Table 16 Fertility preferences by number of living children
Percent distribution of currently married women and men age 15-49 by desire for children, according to number of living children, Assam, 2005-06
Number of living children1
Desire for children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
WOMEN
Want another soon2 76.3 18.5 4.3 1.7 1.6 0.0 0.0 11.9 Want another later3 11.5 40.9 9.0 3.5 0.2 0.0 0.8 13.1 Want another, undecided when 0.3 3.1 1.3 0.9 0.8 1.4 0.0 1.4 Undecided 2.0 2.2 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.1 Want no more 3.1 31.1 71.1 65.4 64.8 74.4 82.0 55.8 Sterilized4 0.6 1.2 11.8 25.2 26.4 16.9 10.4 13.2 Declared infecund 4.7 2.6 1.5 1.4 4.5 7.2 5.9 2.9 Missing 1.7 0.4 0.0 1.3 1.2 0.0 0.8 0.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 213 583 718 542 292 165 143 2,656
MEN
Want another soon2 71.9 20.8 6.2 2.4 4.1 (4.6) (0.0) 14.1 Want another later3 16.7 46.5 8.5 6.3 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 15.2 Want another, undecided when 9.7 4.2 2.5 1.6 1.6 (0.0) (0.0) 3.0 Undecided 0.9 8.1 2.3 1.2 0.8 (3.0) (0.0) 3.0 Want no more 0.0 19.3 76.2 82.6 87.7 (92.4) (96.2) 61.1 Sterilized5 0.9 0.4 4.3 5.9 5.7 (0.0) (3.8) 3.4 Declared infecund 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 0.0 Missing 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 0.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of men 70 159 215 154 74 40 32 743
( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. 1 Includes current pregnancy of woman/wife. 2 Wants next birth within 2 years. 3 Wants to delay next birth for 2 or more years. 4 Includes both female and male sterilization. 5 Includes male sterilization and men who mention in response to the question about desire for children that their wife has beensterilized.
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Table 17 Desire to limit childbearing
Percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 who want no more children by number of living children, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06, and by number of living children, NFHS-2 and NFHS-1
Women Men Number of living children1 Number of living children1
Background characteristic 1 2 3 4+ Total2 1 2 3 4+ Total2
Age 15-24 21.8 69.8 (81.6) * 38.1 (6.6) * * nc (6.3) 25-34 34.5 85.3 88.3 93.5 72.3 12.9 70.5 (81.3) * 47.0 35-49 62.4 90.5 94.8 90.0 86.6 34.1 87.1 92.0 94.0 79.7
Residence Urban 50.0 93.8 92.2 96.6 75.0 33.9 89.0 (91.4) (88.5) 63.8 Rural 27.4 79.8 90.2 91.0 67.7 15.2 77.8 88.1 95.3 64.6
Education No education 22.0 72.4 91.0 91.0 72.5 * * (79.2) (90.3) 62.9 <5 years complete 31.2 74.9 88.8 87.5 67.9 (15.0) (74.9) (80.7) (97.8) 68.0 5-9 years complete 32.1 85.4 89.6 95.9 67.5 19.1 83.6 96.2 (96.2) 66.4 10 or more years complete 42.2 95.5 96.2 * 65.2 24.2 84.7 (92.1) * 59.9
Religion Hindu 37.1 88.7 94.8 94.3 72.0 22.3 81.4 90.5 97.2 63.6 Muslim 17.3 64.4 79.7 89.6 62.5 (9.1) (74.3) (78.8) 92.4 63.5 Christian * * (76.3) (85.7) 61.5 * * * * (73.3)
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 25.8 83.3 92.8 90.7 64.8 (21.0) (70.7) * * 56.9 Scheduled tribe 34.3 80.9 88.3 90.9 70.5 * * * * 71.5 Other backward class 40.0 88.6 94.2 94.1 72.3 (23.3) 82.7 (89.5) * 65.6 Other 31.2 81.1 89.4 90.4 68.6 15.7 80.2 88.3 94.4 64.7
Wealth index Lowest 18.2 62.5 85.1 91.0 66.0 * * (89.5) (95.2) 71.9 Second 26.9 77.4 90.0 88.7 65.8 (7.8) 71.7 (84.5) (97.7) 60.4 Middle 26.2 80.7 91.0 93.9 68.6 (18.7) (78.2) (91.5) * 60.8 Fourth 39.7 96.1 92.4 97.7 73.3 (38.5) 91.8 * * 68.4 Highest 49.9 96.7 97.9 * 76.8 (28.4) (89.3) * * 65.2
Number of living sons3 0 26.2 67.1 (77.2) * 31.5 12.2 (62.5) * * 23.1 1 41.6 89.7 91.8 88.8 76.2 27.0 86.8 (88.6) * 71.0 2 na 85.2 94.5 91.8 90.5 na 87.3 100.0 (100.0) 95.7 3 na na 90.2 94.3 93.0 na na * * (93.3) 4+ na na na 90.1 90.1 na na na (95.9) (95.9)
Total 32.4 82.9 90.5 91.5 69.0 19.7 80.5 88.6 94.6 64.5 NFHS-2 (1998-99) 14.3 64.5 81.6 85.5 59.7 na na na na na NFHS-1 (1992-93) 12.3 53.4 76.3 90.5 62.6 na na na na na
Note: Women who have been sterilized or whose husband has been sterilized are considered to want no more children. Men who are sterilized or who mention in response to the question about desire for children that their wife has been sterilized are considered to want no more children. Total includes women and men belonging to other religions and women/men with missing information on education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. na = Not applicable nc = Not calculated because there are no cases ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes current pregnancy of woman/wife. 2 Includes women and men with no children, who are not shown separately. 3 Excludes pregnant women and men with pregnant wives.
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Table 18 Ideal number of children
Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by ideal number of children, and mean ideal number of children, by number of living children, Assam, 2005-06, and percent distribution of ever-married women and men age 15-49 by ideal number of children, NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1
Ever-married respondents Number of living children1 NFHS-3 NFHS-2 NFHS-1 Ideal number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total (2005-06) (1998-99) (1992-93)
WOMEN
0 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.6 0.8 0.9 0.0 0.0 1 14.2 21.0 6.0 2.9 0.2 0.3 0.8 9.6 8.0 2.4 2.6 2 63.8 62.9 72.7 45.7 40.6 21.7 13.5 56.8 53.5 40.3 27.7 3 10.7 9.2 14.6 38.2 30.2 41.9 33.7 19.4 23.0 30.7 32.2 4 2.4 1.9 2.7 6.9 15.2 16.2 18.3 5.4 6.6 18.1 19.7 5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 2.6 2.9 4.0 0.8 1.0 3.8 6.1 6+ 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.4 1.3 6.4 0.5 0.6 3.0 3.9 Non-numeric responses 7.3 4.1 3.4 4.8 10.6 14.9 21.8 6.8 6.4 1.7 7.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number 1,215 624 765 575 326 184 150 3,840 2,868 3,441 2,987
Mean ideal number of children for2: All women 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.4 2.3 na na na Number 1,126 599 740 547 292 156 118 3,577 na na na
Ever-married women 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.4 2.3 2.3 2.9 3.2 Number 234 599 740 547 292 156 118 2,685 2,685 3,382 2,754
Currently married women 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.4 2.3 2.3 2.9 3.2 Number 208 562 697 520 260 143 112 2,503 2,503 3,123 2,520
MEN
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 0.0 0.1 na na 1 8.5 13.5 3.4 3.8 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 6.7 5.7 na na 2 65.5 74.7 79.7 48.1 36.9 (19.1) (14.9) 62.6 60.7 na na 3 14.6 7.6 14.4 37.0 41.0 (47.0) (35.1) 19.4 23.0 na na 4 3.1 2.3 1.4 6.5 15.5 (16.2) (33.3) 5.0 6.4 na na 5 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.6 (3.0) (0.0) 0.6 0.6 na na 6+ 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 0.1 0.2 na na Non-numeric responses 7.9 1.9 0.6 2.7 4.9 (14.8) (16.7) 5.6 3.3 na na
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 na na Number 639 160 220 159 74 41 33 1,326 757 na na
Mean ideal number of children for2: All men 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 (3.0) (3.2) 2.3 na na na Number 589 157 218 155 70 35 27 1,252 na na na
Ever-married men 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 (3.0) (3.2) 2.3 2.3 na na Number 69 157 218 155 70 35 27 732 732 na na
Currently married men 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 (3.0) * 2.3 2.3 na na Number 68 156 214 151 70 34 26 719 719 na na
na = Not applicable ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases.* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.1 Includes current pregnancy for women or wife's current pregnancy for men. 2 Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.
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Table 19 Indicators of sex preference
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who want more sons than daughters, percentage who want more daughters than sons, percentage who want at least one son, and percentage who want at least one daughter by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06, and totals for ever-married women age 15-49, NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1
Women Men
Background characteristic
Percentage who want more sons
than daughters
Percentage who want
moredaughters than sons
Percentage who want
at least one son
Percentage who want
at least one
daughter
Number of
women
Percentage who want more sons
than daughters
Percentage who want
moredaughters than sons
Percentage who want
at least one son
Percentage who want
at least one
daughter Number of men
Age 15-19 17.5 3.0 75.0 72.9 645 20.4 1.8 73.3 68.1 202 20-29 20.2 1.8 76.4 72.3 1,371 12.1 2.7 66.6 65.5 403 30-39 27.7 2.3 81.1 76.1 1,026 15.2 2.9 68.8 66.7 372 40-49 35.4 1.8 84.5 80.0 535 28.6 3.3 76.2 70.0 273
Residence Urban 14.7 2.8 68.7 64.9 693 9.9 1.5 61.1 57.8 284 Rural 26.4 2.0 81.1 77.0 2,884 20.3 3.1 73.2 70.1 965
Education No education 39.9 2.0 86.8 82.7 1,027 30.9 2.8 78.0 74.9 177 <5 years complete 30.5 2.1 84.2 80.3 503 26.0 4.7 81.2 80.4 233 5-9 years complete 17.2 1.7 79.4 74.9 1,328 16.9 2.7 72.7 67.8 464 10 or more years complete 9.8 3.1 62.0 58.6 718 8.1 1.6 57.4 54.9 376
Marital status Never married 11.6 3.5 71.9 69.8 893 14.3 2.2 64.6 62.3 517 Currently married 27.6 1.5 80.8 76.2 2,502 20.7 3.2 74.4 70.6 719 Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted 38.1 3.9 83.3 77.7 182 * * * * 13
Religion Hindu 20.8 2.2 76.2 71.7 2,571 14.8 2.2 68.0 64.8 902 Muslim 34.6 1.1 86.8 84.0 805 29.3 2.6 75.9 71.7 274 Christian 26.7 6.3 78.5 75.7 172 16.5 9.7 81.5 81.5 62
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 23.4 2.7 80.3 77.0 491 18.3 3.3 75.6 72.9 186 Scheduled tribe 19.1 3.6 73.9 71.0 362 19.0 8.3 73.1 69.6 102 Other backward class 20.0 1.8 77.4 71.4 811 14.7 2.3 64.4 60.5 314 Other 25.2 1.4 79.2 75.9 1,692 18.8 2.1 70.8 67.7 594
Wealth index Lowest 35.5 2.6 87.2 83.7 514 30.8 5.2 83.6 82.0 185 Second 30.0 0.9 84.5 80.4 1,044 22.0 2.7 77.3 73.9 359 Middle 23.6 2.7 80.7 77.0 866 16.6 2.2 69.7 64.8 300 Fourth 14.4 2.1 71.8 68.3 650 9.7 1.5 59.0 57.0 240 Highest 13.7 3.4 63.5 57.7 502 9.2 2.9 58.8 55.9 167
Total 24.1 2.1 78.7 74.7 3,576 17.9 2.8 70.4 67.3 1,250
Ever-married women NFHS-3 (2005-06) 28.3 1.7 81.0 76.3 2,684 na na na na na NFHS-2 (1998-99) 38.2 2.9 94.5 91.0 3,379 na na na na na NFHS-1 (1992-93) 43.6 4.3 93.5 90.2 2,751 na na na na na
Note: Table excludes women and men who gave non-numeric responses to the questions on ideal number of children or ideal number of sons or daughters. Total includes women and men belonging to other religions and women/men with missing information on education, religion, and caste/tribe,who are not shown separately. na = Not applicable * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
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Table 20 Knowledge of contraceptive methods
Percentage of all women and men, currently married women and men, and never married women and men who know any contraceptive method, byspecific method and residence, Assam, 2005-06
Women Men
Method All women Currently
married womenNever married
women All men Currently
married men Never married
men URBAN
Any method 98.6 99.8 95.9 97.5 99.1 95.9
Any modern method 98.5 99.6 95.6 97.3 98.7 95.9 Female sterilization 93.0 97.4 83.4 84.1 94.5 74.4 Male sterilization 72.0 82.7 47.4 64.7 80.9 49.2 Pill 96.4 98.5 91.8 89.8 93.2 86.4 IUD 67.5 81.9 34.3 32.6 47.2 18.2 Injectables 41.6 49.8 22.9 42.4 53.6 31.4 Condom/Nirodh 89.6 92.2 85.3 95.4 95.3 95.5 Female condom 10.3 11.3 7.4 22.1 23.8 20.7 Emergency contraception 6.9 8.2 3.3 22.1 24.7 19.8
Pill, IUD, and condom1 64.6 78.8 32.7 31.9 46.0 18.2
Any traditional method 68.5 89.4 22.3 72.9 94.0 52.1 Rhythm 55.2 72.7 16.6 49.7 74.0 26.4 Withdrawal 58.9 81.2 10.9 66.2 87.7 45.0 Folk method 5.0 6.2 2.2 0.2 0.4 0.0
Mean number of methods known by respondents age 15-49 6.0 6.8 4.1 5.7 6.8 4.7
Number of respondents age 15-49 721 470 215 301 148 152
RURAL
Any method 97.0 99.0 91.3 96.7 99.0 93.3
Any modern method 96.6 98.6 91.3 95.8 97.8 92.8 Female sterilization 91.3 94.7 81.8 84.3 92.7 72.5 Male sterilization 63.3 69.7 44.5 55.8 66.1 40.9 Pill 91.5 94.6 82.9 87.9 92.3 81.4 IUD 61.7 71.3 34.0 28.2 37.6 14.5 Injectables 32.4 36.5 21.8 42.0 49.2 31.6 Condom/Nirodh 63.4 67.1 54.5 89.2 90.4 87.2 Female condom 3.4 3.7 3.0 15.3 19.1 10.4 Emergency contraception 3.5 3.9 1.9 14.2 16.3 11.6
Pill, IUD, and condom1 49.7 58.6 25.3 27.2 36.8 13.3
Any traditional method 66.1 81.5 19.1 73.5 90.0 50.1 Rhythm 50.0 62.5 13.3 51.7 73.4 21.2 Withdrawal 52.3 67.0 8.2 65.0 79.5 44.3 Folk method 9.0 10.4 3.8 2.0 3.3 0.3
Mean number of methods known by respondents age 15-49 5.2 5.8 3.5 5.4 6.2 4.2
Number of respondents age 15-49 3,119 2,186 757 1,026 595 417
TOTAL
Any method 97.3 99.1 92.3 96.9 99.0 94.0
Any modern method 97.0 98.8 92.3 96.1 98.0 93.6 Female sterilization 91.7 95.2 82.2 84.3 93.0 73.0 Male sterilization 64.9 72.0 45.2 57.8 69.0 43.1 Pill 92.4 95.3 84.9 88.3 92.5 82.8 IUD 62.7 73.2 34.0 29.2 39.5 15.5 Injectables 34.1 38.9 22.0 42.1 50.1 31.5 Condom/Nirodh 68.3 71.5 61.3 90.6 91.4 89.4 Female condom 4.7 5.0 4.0 16.9 20.0 13.2 Emergency contraception 4.2 4.7 2.2 16.0 17.9 13.8
Pill, IUD, and condom1 52.5 62.2 26.9 28.3 38.6 14.6
Any traditional method 66.6 82.9 19.8 73.3 90.8 50.7 Rhythm 51.0 64.3 14.0 51.2 73.5 22.6 Withdrawal 53.6 69.5 8.8 65.2 81.1 44.5 Folk method 8.2 9.7 3.4 1.6 2.7 0.2
Mean number of methods known by respondents age 15-49 5.4 6.0 3.6 5.4 6.3 4.3
Number of respondents age 15-49 3,840 2,656 972 1,326 743 569
1 All three methods.
��
48
Tab
le 2
1 C
urre
nt u
se o
f con
trace
ptio
n by
bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
s
Perc
ent d
istrib
utio
n of
cur
rent
ly m
arrie
d w
omen
by
cont
race
ptiv
e m
etho
d cu
rren
tly u
sed,
acc
ordi
ng to
bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
s, A
ssam
, 200
5-06
, and
tota
l for
NFH
S-2
and
NFH
S-1
Mod
ern
met
hod
Trad
ition
al m
etho
d
Bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
An
ym
etho
d
Any
mod
ern
met
hod
Fem
ale
ster
iliza
tion
Mal
e
ster
iliza
tion
Pill
IUD
C
ondo
m/
Niro
dh
Any
tradi
tiona
l m
etho
d Rh
ythm
With
- dr
awal
Folk
met
hod
Not
curr
ently
us
ing
Tota
l N
umbe
r
of w
omen
Age
15-1
9
25.7
5.
1
0.0
0.
0
4.1
0.
0
0.9
20
.6
9.0
11
.6
0.0
74
.3
100.
0
186
20-2
4
45.6
21
.6
2.0
0.
0
16.2
1.
0
2.3
24
.0
12.7
11
.1
0.3
54
.4
100.
0
469
25-2
9
59.8
29
.3
10.2
0.
0
13.0
2.
6
3.6
30
.5
17.3
12
.9
0.3
40
.2
100.
0
550
30-3
9
67.2
31
.1
15.8
0.
2
11.1
1.
3
2.8
36
.0
21.2
13
.7
1.1
32
.8
100.
0
955
40-4
9
54.2
29
.9
25.8
0.
6
2.4
0.
4
0.7
24
.3
16.9
7.
2
0.2
45
.8
100.
0
497
Resi
denc
e
Urb
an
66.0
37
.2
14.1
0.
2
15.6
1.
0
6.4
28
.8
15.9
12
.5
0.4
34
.0
100.
0
470
Rura
l 54
.5
24.8
12
.7
0.2
9.
1
1.3
1.
5
29.6
17
.5
11.5
0.
6
45.5
10
0.0
2,
186
Educ
atio
n
No
educ
atio
n
51.2
26
.7
17.8
0.
5
6.7
1.
0
0.6
24
.6
15.8
7.
6
1.1
48
.8
100.
0
938
<5
year
s co
mpl
ete
53
.2
24.5
15
.6
0.0
7.
8
1.1
0.
0
28.7
17
.6
10.5
0.
6
46.8
10
0.0
42
5
5-
9 ye
ars
com
plet
e
59.9
29
.0
9.0
0.
0
15.5
1.
9
2.6
30
.9
16.1
14
.6
0.2
40
.1
100.
0
895
10 o
r mor
e ye
ars
com
plet
e
65.2
26
.3
7.9
0.
0
9.4
0.
6
8.5
38
.9
23.0
16
.0
0.0
34
.8
100.
0
398
Empl
oym
ent (
past
12
mon
ths)
N
ot e
mpl
oyed
55
.9
26.3
10
.9
0.2
11
.4
1.1
2.
7
29.7
16
.7
12.5
0.
4
44.1
10
0.0
1,
938
Empl
oyed
for c
ash
59
.0
30.8
20
.7
0.1
7.
0
1.7
1.
4
28.2
18
.1
9.2
0.
9
41.0
10
0.0
61
3
Em
ploy
ed n
ot fo
r cas
h
52.8
18
.7
6.2
0.
0
8.0
2.
3
2.3
34
.1
21.0
11
.9
1.1
47
.2
100.
0
105
Relig
ion
H
indu
61
.3
30.7
16
.2
0.2
10
.2
1.6
2.
6
30.6
18
.1
11.9
0.
6
38.7
10
0.0
1,
806
Mus
lim
46.1
18
.6
3.7
0.
3
11.9
0.
6
2.1
27
.5
15.2
11
.8
0.5
53
.9
100.
0
695
Chr
istia
n 45
.6
23.5
19
.0
0.0
4.
4
0.0
0.
0
22.1
13
.3
8.4
0.
4
54.4
10
0.0
13
5
Con
tinue
d…
��
49
Tab
le 2
1 C
urre
nt u
se o
f con
trace
ptio
n by
bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
s—C
ontin
ued M
oder
n m
etho
d Tr
aditi
onal
met
hod
Bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
An
ym
etho
d
Any
mod
ern
met
hod
Fem
ale
ster
iliza
tion
Mal
e
ster
iliza
tion
Pill
IUD
C
ondo
m/
Niro
dh
Any
tradi
tiona
l m
etho
d Rh
ythm
With
- dr
awal
Folk
met
hod
Not
curr
ently
us
ing
Tota
l N
umbe
r
of w
omen
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sc
hedu
led
cast
e
56.9
31
.9
17.7
0.
7
10.2
1.
0
2.3
25
.0
13.6
11
.0
0.4
43
.1
100.
0
340
Sche
dule
d tri
be
56.6
32
.4
18.7
0.
0
10.7
1.
7
1.3
24
.2
13.9
9.
5
0.8
43
.4
100.
0
284
Oth
er b
ackw
ard
clas
s
60.3
24
.0
9.0
0.
2
10.2
1.
9
2.7
36
.2
23.9
11
.7
0.6
39
.7
100.
0
555
Oth
er
55.5
24
.8
10.1
0.
1
10.9
0.
9
2.7
30
.7
17.2
12
.9
0.6
44
.5
100.
0
1,31
6
Wea
lth in
dex
Lo
wes
t 43
.6
15.5
5.
9
0.2
8.
2
1.2
0.
0
28.1
16
.6
10.4
1.
1
56.4
10
0.0
49
6
Se
cond
49
.5
22.8
10
.2
0.4
9.
9
1.6
0.
7
26.8
16
.9
9.3
0.
6
50.5
10
0.0
83
9
M
iddl
e
64.8
36
.1
20.4
0.
1
12.4
1.
2
2.0
28
.7
15.2
13
.0
0.5
35
.2
100.
0
569
Four
th
66.0
32
.4
14.9
0.
0
12.6
0.
7
4.2
33
.7
18.1
15
.2
0.4
34
.0
100.
0
427
Hig
hest
67
.3
32.8
15
.6
0.0
7.
6
1.3
8.
3
34.5
21
.3
13.3
0.
0
32.7
10
0.0
32
5
Num
ber
of li
ving
chi
ldre
n
No
child
ren
16
.6
1.9
0.
4
0.0
0.
2
0.0
1.
3
14.6
6.
2
8.4
0.
0
83.4
10
0.0
27
6
1
child
51
.3
19.2
0.
9
0.3
12
.3
1.4
4.
3
32.1
17
.8
14.0
0.
2
48.7
10
0.0
58
1
1
son
55
.5
19.3
1.
0
0.6
12
.5
1.6
3.
6
36.2
21
.2
15.0
0.
0
44.5
10
0.0
29
8
N
o so
ns
46.8
19
.1
0.8
0.
0
12.0
1.
3
5.0
27
.7
14.3
13
.0
0.4
53
.2
100.
0
283
2 ch
ildre
n
66.7
31
.6
12.3
0.
0
14.2
1.
6
3.5
35
.0
21.3
13
.3
0.4
33
.3
100.
0
692
1 o
r mor
e so
ns
68.3
32
.5
13.7
0.
0
13.5
1.
8
3.5
35
.9
22.0
13
.3
0.5
31
.7
100.
0
576
No
sons
58
.4
27.6
5.
1
0.0
17
.9
1.0
3.
6
30.8
17
.5
13.4
0.
0
41.6
10
0.0
11
6
3
child
ren
69
.3
38.8
25
.9
0.2
10
.3
1.4
1.
0
30.4
16
.9
13.1
0.
3
30.7
10
0.0
52
1
1
or m
ore
sons
70
.7
40.2
27
.4
0.3
10
.1
1.3
1.
1
30.5
17
.2
12.9
0.
4
29.3
10
0.0
47
1
N
o so
ns
(55.
9)
(26.
2)
(11.
9)
(0.0
) (1
1.9)
(2
.4)
(0.0
) (2
9.7)
(1
4.3)
(1
5.4)
(0
.0)
(44.
1)
100.
0
50
4+
chi
ldre
n
57.3
30
.7
20.2
0.
3
8.4
1.
1
0.7
26
.6
17.3
7.
7
1.5
42
.7
100.
0
586
1 o
r mor
e so
ns
56.8
31
.3
21.1
0.
3
8.6
1.
0
0.3
25
.5
16.7
7.
4
1.4
43
.2
100.
0
560
No
sons
*
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* 10
0.0
26
Tot
al
56.5
27
.0
13.0
0.
2 10
.3
1.3
2.3
29.5
17
.2
11.7
0.
6 43
.5
100.
0 2,
656
NFH
S-2
(199
8-99
) 43
.326
.615
.71.
06.
3
1.9
1.
8
na
11.1
4.
7
na
56.7
10
0.0
3,
179
N
FHS-
1 (1
992-
93)
43.0
19
.9
12.2
2.
4
2.8
0.
9
1.7
na
15
.8
6.3
na
57
.0
100.
0
2,72
3
Not
e: I
f m
ore
than
one
met
hod
is us
ed,
only
the
mos
t ef
fect
ive
met
hod
is co
nsid
ered
in t
his
tabu
latio
n. T
otal
incl
udes
wom
en b
elon
ging
to
othe
r re
ligio
ns a
nd w
omen
with
miss
ing
info
rmat
ion
on
educ
atio
n, re
ligio
n, a
nd c
aste
/trib
e, w
ho a
re n
ot s
how
n se
para
tely
. na
= N
ot a
vaila
ble
( ) B
ased
on
25-4
9 un
wei
ghte
d ca
ses.
*
Perc
enta
ge n
ot s
how
n; b
ased
on
few
er th
an 2
5 un
wei
ghte
d ca
ses.
�0
50
Tab
le 2
2 C
ontra
cept
ive
use
by m
en w
ith la
st p
artn
er
Per
cent
dist
ribut
ion
of c
urre
ntly
mar
ried
men
and
sex
ually
act
ive
unm
arrie
d m
en a
ge 1
5-49
by
cont
race
ptiv
e us
ed th
e la
st ti
me
they
had
sex
, acc
ordi
ng to
type
of p
artn
er a
nd b
ackg
roun
d ch
arac
teris
tics,
Ass
am, 2
005-
06
Mod
ern
met
hod
Trad
ition
al m
etho
d
Bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
An
ym
etho
d
Any
mod
ern
met
hod
Fem
ale
ster
iliza
tion
Mal
e
st
erili
zatio
nPi
ll IU
D
Con
dom
/N
irodh
Oth
er
mod
ern
met
hod
Any
tradi
tiona
lm
etho
dRh
ythm
W
ith-
draw
alFo
lkm
etho
d
Not
curr
ently
usin
g To
tal
Num
ber
of m
en
Type
of s
exua
l par
tner
Cur
rent
ly m
arrie
d
45.4
23
.8
10.0
0.
2
10.4
1.
1
2.1
0.
2
21.5
14
.2
6.6
0.
7
54.6
10
0.0
74
3
W
ife
45.8
23
.4
8.9
0.
1
11.0
1.
0
2.2
0.
2
22.4
14
.8
7.0
0.
6
54.2
10
0.0
69
8
O
ther
(3
8.3)
(3
0.1)
(2
7.3)
(1
.4)
(0.0
) (1
.4)
(0.0
) (0
.0)
(8.2
) (5
.5)
(0.0
) (2
.7)
(61.
7)
100.
0
44
N
ot c
urre
ntly
mar
ried
(6
3.8)
(4
6.7)
(0
.0)
(3.4
) (6
.8)
(0.0
) (3
6.5)
(0
.0)
(17.
1)
(17.
1)
(0.0
) (0
.0)
(36.
2)
100.
0
35
Resi
denc
e
U
rban
45
.8
32.5
8.
8
0.8
12
.9
1.2
8.
8
0.0
13
.3
8.0
4.
8
0.4
54
.2
100.
0
156
Rura
l 46
.3
23.0
9.
7
0.2
9.
5
1.0
2.
3
0.2
23
.3
16.0
6.
6
0.8
53
.7
100.
0
622
Educ
atio
n
No
educ
atio
n
42.0
18
.8
11.0
0.
0
6.1
1.
2
0.4
0.
0
23.2
17
.5
4.5
1.
2
58.0
10
0.0
14
9
<
5 ye
ars
com
plet
e
43.4
24
.4
10.7
0.
7
11.1
1.
3
0.7
0.
0
19.0
13
.7
4.7
0.
7
56.6
10
0.0
18
2
5-
9 ye
ars
com
plet
e
50.6
28
.6
9.7
0.
3
12.5
1.
0
4.7
0.
5
22.1
14
.5
6.6
1.
0
49.4
10
0.0
25
1
10
or m
ore
year
s co
mpl
ete
46
.3
25.3
7.
2
0.3
9.
6
0.6
7.
5
0.0
21
.0
12.4
8.
7
0.0
53
.7
100.
0
197
Age
15-1
9
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* 10
0.0
12
20-2
4
28.8
12
.9
0.0
0.
0
3.3
0.
0
9.6
0.
0
15.9
8.
5
6.3
1.
1
71.2
10
0.0
57
25-2
9
36.7
22
.7
4.8
0.
0
14.0
0.
0
3.9
0.
0
14.0
11
.3
2.7
0.
0
63.3
10
0.0
11
3
30
-34
45
.3
23.4
9.
2
0.5
11
.5
0.0
2.
3
0.0
21
.9
13.2
7.
8
0.9
54
.7
100.
0
133
35-3
9
53.2
26
.9
10.4
0.
6
12.0
1.
3
2.6
0.
0
26.3
15
.3
9.8
1.
3
46.8
10
0.0
18
7
40
-44
48
.1
25.7
10
.5
0.0
9.
3
2.3
2.
8
0.8
22
.4
15.9
6.
5
0.0
51
.9
100.
0
157
45-4
9
51.1
29
.0
17.6
0.
5
7.8
1.
6
1.6
0.
0
22.0
18
.5
2.6
1.
0
48.9
10
0.0
11
8
Mar
ital s
tatu
s
Nev
er m
arrie
d
(64.
6)
(48.
1)
(0.0
) (0
.0)
(4.1
) (0
.0)
(44.
0)
(0.0
) (1
6.5)
(1
6.5)
(0
.0)
(0.0
) (3
5.4)
10
0.0
29
Cur
rent
ly m
arrie
d
45.4
23
.8
10.0
0.
2 10
.4
1.1
2.1
0.2
21.5
14
.2
6.6
0.7
54.6
10
0.0
74
3
W
idow
ed/d
ivor
ced/
sepa
rate
d/de
serte
d *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
100.
0
6
Relig
ion
H
indu
46
.4
26.7
10
.8
0.5
9.
8
1.4
4.
0
0.2
19
.7
11.5
7.
3
0.9
53
.6
100.
0
535
Mus
lim
45.5
18
.8
2.2
0.
0
12.7
0.
3
3.5
0.
0
26.7
23
.2
3.2
0.
3
54.5
10
0.0
19
1
C
hrist
ian
(51.
9)
(31.
2)
(26.
0)
(0.0
) (5
.2)
(0.0
) (0
.0)
(0.0
) (2
0.8)
(1
3.0)
(7
.8)
(0.0
) (4
8.1)
10
0.0
47
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sche
dule
d ca
ste
51
.8
26.5
7.
4
1.0
12
.2
2.6
2.
2
1.0
25
.3
15.3
9.
0
1.0
48
.2
100.
0
115
Sche
dule
d tri
be
35.8
28
.5
13.0
0.
8
9.7
0.
0
4.9
0.
0
7.3
4.
1
3.2
0.
0
64.2
10
0.0
74
Oth
er b
ackw
ard
clas
s
43.5
20
.1
5.2
0.
0
8.3
1.
0
5.6
0.
0
23.4
16
.5
5.5
1.
4
56.5
10
0.0
17
6
O
ther
47
.3
24.8
9.
0
0.2
11
.6
0.8
3.
1
0.0
22
.5
16.3
6.
1
0.2
52
.7
100.
0
372
Wea
lth in
dex
Low
est
33.1
14
.7
5.9
0.
0
5.9
0.
8
1.3
0.
8
18.5
13
.4
4.2
0.
8
66.9
10
0.0
14
4
Se
cond
47
.6
24.1
8.
3
0.5
14
.0
0.8
0.
5
0.0
23
.5
16.8
5.
2
1.5
52
.4
100.
0
234
Mid
dle
48
.8
26.2
11
.1
0.0
10
.9
1.3
2.
9
0.0
22
.6
14.1
8.
2
0.3
51
.2
100.
0
185
Four
th
51.0
31
.1
11.6
0.
9
10.2
0.
9
7.4
0.
0
19.8
12
.9
6.9
0.
0
49.0
10
0.0
13
3
H
ighe
st
51.5
32
.0
12.8
0.
0
5.3
1.
5
12.3
0.
0
19.5
12
.0
7.5
0.
0
48.5
10
0.0
82
Tot
al a
ge 1
5-49
46
.2
24.9
9.
5
0.3
10
.2
1.0
3.
6
0.2
21
.3
14.4
6.
3
0.7
53
.8
100.
0
778
Age
50-
54
53.7
26
.9
18.2
0.
0
3.8
0.
0
4.8
0.
0
26.9
22
.0
4.8
0.
0
46.3
10
0.0
63
To
tal a
ge 1
5-54
46
.8
25.0
10
.2
0.3
9.7
0.9
3.7
0.1
21.7
14
.9
6.1
0.6
53.2
10
0.0
841
Not
e: T
otal
incl
udes
men
bel
ongi
ng to
oth
er re
ligio
ns a
nd m
en w
ith m
issin
g in
form
atio
n on
cas
te/tr
ibe,
who
are
not
sho
wn
sepa
rate
ly.
( ) B
ased
on
25-4
9 un
wei
ghte
d ca
ses.
*
Perc
enta
ge n
ot s
how
n; b
ased
on
few
er th
an 2
5 un
wei
ghte
d ca
ses.
��
51
Table 23 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms
Among women age 15-49 who are current pill or condom users and men age 15-49 who are current condom users and for whom the brand being used is known, percentage who are using a social marketing brand, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Women Men
Background characteristic
Percentage of pill users using a social marketing brand
Number of pill users
Percentage of condom users using a social
marketing brand
Number of condom users
Percentage of condom users using a social
marketing brand
Number of condom users
Age 15-19 * 8 * 1 * 2 20-24 91.6 56 * 4 * 4 25-29 83.9 59 * 15 * 1 30-39 85.6 78 (44.4) 20 * 3 40-49 * 12 * 2 * 4
Residence Urban 81.9 61 (29.6) 16 * 9 Rural 88.2 152 * 25 * 5
Education No education (82.6) 45 * 3 * 1 < 5 years complete (90.3) 24 nc 0 nc 0 5-9 years complete 86.3 113 * 15 * 6
10 or more years complete (88.8) 31 (23.7) 22 * 7
Religion Hindu 88.0 153 (34.7) 31 * 11 Muslim 84.7 54 * 10 * 3 Christian * 6 nc 0 nc 0 Other/ no religion nc 0 * 1 nc 0
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste (98.1) 31 * 5 * 1 Scheduled tribe * 24 * 1 * 1 Other backward class (82.9) 45 * 12 * 6 Other 82.5 105 (28.3) 23 * 5
Wealth index Lowest (86.9) 27 nc 0 * 1 Second 94.0 60 * 5 nc 0 Middle 90.9 59 * 8 nc 0 Fourth 78.2 46 * 10 * 7 Highest (68.7) 21 (19.9) 18 * 6
Total 86.4 213 (37.8) 41 * 14
Note: Total includes women/men with missing information on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. nc = Not calculated because there are no cases ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
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52
Table 24 Source of modern contraceptive methods
Percent distribution of current users of modern contraceptive methods by most recent source of the method, according to residence, Assam, 2005-06
Most recent source of method Female
sterilization Pill IUD Condom/
NirodhAll modern methods1
URBAN
Public medical sector 66.7 0.8 * 2.0 29.1 Government/municipal hospital 56.1 0.0 * 2.0 24.3 Government dispensary 4.9 0.8 * 0.0 2.6 CHC/rural hospital/PHC 1.6 0.0 * 0.0 0.6 Sub-centre/ANM/camp 2.4 0.0 * 0.0 1.0 Other public medical sector 1.6 0.0 * 0.0 0.6
NGO or trust hospital/clinic 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0
Private medical sector 31.7 91.2 * 96.1 66.7 Private hospital 30.9 0.0 * 0.0 12.9 Private doctor/clinic 0.8 3.2 * 0.0 2.3 Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 88.0 * 96.1 51.5 Other private medical sector 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0
Other source 0.8 7.2 * 2.0 3.6 Shop 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 Spouse 0.0 6.4 * 2.0 2.9 Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 Other 0.8 0.8 * 0.0 0.6
Don’t know 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 Missing 0.8 0.8 * 0.0 0.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of users 72 73 5 30 181
RURAL
Public medical sector 80.2 6.6 * (18.5) 51.1 Government/municipal hospital 34.9 0.6 * (3.7) 20.0 Government dispensary 3.6 0.0 * (0.0) 2.5 CHC/rural hospital/PHC 17.9 3.0 * (0.0) 12.9 Sub-centre/ANM/camp 7.9 1.8 * (11.1) 6.3 Other public medical sector 15.9 1.2 * (3.7) 9.3
NGO or trust hospital/clinic 2.0 0.0 * (0.0) 1.1
Private medical sector 17.5 79.6 * (63.0) 41.4 Private hospital 7.5 0.6 * (0.0) 4.2 Private doctor/clinic 0.4 0.0 * (0.0) 0.4 Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 77.8 * (63.0) 31.2 Other private medical sector 9.5 1.2 * (0.0) 5.5
Other source 0.0 13.2 * (18.5) 5.7 Shop 0.0 0.6 * (0.0) 0.2 Spouse 0.0 11.4 * (14.8) 4.9 Friend/relative 0.0 0.6 * (3.7) 0.4 Other 0.0 0.6 * (0.0) 0.2
Don’t know 0.4 0.0 * (0.0) 0.6 Missing 0.0 0.6 * (0.0) 0.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of users 301 200 29 32 567
Continued…
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53
Table 24 Source of modern contraceptive methods—Continued
Most recent source of method Female
sterilization Pill IUD Condom/ Nirodh
All modern methods1
TOTAL
Public medical sector 77.6 5.0 (85.8) 10.6 45.8 Government/municipal hospital 39.0 0.4 (23.2) 2.9 21.1 Government dispensary 3.8 0.2 (12.5) 0.0 2.5 CHC/rural hospital/PHC 14.7 2.2 (35.8) 0.0 9.9 Sub-centre/ANM/camp 6.9 1.3 (14.3) 5.8 5.0 Other public medical sector 13.1 0.9 (0.0) 1.9 7.2
NGO or trust hospital/clinic 1.6 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.8
Private medical sector 20.2 82.7 (14.2) 78.9 47.5 Private hospital 12.0 0.4 (3.5) 0.0 6.3 Private doctor/clinic 0.5 0.9 (7.1) 0.0 0.9 Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 80.6 (3.6) 78.9 36.1 Other private medical sector 7.7 0.9 (0.0) 0.0 4.2
Other source 0.2 11.6 (0.0) 10.6 5.2 Shop 0.0 0.4 (0.0) 0.0 0.2 Spouse 0.0 10.0 (0.0) 8.6 4.4 Friend/relative 0.0 0.4 (0.0) 1.9 0.3 Other 0.2 0.7 (0.0) 0.0 0.3
Don’t know 0.3 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.5 Missing 0.2 0.7 (0.0) 0.0 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of users 373 273 33 62 748
Note: All information in this table is based on women's reports. Table includes all users of modern contraceptive methods regardless of their marital status. CHC = Community health centre; PHC = Primary health centre; ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; NGO = Nongovernmental organization ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes users of male sterilization, who are not shown separately.
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54
Table 25 Informed choice
Among women who are current users of selected modern contraceptive methods who started the last episode of use within the five years preceding the survey, the percentage who were informed about possible side effects or problems of that method, the percentage who were informed about what to do if they experienced side effects, and the percentage who were informed about other methods they could use, by method and initial source of method, Assam, 2005-06
Method/source
Percentage who were informed
about side effects or problems of method used
Percentage who were informed about what to
do if experienced side effects
Percentage who were informed by a health or family planning worker about other methods that could be used
Numberof women
Method Female sterilization1 37.7 32.7 27.1 107 Pill 41.9 33.8 41.4 206 IUD * * * 26
Initial source of method2 Public medical sector 43.8 39.2 33.5 116 Private medical sector 41.9 34.2 38.6 217
Total 42.3 35.8 37.1 339
Note: Table includes only the contraceptive methods separately shown and excludes users who obtained their method from friends/relatives. Total includes women who reported the initial source of the method as nongovernmental organizations or other sources, who are not shown separately. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Among women who were sterilized in the five years preceding the survey. 2 Source at start of current episode of use.
Table 26 First-year contraceptive discontinuation rates
Percentage of contraceptive users who discontinued use of a method within 12 months after beginning its use, by reason for discontinuation and percentage who switched to another method, by type of method, Assam, 2005-06
Method Method failure
Desire to become pregnant
Side effects/ health
concerns Costs too
much
Infrequent sex/ husband
awayMarital
dissolutionOther reason Total
Switched to another method1
Female sterilization 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pill 0.5 12.9 11.0 1.1 2.0 0.3 10.1 37.9 14.1 Condom/Nirodh 2.6 15.1 1.8 10.7 0.9 0.9 25.8 57.8 28.0 Rhythm 3.0 12.6 0.3 0.0 1.7 0.0 5.0 22.7 4.7 Withdrawal 2.8 10.7 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 8.0 24.9 6.8
All modern spacing methods2 1.1 12.6 9.2 3.0 1.6 0.4 12.7 40.5 16.3
All spacing methods3 2.2 12.1 3.8 1.2 2.1 0.1 8.9 30.4 9.8
All methods 2.0 11.3 3.5 1.1 1.9 0.1 8.3 28.4 9.2
Note: Table is based on episodes of contraceptive use that began 3-59 months prior to the survey. 1 Used a different method in the month following discontinuation or said they wanted a more effective method and started another method within two months of discontinuation. 2 Includes other modern spacing methods that are not shown separately. 3 Includes other spacing methods that are not shown separately.
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55
Table 27 Men's contraception-related perceptions and knowledge
Percentage of men age 15-49 who agree with two specific statements about women and contraception and say that a woman who is breastfeeding cannot become pregnant, and percent distribution of men according to their belief about the efficacy of condoms in preventing pregnancy, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Percentage of men who agree
Percentage of men who say that if a male condom is used correctly, it protects against pregnancy:
Background characteristic
Contraception is women's
business and a man should not have to
worry about it
Women who use
contraception may become promiscuous
A woman who is breastfeeding
cannot become pregnant
Most of the time
Some- times Not at all
Don't know/unsure1 Total
Number of men
Age
15-19 2.9 14.0 17.2 32.0 21.1 0.5 46.3 100.0 231 20-24 5.4 18.0 32.4 47.3 21.2 0.9 30.6 100.0 213 25-29 2.0 14.8 45.5 55.6 22.7 0.3 21.4 100.0 213 30-39 2.9 16.0 57.2 56.8 20.7 0.3 22.2 100.0 380 40-49 3.0 16.0 56.2 50.3 22.8 0.0 26.9 100.0 289 Residence
Urban 3.5 10.0 45.5 56.4 24.2 0.4 19.0 100.0 301 Rural 3.1 17.5 43.8 47.3 20.9 0.4 31.5 100.0 1,026 Education
No education 1.9 18.7 37.8 34.9 17.5 0.0 47.6 100.0 191 <5 years complete 5.7 18.8 39.9 41.6 17.0 0.5 40.9 100.0 254 5-9 years complete 3.5 18.3 39.2 43.9 24.2 0.6 31.3 100.0 495
10 or more years complete 1.8 9.0 56.4 68.5 23.4 0.2 7.9 100.0 386
Religion
Hindu 3.2 15.3 45.7 52.6 20.6 0.3 26.5 100.0 952 Muslim 2.7 16.3 42.4 40.9 28.3 0.8 30.0 100.0 294 Christian 5.4 22.5 30.6 40.6 9.0 0.0 50.4 100.0 67 Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 3.1 18.4 40.8 50.9 27.3 0.6 21.2 100.0 195 Scheduled tribe 3.8 19.9 46.8 47.4 17.2 0.0 35.4 100.0 113 Other backward class 4.3 14.7 48.1 50.6 22.8 0.4 26.3 100.0 324 Other 2.5 14.6 43.4 47.5 21.5 0.4 30.6 100.0 637 Wealth index
Lowest 4.6 16.9 27.3 28.8 23.9 0.0 47.3 100.0 198 Second 3.9 21.4 41.8 42.0 19.9 0.3 37.7 100.0 388 Middle 1.8 14.9 49.1 49.9 23.6 0.8 25.7 100.0 314 Fourth 3.4 14.2 48.9 64.0 20.8 0.5 14.7 100.0 251 Highest 2.1 6.0 52.6 66.6 20.5 0.0 13.0 100.0 176
Total age 15-49 3.2 15.8 44.1 49.3 21.6 0.4 28.7 100.0 1,326 Age 50-54 0.9 29.6 60.4 43.5 17.1 0.0 39.5 100.0 68 Total age 15-54 3.1 16.4 44.9 49.1 21.4 0.4 29.2 100.0 1,394
Note: Total includes men belonging to other religions and men with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. 1 Includes missing values and those who had never heard of condoms.
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56
Table 28 Need for family planning among currently married women
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning, and total demand for family planning, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Unmet need for family planning1
Met need for family planning (currently using)2
Total demand for family planning3
Background characteristic For
spacing For
limiting Total For
spacing For
limiting Total For
spacingFor
limiting Total
Percentage of demand
satisfied
Number of
women
Age 15-19 15.1 1.9 17.1 20.8 4.8 25.7 36.0 6.7 42.7 60.0 186 20-24 8.4 6.4 14.8 23.1 22.5 45.6 31.5 28.9 60.4 75.5 469 25-29 2.5 8.6 11.1 15.1 44.8 59.8 17.6 53.3 70.9 84.4 550 30-34 1.2 10.1 11.3 6.3 59.1 65.5 7.5 69.3 76.8 85.3 506 35-39 1.1 7.0 8.1 2.4 66.7 69.1 3.4 73.7 77.2 89.5 449 40-44 0.0 5.7 5.7 0.2 62.1 62.3 0.2 67.8 68.1 91.6 292 45-49 0.0 3.8 3.8 0.0 42.6 42.6 0.0 46.4 46.4 91.9 205
Residence Urban 1.5 4.6 6.1 12.1 53.9 66.0 13.6 58.5 72.1 91.5 470 Rural 3.9 7.6 11.5 9.9 44.6 54.5 13.8 52.2 66.0 82.6 2,186
Education No education 3.5 9.0 12.5 5.6 45.6 51.2 9.1 54.6 63.7 80.4 938 <5 years complete 4.4 7.5 11.8 8.6 44.6 53.2 12.9 52.1 65.0 81.8 425 5-9 years complete 3.4 5.4 8.8 12.8 47.0 59.9 16.2 52.4 68.7 87.2 895
10 or more years complete 2.6 6.0 8.5 17.4 47.8 65.2 20.0 53.7 73.7 88.4 398
Religion Hindu 3.1 6.0 9.1 10.5 50.8 61.3 13.6 56.8 70.4 87.1 1,806 Muslim 3.7 9.9 13.6 10.4 35.6 46.1 14.1 45.5 59.7 77.3 695 Christian 6.6 8.4 15.0 7.1 38.5 45.6 13.7 46.9 60.6 75.2 135
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 4.0 3.7 7.7 13.1 43.8 56.9 17.1 47.5 64.6 88.1 340 Scheduled tribe 3.6 9.3 12.8 7.8 48.8 56.6 11.4 58.1 69.5 81.5 284 Other backward class 2.8 7.1 9.9 10.5 49.7 60.3 13.3 56.8 70.2 85.9 555 Other 3.2 7.7 10.9 10.5 45.0 55.5 13.7 52.7 66.4 83.5 1,316
Wealth index Lowest 4.3 10.8 15.2 6.4 37.2 43.6 10.7 48.1 58.8 74.2 496 Second 4.3 9.5 13.7 9.6 39.9 49.5 13.9 49.4 63.3 78.3 839 Middle 2.4 3.0 5.4 12.7 52.1 64.8 15.1 55.1 70.2 92.2 569 Fourth 3.1 4.0 7.1 11.1 54.9 66.0 14.2 58.9 73.1 90.3 427 Highest 2.4 6.2 8.6 12.7 54.6 67.3 15.1 60.8 75.9 88.7 325
Total 3.5 7.1 10.5 10.3 46.2 56.5 13.7 53.3 67.1 84.3 2,656
Note: Total includes women belonging to other religions and women with missing information on education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. 1 Unmet need for spacing includes pregnant women whose pregnancy was mistimed; amenorrhoeic women who are not using family planning and whose last birth was mistimed, or whose last birth was unwanted but now say they want more children; and fecund women who are neither pregnant nor amenorrhoeic, who are not using any method of family planning, and say they want to wait 2 or more years for their next birth. Also included in unmet need for spacing are fecund women who are not using any method of family planning and say they are unsure whether they want another child or who want another child but are unsure when to have the birth. Unmet need for limiting refers to pregnant women whose pregnancy was unwanted; amenorrhoeic women who are not using family planning,whose last child was unwanted, and who do not want any more children; and fecund women who are neither pregnant nor amenorrhoeic, who are not using any method of family planning, and who want no more children. Excluded from the unmet need category are pregnant and amenorrhoeic women who became pregnant while using a method (these women are in need of a better method of contraception). 2 Using for spacing is defined as women who are using some method of family planning and say they want to have another child or are undecided whether to have another. Using for limiting is defined as women who are using and who want no more children. Note that the specific methods used are not taken into account here. 3 Nonusers who are pregnant or amenorrhoeic whose pregnancy was the result of a contraceptive failure are not included in the category of unmet need, but are included in total demand for contraception (since they would have been using had their method not failed).
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57
Table 29 Age at first marriage
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who were first married by specific exact ages, percentage never married, and median age at first marriage, first cohabitation with spouse, and first sex according to current age, Assam, 2005-06
Percentage first married by exact age:
Current age 15 18 20 21 25
Percentage never
married Number of respondents
Median ageat first
marriage
Median age at first
cohabitation
Median ageat first sexual
intercourse WOMEN
15-19 7.2 na na na na 72.7 699 a a a 20-24 13.2 38.6 53.6 na na 36.3 758 19.4 19.5 19.7 25-29 18.6 42.6 58.0 66.1 81.6 15.1 682 18.8 19.0 19.4 30-34 17.5 41.6 61.9 71.2 80.7 8.4 581 18.7 18.8 19.0 35-39 19.2 47.5 62.0 66.9 82.1 4.0 525 18.3 18.5 18.8 40-44 20.5 48.5 63.5 69.7 86.4 2.9 349 18.2 18.3 18.6 45-49 16.0 42.8 59.7 68.6 84.0 2.4 246 18.8 19.0 19.4
20-49 17.2 42.9 59.1 na na 14.7 3,141 18.7 18.9 19.2
25-49 18.5 44.3 60.8 68.3 82.4 7.9 2,383 18.6 18.7 19.0
MEN
15-19 0.5 na na na na 99.0 231 a a a 20-24 0.0 3.2 9.7 na na 77.4 213 a a a 25-29 1.1 3.4 11.1 15.7 39.4 49.3 213 a a a 30-34 0.7 4.6 9.8 15.4 40.0 26.2 173 25.9 26.4 25.7 35-39 1.5 5.9 13.2 17.4 45.3 8.8 207 25.7 25.9 25.4 40-44 1.5 3.7 15.0 19.9 40.2 1.9 162 26.0 26.4 26.3 45-49 1.0 7.2 14.4 21.1 37.9 2.9 127 26.6 26.7 26.7
20-49 0.9 4.5 12.0 na na 31.1 1,095 a a a
25-49 1.2 4.8 12.5 17.6 40.8 19.9 882 a a a
na = Not applicable due to censoring a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women or men were married, began living with their spouse, or had sex for the first time before reaching the beginning of the age group
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58
Table 30 Early childhood mortality rates
Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for five-year periods precedingthe survey and for 0-4 years before NFHS-2 and NFHS-1, by residence, Assam, 2005-06
Years preceding the survey
Neonatalmortality
(NN)
Postneonatal mortality1
(PNN)
Infantmortality
(1q0)
Childmortality
(4q1)
Under-five mortality
(5q0) URBAN
0-4 (54.7) (3.1) (57.8) (14.9) (71.8) 5-9 (32.9) (11.7) (44.6) (20.1) (63.8) 10-14 (61.3) (19.7) (81.0) (20.8) (100.1)
NFHS-2 (0-4) (36.0) (11.1) (47.1) (8.3) (55.0) NFHS-1 (0-4) 48.5 18.3 66.8 36.6 101.0
RURAL
0-4 44.3 23.0 67.2 21.0 86.8 5-9 54.2 24.7 78.9 33.6 109.9 10-14 57.9 22.7 80.7 27.7 106.2
NFHS-2 (0-4) 45.2 25.8 70.9 22.2 91.6 NFHS-1 (0-4) 51.1 39.7 90.8 60.8 146.1
TOTAL
0-4 45.5 20.6 66.1 20.2 85.0 5-9 51.8 23.2 75.0 31.8 104.4 10-14 58.4 22.3 80.7 26.6 105.2
NFHS-2 (0-4) 44.6 24.9 69.5 21.4 89.5 NFHS-1 (0-4) 50.9 37.8 88.7 58.7 142.2
( ) Based on 250-499 unweighted cases. 1 Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates.
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Table 31 Early childhood mortality rates by background characteristics
Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding the survey, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Background characteristic
Neonatal mortality
(NN)
Postneonatal mortality1
(PNN)
Infant mortality
(1q0)
Childmortality
(4q1)
Under-five mortality
(5q0)
Residence Urban 42.9 7.7 50.6 17.6 67.4 Rural 49.7 23.9 73.5 27.4 98.9
Education No education 57.6 30.4 88.0 36.3 121.1 <10 years complete 43.5 18.6 62.1 19.7 80.5 10 or more years complete (35.9) (0.0) (35.9) (6.3) (41.9)
Religion Hindu 45.5 18.0 63.5 21.2 83.3 Muslim 51.5 28.9 80.4 37.3 114.7 Christian * * * * *
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste (67.3) (14.5) (81.7) (31.5) (110.7) Scheduled tribe (43.9) (15.1) (59.0) (25.8) (83.2) Other backward class 39.2 20.4 59.6 17.9 76.4 Other 48.1 25.9 74.0 29.1 100.9
Wealth index Lowest 67.7 27.8 95.4 37.2 129.1 Second 45.2 24.3 69.5 32.9 100.1 Middle 42.0 24.8 66.8 18.3 83.9 Fourth (46.3) (7.5) (53.7) (6.6) (59.9) Highest (14.5) (2.4) (17.0) (7.1) (23.9)
Child's sex Male 45.5 23.8 69.3 22.6 90.3 Female 52.3 20.3 72.6 29.9 100.3
Mother's age at birth <20 70.1 23.5 93.6 32.4 123.0 20-29 44.0 23.6 67.6 24.0 89.9 30-39 36.3 13.1 49.5 23.4 71.8 40-49 * * * * *
Birth order 1 61.9 15.7 77.7 12.2 88.9 2-3 46.0 24.7 70.7 29.6 98.2 4+ 38.6 24.8 63.4 35.4 96.5
Previous birth interval2 <2 years 71.7 29.2 100.9 48.4 144.4 2-3 years 35.1 28.2 63.3 28.8 90.3 4 years or more (26.9) (23.3) (50.2) (18.5) (67.8)
Total 48.9 22.0 70.9 26.2 95.2
Note: Total includes births to women belonging to other religions and women with missing information on education and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 250-499 unweighted cases. * Based on fewer than 250 unweighted cases. 1 Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates. 2 Excludes first-order births.
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Table 32 High-risk fertility behaviour
Percent distribution of children born in the five years preceding the survey by category of elevated risk of mortality and the risk ratio, and percent distribution of currently married women by category of risk if they were to conceive a child at the time of the survey, Assam, 2005-06
Births in the 5 years preceding the survey
Risk category Percentage of
birthsRisk ratio
Percentage of currently
married women1
Not in any high-risk category 31.6 1.0 35.4a
Unavoidable risk category First order births to mothers age 18-34 years 25.6 0.9 7.3
Single high-risk category Mother’s age <18 7.1 1.4 1.2 Mother’s age >34 1.3 (0.0) 9.8 Birth interval <24 months 7.1 1.6 8.0 Birth order >3 17.6 0.9 12.5
Subtotal 33.1 1.1 31.6
Multiple high-risk category Mother’s age <18 and birth interval <24 months2 1.3 * 0.6 Mother’s age >34 and birth interval <24 months 0.0 nc 0.3 Mother’s age >34 and birth order >3 3.5 1.7 18.7
Mother’s age >34 and birth interval <24 months and birth order >3 0.5 * 0.9
Birth interval <24 months and birth order >3 4.4 1.5 5.3
Subtotal 9.7 1.9 25.8
In any avoidable high-risk category 42.8 1.3 57.4
Total 100.0 na 100.0
Number of births 1,639 na 2,656
Note: Risk ratio is the ratio of the proportion dead among births in a specific high-risk category to the proportion dead among births not in any high-risk category. na = Not applicable nc = Not calculated because there are no cases ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Ratio not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Women are assigned to risk categories according to the status they would have at the birth of a child if they were to conceive at the time of the survey: current age less than 17 years and 3 months or greater than 34 years and 2 months, latest birth less than 15 months ago, or latest birth of order 3 or higher. 2 Includes the category age <18 and birth order >3. a Includes sterilized women.
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Table 33 Antenatal care
Percent distribution of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider duringpregnancy for the most recent live birth, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Background characteristic Doctor
ANM/nurse/ midwife/
LHV
Other health
personnel Dai/TBAAnganwadi/ICDS worker Other No one Total
Number of women
Age at birth <20 63.0 13.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.5 21.7 100.0 234 20-34 51.9 13.1 0.9 3.2 0.5 2.4 28.0 100.0 950 35-49 35.0 14.2 0.0 3.0 0.0 4.5 43.3 100.0 80
Birth order 1 76.0 8.4 0.9 1.8 0.0 0.9 12.0 100.0 393 2-3 54.4 15.1 0.4 3.2 0.9 2.4 23.5 100.0 538 4+ 23.3 15.9 0.7 2.9 0.0 3.9 53.2 100.0 334
Residence Urban 84.1 2.9 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 11.9 100.0 162 Rural 48.3 14.8 0.8 2.9 0.4 2.7 30.2 100.0 1,103
Education No education 32.6 15.1 1.3 3.8 0.3 2.9 44.0 100.0 454 <5 years complete 44.8 15.1 0.0 1.1 1.1 2.8 35.0 100.0 213 5-9 years complete 64.8 12.4 0.5 3.3 0.3 1.9 16.8 100.0 440 10 or more years complete 88.6 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.3 100.0 157
Religion Hindu 62.6 13.0 0.3 3.0 0.3 1.9 18.9 100.0 769 Muslim 36.9 15.3 1.5 2.5 0.6 3.6 39.7 100.0 403 Christian 38.6 5.7 0.0 1.4 0.0 1.4 52.9 100.0 84
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 49.7 22.8 0.0 4.6 0.0 1.4 21.4 100.0 167 Scheduled tribe 40.1 12.0 0.9 4.3 1.7 4.3 36.8 100.0 140 Other backward class 68.5 10.2 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.5 19.6 100.0 222 Other 51.2 11.7 0.9 1.8 0.4 2.2 31.8 100.0 649
Wealth index Lowest 22.1 15.0 0.4 6.1 0.0 3.5 53.0 100.0 311 Second 48.5 15.3 1.3 2.0 0.8 2.4 29.6 100.0 446 Middle 64.6 15.7 0.5 0.9 0.0 2.3 16.1 100.0 263 Fourth 82.2 7.1 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 8.3 100.0 144 Highest 94.7 1.2 0.0 2.3 0.0 1.2 0.6 100.0 101
Total 52.9 13.2 0.7 2.7 0.4 2.4 27.8 100.0 1,265
Note: If more than one source of ANC was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualification is considered in this tabulation. Total includes women belonging to other religions and women with missing information on education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; LHV = Lady health visitor; TBA = Traditional birth attendant; ICDS = Integrated Child DevelopmentServices
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Table 34 Antenatal care services and information received
Percentage of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey and received antenatal care (ANC) for the most recent live birth by services and information received, according to residence and source of antenatal care, Assam, 2005-06
Source of ANC
Residence
Services/information Urban Rural Public
sector only
Private/ NGO
sector only
Both public and private/ NGO sector
ANC received only at home Total
Percentage receiving selected services during antenatal care
Weighed 72.1 44.3 45.6 66.8 * 24.8 48.6 Blood pressure measured 81.6 48.1 46.3 78.9 * 34.2 53.4 Urine sample taken 73.8 32.9 31.5 61.7 * 26.5 39.3 Blood sample taken 70.5 31.2 30.2 59.2 * 22.0 37.4 Abdomen examined 79.5 57.1 57.8 75.4 * 42.3 60.6
Percentage receiving information on specific pregnancy complications
Vaginal bleeding 29.9 14.3 13.8 28.0 * 7.1 16.7 Convulsions 29.1 15.1 16.3 25.7 * 5.8 17.3 Prolonged labour 30.7 15.2 15.7 27.4 * 6.7 17.6
Where to go if experienced pregnancy complications 41.8 23.9 25.5 36.0 * 15.3 26.7
Number of women 143 770 530 235 15 132 913
NGO = Nongovernmental organization * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
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Table 35 Antenatal care indicators
Among women with a live birth in the five years preceding the survey, percentage who received different types of antenatal care (ANC) during the pregnancy for their most recent live birth, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Background characteristic
Percentage who had three or
more ANC visits
Percentage with an
ANC visit in the first
trimester of pregnancy
Percentage who
received two or more
TTinjections during the pregnancy
Percentage who received one TT injection during
the pregnancy and at least one more in the three years
prior to the pregnancy
Percentagewho were given or
bought IFA
Percentage who took IFA for at least 90
days
Percentage who took an
intestinal parasite drug
Numberof women
Mother's age at birth <20 41.9 39.7 71.7 1.8 65.6 14.2 2.8 234 20-34 39.4 40.6 64.8 1.4 61.6 16.9 2.4 950 35-49 30.5 33.5 54.4 0.0 56.7 13.3 1.5 80
Birth order 1 56.1 52.6 83.0 0.3 75.2 24.4 3.0 393 2-3 41.4 43.7 66.9 2.6 65.6 16.4 1.9 538 4+ 16.4 19.1 42.3 0.7 40.9 6.2 2.5 334
Residence Urban 69.3 65.3 78.7 0.4 74.0 28.9 1.8 162 Rural 34.9 36.2 63.4 1.5 60.3 14.3 2.5 1,103
Education No education 20.8 25.0 47.9 1.1 46.1 7.8 1.8 454 <5 years complete 27.1 30.5 61.3 0.6 56.6 14.6 0.6 213 5-9 years complete 50.0 48.4 75.7 2.0 70.3 16.5 3.5 440 10 or more years complete 79.1 72.7 92.4 1.5 92.4 41.2 3.4 157
Religion Hindu 51.3 50.2 70.6 1.5 70.0 21.4 1.9 769 Muslim 20.8 24.1 59.6 0.9 50.1 6.9 3.8 403 Christian 18.6 21.4 45.7 2.9 46.4 12.9 0.7 84
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 41.9 43.7 63.7 1.8 65.4 14.5 1.8 167 Scheduled tribe 34.2 39.7 53.4 1.7 49.1 12.0 2.1 140 Other backward class 53.4 52.1 71.8 1.1 75.0 25.3 1.9 222 Other 35.1 35.3 65.4 1.5 59.3 14.1 2.9 649
Wealth index Lowest 12.1 18.6 43.0 1.2 39.3 4.0 1.5 311 Second 31.6 32.2 64.0 0.8 58.7 13.1 2.1 446 Middle 47.8 46.2 75.1 3.0 75.6 21.3 3.2 263 Fourth 71.4 68.1 81.4 1.7 78.1 23.9 2.9 144 Highest 89.5 83.6 93.1 0.0 88.9 42.7 3.5 101
Total 39.3 40.0 65.4 1.4 62.1 16.2 2.4 1,265
Note: Total includes women belonging to other religions and women with missing information on education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. TT = Tetanus toxoid; IFA = Iron and folic acid tablets or syrup
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Table 36 Pregnancies for which an ultrasound was done
Percentage of all pregnancies in the five years preceding the survey for which an ultrasound test was done and percent distribution of pregnancies with an ultrasound test by pregnancy outcome, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Pregnancy outcome2
Background characteristic
Percentage of pregnancies
with an ultrasound
Number of pregnancies Son Daughter Termination
Stillpregnant
Totalpercent
Number of pregnancies
with an ultrasound
Mother's age at pregnancy <20 7.5 523 (50.0) (42.4) (0.0) (7.6) 100.0 39 20-34 9.7 1,590 39.7 39.4 13.1 7.7 100.0 154 35-49 9.2 110 * * * * 100.0 10
Residence Urban 26.5 283 42.2 39.1 12.5 6.3 100.0 75 Rural 6.6 1,940 40.2 42.1 8.4 9.3 100.0 128
Antenatal care visits1 None 0.8 352 * * na na 100.0 3 1-3 5.9 597 (45.6) (54.4) na na 100.0 35 4+ 35.5 297 51.7 48.3 na na 100.0 105
Education No education 2.0 814 * * * * 100.0 17 <5 years complete 4.1 376 * * * * 100.0 15 5-9 years complete 11.4 780 42.2 39.0 8.0 10.8 100.0 89 10 or more years complete 32.7 251 40.3 43.2 12.9 3.6 100.0 82
Religion Hindu 11.8 1,338 41.6 38.6 10.8 9.0 100.0 158 Muslim 5.6 725 (36.7) (53.0) (7.4) (3.0) 100.0 40 Christian 0.8 146 * * * * 100.0 1
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 6.8 286 * * * * 100.0 20 Scheduled tribe 10.4 264 * * * * 100.0 27 Other backward class 9.3 394 (40.3) (24.2) (12.8) (22.6) 100.0 37 Other 9.1 1,129 36.7 50.7 9.2 3.5 100.0 103
Wealth index Lowest 1.4 548 * * * * 100.0 8 Second 4.4 792 (41.3) (38.0) (5.1) (15.5) 100.0 35 Middle 6.5 476 (26.8) (50.0) (15.4) (7.7) 100.0 31 Fourth 21.9 260 42.7 40.6 9.3 7.3 100.0 57 Highest 49.7 146 44.0 39.8 11.4 4.9 100.0 73
Mother's number of living children at time of pregnancy
No children 15.5 737 39.0 46.4 5.2 9.4 100.0 114 1 child 10.0 636 45.8 35.5 11.1 7.5 100.0 63 0 sons 10.9 322 (45.7) (37.4) (13.5) (3.4) 100.0 35 1 son 9.1 314 (45.9) (33.3) (8.3) (12.5) 100.0 28 2 children 4.3 390 * * * * 100.0 17 0 sons 6.4 103 * * * * 100.0 7 1 or more sons 3.5 287 * * * * 100.0 10 3 children 3.6 216 * * * * 100.0 8 0 sons (3.2) 37 * * * * 100.0 1 1 or more sons 3.7 179 * * * * 100.0 7 4+ children 0.5 244 * * * * 100.0 1 0 sons * 17 * * * * 100.0 1 1 or more sons 0.0 227 nc nc nc nc nc 0
Total 9.1 2,223 40.9 41.0 9.9 8.2 100.0 203
Note: Total includes pregnancies to women belonging to other religions and to women with missing information on antenatal care visits, education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. na = Not applicable nc = Not calculated because there are no cases ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes only the most recent pregnancy ending in a live birth in the five years preceding the survey. 2 For multiple births, sex of pregnancy outcome is the sex of the first listed birth.
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Table 37 Delivery and postnatal care
Percent distribution of live births in the five years preceding the survey by place of delivery and assistance during delivery and percentage delivered by a skilled provider and by caesarean section, percentage of live births whose delivery was done at home by whether the delivery protocol was followed, and percent distribution of women giving birth in the five years preceding the survey by timing and type of provider of the first postnatal check-up of the mother following the most recent live birth, by residence, Assam, 2005-06
Delivery and postnatal care descriptors Urban Rural Total
Place of delivery Health facility 58.0 17.9 22.4 Public sector 30.6 10.7 13.0 Private sector 27.4 7.2 9.5 At home 42.0 82.1 77.5 Own home 39.4 78.1 73.7 Parents’ home 1.9 3.7 3.5 Other home 0.6 0.2 0.3 Other 0.0 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Assistance during delivery1 Doctor 53.6 21.2 24.9 ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV 8.5 5.7 6.0 Other health personnel 0.0 0.1 0.1
Dai (TBA) 15.1 26.8 25.5 Friends/relatives 21.5 43.7 41.2 Other 0.0 0.1 0.1 No one 1.3 2.4 2.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Percentage delivered by a skilled provider 62.1 27.0 31.0
Percentage delivered by caesarean section 17.4 3.7 5.2
Number of births 185 1,453 1,639
For home deliveries Disposable delivery kit used 17.6 16.9 16.9 Clean blade used to cut the cord 88.0 77.7 78.4 Either of the above 88.9 78.5 79.2
Baby was immediately wiped dry and then wrapped without being bathed 28.7 23.2 23.6
Number of births delivered at home 63 886 949
Timing after delivery of mother's first postnatal check-up2
Had postnatal check-up 37.2 12.8 15.9 Less than 4 hours 24.5 8.9 10.9 4-23 hours 5.4 1.0 1.5 1-2 days 4.3 1.1 1.5 3-41 days 2.9 1.8 2.0 Don't know/missing/other response 3.2 1.5 1.7 No postnatal check-up 59.6 85.7 82.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Type of provider of mother's first postnatal check-up2
Doctor 33.2 10.6 13.5 ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV 3.2 1.2 1.5 Other health personnel 0.0 0.2 0.2
Dai (TBA) 0.7 0.8 0.8 Missing 3.2 1.5 1.7
No postnatal check-up 59.6 85.7 82.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of births 162 1,103 1,265
ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; LHV = Lady health visitor; TBA = Traditional birth attendant 1 If the respondent mentioned more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in this tabulation. 2 Based on the last live birth in the five years preceding the survey. Postnatal check-ups are checks on the woman's health within 42 days of the birth.
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Table 38 Delivery and postnatal care by background characteristics
Percentage of live births in the five years preceding the survey delivered in a health facility and percentage delivered with assistance from health personnel and percentage of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey who received a postnatal check-up and who received a postnatal check-up within two days of the most recent birth, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Background characteristic
Percentage of births
delivered in a health facility
Percentage of deliveries assisted by
health personnel1
Number of births
Percentage of women with a
postnatal check-up2, 3
Percentage of women with a
postnatal check-up within two
days of birth2Number of
women
Mother’s age at birth <20 18.1 27.7 355 11.9 10.4 234 20-34 23.8 32.6 1,197 17.2 15.0 950 35-49 21.1 22.5 87 11.9 11.9 80
Birth order 1 38.7 51.7 533 26.0 24.2 393 2-3 20.2 27.8 680 14.6 12.4 538 4+ 5.6 10.1 426 6.2 4.5 334
Antenatal care visits 2 None 3.9 8.5 352 3.4 2.4 352 1-3 18.3 30.0 597 12.4 10.3 597 4+ 62.1 71.7 297 38.3 35.3 297
Residence Urban 58.0 62.1 185 37.2 34.3 162 Rural 17.9 27.0 1,453 12.8 11.0 1,103
Education No education 10.3 15.8 622 6.3 5.3 454 <5 years complete 13.7 19.1 287 10.1 8.1 213 5-9 years complete 26.5 38.6 556 18.0 15.9 440 10 or more years complete 67.6 80.7 173 46.1 41.6 157
Religion Hindu 32.0 42.4 953 20.7 18.7 769 Muslim 7.4 14.1 564 9.6 7.5 403 Christian 14.5 17.2 111 3.6 2.1 84
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 20.4 28.2 215 14.2 12.0 167 Scheduled tribe 23.5 33.2 185 19.2 17.5 140 Other backward class 28.2 42.8 270 16.6 14.7 222 Other 19.8 27.4 858 16.9 14.6 649
Wealth index Lowest 3.9 8.3 434 6.0 2.9 311 Second 11.3 21.3 594 8.3 7.8 446 Middle 33.0 42.4 330 16.1 15.4 263 Fourth 47.0 62.5 173 32.6 28.9 144 Highest 86.3 90.1 108 56.1 50.3 101
Place of delivery Public health facility na 99.7 212 47.8 46.8 176 Private health facility na 99.2 155 58.5 54.7 139 Home na 11.2 1,270 3.8 1.9 949
Total 22.4 31.0 1,639 15.9 13.9 1,265
Note: Total includes births to women belonging to other religions, births delivered in other places of delivery, and births withmissing information on antenatal care visits, education, religion, and caste/tribe, which are not shown separately. NGO = Nongovernmental organization na = Not applicable 1 Doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, lady health visitor, or other health personnel. 2 Based on the last live birth in the five years preceding the survey. 3 Postnatal check-ups are checks on the woman's health within 42 days of the birth.
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Table 39 Trends in maternal care indicators
Maternal care indicators for births during the three years preceding the survey, by residence, NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1, Assam
Indicator NFHS-3 NFHS-2 NFHS-1
URBAN
Percentage who received antenatal care1 87.4 88.6 84.0 Percentage who had at least three antenatal care visits1 68.9 70.6 55.3
Percentage who received antenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy1 65.9 64.2 45.3
Percentage of births delivered in a health facility2 59.0 59.9 51.8 Percentage of deliveries assisted by health personnel2, 3 62.4 63.7 58.0
RURAL
Percentage who received antenatal care1 68.7 58.9 49.4 Percentage who had at least three antenatal care visits 1 32.3 28.4 21.8
Percentage who received antenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy1 34.4 29.5 16.6
Percentage of births delivered in a health facility2 18.6 14.9 7.7 Percentage of deliveries assisted by health personnel2, 3 27.5 18.7 14.1
TOTAL
Percentage who received antenatal care1 70.8 60.6 52.6 Percentage who had at least three antenatal care visits1 36.3 30.9 24.9
Percentage who received antenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy1 37.9 31.5 19.3
Percentage of births delivered in a health facility2 22.9 17.6 11.7 Percentage of deliveries assisted by health personnel2, 3 31.2 21.4 18.1
1 Based on the last birth to ever-married women in the three years preceding the survey. 2 Based on the last two births to ever-married women in the three years preceding the survey.3 Doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, lady health visitor, or other health personnel.
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Table 40 Male involvement in maternal care: Men's report
Among men age 15-49 whose youngest living child was age 0-35 months, percentage for whom the youngest child's mother received antenatal care, percentage who were present during at least one antenatal care visit, percentage who were told by a health provider or worker at any time during the pregnancy about specific signs of pregnancy complications, percentage to whom a health provider or worker spoke about specific aspects of maternal care at any time during the pregnancy, and percentagewhose youngest child was delivered in a health facility, and among men with a child age 0-35 months whose youngest living child was not delivered in a health facility, percentage who were given specific home delivery related information, by residence, Assam, 2005-06
Antenatal/delivery care and information Urban Rural Total
Percentage of men for whom the youngest child's mother received antenatal care 83.0 75.3 76.2
Percentage of men who were present at any antenatal care visit 75.5 48.5 51.8
Percentage who were told by a health provider or health worker about the following signs of pregnancy complications:
Vaginal bleeding 30.2 19.1 20.5 Convulsion 35.8 28.4 29.3 Prolonged labour 34.0 25.3 26.3
Percentage ever told what to do if mother had any pregnancy complication 47.2 27.3 29.8
Percentage whose youngest child was delivered in a health facility 60.4 17.0 22.4
Percentage to whom a health provider or worker spoke about the following aspects of maternal care:
The importance of delivering in a health facility 58.5 32.0 35.3 The importance of proper nutrition for the mother
during pregnancy 66.0 46.9 49.3 Family planning or delaying his next child 50.9 36.1 37.9
Number of men with a child age 0-35 months 33 235 268
Among men whose last child age 0-35 months was not delivered in a health facility, percentage who were told the importance of:
Breastfeeding the baby immediately after birth * 42.2 43.2 Keeping the baby warm immediately after birth * 44.1 45.2 Cleanliness at the time of delivery * 50.3 51.6 Using a new or unused blade to cut the cord * 50.9 51.9
Number of men whose last child age 0-35 months was not delivered in a health facility 13 195 208
* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
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Table 41 Vaccinations by background characteristics
Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report), and percentage with a vaccination card seen by the interviewer, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06 and totals for NFHS-2 and NFHS-1
DPT Polio1Background characteristic BCG 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Measles
All basic vaccina-
tions2
Novaccina-
tions
Percentage with a
vaccination card seen
Number of children
Sex Male 62.9 68.7 55.1 43.6 30.8 83.1 72.4 58.0 35.8 29.6 13.6 43.2 145 Female 61.7 64.4 57.3 46.2 24.0 80.0 72.9 60.0 39.1 33.3 16.9 50.2 134
Birth order 1 73.2 77.4 69.6 58.9 41.0 86.9 78.6 64.3 50.6 43.5 10.1 64.3 100 2-3 60.1 67.0 55.6 43.8 25.1 82.3 73.9 58.6 34.5 28.6 13.8 39.4 121 4-5 (56.7) (50.8) (37.3) (29.9) (10.4) (67.2) (53.8) (44.8) (26.9) (20.9) (29.8) (35.8) 40 6+ * * * * * * * * * * * * 18
Residence Urban 75.9 72.4 63.8 48.3 46.6 82.8 69.0 55.2 39.7 29.3 15.5 55.2 34 Rural 60.5 65.9 55.1 44.4 24.9 81.5 73.2 59.5 37.1 31.7 15.1 45.4 245
Mother’s education No education 48.2 58.2 42.6 28.4 20.6 80.9 66.7 50.3 16.3 14.9 16.3 31.2 84 <5 years complete 47.4 47.4 41.2 30.9 13.4 63.9 59.8 51.6 27.8 25.8 29.9 35.0 58 5-9 years complete 72.8 76.1 65.2 54.3 29.3 88.1 80.5 63.1 47.3 37.0 9.2 56.0 110
10 or more years complete (95.7) (95.7) (93.6) (87.2) (71.7) (95.7) (87.1) (84.9) (82.7) (71.9) (4.3) (80.5) 27
Religion Hindu 73.5 80.6 68.9 54.4 38.1 89.1 81.7 66.5 45.9 38.2 7.1 57.6 169 Muslim 47.9 46.5 35.6 31.5 10.2 73.3 60.3 45.9 24.0 19.9 24.0 33.5 87 Christian * * * * * * * * * * * * 22
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste (67.1) (79.7) (62.5) (40.6) (31.2) (90.6) (81.3) (59.4) (42.2) (31.3) (0.0) (51.5) 38 Scheduled tribe (58.3) (55.6) (52.8) (52.8) (38.9) (69.4) (61.1) (55.6) (44.4) (36.1) (30.6) (38.9) 43 Other backward class (72.4) (83.9) (74.7) (55.2) (44.8) (88.5) (82.8) (64.4) (48.3) (42.5) (6.9) (75.9) 52 Other 56.6 58.0 46.9 39.6 17.4 78.3 67.7 58.1 31.3 27.6 19.4 39.1 129
Wealth index Lowest 43.5 51.7 36.1 24.6 13.1 66.4 55.7 47.5 11.5 11.5 27.1 26.2 73 Second 51.7 57.4 47.7 39.2 19.3 83.0 74.5 56.9 34.7 31.3 15.9 46.0 105 Middle 83.8 89.5 77.2 61.0 39.1 91.4 83.8 69.5 53.4 42.9 4.8 59.0 63 Fourth (88.2) (76.2) (76.2) (69.2) (45.2) (85.8) (81.0) (66.8) (64.5) (50.2) (11.8) (62.0) 25 Highest * * * * * * * * * * * * 14
Total 62.4 66.7 56.2 44.9 27.5 81.6 72.7 59.0 37.4 31.4 15.2 46.6 279
NFHS-2 (1998-99) 53.5 57.4 48.5 37.5 3.1 61.8 53.6 37.9 24.6 17.0 33.2 32.5 366 NFHS-1 (1992-93) 48.2 53.4 42.2 31.0 1.2 54.2 42.9 32.7 25.8 19.4 43.6 39.5 440
Note: Total includes children belonging to other religions and children with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Polio 0 is the polio vaccine given at birth. 2 BCG, measles, and three doses each of DPT and polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth).
�0
70
Table 42 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI and fever
Among children under age five years, percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and fever in the two weeks preceding the survey and percentage with symptoms of ARI and fever who received specific treatments, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Children under age five with symptoms of ARI Children under age five with fever
Children under age five
Background characteristic
Percentagewith
symptoms of ARI1
Percentagewith fever
Number of children
Percentagefor whom treatment was sought
from a health
facility or provider2
Percentagewho received
antibiotics
Numberof
children
Percentagefor whom treatment was sought
from a health
facility or provider2
Percentagewho took
antimalarial drugs
Number of children
Age in months <6 4.7 14.4 178 * * 8 * * 26 6-11 11.5 19.6 140 * * 16 * * 27 12-23 8.1 14.3 279 * * 23 (34.2) (1.5) 40 24-35 11.2 17.3 304 (24.5) (7.0) 34 31.8 0.0 52 36-47 5.7 13.1 305 * * 17 (31.3) (0.0) 40 48-59 4.0 6.7 311 * * 13 * * 21
Sex Male 6.2 12.5 746 (38.4) (8.9) 46 36.8 1.9 94 Female 8.4 14.6 771 31.4 8.3 64 33.8 0.0 113
Residence Urban 8.8 16.9 173 (53.8) (15.4) 15 52.0 2.0 29 Rural 7.1 13.2 1,344 31.2 7.5 96 32.4 0.7 177
Mother's education No education 5.4 13.5 553 (24.0) (8.0) 30 28.0 0.8 75 <5 years complete 6.4 9.8 269 * * 17 * * 26 5-9 years complete 10.1 15.2 531 41.1 5.6 54 40.7 1.5 80 10 or more years complete 6.2 15.2 164 * * 10 (42.6) (0.0) 25
Religion Hindu 5.2 11.4 886 (44.1) (3.9) 46 42.3 1.2 101 Muslim 11.4 18.2 518 26.2 13.1 59 27.8 0.6 94
Christian 4.5 10.2 105 * * 5 * * 11
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 6.2 14.1 190 * * 12 (40.0) (4.5) 27 Scheduled tribe 3.5 12.1 173 * * 6 * * 21 Other backward class 5.6 9.8 256 * * 14 * * 25 Other 9.4 15.7 796 32.7 10.4 75 35.2 0.5 125
Wealth index Lowest 7.5 14.5 400 (18.0) (8.0) 30 17.5 0.0 58 Second 8.9 13.0 546 (28.4) (4.9) 48 38.6 1.7 71 Middle 6.5 14.5 304 * * 20 (47.2) (0.0) 44 Fourth 6.2 13.9 162 * * 10 (36.8) (0.0) 23 Highest 2.8 10.0 106 * * 3 * * 11
Total 7.3 13.6 1,518 34.3 8.6 111 35.2 0.9 206
Note: Total includes children belonging to other religions and children with missing information on mother's education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 ‘Symptoms of ARI’ (cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing which was chest-related) is considered a proxy for pneumonia. 2 Excludes pharmacy, shop, and traditional practitioner.
��
71
Tab
le 4
3 P
reva
lenc
e an
d tr
eatm
ent o
f dia
rrho
eaPe
rcen
tage
of
child
ren
unde
r ag
e fiv
e w
ho h
ad d
iarr
hoea
in
the
two
wee
ks p
rece
ding
the
sur
vey
and
amon
g ch
ildre
n un
der
age
five
who
had
dia
rrho
ea i
n th
e tw
o w
eeks
pre
cedi
ng t
he s
urve
y,
perc
enta
ge w
ho r
ecei
ved
advi
ce o
r tre
atm
ent f
rom
a h
ealth
pro
vide
r, w
ho re
ceiv
ed o
ral r
ehyd
ratio
n th
erap
y (O
RT),
who
wer
e gi
ven
othe
r tre
atm
ents
, and
who
wer
e gi
ven
no tr
eatm
ent,
by b
ackg
roun
d ch
arac
teris
tics,
Ass
am, 2
005-
06
Dia
rrho
ea in
the
two
wee
ks p
rece
ding
the
surv
ey
Ora
l reh
ydra
tion
ther
apy
(ORT
) O
ther
trea
tmen
ts
Bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
An
ydi
arrh
oea
Num
ber
ofch
ildre
n
Perc
enta
ge
of c
hild
ren
with
di
arrh
oea
take
n to
a
heal
th
prov
ider
1O
RS
pack
ets
Gru
elEi
ther
ORS
or
gru
el
Incr
ease
d flu
ids
Any
ORT
or
incr
ease
d flu
ids
Antib
iotic
dr
ug
Oth
erdr
ug2
Intra
venu
s so
lutio
n
Hom
ere
med
y/
herb
al/o
ther
Miss
ing
No
treat
men
t
Num
ber
ofch
ildre
n
Age
in m
onth
s
<6
7.
7
178
*
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* 14
6-11
14
.0
140
*
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* 20
12-2
3
12.0
27
9
(25.
0)
(5.3
) (1
2.5)
(1
7.8)
(0
.0)
(17.
8)
(7.1
) (2
1.5)
(0
.0)
(17.
9)
(3.6
) (3
9.2)
33
24-3
5
7.7
30
4
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
23
36
-47
5.
7
305
*
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* 17
48-5
9
5.2
31
1
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
16
Sex
M
ale
9.
2
746
34
.8
20.0
7.
8
25.2
1.
7
27.0
13
.9
25.3
1.
7
17.4
1.
7
33.0
69
Fem
ale
7.
1
771
27
.1
7.6
19
.6
23.9
0.
0
23.9
5.
4
17.4
0.
0
12.0
0.
0
48.9
55
Resi
denc
e
Urb
an
7.8
17
3
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
13
Ru
ral
8.2
1,
344
29
.3
13.0
13
.0
23.9
1.
1
25.0
9.
8
22.8
1.
1
15.2
1.
1
40.2
11
0
Mot
her's
edu
catio
n
No
educ
atio
n
8.2
55
3
(19.
7)
(9.2
) (1
7.1)
(2
5.0)
(0
.0)
(25.
0)
(3.9
) (1
5.8)
(0
.0)
(10.
5)
(2.6
) (5
0.0)
45
<5
year
s co
mpl
ete
7.
5
269
*
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* 20
5-9
year
s co
mpl
ete
9.
1
531
(4
0.7)
(1
7.3)
(1
3.6)
(2
8.4)
(2
.5)
(30.
9)
(17.
3)
(30.
9)
(2.5
) (6
.2)
(0.0
) (3
2.1)
48
10
or m
ore
year
s co
mpl
ete
5.
8
164
*
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* 9
Relig
ion
H
indu
6.
3
886
32
.2
13.9
12
.9
23.6
0.
0
23.6
7.
5
24.8
0.
0
9.7
2.
2
40.9
55
Mus
lim
11.9
51
8
33.0
16
.5
10.7
24
.3
0.0
24
.3
13.6
19
.4
1.9
19
.4
0.0
42
.7
62
C
hrist
ian
5.7
10
5
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
6
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sc
hedu
led
cast
e
3.1
19
0
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
6
Sc
hedu
led
tribe
11
.1
173
*
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* 19
Oth
er b
ackw
ard
clas
s
6.5
25
6
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
17
O
ther
9.
4
796
31
.2
14.4
12
.0
23.2
1.
6
24.8
12
.0
20.8
1.
6
15.2
0.
0
45.6
75
Wea
lth in
dex
Lo
wes
t 8.
4
400
(2
5.0)
(1
0.7)
(1
0.7)
(2
1.4)
(0
.0)
(21.
4)
(0.0
) (1
4.3)
(0
.0)
(7.1
) (3
.6)
(57.
1)
33
Se
cond
8.
1
546
(2
7.0)
(1
0.8)
(9
.4)
(20.
3)
(2.7
) (2
3.0)
(1
2.1)
(2
4.4)
(0
.0)
(20.
3)
(0.0
) (3
7.8)
44
Mid
dle
8.
6
304
*
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* 26
Four
th
9.5
16
2
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
15
H
ighe
st
3.9
10
6
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
4
Tot
al
8.1
1,51
8 31
.4
14.5
13
.0
24.6
1.
0 25
.6
10.1
21
.8
1.0
15.0
1.
0 40
.1
123
Not
e: O
RT i
nclu
des
solu
tion
prep
ared
fro
m a
n or
al r
ehyd
ratio
n sa
lt (O
RS)
pack
et a
nd g
ruel
. To
tal
incl
udes
chi
ldre
n be
long
ing
to o
ther
rel
igio
ns a
nd c
hild
ren
with
miss
ing
info
rmat
ion
on m
othe
r's
educ
atio
n, re
ligio
n, a
nd c
aste
/trib
e, w
ho a
re n
ot s
how
n se
para
tely
. ( )
Bas
ed o
n 25
-49
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
* Pe
rcen
tage
not
sho
wn;
bas
ed o
n fe
wer
than
25
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
1 Exc
lude
s ph
arm
acy,
sho
p, a
nd tr
aditi
onal
pra
ctiti
oner
. 2 I
nclu
des
antim
otili
ty d
rugs
and
unk
now
n dr
ugs.
��
72
Tab
le 4
4 F
eedi
ng p
ract
ices
dur
ing
diar
rhoe
a
Perc
ent
dist
ribut
ion
of c
hild
ren
unde
r ag
e fiv
e w
ho h
ad d
iarr
hoea
in t
he t
wo
wee
ks p
rece
ding
the
sur
vey
by a
mou
nt o
f liq
uids
and
foo
d of
fere
d co
mpa
red
with
nor
mal
pra
ctic
e, a
ccor
ding
to
back
grou
nd
char
acte
ristic
s, A
ssam
, 200
5-06
Am
ount
of l
iqui
ds o
ffere
d
Amou
nt o
f foo
d of
fere
d
Bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
M
ore
Sam
e as
us
ual
Som
e-w
hat l
ess
Muc
hle
ss
Non
e To
tal
Sam
e as
us
ual
Som
e-w
hat l
ess
Muc
hle
ss
Non
e To
tal
Perc
enta
ge g
iven
in
crea
sed
fluid
s an
d co
ntin
ued
feed
ing1,
2
Perc
enta
gegi
ven
ORT
or
incr
ease
d flu
ids
and
cont
inue
d fe
edin
g2
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
nw
ithdi
arrh
oea
Age
in m
onth
s
<
6
* *
* *
* 10
0.0
*
* *
* 10
0.0
*
*
14
6-11
*
* *
* *
100.
0*
* *
* 10
0.0
*
*
20
12-2
3
(0.0
) (5
3.6)
(3
3.9)
(7
.2)
(5.3
) 10
0.0
(5
5.4)
(3
0.3)
(1
4.3)
(0
.0)
100.
0
(0.0
) (1
4.2)
33
24-3
5
* *
* *
* 10
0.0
*
* *
* 10
0.0
*
*
23
36-4
7
* *
* *
* 10
0.0
*
* *
* 10
0.0
*
*
17
48-5
9
* *
* *
* 10
0.0
*
* *
* 10
0.0
*
*
16
Sex
M
ale
1.
7
63.6
30
.4
3.5
0.
9
100.
0
50.5
22
.6
25.2
1.
7
100.
0
1.7
18
.2
69
Fe
mal
e
0.0
69
.6
25.0
1.
1
4.4
10
0.0
63
.0
21.8
15
.2
0.0
10
0.0
0.
0
22.8
55
Resi
denc
e
Urb
an
* *
* *
* 10
0.0
*
* *
* 10
0.0
*
*
13
Rura
l 1.
1
68.5
26
.1
2.2
2.
2
100.
0
56.5
21
.7
20.7
1.
1
100.
0
1.1
19
.6
110
Mot
her's
edu
catio
n
No
educ
atio
n
(0.0
) (7
3.7)
(2
6.3)
(0
.0)
(0.0
) 10
0.0
(6
8.4)
(2
2.4)
(9
.2)
(0.0
) 10
0.0
(0
.0)
(22.
4)
45
<
5 ye
ars
com
plet
e *
* *
* *
100.
0
* *
* *
100.
0
*
*
20
5-
9 ye
ars
com
plet
e
(2.5
) (6
3.0)
(2
4.6)
(3
.7)
(6.2
) 10
0.0
(5
4.3)
(1
9.7)
(2
5.9)
(0
.0)
100.
0
(2.5
) (2
2.2)
48
10 o
r mor
e ye
ars
com
plet
e
* *
* *
* 10
0.0
*
* *
* 10
0.0
*
*
9
Relig
ion
Hin
du
0.0
62
.4
31.1
3.
2
3.2
10
0.0
60
.2
29.1
8.
5
2.2
10
0.0
0.
0
22.6
55
Mus
lim
0.0
69
.9
28.1
1.
9
0.0
10
0.0
51
.5
14.5
34
.0
0.0
10
0.0
0.
0
14.6
62
Chr
istia
n *
* *
* *
100.
0
* *
* *
100.
0
*
*
6
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sche
dule
d ca
ste
*
* *
* *
100.
0
* *
* *
100.
0
*
*
6
Sc
hedu
led
tribe
*
* *
* *
100.
0
* *
* *
100.
0
*
*
19
O
ther
bac
kwar
d cl
ass
*
* *
* *
100.
0
* *
* *
100.
0
*
*
17
O
ther
1.
6
66.5
29
.5
1.6
0.
8
100.
0
51.2
16
.8
32.0
0.
0
100.
0
1.6
16
.8
75
Wea
lth in
dex
Low
est
(0.0
) (6
7.9)
(2
8.6)
(0
.0)
(3.6
) 10
0.0
(5
3.6)
(2
1.4)
(2
5.0)
(0
.0)
100.
0
(0.0
) (1
7.9)
33
Seco
nd
(2.7
) (6
4.9)
(2
7.0)
(5
.4)
(0.0
) 10
0.0
(4
8.6)
(2
0.3)
(3
1.1)
(0
.0)
100.
0
(2.7
) (1
4.9)
44
Mid
dle
*
* *
* *
100.
0
* *
* *
100.
0
*
*
26
Fo
urth
*
* *
* *
100.
0
* *
* *
100.
0
*
*
15
H
ighe
st
* *
* *
* 10
0.0
*
* *
* 10
0.0
*
*
4
Tot
al
1.0
66.2
28
.0
2.4
2.4
100.
0 56
.0
22.2
20
.8
1.0
100.
0 1.
0 20
.3
123
Not
e: T
otal
incl
udes
chi
ldre
n be
long
ing
to o
ther
relig
ions
and
chi
ldre
n w
ith m
issin
g in
form
atio
n on
cas
te/tr
ibe,
who
are
not
sho
wn
sepa
rate
ly.
ORT
= O
ral r
ehyd
ratio
n th
erap
y, w
hich
incl
udes
sol
utio
n pr
epar
ed fr
om a
n or
al re
hydr
atio
n sa
lt pa
cket
and
gru
el
( ) B
ased
on
25-4
9 un
wei
ghte
d ca
ses.
*
Perc
enta
ge n
ot s
how
n; b
ased
on
25-4
9 un
wei
ghte
d ca
ses.
1 E
quiv
alen
t to
the
UN
ICEF
/WH
O in
dica
tor '
Hom
e m
anag
emen
t of d
iarr
hoea
'. 2 C
ontin
ued
feed
ing
incl
udes
chi
ldre
n w
ho w
ere
give
n m
ore,
sam
e as
usu
al, o
r som
ewha
t les
s fo
od d
urin
g th
e di
arrh
oea
episo
de.
��
73
Table 45 Knowledge of ORS packets
Percentage of all women and percentage of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey who know about ORS packets for treatment of diarrhoea, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
All women Women who gave birth in
the past five years
Background characteristic
Percentage who know about ORS
packets Number of
women
Percentage who know about ORS
packets Number of
women
Age 15-19 75.8 699 71.4 92 20-24 81.4 758 78.1 388 25-34 79.0 1,263 75.0 625 35-49 76.3 1,120 72.1 160
Residence Urban 93.9 721 93.5 162 Rural 74.4 3,119 72.7 1,103
Education No education 60.6 1,161 61.8 454 <5 years complete 74.1 548 74.2 213 5-9 years complete 84.8 1,387 82.3 440 10 or more years complete 95.7 743 96.2 157
Religion Hindu 80.7 2,684 77.1 769 Muslim 74.5 927 75.4 403 Christian 57.2 200 57.8 84
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 78.9 512 70.7 167 Scheduled tribe 66.7 404 60.7 140 Other backward class 82.7 838 77.7 222 Other 80.7 1,847 79.8 649
Wealth index Lowest 55.9 615 57.6 311 Second 72.2 1,116 73.8 446 Middle 79.9 908 83.4 263 Fourth 92.1 673 90.5 144 Highest 95.3 527 94.1 101
Total 78.1 3,840 75.3 1,265
Note: Total includes women belonging to other religions and women with missing information on education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ORS = Oral rehydration salts
��
74
Tab
le 4
6 IC
DS
cove
rage
and
util
izat
ion
of IC
DS
serv
ices
Perc
enta
ge o
f ch
ildre
n un
der
age
six y
ears
who
are
in
an a
rea
cove
red
by a
n an
ganw
adic
entre
(AW
C),
and
perc
enta
ge o
f ch
ildre
n in
are
as c
over
ed b
y an
AW
C w
ho r
ecei
ved
any
serv
ice
and
rece
ived
spe
cific
se
rvic
es fr
om a
n A
WC
in th
e 12
mon
ths
prec
edin
g th
e su
rvey
, by
back
grou
nd c
hara
cter
istic
s, A
ssam
, 200
5-06
Chi
ldre
n in
are
as c
over
ed b
y an
AW
C
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 36
-71
mon
ths
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 0-
59
mon
ths
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 0-
59 m
onth
s w
ho w
ere
wei
ghed
at a
n AW
C
Perc
enta
ge o
f chi
ldre
n ag
e 0-
71 m
onth
s w
ho re
ceiv
ed
from
an
AWC
Back
grou
nd c
hara
cter
istic
Perc
enta
geof
chi
ldre
n ag
e 0-
71
mon
ths
in
area
sco
vere
d by
an
AW
C
Num
ber
of
child
ren
age
0-71
m
onth
s An
yse
rvic
e1Su
pple
men
tary
food
2An
yim
mun
izat
ion
Hea
lthch
eck-
ups
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n ag
e0-
71
mon
ths
Perc
enta
ge w
ho
wen
t for
ear
ly
child
hood
care
/pre
-sch
ool
to a
n AW
C
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n
Perc
enta
gew
ho w
ere
wei
ghed
at
an A
WC
N
umbe
r of
child
ren
Perc
enta
gew
hose
mot
hers
re
ceiv
edco
unse
ling
from
an
AWC
af
ter c
hild
was
w
eigh
edN
umbe
r of
child
ren
Age
in m
onth
s
<12
90
.6
319
14
.3
13.5
2.
5
1.0
28
9
na
na
1.2
28
9
* 4
12-2
3
86.3
27
9
32.3
30
.0
8.2
5.
0
241
na
na
4.
0
241
*
10
24
-35
89
.3
304
34
.6
31.5
8.
4
3.5
27
1
na
na
6.4
27
1
* 17
36-4
7
87.6
30
5
33.8
31
.8
5.1
6.
5
267
12
.3
267
6.
5
267
*
17
48
-59
91
.1
311
32
.9
31.2
8.
9
7.0
28
4
18.7
28
4
7.2
28
4
* 20
60-7
1
86.5
32
3
32.1
30
.8
6.4
6.
4
280
12
.8
280
na
na
na
na
0-
35
88.8
90
1
26.6
24
.6
6.2
3.
1
801
na
na
3.
8
801
(2
9.4)
30
36-7
1
88.4
93
9
32.9
31
.2
6.8
6.
6
830
14
.7
830
na
na
na
na
Sex
M
ale
89
.4
926
28
.1
26.8
5.
4
5.2
82
8
15.4
42
2
6.0
67
1
(35.
8)
40
Fe
mal
e
87.8
91
4
31.6
29
.2
7.7
4.
5
803
13
.9
408
4.
1
680
(3
6.2)
28
Resi
denc
e
Urb
an
31.9
21
6
21.2
17
.8
5.1
4.
2
69
15.6
37
7.
7
61
* 5
Rura
l 96
.2
1,62
4
30.2
28
.4
6.6
4.
9
1,56
2
14.6
79
3
4.9
1,
291
35
.8
63
Mot
her's
edu
catio
n
No
educ
atio
n
90.3
69
5
22.3
20
.4
4.7
4.
5
628
11
.6
335
3.
6
500
*
18
<
5 ye
ars
com
plet
e
91.3
31
9
25.0
24
.8
3.9
3.
5
291
17
.0
154
2.
9
243
*
7
5-
9 ye
ars
com
plet
e
87.8
62
3
39.3
36
.8
9.1
5.
7
547
17
.3
251
6.
4
472
(3
1.3)
30
10 o
r mor
e ye
ars
com
plet
e
80.9
20
3
35.4
33
.2
9.8
6.
2
164
14
.7
89
9.3
13
5
* 13
Relig
ion
H
indu
88
.8
1,08
1
30.9
29
.1
7.5
4.
8
960
15
.7
495
7.
7
794
36
.9
62
M
uslim
93
.3
623
31
.8
29.5
6.
0
5.5
58
2
14.3
28
5
1.4
48
5
* 7
Chr
istia
n
63.2
12
5
4.5
4.
5
0.0
1.
5
79
(5.3
) 45
0.
0
65
nc
0
C
ontin
ued…
��
75
Tab
le 4
6 IC
DS
cove
rage
and
util
izat
ion
of IC
DS
serv
ices
—C
ontin
ued
Chi
ldre
n in
are
as c
over
ed b
y an
AW
C
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 36
-71
mon
ths
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 0-
59
mon
ths
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 0-
59 m
onth
s w
ho w
ere
wei
ghed
at a
n AW
CPe
rcen
tage
of c
hild
ren
age
0-71
mon
ths
who
rece
ived
fro
m a
n AW
C
Back
grou
nd c
hara
cter
istic
Perc
enta
geof
chi
ldre
n ag
e 0-
71
mon
ths
in
area
sco
vere
d by
an
AW
C
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
nag
e 0-
71
mon
ths
Any
serv
ice1
Supp
lem
enta
ryfo
od2
Any
imm
uniz
atio
nH
ealth
chec
k-up
s
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
nag
e 0-
71
mon
ths
Perc
enta
ge w
ho
wen
t for
ear
ly
child
hood
care
/pre
-sch
ool
to a
n AW
C
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n
Perc
enta
gew
ho w
ere
wei
ghed
at
an A
WC
N
umbe
r of
child
ren
Perc
enta
gew
hose
mot
hers
re
ceiv
edco
unse
ling
from
an
AWC
af
ter c
hild
was
w
eigh
edN
umbe
r of
child
ren
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sc
hedu
led
cast
e
91.9
24
0
34.2
31
.5
11.7
4.
9
220
16
.6
115
8.
5
177
*
15
Sc
hedu
led
tribe
68
.6
209
32
.9
28.7
8.
3
6.7
14
3
9.7
74
13
.3
117
*
16
O
ther
bac
kwar
d cl
ass
96
.1
303
35
.7
34.9
5.
7
5.7
29
2
17.4
15
5
8.0
24
7
* 20
Oth
er
88.4
95
9
28.0
26
.2
5.6
4.
7
848
15
.1
415
1.
9
710
*
14
Wea
lth in
dex
Low
est
87.5
47
2
26.4
25
.2
6.4
4.
3
413
12
.0
209
2.
4
348
*
8
Se
cond
93
.4
664
32
.3
30.6
4.
6
3.7
62
0
15.2
31
1
4.8
51
1
* 25
Mid
dle
91
.2
367
30
.5
28.5
8.
7
5.7
33
5
14.6
16
8
6.8
28
0
* 19
Four
th
82.7
20
6
33.3
29
.5
12.6
9.
5
170
20
.5
93
6.6
13
5
* 9
Hig
hest
70
.4
132
19
.1
17.8
0.
6
3.8
93
12
.0
49
9.3
77
*
7
Year
s si
nce
AWC
was
es
tabl
ishe
d
<
6 ye
ars
ago
na
na
31
.0
29.6
6.
4
4.4
57
8
12.9
28
1
3.5
48
7
* 17
6 or
mor
e ye
ars
ago
na
na
29
.1
27.1
6.
6
5.1
1,
054
15
.6
550
5.
9
864
(4
2.4)
51
Tot
al
88.6
1,
841
29.8
28
.0
6.5
4.9
1,63
1 14
.7
830
5.0
1,35
1 36
.0
68
Not
e: T
otal
incl
udes
chi
ldre
n be
long
ing
to o
ther
relig
ions
and
chi
ldre
n w
ith m
issin
g in
form
atio
n on
mot
her's
edu
catio
n, re
ligio
n, a
nd c
aste
/trib
e, w
ho a
re n
ot s
how
n se
para
tely
. IC
DS
= In
treg
rate
d C
hild
Dev
elop
men
t Ser
vice
s na
= N
ot a
pplic
able
nc
= N
ot c
alcu
late
d be
caus
e th
ere
are
no c
ases
( )
Bas
ed o
n 25
-49
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
* Pe
rcen
tage
not
sho
wn;
bas
ed o
n fe
wer
than
25
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
1 AW
C s
ervi
ces
for c
hild
ren
incl
ude
dist
ribut
ion
of s
uppl
emen
tary
food
, gro
wth
mon
itorin
g, im
mun
izat
ions
, hea
lth c
heck
-ups
, and
pre
-sch
ool e
duca
tion.
2 S
uppl
emen
tary
food
incl
udes
bot
h fo
od c
ooke
d an
d se
rved
at t
he A
WC
on
a da
ily b
asis
and
food
giv
en in
the
form
of t
ake
hom
e ra
tions
.
��
76
Table 47 Utilization of ICDS services during pregnancy and while breastfeeding
Among children under age six years in areas covered by an anganwadi centre (AWC), percentage whose mothers received specific services from an AWC during pregnancy and while breastfeeding, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Mother received from an AWC during pregnancy Mother received from an AWC while breastfeeding2
Background characteristic No
servicesSupplementary
food1Health
check-ups
Healthand
nutritioneducation
Numberof
childrenNo
servicesSupplementary
food1Health
check-ups
Healthand
nutritioneducation
Numberof
childrenbreastfed
Residence Urban 83.1 16.9 3.4 4.2 69 90.6 9.4 1.7 2.6 68 Rural 86.8 12.6 2.1 1.6 1,562 87.1 12.9 1.9 2.1 1,562
Mother's education No education 92.1 7.5 1.1 0.5 628 90.6 9.2 1.3 0.9 628 <5 years complete 87.5 10.9 3.7 1.6 291 87.3 12.7 1.4 1.0 291 5-9 years complete 80.1 19.6 1.7 2.0 547 83.9 16.1 2.0 2.8 547 10 or more years complete 86.1 13.1 4.4 5.8 164 85.0 15.0 4.8 6.2 163
Religion Hindu 83.5 16.0 3.0 2.9 960 83.9 15.9 3.0 2.6 959 Muslim 90.0 9.1 1.0 0.1 582 91.1 8.9 0.4 1.5 582 Christian 98.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 79 97.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 79
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 80.2 19.8 3.0 2.7 220 80.5 19.5 3.8 3.8 220 Scheduled tribe 90.4 9.6 1.7 3.3 143 86.3 13.7 1.7 0.8 143 Other backward class 79.1 20.5 3.7 4.9 292 84.2 15.8 4.5 4.5 291 Other 89.1 9.9 1.8 0.3 848 89.8 10.2 0.8 1.3 848
Wealth index Lowest 88.7 10.7 1.2 0.6 413 89.0 11.0 1.2 0.9 413 Second 87.8 11.7 1.5 1.4 620 87.8 12.1 1.0 0.6 620 Middle 81.8 17.5 3.7 2.3 335 83.9 16.1 3.6 4.3 335 Fourth 87.4 11.9 3.8 4.5 170 84.6 15.4 3.9 6.0 170 Highest 86.6 13.4 1.3 1.9 93 92.3 7.7 1.9 2.6 93
Years since AWC was established
<6 years ago 87.6 12.2 1.0 1.1 578 87.0 12.8 0.9 1.9 577 6 or more years ago 86.1 13.1 2.7 2.0 1,054 87.3 12.7 2.4 2.2 1,054
Total 86.7 12.7 2.1 1.7 1,631 87.2 12.7 1.9 2.1 1,630
Note: Total includes children belonging to other religions and children with missing information on mother's education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are notshown separately. ICDS = Intregrated Child Development Services 1 Supplementary food includes both food cooked and served at the AWC on a daily basis and food given in the form of take home rations.2 Services are usually provided to breastfeeding mothers during the first six months of breastfeeding.
��
77
Table 48 Nutritional status of children
Percentage of children under age five years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06, and totals for children under age three years of ever-married interviewed women age 15-49, NFHS-3 and NFHS-2
Height-for-age Weight-for-height Weight-for-age
Background characteristic
Percentagebelow -3 SD
Percentagebelow -2 SD1
Mean Z-score
(SD)
Percentagebelow -3 SD
Percentagebelow -2 SD1
Percentageabove +2 SD
Mean Z-score
(SD)
Percentagebelow -3 SD
Percentagebelow -2 SD1
Percentageabove+2 SD
Mean Z-score
(SD)
Numberof
children
Age in months <6 11.9 29.7 -0.9 9.6 21.9 3.2 -0.9 12.3 30.2 0.9 -1.4 133 6-11 13.5 25.5 -1.2 6.7 21.2 2.4 -1.0 9.1 28.4 0.0 -1.4 126 12-23 20.7 46.3 -1.8 5.0 15.6 0.7 -0.8 7.4 37.3 0.7 -1.5 252 24-35 23.6 50.1 -1.9 2.8 12.8 0.6 -0.9 15.2 41.2 0.0 -1.7 280 36-47 26.4 55.6 -2.2 2.6 8.6 0.6 -0.7 11.0 37.8 0.2 -1.7 283 48-59 20.3 51.1 -2.0 1.7 10.9 1.3 -0.7 12.2 36.0 0.0 -1.7 290
Sex Male 20.4 46.9 -1.8 4.1 12.7 1.2 -0.8 10.1 34.4 0.5 -1.5 670 Female 21.3 46.1 -1.8 3.8 14.7 1.2 -0.9 12.7 38.4 0.1 -1.7 695
Birth interval in months2 First birth3 17.9 41.3 -1.7 2.2 9.1 1.3 -0.6 6.3 29.1 0.4 -1.4 441 <24 28.5 55.5 -2.2 4.1 16.3 1.8 -0.8 21.1 44.1 0.0 -1.8 164 24-47 25.1 51.6 -2.0 5.0 14.8 1.3 -1.0 13.9 44.1 0.0 -1.8 436 48+ 14.0 40.0 -1.5 4.5 16.8 0.6 -0.9 9.3 32.3 0.6 -1.5 299
Birth order2 1 17.9 41.3 -1.7 2.2 9.1 1.3 -0.6 6.3 29.1 0.4 -1.4 441 2-3 18.2 45.2 -1.7 4.9 15.6 1.5 -0.9 10.8 37.2 0.1 -1.6 548 4-5 25.6 47.8 -1.9 2.6 14.1 0.3 -1.0 13.3 42.1 0.0 -1.8 233 6+ 33.1 65.3 -2.4 7.8 19.7 1.0 -1.0 27.9 50.2 1.0 -2.1 118
Residence Urban 14.6 35.6 -1.5 5.1 14.2 3.6 -0.6 9.5 26.1 0.8 -1.3 148 Rural 21.6 47.8 -1.8 3.8 13.6 0.9 -0.8 11.6 37.7 0.2 -1.7 1,217
Size at birth2 Very small (20.4) (52.5) (-2.0) (6.3) (20.3) (1.2) (-1.1) (13.9) (52.5) (0.0) (-2.0) 47 Small 23.0 52.8 -2.1 5.2 20.7 0.0 -1.1 16.4 42.0 0.0 -2.0 185 Average or larger 20.4 44.7 -1.7 3.6 12.2 1.5 -0.8 10.3 35.0 0.3 -1.5 1,048
Mother's education4 No education 27.8 55.1 -2.1 4.7 16.9 1.2 -0.9 17.9 45.2 0.5 -1.9 510 <5 years complete 23.3 54.2 -1.9 3.2 11.5 0.5 -0.8 8.6 38.9 0.0 -1.7 227 5-9 years complete 16.1 41.0 -1.7 3.6 11.6 1.7 -0.8 7.1 32.3 0.1 -1.5 469 10 or more years complete 6.3 20.7 -0.8 2.1 10.6 0.8 -0.4 5.5 14.4 0.4 -0.7 143
Religion Hindu 17.0 40.8 -1.6 2.7 11.9 1.1 -0.8 10.0 31.6 0.3 -1.5 792 Muslim 25.7 52.8 -2.0 5.9 16.0 1.3 -0.9 13.7 43.6 0.3 -1.8 462 Christian 32.1 58.7 -2.1 4.9 17.3 1.2 -0.8 12.4 40.1 0.0 -1.8 99 .
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 21.8 53.3 -1.9 6.2 16.0 1.0 -0.9 14.2 43.0 0.0 -1.7 175 Scheduled tribe 18.2 38.1 -1.5 0.8 3.3 0.8 -0.4 3.3 18.2 0.8 -1.1 147 Other backward class 15.9 40.3 -1.6 2.3 14.8 1.0 -0.8 11.7 29.1 0.2 -1.4 234 Other 22.4 47.4 -1.9 4.5 13.9 1.5 -0.8 11.9 38.2 0.3 -1.7 704
Mother's interview status Interviewed 20.7 46.1 -1.8 3.8 13.5 1.2 -0.8 11.3 36.5 0.3 -1.6 1,340
Not interviewed but in household * * * * * * * * * * * 10
Not interviewed and not in household5 * * * * * * * * * * * 16
Continued…
��
78
Table 48 Nutritional status of children—Continued
Height-for-age Weight-for-height Weight-for-age
Background characteristic
Percentagebelow -3 SD
Percentagebelow -2 SD1
Mean Z-score
(SD)
Percentagebelow -3 SD
Percentagebelow -2 SD1
Percentageabove+2 SD
Mean Z-score
(SD)
Percentagebelow -3 SD
Percentagebelow -2 SD1
Percentageabove+2 SD
Mean Z-score
(SD)
Numberof
children
Mother's nutritional status Underweight (BMI<18.5) 25.0 52.9 -2.1 4.4 17.5 1.4 -1.0 15.8 47.9 0.2 -1.9 534 Normal (BMI 18.5-24.9) 18.4 43.3 -1.6 3.5 11.1 0.9 -0.7 8.7 30.4 0.2 -1.5 735 Overweight (BMI 25.0) 9.5 22.8 -1.1 2.8 9.5 3.7 -0.3 4.6 11.3 1.9 -0.8 63 Mother not measured * * * * * * * * * * * 16
Child's living arrangements Living with both parents 21.4 46.4 -1.8 3.6 13.8 1.0 -0.8 11.6 37.4 0.3 -1.6 1,212 Living with one or neither parent 16.5 47.0 -1.7 6.7 12.6 2.3 -0.7 9.4 28.8 0.0 -1.5 154
Wealth index Lowest 28.6 57.4 -2.1 5.1 14.7 1.0 -0.9 17.1 42.1 0.3 -1.8 360 Second 23.8 52.5 -2.0 4.3 13.4 1.5 -0.9 10.8 44.5 0.2 -1.8 492 Middle 17.5 38.0 -1.7 2.4 14.2 0.7 -0.8 10.1 31.1 0.0 -1.5 277 Fourth 8.7 34.5 -1.3 4.1 15.3 0.8 -0.7 7.9 22.8 0.0 -1.2 145 Highest 4.6 15.7 -0.7 1.9 7.2 2.6 -0.4 1.9 7.8 1.3 -0.7 91
Total 20.9 46.5 -1.8 4.0 13.7 1.2 -0.8 11.4 36.4 0.3 -1.6 1,365
Children age 0-35 months born to interviewed ever-married women NFHS-3 (2005-06) 18.9 41.1 -1.6 5.3 16.7 1.4 -0.9 11.3 35.8 0.4 -1.5 786
NFHS-2 (1998-99) 38.5 54.0 -2.1 9.0 19.0 21.0 -0.1 13.9 35.3 2.3 -1.3 627
Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the 2006 WHO International Reference Population. Table is based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid measurements of both height and weight. Total includes children belonging to other religions and children with missing information on size at birth, mother's education, religion, caste/tribe,and mother's nutritional status, who are not shown separately. BMI = Body mass index (kg/m2)( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes children who are below -3 standard deviations (SD) from the International Reference Population median. 2 Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed. 3 First born twins (triplets, etc.) are counted as first births because they do not have a previous birth interval. 4 For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the household schedule. 5 Includes children whose mothers are deceased.
��
79
Table 49 Initial breastfeeding
Percentage of children born in the five years preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, and for last-born children born in the five years preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, percentage who started breastfeeding within half an hour, one hour, and one day of birth and percentage who received a prelacteal feed, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Percentage who started breastfeeding:
Background characteristic
Percentage ever
breastfedNumber of
children
Within half an hour of
birthWithin one
hour of birth1Within one day of birth2
Percentage who received a prelacteal
feed3
Number of last-born ever
breastfedchildren
Residence Urban 97.8 185 46.3 48.1 78.5 30.4 158 Rural 96.2 1,453 49.9 51.3 74.2 33.1 1,085
Sex Male 96.0 813 50.1 51.6 75.7 32.0 624 Female 96.7 825 48.9 50.1 73.8 33.5 618
Mother's education No education 95.1 622 45.4 46.3 70.4 36.2 444 <5 years complete 97.9 287 44.4 46.7 66.7 40.7 210 5-9 years complete 97.1 556 53.4 54.8 78.9 29.9 434 10 or more years complete 96.2 173 56.8 58.3 86.4 20.1 154
Religion Hindu 96.9 953 52.6 53.8 80.3 25.4 760 Muslim 95.2 564 41.5 43.5 60.7 51.8 392 Christian 97.8 111 61.6 61.6 90.6 8.7 82
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 96.7 215 58.0 59.1 82.2 20.6 167 Scheduled tribe 97.4 185 60.7 60.7 88.9 9.4 140 Other backward class 96.5 270 51.7 51.9 77.6 32.5 219 Other 96.0 858 42.6 44.8 67.7 42.8 632
Assistance at delivery Health personnel4 96.0 508 55.2 56.5 84.4 19.4 419
Dai (TBA) 96.6 418 38.3 40.5 63.1 46.3 320 Other/no one 96.6 713 51.8 52.8 74.1 35.2 503
Place of delivery Health facility 95.1 367 51.7 53.0 84.9 16.9 306 At home 96.8 1,270 48.8 50.2 71.4 37.9 937 Other * 1 nc nc nc nc 0
Wealth index Lowest 94.6 434 44.5 45.1 66.0 41.7 302 Second 97.7 594 48.3 49.8 72.9 34.1 441 Middle 96.2 330 51.6 53.0 77.8 30.8 258 Fourth 94.8 173 54.9 56.6 81.5 26.5 141 Highest 99.5 108 56.5 59.5 91.8 13.5 100
Total 96.4 1,639 49.5 50.9 74.7 32.7 1,243
Note: Table is based on children born in the last five years whether the children are living or dead at the time of interview. Total includes children belonging to other religions and children with missing information on mother's education, religion, and caste/tribe,who are not shown separately. TBA = Traditional birth attendant nc = Not calculated because there are no cases * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes children who started breastfeeding within half an hour of birth. 2 Includes children who started breastfeeding within one hour of birth. 3 Children given something other than breast milk during the first three days of life. 4 Doctor, nurse, midwife, auxiliary nurse midwife, lady health visitor, or other health personnel.
�0
80
Table 50 Breastfeeding status by age
Percent distribution of youngest children under three years living with the mother by breastfeeding status and percentage of all children under three yearsusing a bottle with a nipple, according to age in months, Assam, 2005-06
Breastfeeding and consuming:
Age in months Not breast-
feedingExclusivelybreastfed
Plainwateronly
Non-milkliquids/juice
Other milk
Comple-mentary
foods Total
Number of youngest childrenunder
three years
Percentageusing a bottle with a nipple1
Number of children
<2 (0.0) (84.7) (0.0) (0.0) (11.8) (3.5) 100.0 51 (4.5) 53 2-3 1.9 62.1 3.7 1.9 11.1 19.5 100.0 64 3.7 64 4-5 0.0 46.1 11.8 2.0 10.8 29.3 100.0 61 5.9 61 6-8 0.0 11.0 15.3 2.5 11.0 60.1 100.0 70 5.1 70 9-11 0.0 6.8 10.3 0.0 6.8 76.0 100.0 70 1.7 70 12-17 1.9 1.2 3.9 3.1 2.3 87.6 100.0 154 2.7 155 18-23 3.6 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 94.3 100.0 116 2.4 124 24-35 28.7 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 70.6 100.0 249 2.0 304
<4 1.0 72.0 2.1 1.0 11.4 12.4 100.0 115 4.0 118
<6 0.7 63.1 5.4 1.4 11.2 18.3 100.0 176 4.6 178 6-9 0.0 11.0 15.6 1.9 9.7 61.6 100.0 92 3.9 92
12-23 2.6 0.7 2.2 2.7 1.3 90.5 100.0 270 2.5 279
Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a ‘24-hour’ period (yesterday and last night). Children who are classified as breastfeeding and consuming plain wateronly consumed no liquid or solid supplements. The categories of not breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed, breastfeeding and consuming plain water only, non-milk liquids/juice, other milk, and complementary foods (solids and semi-solids) are hierarchical and mutually exclusive, and their percentages add to 100 percent. Thus any children who get complementary food are classified in that category as long as they are breastfeeding as well. Children who receive breast milk and non-milk liquids and who do not receive complementary foods are classified in the non-milk liquid category even though they may also get plain water. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. 1 Based on all children under three years.
��
81
Tab
le 5
1 M
edia
n du
ratio
n of
bre
astfe
edin
g an
d in
fant
and
you
ng c
hild
feed
ing
(IYC
F) p
ract
ices
Med
ian
dura
tion
(mon
ths)
of b
reas
tfeed
ing
amon
g la
st-b
orn
child
ren
born
in t
he la
st t
hree
yea
rs a
nd p
erce
ntag
e of
you
nges
t ch
ildre
n ag
e 6-
23 m
onth
s liv
ing
with
the
mot
her
who
are
fed
with
app
ropr
iate
fe
edin
g pr
actic
es b
ased
upo
n nu
mbe
r of f
ood
grou
ps a
nd ti
mes
they
are
fed
durin
g th
e da
y or
nig
ht p
rece
ding
the
surv
ey, b
y br
east
feed
ing
stat
us a
nd b
ackg
roun
d ch
arac
teris
tics,
Ass
am, 2
005-
06
M
edia
n du
ratio
n (m
onth
s) o
f bre
astfe
edin
g am
ong
last
-bor
n ch
ildre
n bo
rn in
the
last
thre
e ye
ars1
Am
ong
brea
stfe
d ch
ildre
n 6-
23 m
onth
s, p
erce
ntag
e fe
d:A
mon
g al
l chi
ldre
n 6-
23 m
onth
s, p
erce
ntag
e fe
d:
Back
grou
nd
char
acte
ristic
Any
brea
st-
feed
ing
Excl
usiv
ebr
east
- fe
edin
g
Pred
om-
inan
tbr
east
- fe
edin
g2N
umbe
r of
child
ren
Thre
e or
m
ore
food
gr
oups
3
Min
imum
num
ber o
f tim
es4
3+ fo
od
grou
ps a
nd
min
imum
nu
mbe
r of
times
N
umbe
r of
child
ren
Brea
st m
ilk,
milk
, or m
ilk
prod
ucts
5
Appr
opria
te
num
ber o
f foo
d gr
oups
6M
inim
umtim
es7
With
3
IYC
F pr
actic
es8
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n
Age
in m
onth
s
6-8
na
na
na
na
10
.2
47.5
8.
5
70
100.
0
10.2
47
.5
8.5
70
9-11
na
na
na
na
25
.6
18.8
9.
4
70
100.
0
25.6
18
.8
9.4
70
12-1
7
na
na
na
na
35.8
39
.8
16.2
15
1
99.2
35
.1
39.8
15
.8
154
18-2
3
na
na
na
na
47.0
52
.9
26.2
11
2
96.9
45
.3
51.5
25
.2
116
Sex
Mal
e
36
3.4
4.
9
486
34
.5
43.9
16
.8
209
99
.4
34.1
43
.9
16.6
21
2
Fe
mal
e
28.2
3.
6
4.6
48
3
30.7
38
.2
16.0
19
4
98.2
30
.0
37.5
15
.6
199
Resi
denc
e
U
rban
(3
1.4)
*
* 10
5
44.6
40
.5
17.6
43
10
0.0
43
.4
40.8
17
.1
44
Ru
ral
34.5
3.
7
5.1
86
5
31.2
41
.2
16.3
36
0
98.7
30
.7
40.8
16
.0
366
Mot
her's
edu
catio
n
N
o ed
ucat
ion
36
(3
.5)
5.5
36
1
30.7
42
.4
18.6
13
8
99.1
30
.5
42.1
18
.5
139
<5
year
s co
mpl
ete
*
* *
162
26
.1
44.4
17
.4
69
98.3
25
.6
43.6
17
.1
70
5-
9 ye
ars
com
plet
e
30.0
3.
4
4.7
34
8
35.6
37
.5
13.6
15
7
98.5
34
.6
37.5
13
.2
162
10
or m
ore
year
s co
mpl
ete
*
* *
97
(40.
5)
(43.
7)
(18.
6)
38
(100
.0)
(40.
5)
(43.
7)
(18.
6)
38
Relig
ion
H
indu
32
.5
3.7
4.
5
553
41
.9
38.6
20
.0
236
99
.5
41.3
38
.3
19.7
24
0
M
uslim
32
.9
2.6
4.
4
346
15
.4
42.3
7.
7
131
98
.2
15.2
42
.4
7.6
13
4
C
hrist
ian
*
* *
63
(32.
7)
(56.
3)
(25.
5)
33
(96.
5)
(31.
6)
(54.
4)
(24.
6)
34
C
ontin
ued…
��
82
Tab
le 5
1 M
edia
n du
ratio
n of
bre
astfe
edin
g an
d in
fant
and
you
ng c
hild
feed
ing
(IYC
F) p
ract
ices
—C
ontin
ued
M
edia
n du
ratio
n (m
onth
s) o
f bre
astfe
edin
g am
ong
last
-bor
n ch
ildre
n bo
rn in
the
last
thre
e ye
ars1
Am
ong
brea
stfe
d ch
ildre
n 6-
23 m
onth
s, p
erce
ntag
e fe
d:
Am
ong
all c
hild
ren
6-23
mon
ths,
per
cent
age
fed:
Back
grou
nd c
hara
cter
istic
An
y br
east
- fe
edin
g
Excl
usiv
ebr
east
- fe
edin
g
Pred
om-
inan
tbr
east
- fe
edin
g2N
umbe
r of
child
ren
Thre
e or
m
ore
food
gr
oups
3
Min
imum
num
ber o
f tim
es4
3+ fo
od
grou
ps a
nd
min
imum
nu
mbe
r of
times
N
umbe
r of
child
ren
Brea
st m
ilk,
milk
, or m
ilk
prod
ucts
5
Appr
opria
te
num
ber o
f foo
d gr
oups
6M
inim
umtim
es7
With
3
IYC
F pr
actic
es8
Num
ber
of c
hild
ren
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sc
hedu
led
cast
e
* *
*
128
(3
4.5)
(3
7.9)
(2
1.8)
52
(1
00.0
) (3
4.1)
(3
8.6)
(2
1.6)
52
Sche
dule
d tri
be
* *
*
111
(3
4.5)
(4
0.2)
(1
8.4)
52
(9
7.8)
(3
3.0)
(3
8.4)
(1
7.6)
54
Oth
er b
ackw
ard
clas
s
* *
*
150
47
.8
38.1
18
.6
68
100.
0
47.8
38
.1
18.6
68
Oth
er
32.2
3.
1
4.3
51
6
26.2
42
.9
14.3
20
4
98.3
25
.7
42.6
14
.0
209
Wea
lth in
dex
Lo
wes
t (3
2.9)
(2
.5)
(4.7
) 25
6
23.3
38
.6
13.1
10
5
96.7
22
.5
38.5
12
.6
109
Seco
nd
27.1
5.
5
(6.8
) 35
6
32.5
45
.4
20.5
14
9
99.2
32
.2
44.9
20
.3
151
Mid
dle
(3
3.9)
(3
.2)
(3.5
) 19
8
36.4
35
.6
12.6
85
10
0.0
35
.9
35.1
12
.4
87
Fo
urth
*
*
* 10
0
(33.
8)
(42.
8)
(13.
0)
46
(100
.0)
(33.
8)
(42.
8)
(13.
0)
46
H
ighe
st
* *
*
59
(67.
6)
(42.
1)
(29.
0)
18
(100
.0)
(65.
5)
(43.
9)
(28.
1)
19
Tot
al
32.8
3.
5 4.
8 96
9 32
.7
41.1
16
.4
403
98.8
32
.1
40.8
16
.1
410
Not
e: T
otal
incl
udes
chi
ldre
n be
long
ing
to o
ther
relig
ions
and
chi
ldre
n w
ith m
issin
g in
form
atio
n on
mot
her’s
edu
catio
n, re
ligio
n, a
nd c
aste
/trib
e, w
ho a
re n
ot s
how
n se
para
tely
. na
= N
ot a
pplic
able
( )
Bas
ed o
n 25
-49
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
* Pe
rcen
tage
not
sho
wn;
bas
ed o
n fe
wer
than
25
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
1 It i
s as
sum
ed th
at c
hild
ren
not c
urre
ntly
livi
ng w
ith th
e m
othe
r are
not
cur
rent
ly b
reas
tfeed
ing.
2 E
ither
exc
lusiv
ely
brea
stfe
d or
rece
ived
bre
ast m
ilk a
nd p
lain
wat
er a
nd/o
r non
-milk
liqu
ids
only
. 3
Food
gro
ups
are:
a. i
nfan
t for
mul
a, m
ilk o
ther
than
bre
ast m
ilk, c
hees
e or
yog
urt o
r ot
her
milk
pro
duct
s; b
. foo
ds m
ade
from
gra
ins
or r
oots
, inc
ludi
ng p
orrid
ge o
r gr
uel,
forti
fied
baby
food
; c.
vita
min
A-
rich
fruits
and
veg
etab
les;
d. o
ther
frui
ts a
nd v
eget
able
s; e
. egg
s; f.
mea
t, po
ultry
, fish
, she
llfish
, or o
rgan
mea
ts; g
. bea
ns, p
eas,
lent
ils, o
r nut
s; h
. foo
ds m
ade
with
oil,
fat,
ghee
, or b
utte
r. 4 A
t lea
st tw
ice
a da
y fo
r bre
astfe
d in
fant
s 6-
8 m
onth
s an
d at
leas
t thr
ee ti
mes
a d
ay fo
r bre
astfe
d ch
ildre
n 9-
23 m
onth
s.
5 Com
mer
cial
ly p
rodu
ced
infa
nt fo
rmul
a; ti
nned
, pow
dere
d, o
r fre
sh a
nim
al m
ilk; c
hees
e; y
ogur
t; or
oth
er m
ilk p
rodu
cts.
6 T
hree
or m
ore
food
gro
ups
for b
reas
tfed
child
ren
and
four
or m
ore
food
gro
ups
for n
on-b
reas
tfed
child
ren.
7 F
ed s
olid
or s
emi-s
olid
food
at l
east
twic
e a
day
for i
nfan
ts 6
-8 m
onth
s, 3
or m
ore
times
for o
ther
bre
astfe
d ch
ildre
n, a
nd 4
or m
ore
times
for n
on-b
reas
tfed
child
ren.
8
Non
-bre
astfe
d ch
ildre
n ag
e 6-
23 m
onth
s ar
e co
nsid
ered
to b
e fe
d w
ith th
ree
IYC
F pr
actic
es if
they
rec
eive
milk
or
milk
pro
duct
s an
d ar
e fe
d at
leas
t the
min
imum
num
ber
of ti
mes
per
day
with
at l
east
th
e m
inim
um n
umbe
r of f
ood
grou
ps.
��
83
Table 52 Prevalence of anaemia in children
Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having anaemia, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06, and percentage of children age 6-35 months classified as having anaemia, NFHS-3 and NFHS-2
Anaemia status by haemoglobin level
Background characteristic Mild
(10.0-10.9 g/dl)Moderate
(7.0-9.9 g/dl)Severe
(<7.0 g/dl) Any anaemia (<11.0 g/dl)
Number of children
Age in months 6-11 29.7 55.0 2.7 87.4 111 12-23 29.1 49.5 3.1 81.7 257 24-35 33.8 34.6 1.7 70.1 286 36-47 24.8 35.7 2.6 63.0 287 48-59 27.0 29.9 1.3 58.2 288
Sex Male 27.8 41.1 1.5 70.3 617 Female 29.6 36.4 2.9 68.9 612
Birth order1 1 29.1 38.5 1.1 68.7 386 2-3 28.4 38.4 2.1 68.9 493 4-5 25.7 39.4 4.0 69.1 213 6+ 31.5 39.4 3.4 74.3 107
Residence Urban 23.6 35.2 1.7 60.5 136 Rural 29.4 39.2 2.2 70.8 1,093
Mother's education2 No education 27.8 43.6 2.7 74.1 466 <5 years complete 29.5 41.3 1.7 72.5 217 5-9 years complete 29.5 34.1 1.5 65.1 405 10 or more years complete 26.5 31.9 3.5 61.9 123
Religion Hindu 28.6 38.2 2.0 68.7 716 Muslim 31.2 35.0 1.2 67.4 403
Christian 21.5 56.8 7.4 85.8 99
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 33.5 40.2 3.5 77.2 154 Scheduled tribe 27.0 46.0 4.2 77.2 144 Other backward class 29.5 37.6 1.7 68.8 218 Other 28.2 36.0 1.6 65.9 624
Mother's interview status Interviewed 28.4 38.7 2.2 69.4 1,199 Not interviewed but in household * * * * 12 Not interviewed and not in household3 * * * * 18
Child's living arrangements Living with both parents 28.6 38.5 2.2 69.4 1,087 Living with one or neither parent 29.2 40.3 2.1 71.7 142
Mother's anaemia status Not anaemic 29.4 24.1 1.3 54.8 332 Mildly anaemic 29.6 40.3 2.0 71.8 490 Moderately/severely anaemic 25.5 49.6 3.5 78.5 368
Wealth index Lowest 30.7 43.4 3.2 77.3 338 Second 30.5 38.2 1.8 70.6 428 Middle 27.7 42.1 1.9 71.8 254 Fourth 22.8 35.4 1.9 60.1 130 Highest 23.4 16.5 0.7 40.6 79
Total 28.7 38.7 2.2 69.6 1,229
Children age 6-35 months born to interviewed ever-married women
NFHS-3 (2005-06) 31.2 43.8 2.3 77.3 646 NFHS-2 (1998-99) 31.0 32.2 0.0 63.2 598
Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Prevalence of anaemia, based on haemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude using the CDC formula (Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1998. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 (RR-3): 1-29). Haemoglobin levels shown in grams per decilitre (g/dl). Total includes children belonging to other religions and children with missing information on mother's education, religion, caste/tribe, and mother’s anaemia status, who are not shown separately. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed. 2 For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the household schedule. 3 Includes children whose mothers are deceased.
��
84
Tab
le 5
3 M
icro
nutri
ent i
ntak
e am
ong
child
ren
Perc
enta
ge o
f you
nges
t chi
ldre
n ag
e 6-
35 m
onth
s liv
ing
with
thei
r m
othe
r w
ho c
onsu
med
vita
min
A-r
ich
and
iron-
rich
food
s in
the
day
or n
ight
pre
cedi
ng th
e su
rvey
, per
cent
age
of c
hild
ren
age
12-3
5 m
onth
s an
d 6-
59 m
onth
s w
ho w
ere
give
n vi
tam
in A
sup
plem
ents
in t
he s
ix m
onth
s pr
eced
ing
the
surv
ey, p
erce
ntag
e of
chi
ldre
n ag
e 6-
59 m
onth
s w
ho w
ere
give
n iro
n su
pple
men
ts in
the
past
sev
en
days
, who
wer
e gi
ven
dew
orm
ing
med
icat
ion
in th
e six
mon
ths
prec
edin
g th
e su
rvey
, and
who
live
in h
ouse
hold
s us
ing
adeq
uate
ly io
dize
d sa
lt, b
y ba
ckgr
ound
cha
ract
erist
ics,
Ass
am, 2
005-
06
Youn
gest
chi
ldre
n ag
e 6-
35 m
onth
s liv
ing
with
thei
r mot
her
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 12
-35
mon
ths
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 6-
59 m
onth
s
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 6-
59 m
onth
s in
hou
seho
lds
with
sal
t te
sted
Bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
Perc
enta
ge
who
co
nsum
ed
food
s ric
h in
vi
tam
in A
in
last
24
hour
s1
Perc
enta
ge
who
co
nsum
ed
food
s ric
h in
iro
n in
last
24
hour
s2N
umbe
r of
child
ren
Perc
enta
ge g
iven
vi
tam
in A
su
pple
men
ts in
last
6
mon
ths
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n
Perc
enta
ge g
iven
vi
tam
in A
su
pple
men
ts in
la
st 6
mon
ths
Perc
enta
ge
give
n iro
n su
pple
men
ts
in la
st 7
day
s
Perc
enta
ge
give
nde
wor
min
g m
edic
atio
n in
la
st 6
mon
ths3
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n
Perc
enta
ge
livin
g in
ho
useh
olds
us
ing
adeq
uate
ly
iodi
zed
salt4
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n
Age
in m
onth
s
6-
8
11.9
0.
0
70
na
na
2.5
0.
0
0.0
70
64
.3
70
9-
11
29.1
8.
6
70
na
na
19.7
0.
0
2.5
70
62
.3
70
12
-17
53
.3
19.3
15
4
30.4
15
5
30.4
1.
5
8.5
15
5
62.6
15
5
18
-23
56
.1
29.8
11
6
15.4
12
4
15.4
0.
9
10.6
12
4
70.9
12
3
24
-35
64
.6
35.4
24
9
14.1
30
4
14.1
1.
0
20.0
30
4
70.6
30
3
36
-47
na
na
na
na
na
9.
8
1.2
16
.6
305
67
.0
302
48-5
9
na
na
na
na
na
4.6
0.
4
19.9
31
1
70.6
30
9
Sex
Mal
e
51.8
25
.2
337
18
.6
299
12
.4
1.2
16
.8
663
66
.0
660
Fem
ale
50
.3
22.9
32
3
18.9
28
4
12.8
0.
5
13.3
67
6
70.2
67
3
Birt
h or
der
1
51.9
25
.3
233
26
.2
198
17
.5
0.7
18
.0
439
74
.8
438
2-3
53
.5
26.4
25
8
16.3
23
0
11.2
1.
5
14.2
55
3
69.9
55
1
4-
5
47.2
19
.6
106
15
.8
102
10
.9
0.0
14
.3
229
59
.8
228
6+
44.7
17
.1
63
(6.8
) 53
4.
0
0.0
9.
1
118
51
.3
117
Brea
stfe
edin
g st
atus
Brea
stfe
edin
g
48.1
22
.7
581
20
.5
448
16
.5
1.1
12
.4
732
68
.0
730
Not
bre
astfe
edin
g
74.6
34
.9
75
12.5
12
9
7.8
0.
5
18.6
59
2
68.6
58
8
Resi
denc
e
U
rban
57
.0
32.8
75
17
.9
68
14.6
3.
4
23.2
15
6
89.7
15
4
Ru
ral
50.3
22
.9
585
18
.8
514
12
.3
0.5
14
.0
1,18
3
65.3
1,
179
C
ontin
ued…
��
85
Tab
le 5
3 M
icro
nutri
ent i
ntak
e am
ong
child
ren—
Con
tinue
d
Youn
gest
chi
ldre
n ag
e 6-
35 m
onth
s liv
ing
with
thei
r mot
her
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 12
-35
mon
ths
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 6-
59 m
onth
s
Chi
ldre
n ag
e 6-
59 m
onth
s in
hou
seho
lds
with
sal
t te
sted
Bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
Perc
enta
ge
who
co
nsum
ed
food
s ric
h in
vi
tam
in A
in
last
24
hour
s1
Perc
enta
ge
who
co
nsum
ed
food
s ric
h in
iro
n in
last
24
hou
rs2
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n
Perc
enta
ge g
iven
vi
tam
in A
supp
lem
ents
in la
st
6 m
onth
s N
umbe
r of
child
ren
Perc
enta
ge g
iven
vi
tam
in A
su
pple
men
ts in
la
st 6
mon
ths
Perc
enta
ge
give
n iro
n su
pple
men
ts
in la
st 7
day
s
Perc
enta
ge
give
nde
wor
min
g m
edic
atio
n in
la
st 6
mon
ths3
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n
Perc
enta
ge
livin
g in
ho
useh
olds
us
ing
adeq
uate
ly
iodi
zed
salt4
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n
Mot
her's
edu
catio
n
N
o ed
ucat
ion
51
.7
21.8
24
4
10.5
21
0
8.2
0.
1
10.7
49
6
57.8
49
0
<
5 ye
ars
com
plet
e
46.8
18
.5
103
11
.7
102
8.
4
0.5
13
.2
235
64
.4
235
5-9
year
s co
mpl
ete
49
.5
24.1
24
2
27.4
21
1
18.2
1.
7
17.0
46
4
73.4
46
4
10
or m
ore
year
s co
mpl
ete
61
.4
40.1
69
28
.8
60
16.7
1.
3
26.7
14
2
92.5
14
2
Relig
ion
Hin
du
56.1
27
.3
392
21
.6
348
15
.0
1.0
16
.1
792
73
.3
789
Mus
lim
42.0
20
.3
217
16
.2
196
10
.3
0.8
14
.9
444
61
.7
441
Chr
istia
n
(52.
0)
(13.
0)
46
(6.7
) 36
3.
8
0.0
6.
9
96
56.2
96
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sche
dule
d ca
ste
54
.7
25.5
82
17
.8
74
13.2
1.
8
10.7
16
7
60.3
16
7
Sc
hedu
led
tribe
61
.0
36.9
84
19
.7
79
15.9
0.
4
14.3
15
8
66.0
15
8
O
ther
bac
kwar
d cl
ass
57
.6
25.0
11
0
23.1
10
3
13.0
0.
0
16.8
23
4
71.9
23
4
O
ther
45
.8
20.3
34
3
18.8
29
4
12.1
1.
1
15.8
69
2
68.9
68
8
Wea
lth in
dex
Low
est
45.2
17
.8
175
6.
3
152
5.
9
0.3
11
.4
355
48
.0
351
Seco
nd
51.0
21
.0
231
18
.6
206
12
.0
0.0
9.
9
469
65
.2
468
Mid
dle
51
.9
30.9
14
3
26.0
13
1
17.4
1.
9
19.9
27
9
78.1
27
8
Fo
urth
49
.6
23.8
67
31
.2
53
18.2
0.
4
21.4
14
4
88.4
14
4
H
ighe
st
73.7
42
.2
45
26.5
40
18
.6
4.4
30
.2
92
98.7
92
Tot
al
51.1
24
.0
660
18.7
58
3 12
.6
0.8
15.0
1,
339
68.1
1,
333
Not
e: In
form
atio
n on
iron
sup
plem
ents
and
dew
orm
ing
med
icat
ion
is ba
sed
on th
e m
othe
r's re
call.
Info
rmat
ion
on v
itam
in A
sup
plem
enta
tion
is ba
sed
on th
e va
ccin
atio
n ca
rd a
nd m
othe
r's re
call.
Tot
al
incl
udes
chi
ldre
n be
long
ing
to o
ther
relig
ions
and
chi
ldre
n w
ith m
issin
g in
form
atio
n on
bre
astfe
edin
g st
atus
, mot
her’s
edu
catio
n, re
ligio
n, a
nd c
aste
/trib
e, w
ho a
re n
ot s
how
n se
para
tely
. na
= N
ot a
pplic
able
( )
Bas
ed o
n 25
-49
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
1 Inc
lude
s m
eat a
nd o
rgan
mea
ts, f
ish, p
oultr
y, e
ggs,
pum
pkin
, car
rots
, sw
eet p
otat
oes
that
are
yel
low
or o
rang
e in
side,
dar
k gr
een
leaf
y ve
geta
bles
, rip
e m
ango
, pap
aya,
can
talo
upe,
and
jack
fruit.
2 I
nclu
des
mea
t and
org
an m
eats
, fish
, pou
ltry,
or e
ggs.
3 D
ewor
min
g fo
r int
estin
al p
aras
ites.
4 S
alt c
onta
inin
g 15
par
ts p
er m
illio
n or
mor
e of
iodi
ne. E
xclu
des
child
ren
in h
ouse
hold
s in
whi
ch s
alt w
as n
ot te
sted
. Inc
lude
s ch
ildre
n w
hose
mot
hers
wer
e no
t int
ervi
ewed
.
��
86
Table 54 Presence of iodized salt in household
Percent distribution of households with salt tested for iodine content, by level of iodine in salt (parts per million), according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06, and total for NFHS-2
Iodine content of salt
Background characteristic None
(0 ppm) Inadequate (<15 ppm)
Adequate (15+ ppm) Total
Number of households
Residence Urban 0.4 8.6 91.0 100.0 686 Rural 3.4 29.6 67.0 100.0 2,726
Religion of household head Hindu 2.6 21.9 75.5 100.0 2,395 Muslim 3.0 33.3 63.7 100.0 827 Christian 3.6 36.5 59.9 100.0 169
Caste/tribe of household head Scheduled caste 5.6 31.8 62.5 100.0 454 Scheduled tribe 4.4 25.6 70.0 100.0 331 Other backward class 1.3 21.4 77.3 100.0 733 Other 2.2 25.0 72.8 100.0 1,695
Wealth index Lowest 6.4 45.7 47.9 100.0 690 Second 2.8 32.6 64.5 100.0 1,029 Middle 2.0 21.5 76.5 100.0 735 Fourth 1.2 9.3 89.5 100.0 525 Highest 0.4 1.8 97.8 100.0 433
Total 2.8 25.4 71.8 100.0 3,412
NFHS-2 (1998-99) 1.8 18.3 79.9 100.0 3,111
Note: Less than 1 percent of households did not have any salt in the household. Total includes households in which the household head belongs to other religions and households with missing information on religion and caste/tribe of the household head, which are not shown separately. ppm = parts per million
��
87
Table 55 Women's and men's food consumption
Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by frequency of consumption of specific foods, Assam, 2005-06
Frequency of consumption
Type of food Daily Weekly Occasionally Never Missing Total Number of respondents
WOMEN
Milk or curd 14.7 18.6 57.0 9.6 0.0 100.0 3,840 Pulses or beans 43.8 42.7 12.5 0.9 0.0 100.0 3,840 Dark green leafy vegetables 75.2 21.4 3.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 3,840 Fruits 7.7 25.2 64.6 2.3 0.2 100.0 3,840 Eggs 5.3 50.8 36.4 7.4 0.1 100.0 3,840 Fish 13.8 58.7 24.7 2.8 0.0 100.0 3,840 Chicken/meat 2.0 33.0 59.4 5.6 0.1 100.0 3,840 Fish or chicken/meat 13.9 59.6 24.1 2.3 0.0 100.0 3,840
MEN
Milk or curd 18.9 14.6 60.2 6.2 0.1 100.0 1,326 Pulses or beans 21.5 45.1 32.1 1.2 0.2 100.0 1,326 Dark green leafy vegetables 59.5 36.2 3.6 0.6 0.1 100.0 1,326 Fruits 10.1 31.2 58.0 0.6 0.2 100.0 1,326 Eggs 11.1 50.7 33.5 4.6 0.1 100.0 1,326 Fish 26.5 56.6 14.6 2.1 0.1 100.0 1,326 Chicken/meat 2.5 39.8 53.8 3.8 0.1 100.0 1,326 Fish or chicken/meat 27.1 57.7 13.3 1.8 0.1 100.0 1,326
��
88
Table 56 Nutritional status of adults
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with specific body mass index (BMI) levels, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Body mass index (BMI) in kg/m2
Women1 Men
Background characteristic <18.5
(total thin)
<17.0(moderately/ severely thin)
25.0(overweightor obese)
30.0(obese)
Number of women
<18.5 (total thin)
<17.0(moderately/ severely thin)
25.0(overweight or obese)
30.0(obese)
Number of men
Age 15-19 41.9 15.4 1.3 0.2 616 49.0 19.3 1.2 0.0 209 20-29 37.4 14.9 5.4 0.4 1,219 39.4 14.1 3.3 0.5 375 30-39 31.8 14.7 11.3 1.2 1,020 26.0 8.4 7.1 0.9 339 40-49 37.3 16.3 13.7 2.2 566 31.6 9.9 7.8 0.0 260
Marital status Never married 36.7 15.6 4.2 0.6 914 38.5 15.1 2.6 0.2 497 Currently married 35.8 15.1 9.4 1.1 2,302 33.4 10.4 6.8 0.5 673
Widowed/divorced/ separated/deserted 44.0 14.3 5.8 0.0 205 * * * * 13
Residence Urban 26.4 11.5 19.6 3.0 641 32.1 12.9 10.9 0.5 252 Rural 38.9 16.0 5.1 0.4 2,780 36.5 12.3 3.4 0.4 931
Education No education 46.5 20.7 2.2 0.1 1,043 41.0 13.8 1.1 0.0 167 <5 years complete 38.8 12.5 4.6 0.4 474 44.9 13.7 1.9 0.5 226 5-9 years complete 34.8 14.3 8.4 0.7 1,230 37.7 12.5 2.7 0.3 455
10 or more years complete 22.6 10.1 17.7 2.9 673 23.7 10.9 12.1 0.7 336
Religion Hindu 33.1 13.0 9.0 1.1 2,409 32.7 11.0 6.1 0.6 845 Muslim 46.0 21.7 5.5 0.4 810 43.1 18.1 2.4 0.0 262 Christian 37.8 14.3 1.4 0.7 176 44.0 9.3 1.9 0.0 65
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 45.1 17.3 6.3 0.9 461 34.6 14.3 3.9 1.4 175 Scheduled tribe 20.0 5.4 6.9 1.0 356 12.6 5.1 12.6 1.3 96 Other backward class 31.0 13.4 8.4 1.3 748 27.3 7.9 3.5 0.2 299 Other 38.0 16.4 8.8 0.8 1,638 41.9 15.7 5.1 0.1 561
Wealth index Lowest 45.3 17.4 1.0 0.0 524 42.4 14.5 0.7 0.0 180 Second 46.2 19.1 2.2 0.1 975 43.1 14.2 0.0 0.0 342 Middle 37.9 17.1 4.5 0.2 838 34.7 11.3 1.5 0.4 282 Fourth 26.1 11.4 13.2 0.8 611 31.4 14.6 8.4 0.5 227 Highest 17.9 6.0 25.9 5.0 473 18.2 5.3 22.6 1.6 153
Total 36.5 15.2 7.8 0.9 3,421 35.6 12.5 5.0 0.4 1,184
Note: Total includes women and men belonging to other religions and women/men with missing information on education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the preceding 2 months.
��
89
Table 57 Prevalence of anaemia in adults
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with anaemia, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06, and percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 with anaemia, NFHS-3 and NFHS-2
Women Men
Background characteristic Mild (10.0-11.9 g/dl)1
Moderate(7.0-9.9 g/dl)
Severe(<7.0 g/dl)
Any anaemia (<12.0 g/dl)2
Numberof women
Mild (12.0-12.9 g/dl)
Moderate(9.0-11.9 g/dl)
Severe(<9.0 g/dl)
Any anaemia (<13.0 g/dl)
Numberof men
Age 15-19 47.9 16.6 3.3 67.8 656 23.2 14.7 2.1 40.0 208 20-29 43.4 23.0 3.2 69.7 1,361 16.4 13.5 2.0 31.9 374 30-39 44.9 21.8 3.8 70.5 1,045 17.1 18.8 3.2 39.2 338 40-49 44.4 21.0 3.5 69.0 564 21.2 25.6 4.5 51.3 256
Marital status Never married 49.9 15.7 3.3 68.9 903 17.2 12.3 2.6 32.1 494 Currently married 42.6 23.5 3.3 69.3 2,520 20.1 21.8 3.0 44.9 669
Widowed/divorced/ separated/deserted 49.7 18.1 5.6 73.4 201 * * * * 13
Maternity status Pregnant 25.2 40.6 6.8 72.6 185 na na na na na Breastfeeding 43.8 26.0 3.5 73.3 803 na na na na na Neither 46.5 18.4 3.2 68.0 2,637 na na na na na
Residence Urban 43.4 20.0 2.6 65.9 653 17.2 12.7 2.0 31.9 248 Rural 45.1 21.5 3.6 70.2 2,972 19.3 19.3 3.1 41.7 928
Education No education 45.3 25.1 5.8 76.2 1,107 21.0 20.6 2.9 44.6 164 <5 years complete 41.4 23.4 3.3 68.1 517 23.3 18.7 5.7 47.6 224 5-9 years complete 43.6 19.4 2.2 65.2 1,315 19.0 18.5 2.2 39.7 452 10 or more years complete 48.6 16.9 2.1 67.6 685 14.6 15.3 2.0 31.9 335
Religion Hindu 46.0 21.9 3.8 71.6 2,526 17.7 18.4 3.5 39.6 839 Muslim 41.9 15.5 1.8 59.2 881 22.2 12.2 1.4 35.8 260 Christian 43.9 38.9 6.9 89.7 192 20.5 32.7 1.9 55.1 65
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 45.2 22.2 4.1 71.4 485 22.5 15.0 4.3 41.8 170 Scheduled tribe 43.9 26.5 3.6 74.1 378 14.6 29.7 2.5 46.8 96 Other backward class 47.5 20.2 2.6 70.3 786 16.6 18.2 3.1 37.9 297 Other 43.3 19.1 2.9 65.4 1,739 18.1 15.8 2.5 36.4 559
Wealth index Lowest 42.2 26.9 4.9 74.0 577 18.1 19.5 2.7 40.3 177 Second 44.1 22.1 3.7 69.9 1,061 22.0 20.0 5.4 47.3 340 Middle 45.1 20.2 3.7 69.0 874 21.0 20.9 1.9 43.9 281 Fourth 46.6 18.3 2.3 67.3 635 14.6 14.5 1.4 30.4 228 Highest 46.5 18.0 2.2 66.8 478 15.3 10.7 1.6 27.6 150
Total 44.8 21.2 3.4 69.5 3,625 18.9 17.9 2.9 39.6 1,176
Total for ever-married women NFHS-3 (2005-06) 43.1 23.1 3.5 69.6 2,722 na na na na na NFHS-2 (1998-99) 43.2 25.6 0.9 69.7 2,896 na na na na na
Note: Prevalence of anaemia, based on haemoglobin levels is adjusted for altitude and for smoking status, if known, using the CDC formula (Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1998. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 (RR-3): 1-29). Haemoglobin levels shown in grams per deciliter (g/dl). Total includes women and men belonging to other religions and women/men with missing information on education, religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. na = Not applicable * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 For pregnant women the value is 10.0-10.9 g/dl.2 For pregnant women the value is <11.0 g/dl.
�0
90
Tab
le 5
8 K
now
ledg
e of
HIV
/AID
S an
d its
pre
vent
ion
Perc
enta
ge o
f wom
en a
nd m
en a
ge 1
5-49
who
hav
e he
ard
of A
IDS
and
who
, in
resp
onse
to p
rom
pted
que
stio
ns, s
ay th
at p
eopl
e ca
n re
duce
the
risk
of g
ettin
g H
IV/A
IDS
by u
sing
cond
oms
ever
y tim
e th
ey h
ave
sexu
al in
terc
ours
e, w
ho k
now
that
the
risk
of H
IV/A
IDS
can
be r
educ
ed b
y lim
iting
sex
to o
ne u
ninf
ecte
d pa
rtner
, who
hav
e a
com
preh
ensiv
e kn
owle
dge
abou
t HIV
/AID
S, a
nd w
ho k
now
that
HIV
/AID
S ca
n be
tra
nsm
itted
from
a m
othe
r to
her b
aby,
by
back
grou
nd c
hara
cter
istic
s, A
ssam
, 200
5-06
Perc
enta
ge w
ho h
ave
hear
d of
AID
S
Perc
enta
ge w
ho s
ay th
at
the
risk
of H
IV/A
IDS
can
be re
duce
d by
usin
g co
ndom
s
Perc
enta
ge w
ho k
now
that
th
e ris
k of
HIV
/AID
S ca
n be
redu
ced
by li
miti
ng s
ex
to o
ne u
ninf
ecte
d pa
rtner
Perc
enta
ge w
ho h
ave
a co
mpr
ehen
sive
know
ledg
e ab
out H
IV/A
IDS1
Perc
enta
ge w
ho k
now
that
H
IV/A
IDS
can
be tr
ansm
itted
fro
m a
mot
her t
o he
r bab
y N
umbe
r B
ackg
roun
d ch
arac
teris
tic
Wom
en
Men
W
omen
M
en
Wom
en
Men
W
omen
M
en
Wom
en
Men
W
omen
M
en
Age
15-
24
63.7
81
.3
26.7
55
.6
31.3
49
.4
8.7
14
.4
46.4
61
.1
1,45
7
444
1
5-19
59
.5
77.4
23
.1
55.0
29
.3
44.1
8.
6
13.5
43
.8
59.4
69
9
231
2
0-24
67
.5
85.5
30
.1
56.3
33
.2
55.1
8.
8
15.3
48
.8
62.8
75
8
213
25-
29
60.0
86
.9
28.3
59
.8
33.7
61
.4
9.3
15
.6
46.1
63
.4
682
21
3
3
0-39
52
.9
79.1
24
.4
51.3
28
.1
47.1
7.
4
11.8
39
.9
63.4
1,
106
38
0
4
0-49
55
.0
70.7
24
.1
48.8
28
.3
46.2
7.
1
13.0
40
.6
56.8
59
5
289
Resi
denc
e
Urb
an
84.4
93
.3
48.4
74
.5
48.5
66
.4
17.9
25
.5
64.7
75
.6
721
30
1
Ru
ral
52.6
75
.1
20.7
47
.4
26.2
45
.2
5.9
10
.0
38.7
57
.0
3,11
9
1,02
6
Educ
atio
n
No
educ
atio
n
21.0
48
.7
4.0
21
.3
4.8
17
.2
0.2
0.
3
12.8
29
.0
1,16
1
191
<5
year
s co
mpl
ete
42.5
55
.1
11.4
30
.2
13.6
26
.1
0.6
4.
1
26.9
36
.9
548
25
4
5-
9 ye
ars
com
plet
e
75.2
88
.2
29.6
56
.5
36.5
55
.1
7.6
12
.6
55.2
65
.4
1,38
7
495
10 o
r mor
e ye
ars
com
plet
e 98
.1
98.7
63
.9
81.1
71
.1
75.4
27
.5
27.5
82
.2
87.6
74
3
386
Regu
lar
med
ia e
xpos
ure2
Ye
s
76.0
85
.9
38.2
61
.4
43.7
56
.2
13.0
16
.4
58.6
69
.2
2,34
2
1,01
9
N
o
31.3
57
.2
6.7
27
.6
9.6
29
.4
0.8
4.
0
20.0
34
.5
1,49
8
307
Mar
ital s
tatu
s
Nev
er m
arrie
d
74.4
84
.3
34.1
60
.1
40.5
54
.2
13.0
17
.0
57.3
64
.6
972
56
9
C
urre
ntly
mar
ried
54
.3
75.9
23
.7
49.3
27
.7
47.4
6.
8
11.2
39
.6
59.2
2,
656
74
3
Wid
owed
/div
orce
d/
sepa
rate
d/de
serte
d
40.1
*
16
.0
*
16.8
*
3.
6
*
30.2
*
21
2
15
Tim
es s
lept
aw
ay fr
om h
ome
in
the
past
12
mon
ths
N
one
na
73.8
na
49
.1
na
45.3
na
11
.1
na
55.4
na
78
1
1-
2
na
86.6
na
57
.5
na
56.5
na
15
.4
na
66.4
na
25
9
3-
4
na
84.6
na
51
.0
na
49.5
na
12
.1
na
65.9
na
11
8
5+
na
89.5
na69
.5na
61.8
na22
.3na
76.3
na16
8
C
ontin
ued…
��
91
Tab
le 5
8 K
now
ledg
e an
d pr
even
tion
of H
IV/A
IDS—
Con
tinue
d
Perc
enta
ge w
ho h
ave
he
ard
of A
IDS
Perc
enta
ge w
ho s
ay th
at
the
risk
of H
IV/A
IDS
can
be re
duce
d by
usin
g co
ndom
s
Perc
enta
ge w
ho k
now
that
th
e ris
k of
HIV
/AID
S ca
n be
redu
ced
by li
miti
ng s
ex
to o
ne u
ninf
ecte
d pa
rtner
Perc
enta
ge w
ho h
ave
a co
mpr
ehen
sive
know
ledg
e ab
out H
IV/A
IDS1
Perc
enta
ge w
ho k
now
that
H
IV/A
IDS
can
be tr
ansm
itted
fro
m a
mot
her t
o he
r bab
y N
umbe
r B
ackg
roun
d ch
arac
teris
tic
Wom
en
Men
W
omen
M
en
Wom
en
Men
W
omen
M
en
Wom
en
Men
W
omen
M
en
Relig
ion
H
indu
68
.4
85.6
31
.5
59.5
37
.7
56.8
10
.3
15.3
51
.8
67.2
2,
684
95
2
M
uslim
33
.7
65.4
12
.9
41.6
13
.5
34.6
3.
3
10.3
23
.8
49.0
92
7
294
Chr
istia
n
41.0
51
.4
11.3
21
.7
10.1
21
.7
1.8
2.
7
25.4
30
.7
200
67
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sc
hedu
led
cast
e
57.0
74
.2
24.0
53
.3
28.9
51
.6
6.4
10
.8
41.1
61
.3
512
19
5
Sc
hedu
led
tribe
59
.4
81.8
22
.9
44.7
26
.6
44.7
5.
3
7.6
42
.7
62.4
40
4
113
Oth
er b
ackw
ard
clas
s
74.3
90
.1
32.0
61
.7
42.2
61
.3
11.4
15
.3
59.2
72
.6
838
32
4
O
ther
54
.3
76.9
26
.4
52.3
28
.7
46.6
8.
5
15.4
40
.6
56.8
1,
847
63
7
Wea
lth in
dex
Lo
wes
t
16.8
44
.8
2.7
20
.9
3.7
21
.2
0.0
1.
8
9.4
31
.6
615
19
8
Se
cond
41
.0
72.5
10
.0
36.5
14
.1
36.5
1.
6
5.3
28
.2
49.2
1,
116
38
8
M
iddl
e
64.5
85
.7
24.7
61
.7
29.7
57
.2
5.5
11
.8
48.1
64
.0
908
31
4
Fo
urth
88
.9
95.4
47
.2
76.4
54
.3
67.1
16
.9
24.0
65
.2
81.7
67
3
251
Hig
hest
95
.6
98.2
61
.8
80.7
66
.6
74.7
25
.3
32.7
80
.5
86.5
52
7
176
Tot
al
58.6
79
.2
25.9
53
.6
30.4
50
.0
8.2
13.5
43
.6
61.2
3,
840
1,32
6
Not
e: T
otal
incl
udes
wom
en a
nd m
en b
elon
ging
to o
ther
relig
ions
and
wom
en/m
en w
ith m
issin
g in
form
atio
n on
edu
catio
n, re
ligio
n, a
nd c
aste
/trib
e, w
ho a
re n
ot s
how
n se
para
tely
. na
= N
ot a
pplic
able
*
Perc
enta
ge n
ot s
how
n; b
ased
on
few
er th
an 2
5 un
wei
ghte
d ca
ses.
1 R
espo
nden
ts w
ith c
ompr
ehen
sive
know
ledg
e sa
y th
at th
e us
e of
a c
ondo
m fo
r eve
ry a
ct o
f sex
ual i
nter
cour
se a
nd h
avin
gju
st o
ne u
ninf
ecte
d fa
ithfu
l par
tner
can
redu
ce th
e ch
ance
of g
ettin
g H
IV/A
IDS,
say
that
a
heal
thy-
look
ing
pers
on c
an h
ave
HIV
/AID
S, a
nd re
ject
the
two
mos
t com
mon
misc
once
ptio
ns in
NFH
S-3,
nam
ely
that
HIV
/AID
S ca
n be
tran
smitt
ed b
y m
osqu
ito b
ites
and
by s
harin
g fo
od.
2 Exp
osur
e to
radi
o, te
levi
sion,
or n
ewsp
aper
s/m
agaz
ines
at l
east
onc
e a
wee
k.
��
92
Tab
le 5
9 A
ccep
ting
attit
udes
tow
ard
thos
e liv
ing
with
HIV
/AID
S
Am
ong
wom
en a
nd m
en a
ge 1
5-49
who
hav
e he
ard
of A
IDS,
per
cent
age
expr
essin
g sp
ecifi
c ac
cept
ing
attit
udes
tow
ard
peop
le w
ith H
IV/A
IDS,
by
back
grou
nd c
hara
cter
istic
s, A
ssam
, 200
5-06
Perc
enta
ge o
f wom
en w
ho:
Pe
rcen
tage
of m
en w
ho:
Bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
Are
will
ing
to
care
for a
re
lativ
e w
ith
HIV
/AID
S in
ow
n ho
me
Wou
ld b
uy
fresh
ve
geta
bles
from
a
shop
keep
er
who
has
H
IV/A
IDS
Say
that
a
fem
ale
teac
her w
ho
has
HIV
/AID
S bu
t is
not s
ick
shou
ld b
e al
low
ed to
co
ntin
uete
achi
ng
Wou
ld n
ot
wan
t to
keep
se
cret
that
a
fam
ily m
embe
r go
t inf
ecte
d w
ith H
IV/A
IDS
Perc
enta
geof
wom
en
expr
essin
gac
cept
ing
attit
udes
on
all f
our
indi
cato
rs
Num
ber o
f w
omen
who
ha
ve h
eard
of
AID
S
Are
will
ing
to
care
for a
re
lativ
e w
ith
HIV
/AID
S in
ow
n ho
me
Wou
ld b
uy
fresh
ve
geta
bles
from
a
shop
keep
er
who
has
H
IV/A
IDS
Say
that
a
fem
ale
teac
her w
ho
has
HIV
/AID
S bu
t is
not s
ick
shou
ld b
e al
low
ed to
co
ntin
uete
achi
ng
Wou
ld n
ot
wan
t to
keep
se
cret
that
a
fam
ily
mem
ber g
ot
infe
cted
with
H
IV/A
IDS
Perc
enta
geof
men
ex
pres
sing
acce
ptin
gat
titud
es o
n al
l fou
r in
dica
tors
Num
ber o
f m
en w
ho h
ave
hear
d of
AID
S
Age
15-2
4
64.3
57
.2
73.0
87
.7
31.9
92
8
70.4
50
.2
63.3
85
.2
29.9
36
1
1
5-19
60
.7
57.2
72
.9
90.5
32
.0
416
70
.7
48.6
60
.9
85.9
27
.0
179
20-
24
67.3
57
.1
73.1
85
.4
31.8
51
1
70.1
51
.8
65.5
84
.6
32.7
18
2
25
-29
67
.6
53.3
64
.3
87.8
29
.5
409
61
.5
48.6
64
.8
87.7
26
.2
185
30-3
9
65.3
52
.2
63.6
88
.2
28.5
58
5
62.1
38
.5
54.7
91
.9
22.4
30
1
40
-49
66
.6
47.1
66
.6
88.4
24
.7
327
67
.2
42.4
56
.4
89.8
24
.7
204
Resi
denc
e
Urb
an
67.6
64
.1
76.8
80
.8
34.4
60
8
72.9
61
.1
72.0
83
.9
36.0
28
1
Ru
ral
64.7
49
.9
64.8
90
.6
27.7
1,
641
63
.3
39.2
55
.3
90.1
22
.4
770
Educ
atio
n
No
educ
atio
n
62.4
37
.4
51.8
85
.4
17.9
24
4
62.2
15
.8
36.6
88
.2
8.5
93
<5
year
s co
mpl
ete
60.4
38
.3
49.3
88
.0
16.6
23
3
58.8
28
.3
41.3
90
.9
11.8
14
0
5-
9 ye
ars
com
plet
e
64.6
49
.9
67.1
91
.3
28.4
1,
043
66
.9
38.3
55
.2
88.2
21
.8
437
10 o
r mor
e ye
ars
com
plet
e 69
.5
69.6
80
.8
83.9
39
.1
729
68
.1
66.1
77
.3
87.9
40
.5
381
Regu
lar
med
ia e
xpos
ure1
Ye
s
66.7
57
.9
71.9
87
.8
32.2
1,
781
67
.5
49.6
63
.2
88.8
29
.3
875
No
60
.9
37.9
53
.4
88.6
19
.3
469
57
.9
22.6
42
.3
86.9
9.
8
176
Mar
ital s
tatu
s
N
ever
mar
ried
65
.4
60.4
72
.5
86.4
33
.3
723
66
.9
53.7
67
.3
85.0
30
.6
480
Cur
rent
ly m
arrie
d
65.3
50
.5
65.9
88
.5
27.7
1,
441
65
.0
38.0
53
.4
91.3
22
.6
564
W
idow
ed/d
ivor
ced/
se
para
ted/
dese
rted
69
.2
51.0
67
.1
91.0
27
.9
85
* *
*
* *
7
Relig
ion
H
indu
67
.3
54.1
69
.6
88.8
31
.0
1,83
5
67.8
48
.6
62.6
90
.0
29.2
81
5
M
uslim
59
.3
52.4
62
.3
82.4
23
.6
312
60
.5
34.8
53
.8
82.6
15
.7
192
Chr
istia
n
47.4
48
.9
59.8
89
.8
21.9
82
(4
9.2)
(2
2.8)
(3
5.1)
(8
4.2)
(1
2.3)
35
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sc
hedu
led
cast
e
68.9
47
.3
67.0
85
.8
28.2
29
2
62.4
51
.9
67.6
85
.6
27.3
14
5
Sc
hedu
led
tribe
65
.2
48.2
68
.4
90.1
26
.4
240
63
.8
31.0
52
.0
86.1
18
.4
92
O
ther
bac
kwar
d cl
ass
66
.8
52.7
68
.3
91.0
31
.1
622
73
.9
49.9
62
.7
92.6
32
.6
292
Oth
er
63.3
57
.3
68.9
86
.2
29.9
1,
002
61
.2
43.5
57
.4
86.8
23
.1
490
Wea
lth in
dex
Lo
wes
t 49
.7
34.1
48
.6
83.2
15
.6
103
64
.4
23.3
32
.9
85.6
7.
5
89
Se
cond
61
.6
36.4
51
.8
89.2
17
.1
458
59
.7
27.7
45
.1
89.8
13
.4
281
Mid
dle
63
.8
46.1
67
.1
91.8
25
.7
586
63
.7
42.7
60
.3
91.6
24
.8
269
Four
th
67.9
62
.7
72.1
88
.0
36.7
59
8
66.4
57
.1
70.1
87
.6
33.1
24
0
Hig
hest
71
.4
71.7
83
.1
83.2
39
.6
504
79
.2
71.7
82
.2
83.8
48
.4
173
Tot
al
65.5
53
.7
68.1
87
.9
29.5
2,
249
65.8
45
.1
59.7
88
.4
26.1
1,
051
Not
e: T
otal
incl
udes
wom
en a
nd m
en b
elon
ging
to o
ther
relig
ions
and
wom
en/m
en w
ith m
issin
g in
form
atio
n on
edu
catio
n, re
ligio
n, a
nd c
aste
/trib
e, w
ho a
re n
ot s
how
n se
para
tely
. ( )
Bas
ed o
n 25
-49
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
* Pe
rcen
tage
not
sho
wn;
bas
ed o
n fe
wer
than
25
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
1 Exp
osur
e to
radi
o, te
levi
sion,
or n
ewsp
aper
s/m
agaz
ines
at l
east
onc
e a
wee
k.
��
93
Table 60 Sexual behaviour, blood transfusion, and injections
Indicators of higher-risk sexual behaviour, use of blood transfusion, prior HIV testing, and medical injections for women and men age 15-49, by residence, Assam, 2005-06
Urban Rural Total Behaviour/blood transfusion/injections Women Men Women Men Women Men
Among those who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Percentage who had two or more partners in the past 12 months 0.0 2.5 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.3 Percentage who had higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months1 0.0 6.3 0.0 3.1 0.0 3.8
Percentage who had two or more partners and higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months1 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.0
Number who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months 441 151 2,057 583 2,498 734
Among those who had higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months, percentage who reported using a condom at last higher-risk intercourse1 nc * nc * nc (46.8)
Number who had higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months 0 9 0 18 0 28
Among those who ever had sexual intercourse, mean number of sexual partners in lifetime 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2
Number who ever had sexual intercourse 505 163 2,359 657 2,864 819
Percentage who paid for sexual intercourse in the past 12 months na 0.8 na 0.4 na 0.5 Number of men na 301 na 1,026 na 1,326
Percentage ever tested for HIV prior to NFHS-3 0.6 2.5 0.3 0.9 0.4 1.3 Percentage who have ever had a blood transfusion 7.6 3.5 3.5 2.5 4.3 2.7 Percentage who received an injection from a health worker in the past 12 months2 21.2 25.3 24.8 27.7 24.1 27.2
Mean number of medical injections in the past 12 months2 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.5 0.9 1.3 Number of respondents 721 301 3,119 1,026 3,840 1,326
Among those who received an injection from a health worker in the past 12 months, percentage for whom for the last injection, the syringe and needle were taken from a newly opened package or the needle was sterilized2 95.0 97.5 92.4 96.6 92.9 96.8 Number of respondents who received an injection from a health worker in the past 12 months2 153 76 774 284 927 360
na = Not applicable nc = Not calculated because there are no cases ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Sexual intercourse with a partner who was neither a spouse nor who lived with the respondent. 2 Injections given by a doctor, nurse, pharmacist, dentist, or other health worker.
��
94
Table 61 Knowledge of AIDS and sexual behaviour: Youth
Indicators of HIV/AIDS knowledge and sexual behaviour for women and men age 15-24, by residence, Assam, 2005-06
Urban Rural Total
Knowledge and behaviour Women Men Women Men Women Men
Knowledge Percentage with comprehensive knowledge of AIDS1 19.9 25.3 6.3 10.8 8.7 14.4 Percentage who know a condom source 63.8 80.5 37.8 70.0 42.4 72.6
Sexual behaviour Percentage who have ever had sexual intercourse 35.3 13.2 48.6 21.3 46.2 19.3 Percentage who had sexual intercourse before age 15 5.0 0.0 10.3 1.8 9.3 1.4
HIV testing, injections, and blood transfusion Percentage who have ever had a blood transfusion 3.6 2.3 1.2 2.9 1.6 2.7 Percentage who received an injection from a health worker in the past 12 months2 22.4 28.2 25.1 27.4 24.7 27.6 Mean number of medical injections in the past 12 months2 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.0 Number of respondents age 15-24 259 109 1,198 335 1,457 444
Among those who received an injection from a health worker in the past 12 months, percentage for whom for the last injection, the syringe and needle were taken from a newly opened package or the needle was sterilized2 94.9 (98.0) 91.3 97.4 91.9 97.5 Number of respondents who received an injection from a health worker in the past 12 months2 58 31 301 92 359 123
Percentage who used a condom at first sexual intercourse 4.5 * 1.8 8.5 2.2 12.2 Number who ever had sexual intercourse 91 14 582 71 674 86
Percentage tested for HIV and received results in the past 12 months 0.0 * 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 1.8 Percentage who had higher-risk intercourse3 in the past 12 months 0.0 * 0.0 (21.3) 0.0 25.6 Number who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months 88 13 556 57 644 69
Percentage who reported using a condom at last higher-risk intercourse3 nc * nc * nc * Number who had higher-risk sexual intercourse3 in the past 12 months 0 6 0 12 0 18
Among those never married Percentage who have never had sexual intercourse 100.0 92.6 99.8 90.5 99.8 91.0 Percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months 0.0 5.5 0.0 4.6 0.0 4.8 Number of never married respondents age 15-24 167 102 616 291 783 394
nc = Not calculated because there are no cases. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Respondents with comprehensive knowledge say that use of a condom for every act of sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chance of getting HIV/AIDS, say that a healthy-looking person can have HIV/AIDS, and reject the two most common misconceptions inNFHS-3, namely that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted by mosquito bites and by sharing food. 2 Injection given by a doctor, nurse, pharmacist, dentist, or other health worker. 3 Sexual intercourse with a partner who was neither a spouse nor lived with the respondent.
��
95
Tab
le 6
2 A
ttitu
des
tow
ard
fam
ily li
fe e
duca
tion
in s
choo
l
Perc
enta
ge o
f wom
en a
nd m
en a
ge 1
5-49
who
agr
ee t
hat s
peci
fic to
pics
on
fam
ily li
fe e
duca
tion
shou
ld b
e ta
ught
in s
choo
l to
girls
and
to b
oys,
and
per
cent
dist
ribut
ion
of th
ose
who
agr
ee th
at a
spe
cific
topi
c sh
ould
be
taug
ht in
sch
ool b
y th
e ag
e at
whi
ch th
ey b
elie
ve th
at th
e to
pic
shou
ld fi
rst b
e ta
ught
in s
choo
l, As
sam
, 200
5-06
Ag
e to
pic
shou
ld b
e fir
st ta
ught
in s
choo
l to
girls
Age
topi
c sh
ould
be
first
taug
ht in
sch
ool t
o bo
ys
Top
ics
Perc
enta
gew
ho s
ay
that
the
topi
csh
ould
be
taug
ht in
sc
hool
to
girl
s
Num
ber
of
resp
on-
dent
s<
10ye
ars
10-1
2 ye
ars
13-1
5 ye
ars
16ye
ars
or
olde
r
Don
'tkn
ow/
miss
ing
Tota
l
Num
ber
who
say
th
at to
pic
shou
ld b
e ta
ught
in
scho
ol to
g
irls
Perc
enta
gew
ho s
ay th
at
the
topi
c sh
ould
be
taug
ht in
sc
hool
to
boy
s
Num
ber
of
resp
on-
dent
s<
10ye
ars
10-1
2 ye
ars
13-1
5 ye
ars
16ye
ars
or
olde
r
Don
'tkn
ow/
miss
ing
Tota
l
Num
ber
who
say
th
at to
pic
shou
ld b
e ta
ught
in
scho
ol to
bo
ys
WO
MEN
Mor
al v
alue
s 98
.2
3,84
0
87.7
7.
2
1.5
0.
4
3.2
10
0.0
3,
770
98
.2
3,84
0
87.5
7.
0
1.6
0.
4
3.6
10
0.0
3,
771
C
hang
es in
boy
s’ b
odie
s at
p
uber
ty
32.9
3,
840
9.
9
37.7
31
.4
15.8
5.
1
100.
0
1,26
4
39.9
3,
840
10
.5
40.2
32
.4
11.4
5.
4
100.
0
1,53
4
Cha
nges
in g
irls’
bod
ies
at
pub
erty
incl
udin
g m
enst
ruat
ion
41.7
3,
840
6.
1
61.1
25
.6
4.0
3.
1
100.
0
1,60
0
23.0
3,
840
4.
3
36.6
35
.0
18.3
5.
9
100.
0
882
S
ex a
nd s
exua
l beh
avio
ur
21.0
3,
840
2.
1
16.0
37
.9
38.7
5.
3
100.
0
807
18
.4
3,84
0
2.4
13
.7
35.0
42
.6
6.3
10
0.0
70
7 C
ontra
cept
ion
18.7
3,
840
1.
7
7.0
32
.6
53.2
5.
5
100.
0
717
15
.0
3,84
0
1.2
6.
4
29.0
55
.7
7.7
10
0.0
57
8
HIV
/AID
S 46
.9
3,84
0
16.2
22
.9
32.2
18
.8
9.8
10
0.0
1,
802
46
.3
3,84
0
16.6
22
.4
31.6
19
.6
9.8
10
0.0
1,
777
C
ondo
m u
se to
avo
id
sex
ually
tran
smitt
ed
dise
ases
15
.5
3,84
0
2.0
8.
0
33.9
48
.8
7.3
10
0.0
59
5
14.2
3,
840
1.
9
7.6
30
.5
52.2
7.
8
100.
0
547
MEN
Mor
al v
alue
s 99
.4
1,32
6
77.0
16
.4
4.2
0.
8
1.6
10
0.0
1,
318
99
.6
1,32
6
77.6
15
.0
4.6
0.
8
2.0
10
0.0
1,
321
C
hang
es in
boy
s’ b
odie
s at
p
uber
ty
48.8
1,
326
14
.2
42.5
32
.3
8.9
2.
1
100.
0
647
61
.2
1,32
6
15.8
37
.1
34.5
9.
8
2.8
10
0.0
81
2
Cha
nges
in g
irls’
bod
ies
at
pub
erty
incl
udin
g m
enst
ruat
ion
54.0
1,
326
11
.3
43.5
35
.4
7.7
2.
2
100.
0
716
46
.8
1,32
6
13.9
36
.6
37.7
8.
5
3.4
10
0.0
62
1
Sex
and
sex
ual b
ehav
iour
31
.9
1,32
6
0.9
16
.6
42.0
37
.2
3.3
10
0.0
42
3
32.3
1,
326
1.
4
12.6
40
.7
41.0
4.
3
100.
0
428
Con
trace
ptio
n 30
.5
1,32
6
0.9
13
.3
37.6
46
.1
2.1
10
0.0
40
4
28.5
1,
326
0.
2
10.5
34
.6
52.0
2.
7
100.
0
379
H
IV/A
IDS
62.7
1,
326
6.
9
21.6
42
.2
26.4
2.
9
100.
0
832
63
.5
1,32
6
6.9
20
.7
40.2
28
.3
3.8
10
0.0
84
2
Con
dom
use
to a
void
s
exua
lly tr
ansm
itted
d
iseas
es
29.5
1,
326
0.3
11.9
34
.6
49.6
3.
6 10
0.0
391
30.3
1,
326
0.6
9.6
33.7
52
.9
3.2
100.
0 40
2
��
96
Table 63 Prevalence of tuberculosis
Number of persons per 100,000 usual household residents suffering from any tuberculosis and medically treated tuberculosis, by age, sex, and main type of cooking fuel, according to residence, Assam, 2005-06
Number of persons per 100,000 suffering from:
Characteristic Tuberculosis1Medically treated
tuberculosis Number of
usual residents
URBAN
Age <15 0 0 697
15-59 376 345 1,864 60+ 860 860 204
Sex Women 222 222 1,318 Men 403 363 1,449
Cooking fuel Solid fuel2 754 686 852 Other fuel 122 122 1,912
Total 317 296 2,767
RURAL
Age <15 125 100 4,896 15-59 849 784 7,467 60+ 2,876 2,745 933
Sex Women 510 455 6,696 Men 942 886 6,605
Cooking fuel Solid fuel2 791 729 11,874 Other fuel 172 172 1,419
Total 724 669 13,301
TOTAL
Age <15 109 87 5,593 15-59 755 696 9,331 60+ 2,514 2,407 1,137
Sex Women 463 417 8,014 Men 845 792 8,054
Cooking fuel Solid fuel2 789 726 12,726 Other fuel 143 143 3,331
Total 654 605 16,068
Note: Total includes usual residents with missing information on age and cooking fuel, who are not shown separately. 1 Includes medically treated tuberculosis. 2 Includes coal, lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop waste, and dung cakes.
��
97
Tab
le 6
4 K
now
ledg
e an
d at
titud
e to
war
d tu
berc
ulos
is
Perc
enta
ge o
f w
omen
and
men
age
15-
49 w
ho h
ave
hear
d of
tub
ercu
losis
(TB
), an
d am
ong
thos
e w
ho h
ave
hear
d of
TB,
per
cent
age
with
spe
cific
kno
wle
dge
and
belie
fs,
acco
rdin
g to
bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
s, A
ssam
, 200
5-06
Am
ong
wom
en w
ho h
ave
hear
d of
TB,
per
cent
age
who
:
Am
ong
men
who
hav
e he
ard
of T
B, p
erce
ntag
e w
ho:
Back
grou
nd
char
acte
ristic
Perc
enta
ge
of w
omen
w
ho h
ave
hear
d of
TB
Num
ber
of
wom
en
Repo
rt
that
TB
is sp
read
th
roug
h th
e ai
r by
coug
hing
orsn
eezi
ng
Hav
em
iscon
cept
ions
ab
out
trans
miss
ion
of
TB
Belie
ve
that
TB
can
be
cure
d
Wou
ld w
ant
a fa
mily
m
embe
r's T
B ke
pt s
ecre
t fro
m th
e ne
ighb
ours
Num
ber
ofw
omen
w
ho
have
he
ard
of
TB
Perc
enta
ge
of m
en
who
hav
e he
ard
of T
B
Num
ber
of m
en
Repo
rt
that
TB
is sp
read
th
roug
h th
e ai
r by
coug
hing
orsn
eezi
ng
Hav
em
iscon
cept
ions
ab
out
trans
miss
ion
of
TB
Belie
ve
that
TB
can
be
cure
d
Wou
ld w
ant
a fa
mily
m
embe
r's
TB k
ept
secr
et fr
om
the
neig
hbou
rs
Num
ber
of m
en
who
ha
ve
hear
d of
TB
Age
15
-19
90
.9
699
29
.2
34.4
72
.6
2.1
63
6
93.5
23
1
30.9
32
.2
73.2
5.
7
216
20-3
4
92.3
2,
021
35
.3
45.6
73
.0
2.2
1,
866
96
.9
599
42
.9
42.9
78
.6
3.7
58
0
35
-49
93
.0
1,12
0
38.0
48
.6
76.7
2.
3
1,04
1
95.1
49
6
46.5
53
.1
83.3
0.
9
472
Resi
denc
e
Urb
an
96.2
72
1
50.5
55
.9
84.0
3.
2
693
98
.3
301
53
.3
43.5
87
.5
3.8
29
6
Ru
ral
91.3
3,
119
31
.2
41.7
71
.6
2.0
2,
849
94
.8
1,02
6
38.8
45
.3
77.0
2.
7
972
Educ
atio
n
No
educ
atio
n
84.0
1,
161
19
.5
34.7
61
.0
2.3
97
6
90.8
19
1
17.2
41
.6
75.5
3.
2
174
<5
year
s co
mpl
ete
91.9
54
8
25.3
38
.9
67.6
1.
2
503
91
.6
254
27
.7
34.5
76
.8
2.1
23
3
5-
9 ye
ars
com
plet
e
96.2
1,
387
36
.5
45.9
77
.2
2.6
1,
334
96
.6
495
40
.4
44.3
75
.1
3.1
47
8
10 o
r mor
e ye
ars
com
plet
e
98.0
74
3
59.4
58
.7
89.9
2.
4
728
99
.4
386
64
.4
53.3
88
.2
3.3
38
4
Relig
ion
Hin
du
93.5
2,
684
38
.5
45.1
77
.1
2.5
2,
510
96
.3
952
43
.7
45.2
80
.8
2.1
91
7
M
uslim
91
.6
927
26
.9
43.1
66
.4
1.9
85
0
96.3
29
4
39.4
41
.5
78.5
6.
2
283
Chr
istia
n
77.8
20
0
23.8
40
.4
63.5
0.
0
155
82
.0
67
(31.
8)
(56.
1)
(62.
6)
(2.2
) 55
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sche
dule
d ca
ste
94
.1
512
37
.8
52.1
78
.4
3.8
48
2
91.6
19
5
39.3
41
.2
82.6
3.
1
179
Sche
dule
d tri
be
85.8
40
4
29.1
30
.7
71.9
2.
4
347
90
.3
113
38
.7
42.3
71
.5
4.2
10
2
O
ther
bac
kwar
d cl
ass
95
.8
838
36
.5
44.2
75
.4
1.9
80
2
97.6
32
4
49.0
50
.8
81.3
0.
0
316
Oth
er
94.0
1,
847
36
.0
46.9
72
.9
1.7
1,
737
96
.9
637
42
.1
43.7
78
.8
4.2
61
8
Wea
lth in
dex
Lo
wes
t 83
.3
615
14
.4
31.8
57
.3
2.6
51
3
86.5
19
8
23.4
36
.1
76.6
3.
9
171
Seco
nd
90.5
1,
116
25
.9
38.2
66
.7
2.1
1,
010
95
.3
388
31
.4
44.3
71
.6
2.3
36
9
M
iddl
e
93.5
90
8
35.7
47
.5
74.6
2.
1
849
97
.7
314
43
.8
51.1
78
.5
3.8
30
7
Fo
urth
97
.2
673
48
.0
51.1
84
.2
2.4
65
4
97.8
25
1
54.3
41
.8
85.8
2.
5
246
Hig
hest
97
.9
527
55
.5
55.9
91
.0
2.4
51
6
99.6
17
6
63.6
47
.9
91.5
2.
8
175
Tot
al
92.2
3,
840
35.0
44
.5
74.0
2.
2 3,
542
95.6
1,
326
42.2
44
.9
79.4
3.
0 1,
268
Not
e: T
otal
incl
udes
wom
en a
nd m
en b
elon
ging
to o
ther
relig
ions
and
wom
en/m
en w
ith m
issin
g in
form
atio
n on
edu
catio
n, re
ligio
n, a
nd c
aste
/trib
e, w
ho a
re n
ot s
how
n se
para
tely
. ( )
Bas
ed o
n 25
-49
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
��
98
Table 65 Health problems
Number of women and men age 15-49 per 100,000 who reported that they have diabetes, asthma, or goitre or any other thyroid disorders, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Number of women per 100,000 who have: Number of men per 100,000 who have:
Background characteristic Diabetes Asthma
Goitre or other thyroid
disorder
Total number of
women Diabetes Asthma
Goitre or other thyroid
disorder
Total number of
men
Age 15-19 255 1,190 851 699 0 271 1,839 231 20-34 118 972 708 2,021 404 1,010 1,316 599 35-49 1,004 2,341 798 1,120 1,121 1,608 1,219 496
Residence Urban 812 1,542 731 721 1,044 1,253 418 301 Rural 307 1,380 767 3,119 472 1,061 1,651 1,026
Education No education 307 1,593 668 1,161 0 961 1,265 191 <5 years complete 437 1,636 762 548 476 1,676 953 254 5-9 years complete 341 1,116 817 1,387 371 743 733 495 10 or more years complete 637 1,513 798 743 1,276 1,264 2,516 386
Wealth index Lowest 0 3,787 583 615 0 930 1,225 198 Second 429 1,124 1,124 1,116 624 936 624 388 Middle 132 524 527 908 385 969 2,309 314 Fourth 616 1,233 529 673 500 963 2,175 251 Highest 1,003 998 892 527 1,761 2,119 358 176
Total 402 1,411 760 3,840 601 1,105 1,371 1,326
Note: Total includes women with missing information on education, who are not shown separately.
��
99
Table 66 Tobacco and alcohol use by women and men
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 by their use of tobacco and alcohol, percent distribution of those who smoke cigarettes or bidis by number of cigarettes/bidis smoked in the 24 hours preceding the survey, and among those who drink alcohol, the frequency of alcohol consumption, by residence, Assam, 2005-06
Women Men Tobacco/alcohol use Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Use of tobacco/alcohol Smokes cigarettes or bidis 0.6 0.6 0.6 37.2 36.2 36.4 Smokes cigars or pipe 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 Chews paan masala, gutkha, or other tobacco 20.2 23.4 22.8 49.7 61.1 58.5 Uses snuff 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 Other 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.1 1.0 Missing 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Does not use tobacco 79.1 76.2 76.8 34.0 25.7 27.6
Drinks alcohol 1.1 9.0 7.5 32.2 39.5 37.8
Number of respondents 721 3,119 3,840 301 1,026 1,326
Number of cigarettes/bidis smoked in the past 24 hours 0 * * * 15.2 26.4 23.8 1-4 * * * 52.8 39.4 42.5 5-9 * * * 14.0 16.0 15.5 10 or more * * * 18.0 18.2 18.2 Missing * * * 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of cigarette/bidi smokers 4 18 22 112 371 483
Among those who drink alcohol, frequency of drinking Almost every day * 6.8 7.0 9.1 9.9 9.7 About once a week * 52.8 52.0 22.7 33.4 31.4 Less than once a week * 40.4 41.0 68.2 55.8 58.2 Missing * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of respondents who drink alcohol 8 281 289 97 405 502
* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
�00
100
Table 67 Source of health care
Percent distribution of households by the source of health care that household members generally use when they get sick, percentage of households with at least one usual member covered by health insurance or a health scheme, and percentage of households with at least one usual member covered by health insurance or a health scheme that have different types of coverage, according to residence and the wealth index, Assam, 2005-06
Residence Wealth index Source/health insurance Urban Rural Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total
Public medical sector 49.8 69.1 73.5 71.9 68.7 60.7 35.3 65.2 Government/municipal hospital 33.4 9.3 8.7 11.5 16.1 22.3 16.2 14.2 Government dispensary 7.1 5.7 8.8 4.7 7.1 5.5 3.1 6.0 UHC/UHP/UFWC 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 CHC/rural hospital/PHC 8.5 39.1 40.4 40.9 32.4 26.7 10.6 32.9 Sub-centre 0.0 8.5 13.5 10.1 3.4 1.6 0.3 6.8 Other public medical sector 0.6 6.2 1.9 4.2 9.7 4.2 5.1 5.1
NGO or trust hospital/clinic 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Private medical sector 49.4 30.7 26.0 27.7 31.3 39.0 63.9 34.5 Private hospital 12.6 4.0 1.1 2.6 5.4 8.8 17.7 5.8 Private doctor/clinic 30.6 14.6 10.7 13.3 13.9 24.0 39.3 17.8 Private paramedic 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2
Vaidya/hakim/homeopath 0.9 0.5 1.2 0.5 0.0 0.3 1.3 0.6 Traditional healer 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Pharmacy/drugstore 5.1 7.6 11.5 8.4 4.6 5.2 3.7 7.1 Other private medical sector 0.3 3.4 0.7 2.7 7.0 0.5 1.8 2.7
Other source 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 Shop 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Home treatment 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0
Other 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2
Missing 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Health insurance Percentage of households in which at least one usual member is covered by a health scheme or health insurance 6.6 1.2 0.2 0.4 1.4 3.6 10.4 2.3
Number of households 694 2,743 697 1,034 744 526 436 3,437
Type of coverage among households in which at least one usual member is covered by a health scheme /health insurance
Employee State Insurance Scheme (ESIS) 7.7 (3.6) * * * * 5.1 5.9 Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) 6.4 (7.1) * * * * 5.1 6.7 Other health insurance through employer 23.1 (10.7) * * * * 20.7 17.8 Medical reimbursement from employer 21.8 (7.1) * * * * 19.4 15.5
Other privately purchased commercial health insurance 39.7 (53.6) * * * * 40.2 45.7
Other 2.6 (17.9) * * * * 10.6 9.1
Number of households 46 34 1 4 10 19 45 80
UHC = Urban health centre; UHP = Urban health post; UFWC = Urban family welfare centre; CHC = Community health centre; PHC = Primary health centre; ICDS = Integrated child development services ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
�0�
101
Table 68 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men
Percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 who were employed at any time in the 12 months preceding the survey andpercent distribution of currently married women and men employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by type of earnings and sector, according to age, Assam, 2005-06
Percent distribution of employed respondents by type of earnings
Percent distribution of employed respondents
by sector
Age Percentage employed
Number of respondents Cash only
Cash and in-kind
In-kind only Not paid Missing Total Agriculture
Non-agriculture Total
Number of
employed respon-dents
WOMEN
15-19 18.3 186 (77.2) (12.3) (0.0) (10.5) 0.0 100.0 (10.5) (89.5) 100.0 34 20-24 16.8 469 72.7 15.2 1.5 10.6 0.0 100.0 19.7 80.3 100.0 79 25-29 27.4 550 64.2 15.1 4.0 16.7 0.0 100.0 29.0 71.0 100.0 150 30-34 30.5 506 64.0 23.6 1.5 10.8 0.0 100.0 21.7 78.3 100.0 155 35-39 30.6 449 74.8 10.4 0.9 13.9 0.0 100.0 11.7 88.3 100.0 138 40-44 35.7 292 77.1 10.3 2.3 10.3 0.0 100.0 18.4 81.6 100.0 104 45-49 28.5 205 80.6 5.1 2.0 12.3 0.0 100.0 17.4 82.6 100.0 58
Total 27.0 2,656 71.0 14.4 2.0 12.7 0.0 100.0 19.7 80.3 100.0 718
MEN
15-19 * 2 100.0 * * * * 100.0 * * 100.0 2 20-24 (94.8) 47 (83.7) (5.4) (0.0) (10.9) 0.0 100.0 (21.8) (78.2) 100.0 44 25-29 98.9 108 88.7 5.7 2.3 3.4 0.0 100.0 19.9 80.1 100.0 107 30-34 98.1 128 81.7 10.6 1.9 5.8 0.0 100.0 22.7 77.3 100.0 125 35-39 99.7 185 84.3 7.2 3.9 4.6 0.0 100.0 20.7 79.3 100.0 184 40-44 95.3 154 81.5 11.9 1.6 4.1 0.8 100.0 27.2 72.8 100.0 147 45-49 97.9 118 83.3 8.3 1.0 7.3 0.0 100.0 24.6 75.4 100.0 116
Total 97.8 743 83.8 8.6 2.2 5.3 0.2 100.0 22.8 77.2 100.0 726
( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
�0�
102
Tab
le 6
9 C
ontr
ol o
ver a
nd m
agni
tude
of c
ash
earn
ings
Perc
enta
ge o
f cur
rent
ly m
arrie
d w
omen
and
men
age
15-
49 b
ype
rson
who
dec
ides
how
wom
en's
and
men
's ca
sh e
arni
ngs
are
used
and
by
the
mag
nitu
de o
f wom
en's
cash
ear
ning
s co
mpa
red
with
thei
r hu
sban
d's
cash
ear
ning
s, a
ccor
ding
to b
ackg
roun
d ch
arac
teris
tics,
Ass
am, 2
005-
06
Perc
enta
ge o
f cur
rent
ly m
arrie
d w
omen
who
repo
rt th
at th
ey:
Pe
rcen
tage
of c
urre
ntly
mar
ried
men
who
repo
rt th
at:
Bac
kgro
und
char
acte
ristic
Alon
e or
join
tly
with
thei
r hu
sban
d de
cide
how
th
eir o
wn
earn
ings
are
us
ed
Num
ber
empl
oyed
fo
r cas
h
Alon
e or
join
tly
with
thei
r hu
sban
d de
cide
ho
w th
eir
husb
and’
s ea
rnin
gs a
re u
sed
Num
ber o
f w
omen
w
hose
hu
sban
ds a
re
empl
oyed
for
cash
Earn
mor
e or
abo
ut
the
sam
e as
th
eir
husb
and
Num
ber
empl
oyed
for
cash
and
w
hose
hu
sban
ds a
re
empl
oyed
for
cash
Thei
r wife
al
one
or jo
intly
w
ith th
em
deci
des
how
he
r ear
nin g
s ar
e us
ed
Num
ber o
f m
en w
hose
w
ives
are
em
ploy
ed fo
r ca
sh
Thei
r wife
al
one
or jo
intly
w
ith th
em
deci
des
how
th
eir o
wn
earn
ings
are
us
ed
Num
ber
empl
oyed
for
cash
Thei
r wife
ea
rns
mor
e or
ab
out t
he
sam
e as
they
ea
rn
Num
ber
empl
oyed
for
cash
and
w
hose
wiv
es
are
empl
oyed
fo
r cas
h
Age
15-1
9
(76.
4)
30
67.1
18
0
(26.
5)
29
* 1
*
2
* 1
20-2
9
89.9
18
9
73.1
1,
013
29
.1
185
(8
9.3)
34
70
.9
140
(2
2.0)
30
30-3
9
90.3
25
3
77.2
94
1
32.4
24
5
85.7
64
77
.7
284
33
.0
55
40
-49
93
.7
141
76
.0
480
39
.2
129
88
.2
67
84.6
24
4
37.2
60
Resi
denc
e
U
rban
97
.3
85
75.4
46
3
23.4
82
(9
3.9)
21
75
.7
144
(2
5.0)
20
Rura
l 89
.1
527
74
.5
2,15
0
34.0
50
6
86.7
14
5
79.8
52
6
34. 3
12
7
Educ
atio
n
N
o ed
ucat
ion
89
.7
319
68
.5
911
34
.8
301
(8
4.8)
36
73
.1
129
(3
5.2)
31
<5
year
s co
mpl
ete
89
.8
88
74.0
41
7
33.9
85
(8
7.3)
43
77
.6
160
(3
8.1)
38
5-9
year
s co
mpl
ete
88
.7
106
76
.2
891
24
.6
104
(8
1.2)
45
84
.3
211
(2
1.8)
39
10
or m
ore
year
s co
mpl
ete
94.0
10
0
86.2
39
3
33.1
99
(9
7.1)
42
77
.7
171
(3
7.5)
39
Relig
ion
Hin
du
90.0
46
0
79.6
1,
783
34
.8
445
89
.8
125
79
.4
464
39
.1
110
Mus
lim
86.2
65
61
.4
680
12
.0
59
* 14
75
.2
162
*
14
C
hrist
ian
94
.1
81
75.3
13
1
32.6
77
*
25
(85.
1)
41
* 21
Cas
te/tr
ibe
Sche
dule
d ca
ste
85
.6
83
78.3
33
7
29.1
80
*
23
80.8
10
5
* 22
Sche
dule
d tri
be
95.6
82
80
.9
282
47
.4
82
* 22
77
.2
64
* 18
Oth
er b
ackw
ard
clas
s
91.8
11
6
81.2
55
0
30.4
11
4
(92.
8)
33
82.7
14
4
(48.
8)
29
O
ther
90
.7
244
68
.6
1,28
9
25.1
23
0
89.1
61
76
.4
324
19
.4
57
Wea
lth in
dex
Low
est
87.9
14
9
65.8
49
0
27.8
14
4
(78.
8)
28
71.2
13
0
* 24
Seco
nd
88.3
18
3
70.1
82
2
27.4
17
4
(82.
8)
42
82.7
20
0
(24.
2)
38
M
iddl
e
93.6
15
8
79.3
55
4
41.4
14
9
(86.
1)
52
80.7
15
1
(36.
4)
45
Fo
urth
89
.7
64
82.7
42
3
33.0
63
(1
00.0
) 27
77
.3
117
(4
6.4)
26
H
ighe
st
93.9
59
81
.5
325
36
.4
59
* 15
81
.1
72
*
15
Tota
l 90
.3
613
74.7
2,
614
32.6
58
8 87
.6
166
78.9
67
1 33
.0
147
Not
e: T
otal
incl
udes
wom
en a
nd m
en b
elon
ging
to o
ther
relig
ions
and
wom
en/m
en w
ith m
issin
g in
form
atio
n on
edu
catio
n, re
ligio
n, a
nd c
aste
/trib
e, w
ho a
re n
ot s
how
n se
para
tely
. ( )
Bas
ed o
n 25
-49
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
* Pe
rcen
tage
not
sho
wn;
bas
ed o
n fe
wer
than
25
unw
eigh
ted
case
s.
�0�
103
Tab
le 7
0 D
ecisi
on m
akin
g
Perc
ent d
istrib
utio
n of
cur
rent
ly m
arrie
d w
omen
age
15-
49 b
y pe
rson
who
usu
ally
mak
es d
ecisi
ons
abou
t fou
r kin
ds o
f iss
ues
and
perc
ent d
istrib
utio
n of
cur
rent
ly m
arrie
d m
en b
y pe
rson
who
they
thin
k sh
ould
hav
e th
e gr
eate
r say
in fi
ve d
ecisi
ons,
by
resid
ence
, Ass
am, 2
005-
06 Ac
cord
ing
to w
omen
, per
son
who
usu
ally
mak
es th
e de
cisio
n Ac
cord
ing
to m
en, p
erso
n th
ey th
ink
shou
ld h
ave
the
grea
ter s
ay in
th
e de
cisio
n
Dec
ision
M
ainl
y
wom
anW
oman
and
hu
sban
d jo
intly
M
ainl
yhu
sban
d So
meo
ne
else
O
ther
M
issin
g To
tal
Mai
nly
husb
and
Wife
and
hu
sban
d jo
intly
Mai
nly
wife
D
on't
know
/ de
pend
s To
tal
URB
AN
Ow
n he
alth
car
e 17
.2
65.8
16
.2
0.9
0.
0
0.0
10
0.0
na
na
na
na
na
M
ajor
hou
seho
ld p
urch
ases
7.
1
70.9
18
.3
3.0
0.
7
0.0
10
0.0
11
.5
86.0
2.
1
0.4
10
0.0
P
urch
ases
for d
aily
hou
seho
ld n
eeds
17
.1
60.8
18
.3
3.2
0.
6
0.0
10
0.0
26
.8
58.3
11
.9
3.0
10
0.0
V
isits
to h
er/w
ife's
fam
ily o
r rel
ativ
es
9.1
76
.5
12.5
1.
7
0.2
0.
0
100.
0
18.3
74
.9
4.7
2.
1
100.
0
Wha
t to
do w
ith th
e m
oney
wife
ear
ns
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
7.7
76
.2
15.7
0.
4
100.
0
How
man
y ch
ildre
n to
hav
e na
na
na
na
na
na
na
5.
5
93.2
1.
3
0.0
10
0.0
RURA
L
Ow
n he
alth
car
e 16
.4
63.0
19
.1
1.0
0.
3
0.2
10
0.0
na
na
na
na
na
M
ajor
hou
seho
ld p
urch
ases
5.
7
65.0
23
.0
4.7
1.
3
0.2
10
0.0
14
.0
84.1
1.
6
0.2
10
0.0
P
urch
ases
for d
aily
hou
seho
ld n
eeds
13
.4
54.9
25
.5
4.8
1.
2
0.3
10
0.0
28
.5
60.8
10
.4
0.4
10
0.0
V
isits
to h
er/w
ife's
fam
ily o
r rel
ativ
es
9.1
70
.8
16.4
2.
7
0.8
0.
2
100.
0
21.7
70
.7
7.1
0.
4
100.
0
Wha
t to
do w
ith th
e m
oney
wife
ear
ns
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
12.2
76
.0
11.0
0.
8
100.
0
How
man
y ch
ildre
n to
hav
e na
na
na
na
na
na
na
7.
1
91.7
1.
0
0.2
10
0.0
TOTA
L
Ow
n he
alth
car
e 16
.5
63.5
18
.6
1.0
0.
2
0.2
10
0.0
na
na
na
na
na
M
ajor
hou
seho
ld p
urch
ases
5.
9
66.1
22
.2
4.4
1.
2
0.2
10
0.0
13
.5
84.5
1.
7
0.2
10
0.0
Purc
hase
s fo
r dai
ly h
ouse
hold
nee
ds
14.0
55
.9
24.2
4.
5
1.1
0.
2
100.
0
28.1
60
.3
10.7
0.
9
100.
0
Visi
ts to
her
/wife
's fa
mily
or r
elat
ives
9.
1
71.8
15
.7
2.5
0.
7
0.2
10
0.0
21
.1
71.6
6.
6
0.7
10
0.0
W
hat t
o do
with
the
mon
ey w
ife e
arns
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
11
.3
76.0
11
.9
0.7
10
0.0
H
ow m
any
child
ren
to h
ave
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
6.8
92.0
1.
1 0.
2 10
0.0
na
= N
ot a
pplic
able
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104
Table 71 Decision making by background characteristics
Percentage of currently married women who usually make four specific kinds of decisions, either by themselves or jointly with their husband, and percentageof currently married men who say that wives should have an equal or greater say than their husband in five specific kinds of decisions, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Percentage of women who usually make specific decisions alone or jointly with their
husband
Percentage of men who say that wives should have an equal or greater say than
their husband in:
Background characteristic
Own healthcare
Making major
household purchases
Making purchases for daily
household needs
Visits to her family
orrelatives
Percentagewho
participate in all four
decisions
Percentagewho
participate in none of the
four decisions
Number of
women
All of five specifieddecisions1
None of five specified
decisions1Number of men
Age 15-19 70.7 52.4 53.7 67.5 44.3 21.2 186 * * 2 20-24 76.4 66.8 64.1 76.3 54.0 12.1 469 (45.6) (7.7) 47 25-29 79.7 69.4 69.4 81.2 59.3 12.5 550 65.5 2.3 108 30-39 83.0 76.9 74.1 83.2 66.5 10.4 955 56.0 2.5 313 40-49 81.2 77.9 74.3 85.6 64.3 8.8 497 68.0 2.9 273
Residence Urban 82.9 78.0 77.8 85.6 67.9 8.3 470 60.9 2.6 148 Rural 79.3 70.7 68.3 79.9 59.4 12.3 2,186 61.2 3.0 595
Education No education 78.9 67.8 66.8 78.6 57.7 13.6 938 55.0 4.6 146 <5 years complete 78.6 70.6 65.3 78.4 57.3 12.6 425 60.1 3.8 175 5-9 years complete 79.3 72.6 71.6 82.0 62.2 12.3 895 57.6 2.8 237
10 or more years complete 85.3 82.1 78.7 86.7 69.0 4.3 398 71.4 1.0 185
Employment (past 12 months)
Employed 85.4 79.7 77.8 85.9 67.7 7.6 718 61.6 2.9 725 Employed, for cash 85.0 81.1 79.9 85.8 69.7 8.1 613 61.2 2.5 671 Employed, not for cash 87.5 71.6 65.9 86.4 55.7 4.5 105 (66.7) (6.7) 54 Not employed 78.0 69.2 67.1 79.1 58.4 13.1 1,937 * * 13
Number of living children 0 73.9 62.2 62.9 72.8 49.9 13.4 276 56.9 3.3 92 1-2 81.3 73.5 71.6 82.6 62.8 10.4 1,273 61.7 2.9 363 3-4 81.6 75.1 71.3 83.0 63.0 10.9 808 59.0 2.3 216 5+ 75.2 66.6 66.0 75.6 56.6 17.0 299 70.1 5.1 71
Household structure2 Nuclear 81.6 76.0 73.2 82.7 65.7 11.3 1,603 61.1 3.0 448 Non-nuclear 77.5 65.9 65.0 78.1 53.5 12.1 1,053 61.2 2.9 295 .
Religion Hindu 82.9 76.9 74.1 84.9 64.5 8.2 1,806 63.2 2.1 511 Muslim 71.4 58.4 58.7 70.4 50.3 20.7 695 54.6 6.0 181 Christian 84.1 75.2 71.7 82.3 67.2 10.6 135 (60.0) (0.0) 45
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 82.5 78.7 74.3 86.2 64.5 6.5 340 59.5 2.3 109 Scheduled tribe 85.0 79.1 73.7 88.6 66.1 4.6 284 74.8 1.7 72 Other backward class 80.3 74.1 72.9 82.9 64.2 11.3 555 64.1 2.9 168 Other 77.0 66.5 65.8 75.6 56.6 15.8 1,316 57.4 3.8 356
Wealth index Lowest 75.1 63.0 61.4 75.2 52.8 16.8 496 61.5 6.5 140 Second 77.6 67.7 64.5 77.1 56.5 15.0 839 52.9 3.5 228 Middle 82.4 73.9 74.0 81.3 62.4 9.1 569 61.8 1.4 175 Fourth 83.2 80.3 77.2 87.9 69.0 7.1 427 65.9 2.0 125 Highest 85.1 82.6 80.6 89.8 71.1 5.4 325 75.8 0.0 75
Total 80.0 72.0 70.0 80.9 60.9 11.6 2,656 61.1 3.0 743
Note: Total includes women and men belonging to other religions and women/men with missing information on education, employment (past 12 months),religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Decisions about major household purchases, purchases for daily household needs, visits to the wife's family or relatives, what to do with the money the wife earns, and how many children to have. 2 Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.
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Table 72 Women's access to money and credit
Percentage of women who have access to money, who know of a microcredit programme, who have taken a loan from a microcredit programme, and who are allowed to go to three specified places alone, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Women’s access to money Women’s knowledge and use of
microcredit programmes
Background characteristic
Percentage who have money that they can decide
how to use
Percentage who have a bank or savings account
that they themselves use
Percentage who know of a
microcreditprogramme
Percentage who have taken a loan from a microcreditprogramme
Percentage of women
allowed to goto three specified
places alone1Number of
women
Age 15-19 18.2 3.7 32.3 0.0 13.5 699 20-24 24.3 9.5 40.7 0.6 29.7 758 25-29 26.6 11.8 46.7 2.1 37.2 682 30-39 31.3 14.4 43.4 2.0 45.3 1,106 40-49 32.7 18.8 45.0 2.2 47.6 595
Residence Urban 35.1 22.2 39.6 1.1 43.0 721 Rural 25.0 9.3 42.2 1.5 33.6 3,119
Education No education 25.9 4.4 30.8 0.4 38.2 1,161 <5 years complete 22.2 6.1 38.7 1.1 33.2 548 5-9 years complete 23.0 10.3 46.0 1.6 29.3 1,387 10 or more years complete 39.3 30.1 52.7 2.9 43.5 743
Employment (past 12 months) Employed 54.1 18.8 46.7 2.5 50.8 1,141 Employed, for cash 59.9 20.6 48.0 2.5 53.5 992 Employed, not for cash 15.6 6.4 38.4 2.0 32.4 149 Not employed 15.4 8.8 39.6 1.0 28.8 2,697
Marital status Never married 25.9 9.1 40.2 0.7 24.2 972 Currently married 24.9 11.8 42.5 1.7 37.2 2,656 Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted 57.0 22.7 38.8 0.8 62.3 212
Number of living children 0 26.1 10.0 40.6 0.7 24.4 1,278 1-2 30.4 15.8 44.8 2.4 40.2 1,362 3-4 25.0 10.5 41.2 1.2 44.3 876 5+ 20.6 5.0 34.4 0.5 34.0 325
Household structure2 Nuclear 25.9 11.5 41.7 1.8 36.9 2,231 Non-nuclear 28.3 12.0 41.7 0.9 33.1 1,609
Religion Hindu 28.9 13.9 45.1 1.9 38.6 2,684 Muslim 18.8 6.2 35.3 0.5 22.8 927 Christian 35.3 8.1 24.2 0.0 47.6 200
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 28.2 12.0 40.9 1.2 31.6 512 Scheduled tribe 29.6 13.0 35.0 3.4 39.1 404 Other backward class 30.7 13.6 51.5 2.4 38.3 838 Other 24.9 10.7 41.6 0.8 33.3 1,847
Wealth index Lowest 22.8 2.5 27.9 0.2 29.7 615 Second 21.3 4.5 38.0 1.2 31.5 1,116 Middle 27.4 10.6 45.7 1.6 35.3 908 Fourth 30.5 15.9 50.3 1.9 40.2 673 Highest 38.2 34.3 47.7 2.6 43.8 527
Total 26.9 11.7 41.7 1.4 35.3 3,840
Note: Total includes women belonging to other religions and women with missing information on education, employment (past 12 months), religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. 1 To the market, to the health facility, and to places outside the village/community. 2 Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological,adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.
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Table 73 Gender-role attitudes
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with specific attitudes toward wife beating and refusal by a wife to have sex with her husband by reason and percentage of men age 15-49 who agree that a man can behave in specific ways if his wife refuses him sex, according to marital status, Assam, 2005-06
Ever married Never married Total Reason/behaviour Women Men Women Men Women Men
Percentage who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if:
She goes out without telling him 23.9 6.2 22.1 7.2 23.4 6.6 She neglects the house or children 31.2 11.6 32.0 15.4 31.4 13.3 She argues with him 25.4 11.4 23.5 16.4 24.9 13.5 She refuses to have sexual intercourse with him 11.3 2.3 11.9 3.8 11.5 2.9 She doesn't cook food properly 10.1 2.8 13.7 4.1 11.0 3.4 He suspects she is unfaithful 16.0 4.9 17.6 7.5 16.4 6.0 She shows disrespect for in-laws 30.7 14.9 37.4 20.5 32.4 17.3
Percentage who agree with at least one specified reason 43.9 22.6 46.6 29.1 44.6 25.4
Percentage who agree that a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband when she:
Knows husband has a sexually transmitted disease 76.6 84.6 71.4 77.8 75.3 81.7 Knows husband has sex with other women 76.7 82.8 75.1 76.4 76.3 80.1 Is tired or not in the mood 81.5 88.5 74.7 84.5 79.8 86.8
Percentage who agree with all three reasons 66.8 77.2 64.3 68.1 66.2 73.3 Percentage who agree with none of the three reasons 11.6 7.6 18.0 10.5 13.2 8.9
Percentage who agree that when a woman refuses to have sex with her husband, he has the right to:
Get angry and reprimand her na 11.5 na 15.5 na 13.2 Refuse to give her financial support na 3.0 na 4.5 na 3.6 Use force to have sex na 2.2 na 3.2 na 2.7 Have sex with another woman na 1.1 na 1.8 na 1.4
Percentage who agree with all four behaviours na 0.6 na 0.7 na 0.7 Percentage who agree with none of the four behaviours na 87.5 na 82.6 na 85.4
Number of respondents 2,868 757 972 569 3,840 1,326
na = Not applicable
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Table 74 Gender-role attitudes by background characteristics
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one specified reason and who agree that a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband for all specified reasons, and percentage of men who agree that when a wife refuses to have sex with her husband, the husband does not have the right to any of the four specified behaviours, by background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Percentage who agree that a husband is justified in hitting
or beating his wife for at least one specified reason1
Percentage who agree that a wife is justified in
refusing to have sex with her husband for all specified reasons2
Percentage who agree that when a wife
refuses to have sex with her husband, he
does not have the right to any of the
four specified behaviours3 Number
Background characteristic Women Men Women Men Men Women Men
Age 15-19 47.7 30.8 61.6 62.5 81.6 699 231 20-24 46.1 30.9 67.5 67.9 82.3 758 213 25-29 43.0 21.2 69.7 78.7 86.5 682 213 30-39 43.2 24.9 67.2 76.6 87.8 1,106 380 40-49 43.4 20.9 64.2 77.6 86.5 595 289
Residence Urban 33.9 19.2 67.6 69.1 88.1 721 301 Rural 47.0 27.2 65.9 74.5 84.6 3,119 1,026
Education No education 48.5 34.6 58.0 61.2 84.8 1,161 191 <5 years complete 48.9 27.0 63.7 67.7 85.9 548 254 5-9 years complete 45.1 25.8 68.8 74.6 85.0 1,387 495 10 or more years complete 34.3 19.3 75.9 81.4 85.8 743 386
Employment (past 12 months) Employed 44.0 25.8 63.7 73.8 85.3 1,141 1,109 Employed, for cash 43.6 25.8 64.1 74.9 85.4 992 1,015 Employed, not for cash 46.8 26.3 61.2 62.8 84.6 149 95 Not employed 44.8 23.4 67.3 70.2 85.6 2,697 211
Marital status Never married 46.6 29.1 64.3 68.1 82.6 972 569 Currently married 43.8 22.5 67.3 77.2 87.4 2,656 743
Widowed/divorced/ separated/deserted 45.8 * 60.9 * * 212 15
Number of living children 0 46.4 27.7 64.9 69.2 83.8 1,278 662 1-2 41.0 22.6 68.8 80.1 85.0 1,362 369 3-4 45.2 26.5 68.6 78.0 90.4 876 222 5+ 50.7 15.7 53.8 61.9 86.0 325 73
Household structure4 Nuclear 43.3 25.7 66.2 72.8 85.1 2,231 742 Non-nuclear 46.3 25.1 66.1 74.0 85.7 1,609 585
Religion Hindu 42.1 25.1 70.5 74.9 84.9 2,684 952 Muslim 51.9 28.9 56.2 68.1 84.5 927 294 Christian 43.7 17.1 53.6 73.0 94.6 200 67
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 46.4 29.1 59.6 76.1 84.3 512 195 Scheduled tribe 45.3 19.9 64.6 62.9 87.1 404 113 Other backward class 40.1 25.0 73.6 80.2 84.6 838 324 Other 45.2 24.7 65.0 70.8 85.3 1,847 637
Wealth index Lowest 49.9 27.9 52.2 62.5 85.0 615 198 Second 51.4 29.1 64.6 71.1 87.2 1,116 388 Middle 45.4 28.2 69.9 75.4 81.3 908 314 Fourth 40.5 20.3 72.0 81.1 84.4 673 251 Highest 27.8 16.8 72.1 75.3 90.5 527 176
Total 44.6 25.4 66.2 73.3 85.4 3,840 1,326
Note: Total includes women and men belonging to other religions and women/men with missing information on education, employment (past 12 months),religion, and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Specified reasons are: she goes out without telling him, she neglects the house or children, she argues with him, she refuses to have sexual intercourse with him, she doesn't cook food properly, he suspects she is unfaithful, and she shows disrespect for in-laws. 2 Specified reasons are: she knows husband has a sexually transmitted disease, knows husband has sex with other women, and is tired or not in the mood. 3 Specified behaviours are: get angry and reprimand her, refuse to give her financial support, use force to have sex, and have sex with another woman. 4 Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.
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Table 75 Experience of physical or sexual violence
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence, and among those who have experienced physical or sexual violence, the person committing the violence, by marital status, Assam, 2005-06
Type of violence/perpetrator Ever
married Never
married Total
Type of violence experienced Physical violence ever 39.8 18.1 34.3 Sexual violence ever 15.2 1.7 11.8 Physical and sexual violence ever 12.6 0.7 9.6 Physical or sexual violence ever 42.3 19.1 36.5
Number of women 2,047 688 2,735
Person committing physical violence Current husband 82.4 0.0 71.4 Former husband 11.1 0.0 9.6 Current boyfriend 0.0 2.8 0.4 Former boyfriend 0.1 0.0 0.1 Father/step-father 3.8 20.3 6.0 Mother/step-mother 8.8 50.7 14.4 Sister/brother 5.4 37.7 9.7 Other relative 2.3 3.4 2.4 Mother-in-law 1.5 0.0 1.3 Father-in-law 0.2 0.0 0.2 Other in-law 1.3 0.0 1.1 Teacher 0.1 1.7 0.3 Employer/someone at work 0.1 0.0 0.1 Other 0.3 0.0 0.2
Number who experienced physical violence 814 124 938
Person committing sexual violence Current husband 85.6 * 82.5 Former husband 10.9 * 10.5 Current/former boyfriend 0.6 * 1.6 Other relative 2.1 * 2.0 In-law 0.0 * 0.5 Own friend/ acquaintance 0.5 * 2.5 Family friend 0.3 * 0.3 Employer/ someone at work 0.1 * 0.1
Number who experienced sexual violence 310 12 322
Note: All women were asked about their experience of physical violence since age 15.Ever-married women were also asked about their experience of spousal physical violence at any age.* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
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Table 76 Forms of spousal violence
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced various forms of violence committed by their husband ever or in the 12 months preceding the survey, Assam, 2005-06
In the past 12 months1
Type of violence Ever Often Sometimes Often or
sometimes
Physical violence Any form of physical violence 36.7 2.8 21.5 24.3 Pushed her, shook her, or threw something at her 13.4 1.1 8.1 9.2 Slapped her 36.1 2.2 21.0 23.1 Twisted her arm or pulled her hair 14.6 1.4 8.1 9.6 Punched her with his fist or with something that could hurt her 12.7 1.1 7.0 8.1 Kicked her, dragged her, or beat her up 8.3 1.0 3.9 4.9 Tried to choke her or burn her on purpose 2.5 0.4 1.2 1.6
Threatened her or attacked her with a knife, gun, or any other weapon 1.9 0.4 1.0 1.4
Sexual violence Any form of sexual violence 14.8 1.6 9.9 11.5
Physically forced her to have sexual intercourse with him even when she did not want to 14.4 1.5 9.9 11.4
Forced her to perform any sexual acts she did not want to 5.9 0.8 3.6 4.5
Emotional violence Any form of emotional violence 15.6 2.4 10.6 13.0 Said or did something to humiliate her in front of others 12.1 1.9 7.9 9.7 Threatened to hurt or harm her or someone close to her 4.8 0.5 3.5 4.0 Insulted her or made her feel bad about herself 6.4 1.3 3.2 4.5
Any form of physical and/or sexual violence 39.5 3.8 23.7 27.5 Any form of physical and sexual violence 12.1 2.1 8.1 10.2 Any form of physical and/or sexual and/or emotional violence 42.1 4.9 26.1 31.0 Any form of physical and sexual and emotional violence 5.1 1.8 2.8 4.6
Any violence by women against their husband2 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.2
Number of ever-married women 2,047 1,935 1,935 1,935
Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted women. 1 Excludes widows. 2 Any violence by women against their husband when he was not already beating or physically hurting them.
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110
Table 77 Spousal violence by background characteristics
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 by whether they have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband, according to background characteristics, Assam, 2005-06
Background characteristic Emotional violence
Physicalviolence
Sexualviolence
Physical or sexual
violence
Emotional, physical, or
sexualviolence
Number of women
Age 15-19 18.0 26.8 12.4 27.9 31.1 116 20-24 15.0 36.4 16.3 41.2 43.6 351 25-29 16.0 39.0 15.5 40.9 43.9 423 30-39 17.0 39.5 15.7 42.3 45.4 763 40-49 12.2 32.2 11.6 34.4 35.9 394
Residence Urban 9.5 23.0 8.6 24.9 26.5 363 Rural 16.9 39.7 16.1 42.6 45.5 1,684
Education No education 20.5 51.0 20.5 53.9 56.7 762 <5 years complete 19.4 37.6 14.1 41.1 46.2 334 5-9 years complete 12.5 29.7 13.3 32.7 34.6 654 10 or more years complete 5.5 14.6 4.2 15.6 16.8 296
Employment (past 12 months) Employed 20.3 42.0 17.4 44.7 47.7 599 Employed, for cash 20.6 43.6 17.2 46.0 48.1 527 Employed, not for cash 18.3 30.8 18.9 35.5 44.4 72 Not employed 13.6 34.5 13.7 37.3 39.9 1,448
Marital status Currently married 14.4 35.5 14.2 38.3 40.9 1,888 Widowed 15.9 42.6 19.4 45.2 46.0 112 Divorced/separated/deserted (63.4) (73.4) (26.6) (73.4) (82.6) 47
Marital status and duration1 Married only once 13.9 35.1 14.1 37.9 40.5 1,843 0-4 years 10.9 23.2 10.4 26.7 28.9 381 5-9 years 13.6 38.1 14.2 40.6 43.5 403 10+ years 15.1 38.2 15.4 41.0 43.5 1,058 Married more than once (34.6) (52.2) (19.6) (52.2) (57.9) 46
Number of living children 0 11.4 19.4 7.0 20.4 25.3 209 1-2 14.1 33.4 13.3 35.9 38.5 985 3-4 16.9 43.3 17.7 46.6 47.8 630 5+ 22.1 49.0 20.2 53.2 57.8 223
Household structure2 Nuclear 16.8 41.1 15.9 43.7 46.8 1,217 Non-nuclear 13.8 30.3 13.2 33.2 35.3 830
Religion Hindu 13.4 31.7 12.3 34.8 37.2 1,385 Muslim 19.5 48.3 21.7 50.6 53.6 535 Christian 18.8 42.2 12.5 43.0 45.3 110 Other * * * * * 11
Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 13.6 41.3 17.3 45.4 46.6 275 Scheduled tribe 14.6 43.1 13.1 47.0 49.5 219 Other backward class 12.1 27.6 7.7 29.3 31.2 414 Other 17.5 37.1 16.9 39.6 43.0 1,012
Wealth index Lowest 23.1 53.3 21.1 57.1 60.2 387 Second 18.3 42.9 20.4 46.9 51.0 641 Middle 15.3 34.6 12.6 36.1 38.2 449 Fourth 9.2 25.3 7.3 27.5 28.7 340 Highest 5.3 13.0 3.7 13.5 14.6 231
Respondent's father beat her mother Yes 24.0 60.0 25.1 61.8 64.3 343 No 12.7 29.6 11.5 32.2 35.0 1,466 Don't know 21.4 46.1 19.4 50.9 53.5 231
Total 15.6 36.7 14.8 39.5 42.1 2,047
Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted women. Total includes women with missing information on education, religion, caste/tribe, and whether the respondent's father beat her mother, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Currently married women only. 2 Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.
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Table 78 Spousal violence by husband's characteristics and empowerment indicatorsPercentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever suffered emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband, according to his characteristics, marital characteristics, and selected empowerment indicators, Assam, 2005-06
Husband’s characteristic/empowerment indicator Emotional violence
Physicalviolence
Sexualviolence
Physical or sexual
violence
Emotional, physical, or
sexual violence
Number of women
Husband's education No education 21.3 54.7 21.0 56.2 58.6 522 <5 years complete 15.7 45.3 19.8 49.3 52.3 328 5-7 years complete 21.6 36.3 15.2 39.3 44.0 280 8-9 years complete 11.0 27.6 13.1 32.0 33.9 395 10-11 years complete 9.9 19.1 3.8 20.3 23.2 189 12 or more years complete 8.3 17.5 4.9 18.9 20.9 277
Husband's alcohol consumption Does not drink 12.4 30.9 12.4 33.5 35.8 1,257 Drinks/never gets drunk 4.3 29.2 9.2 33.3 34.4 149 Gets drunk sometimes 20.4 44.5 17.0 48.4 52.5 424 Gets drunk often 32.6 60.2 28.2 60.8 63.6 215
Spousal age difference1 Wife older (19.7) (58.9) (0.0) (58.9) (66.8) 22 Wife is same age (20.8) (46.5) (10.3) (46.5) (46.5) 25 Wife 1-4 years younger 13.7 33.2 12.4 35.0 36.8 432 Wife 5-9 years younger 12.5 33.0 15.7 36.0 38.9 746 Wife 10+ years younger 15.9 38.0 14.0 41.2 43.9 648
Spousal education difference Husband better educated 15.7 31.9 13.2 35.6 39.2 933 Wife better educated 14.2 35.6 16.1 38.0 40.9 409 Both equally educated 7.5 25.3 7.9 26.3 27.1 260 Neither educated 21.7 56.8 20.8 58.2 60.1 388
Number of marital control behaviours displayed by husband2
0 7.4 28.7 9.7 31.5 33.4 1,606 1-2 35.5 58.4 28.0 61.2 67.1 291 3-4 60.8 78.7 40.7 80.2 86.7 112 5-6 (77.1) (85.2) (54.0) (88.6) (88.6) 37
Number of decisions in which women participate3
0 22.3 45.4 16.9 48.3 51.9 222 1-2 14.6 35.0 15.7 38.4 40.1 310 3-4 13.0 34.0 13.4 36.6 39.3 1,356
Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4
0 12.3 31.0 12.0 33.5 36.0 1,168 1-2 15.0 36.6 12.7 39.4 41.9 332 3-4 24.3 50.7 20.1 53.3 57.0 291 5-6 21.7 46.6 26.7 50.7 54.2 146 7 20.7 48.1 21.1 51.2 52.4 109
Number of reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband5
0 14.8 48.1 17.0 52.1 54.8 217 1-2 18.2 43.5 21.1 45.4 48.0 440 3 14.9 32.8 12.5 35.6 38.3 1,391
Total 15.6 36.7 14.8 39.5 42.1 2,047
Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted women. Total includes women with missing information on husband's education, husband's alcohol consumption, spousal agedifference, and spousal education difference, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. 1 Currently married women only. 2 Behaviours include: he is jealous or angry if she talks to other men, frequently accuses her of being unfaithful, does not permit her to meet her female friends, tries to limit her contact with her family, insists on knowing where she is at all times, and does not trust her with any money. 3 Currently married women only. Decisions included are decisions about own health care, major household purchases, purchases for dailyhousehold needs, and visits to her family or relatives. 4 Reasons given for which wife beating is justified include: she goes out without telling him, she neglects the house or children, she argues with him, she refuses to have sexual intercourse with him, she doesn't cook food properly, he suspects she is unfaithful, and she shows disrespect for in-laws.5 Reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband include: she knows husband has a sexually transmitted disease, she knows husband has sex with other women, and she is tired or not in the mood.
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Table 79 Injuries to women due to spousal violence
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced specific types of spousal violence by types of injuries resulting from what their husband did to them, the type of violence, and whether they have experienced the violence ever and in the 12 months preceding the survey, Assam, 2005-06
Percentage of women who have had:
Type of spousal violence experienced Cuts, bruises,
or aches Severe burns
Eye injuries, sprains,
dislocations, or burns
Deep wounds, broken bones,
broken teeth, or any other
serious injury Any of these
injuries
Number of ever-married
women
Experienced physical violence Ever 24.9 1.1 7.1 8.3 26.1 752 In the past 12 months1 28.4 0.9 7.9 10.1 29.5 469
Experienced sexual violence Ever 31.0 1.4 9.6 12.0 31.9 298 In the past 12 months1 31.4 1.5 9.6 12.1 32.1 222
Experienced physical or sexual violence Ever 23.3 1.1 6.6 7.8 24.4 807 In the past 12 months1 26.5 0.8 7.1 9.5 27.6 532 Experienced physical and sexual violence
Ever 37.7 1.7 11.8 14.7 38.8 243 In the past 12 months1 38.9 2.1 12.9 14.7 39.4 159
Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted women. 1 Excludes widows.
Table 80 Help seeking behaviour
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by whether they have ever sought help, and amongthose who have sought help from any source, the source from which help was sought, according to the type of violence experienced and marital status, Assam, 2005-06
Type of violence experienced Marital status
Source Physical onlySexualonly
Both physical and sexual
Evermarried
Nevermarried Total
Help seeking behaviour
Never sought help and never told anyone 72.4 92.9 58.5 71.2 62.0 70.0 Never sought help but told someone 14.5 0.0 15.3 12.9 20.4 13.9 Sought help 9.0 5.7 25.8 13.7 10.1 13.2 Don't know/missing 4.1 1.4 0.3 2.3 7.5 2.9
Number of women who experienced violence 676 60 262 867 131 998
Sources of help among those who sought any help
Own family 52.1 * 57.8 54.6 * 55.9 Husband's family 16.9 * 17.0 19.1 * 17.2 Husband/last husband 4.9 * 0.0 2.9 * 2.6 Friend 2.1 * 8.8 4.7 * 5.5 Neighbour 26.8 * 27.7 30.2 * 27.2 Religious leader 5.6 * 3.8 2.9 * 4.5 Doctor/medical personnel 2.1 * 1.3 1.8 * 1.6 Police 12.0 * 7.6 10.5 * 9.4 Lawyer 0.0 * 2.5 1.4 * 1.3
Social service organization 7.1 * 0.0 3.6 * 3.2Other 0.0 * 5.1 2.9 * 2.6
Number of women who sought help 61 3 68 119 13 132
* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
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APPENDIX
ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS
The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the result of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the third National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in NFHS-3 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected sample size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.
A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the NFHS-3 sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for NFHS-3 is programmed in SAS. This procedure uses the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as total fertility rates and child mortality rates.
The Taylor linearization method treats any proportion or mean as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given below, with the standard error being the square root of the variance:
H
h h
hm
ihi
h
h
mzz
mm
xfrvarrSE
h
1
2
1
22
2
11)()(
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in which
hihihi rxyz , and hhh rxyz
where h represents the stratum, which varies from 1 to H,mh is the total number of clusters selected in the hth stratum, yhi is the sum of the weighted values of variable y in the ith cluster in the hth stratum, xhi is the sum of the weighted number of cases in the ith cluster in the hth stratum,
andf is the overall sampling fraction, which is so small that it is ignored.
The Jackknife repeated replication method derives estimates of complex rates from each of several replications of the parent sample, and calculates standard errors for these estimates using simple formulae. Each replication considers all but one cluster in the calculation of the estimates. Pseudo-independent replications are thus created. In the NFHS-3 sample for Assam, there were 87 clusters. Hence, 87 replications were created. The variance of a rate r is calculated as follows:
SE r var rk k
r ri
k
i2
1
211
( ) ( )( )
( )
in which
)()1( ii rkkrr
where r is the estimate computed from the full sample of 87 clusters, r(i) is the estimate computed from the reduced sample of 86 clusters (ith cluster
excluded), and k is the total number of clusters.
In addition to the standard error, the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate is also computed, which is defined as the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used. A DEFT value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a value greater than 1.0 indicates the increase in the sampling error due to the use of a more complex and less statistically efficient design. The relative standard error (SE/R) and confidence limits (R±2SE) for each estimate are also computed.
Sampling errors for NFHS-3 are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest. The results are presented in this appendix for Assam as a whole and for the urban and rural areas of the state. For each variable, the type of statistic (mean, proportion, rate, or ratio) and the base population are given in Table A.1. Table A.2 presents the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of unweighted (N) and weighted (WN) cases, the design effect (DEFT), the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (R±2SE) for each variable. The DEFT is considered undefined when the standard error for a simple random sample is zero (when the estimate is close to 0 or 1). In the case of the total fertility rate, the number of unweighted cases is not relevant, as there is no known unweighted value for woman-years of exposure to childbearing.
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Table A.1 List of variables for sampling errors, Assam, 2005-06
Variable Estimate Base population Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) Ratio De facto household population, all ages No education Proportion De facto household population of females/males age 6 and above Tuberculosis prevalence Rate 100,000 usual household residents Using adequately iodized salt Proportion Households Urban residence Proportion Women/men age 15-49 No education Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Completed 10 or more years of education Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Never married, including married gauna not performed Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Currently married Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Married before age 18 Proportion Women age 20-49 Married before age 21 Proportion Men age 25-49 Currently using any method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using a modern method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using a traditional method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using female sterilization Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using pill Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using IUD Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using condom Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Using public medical sector source of contraception Proportion Women age 15-49 currently using modern methods of contraceptionWant no more children Proportion Currently married women/men age 15-49 Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Proportion Currently married women/men age 15-49 Ideal number of children Mean Women/men age 15-49 Mother received ANC from health personnel Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth) Took iron and folic acid (IFA) for 90 days or more Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth) Births delivered by a skilled provider Proportion Births in last 5 years Institutional delivery Proportion Births in last 5 years Postnatal check for mother within 2 days of birth Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth) Treated with ORS packets Proportion Children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks Children with diarrhoea taken to a health provider Proportion Children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks Child’s vaccination card seen by interviewer Proportion Children age 12-23 months Child received BCG vaccination Proportion Children age 12-23 months Child received DPT vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children age 12-23 months Child received polio vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children age 12-23 months Child received measles vaccination Proportion Children age 12-23 months Child fully vaccinated Proportion Children age 12-23 months Children given vitamin A supplement in last 6 months Proportion Children age 6-59 months Ever experienced physical or sexual violence Proportion Women age 15-49 Weight-for-height, wasting (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured Height-for-age, stunting (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured Weight-for-age, underweight (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured Body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 Proportion Women/men age 15-49 who were measured Body mass index (BMI) 25.0 kgm2 Proportion Women/men age 15-49 who were measured Have heard of AIDS Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Total and age-specific fertility rates (last 3 years) Rate Women years of exposure Mortality rates Rate Births in last 5 years Women/men with any anaemia Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Children with any anaemia Proportion Children age 6-59 months
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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Assam, 2005-06
Number of cases Confidence limits
Residence Value (R)
Standard error(SE)
Unweighted (N)
Weighted (WN)
Design effect (DEFT)
Relativestandard
error(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males, all ages)
Urban 914 33 2446 1429 1.475 0.036 848 980 Rural 1029 17 5276 6435 1.080 0.016 996 1063 Total 1008 15 7722 7864 1.177 0.015 979 1038
No education (household female population age 6+ years)
Urban 0.167 0.017 2026 1183 1.801 0.101 0.133 0.200 Rural 0.321 0.021 4715 5751 2.891 0.066 0.279 0.364 Total 0.295 0.018 6741 6934 2.985 0.060 0.259 0.330
No education (household male population age 6+ years)
Urban 0.085 0.014 2258 1319 1.968 0.169 0.057 0.114 Rural 0.186 0.016 4545 5544 2.421 0.084 0.155 0.217 Total 0.167 0.013 6803 6862 2.526 0.077 0.141 0.193
Tuberculosis prevalence (per 100,000 usual household residents)
Urban 317 90 4737 2767 1.105 0.283 137 496 Rural 724 93 10905 13301 1.142 0.129 537 911 Total 654 79 15642 16068 1.232 0.121 496 812
Using adequately iodized salt (households)
Urban 0.910 0.017 1174 686 2.047 0.019 0.875 0.944 Rural 0.670 0.030 2235 2726 3.012 0.045 0.610 0.730 Total 0.718 0.024 3409 3412 3.173 0.034 0.669 0.767
Urban residence (women age 15-49) Total 0.188 0.011 3840 3840 1.757 0.059 0.166 0.210
Urban residence (men age 15-49) Total 0.227 0.014 1327 1326 1.247 0.063 0.198 0.255
No education (women age 15-49) Total 0.302 0.024 3840 3840 3.200 0.079 0.255 0.350
No education (men age 15-49) Total 0.144 0.017 1327 1326 1.785 0.120 0.110 0.179
Completed 10 or more years of education (women age 15-49) Total 0.194 0.017 3840 3840 2.710 0.089 0.159 0.228
Completed 10 or more years of education (men age 15-49) Total 0.291 0.023 1327 1326 1.828 0.078 0.246 0.337
Never married, including married gauna not performed (women age 15-49) Total 0.253 0.011 3840 3840 1.601 0.044 0.231 0.276
Never married, including married gauna not performed (men age 15-49) Total 0.429 0.018 1327 1326 1.345 0.043 0.393 0.466
Currently married (women age 15-49) Total 0.692 0.011 3840 3840 1.539 0.017 0.669 0.715
Currently married (men age 15-49) Total 0.560 0.018 1327 1326 1.296 0.032 0.525 0.595
Married before age 18 (women age 20-49) Total 0.429 0.022 3152 3141 2.453 0.050 0.386 0.473
Married before age 21 (men age 25-49) Total 0.176 0.017 876 882 1.359 0.100 0.141 0.211
Currently using any method (currently married women age 15-49) Urban 0.660 0.016 803 470 0.956 0.024 0.628 0.692 Rural 0.545 0.022 1828 2186 1.862 0.040 0.501 0.588 Total 0.565 0.018 2631 2656 1.868 0.032 0.529 0.601
Currently using a modern method (currently married women age 15-49) Urban 0.372 0.019 803 470 1.107 0.051 0.335 0.410 Rural 0.248 0.022 1828 2186 2.139 0.087 0.205 0.292 Total 0.270 0.018 2631 2656 2.089 0.067 0.234 0.306
Currently using a traditional method (currently married women age 15-49) Urban 0.288 0.020 803 470 1.245 0.069 0.248 0.327 Rural 0.296 0.018 1828 2186 1.675 0.060 0.261 0.332 Total 0.295 0.015 2631 2656 1.704 0.051 0.265 0.325
Continued…
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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Assam, 2005-06—ContinuedNumber of cases
Confidence limits
Residence Value (R)
Standard error(SE)
Unweighted (N)
Weighted (WN)
Design effect (DEFT)
Relativestandard
error(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Currently using female sterilization (currently married women age 15-49) Urban 0.141 0.018 803 470 1.439 0.126 0.105 0.176 Rural 0.127 0.022 1828 2186 2.786 0.171 0.084 0.171 Total 0.130 0.018 2631 2656 2.771 0.140 0.093 0.166
Currently using pill (currently married women age 15-49) Urban 0.156 0.021 803 470 1.672 0.138 0.113 0.199 Rural 0.091 0.010 1828 2186 1.486 0.110 0.071 0.111 Total 0.103 0.009 2631 2656 1.548 0.089 0.084 0.121
Currently using IUD (currently married women age 15-49) Urban 0.010 0.003 803 470 0.878 0.309 0.004 0.016 Rural 0.013 0.003 1828 2186 1.139 0.231 0.007 0.019 Total 0.013 0.003 2631 2656 1.174 0.203 0.007 0.018
Currently using condom (currently married women age 15-49) Urban 0.064 0.010 803 470 1.159 0.157 0.044 0.083 Rural 0.015 0.003 1828 2186 1.072 0.205 0.009 0.021 Total 0.023 0.003 2631 2656 1.018 0.128 0.017 0.029
Using public medical sector source of contraception (women age 15-49 currently using modern methods of contraception)
Urban 0.291 0.036 309 181 1.406 0.125 0.218 0.364 Rural 0.511 0.044 474 567 1.915 0.086 0.422 0.599 Total 0.458 0.035 783 748 1.979 0.077 0.387 0.528
Want no more children (currently married women age 15-49) Urban 0.750 0.018 803 470 1.194 0.024 0.713 0.786 Rural 0.677 0.015 1828 2186 1.392 0.023 0.646 0.707 Total 0.690 0.013 2631 2656 1.438 0.019 0.664 0.716
Want no more children (currently married men age 15-49) Urban 0.638 0.039 235 148 1.228 0.061 0.561 0.716 Rural 0.646 0.023 492 595 1.076 0.036 0.600 0.693 Total 0.645 0.020 727 743 1.134 0.031 0.604 0.685
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years (currently married women age 15-49) Total 0.131 0.009 2631 2656 1.357 0.068 0.113 0.149
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years (currently married men age 15-49) Total 0.152 0.014 727 743 1.084 0.095 0.124 0.181
Ideal number of children (women age 15-49) Total 2.254 0.041 3596 3577 2.880 0.018 2.173 2.335
Ideal number of children (men age 15-49) Total 2.260 0.040 1253 1252 2.022 0.018 2.180 2.340
Mother received ANC from health personnel (women with at least one birth in last five years, last birth) Urban 0.870 0.023 277 162 1.140 0.026 0.824 0.916 Rural 0.638 0.032 922 1103 2.043 0.051 0.573 0.703 Total 0.668 0.029 1199 1265 2.171 0.043 0.610 0.725
Took iron and folic acid (IFA) for 90 days or more (women with at least one birth in last five years, last birth) Urban 0.289 0.035 277 162 1.282 0.121 0.219 0.359 Rural 0.143 0.018 922 1103 1.556 0.125 0.107 0.179 Total 0.162 0.017 1199 1265 1.599 0.103 0.129 0.195
Births delivered by a skilled provider (births in the last five years) Urban 0.621 0.060 317 185 2.025 0.097 0.501 0.742 Rural 0.270 0.033 1215 1453 2.316 0.123 0.203 0.336 Total 0.310 0.031 1532 1639 2.429 0.101 0.247 0.372
Institutional delivery (births in the last five years) Urban 0.580 0.063 317 185 2.091 0.108 0.455 0.706 Rural 0.179 0.027 1215 1453 2.161 0.151 0.125 0.233 Total 0.224 0.026 1532 1639 2.238 0.116 0.172 0.276
Postnatal check for mother within 2 days of birth (last birth in last five years) Urban 0.343 0.045 277 162 1.571 0.131 0.253 0.433 Rural 0.110 0.016 922 1103 1.589 0.149 0.077 0.142 Total 0.139 0.016 1199 1265 1.642 0.115 0.107 0.172
Continued…
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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Assam, 2005-06—ContinuedNumber of cases
Confidence limits
Residence Value (R)
Standard error(SE)
Unweighted (N)
Weighted (WN)
Design effect (DEFT)
Relativestandard
error(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Children with diarrhoea treated with ORS packets (children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks) Rural 0.130 0.036 92 110 1.025 0.275 0.059 0.202 Total 0.145 0.033 115 123 1.051 0.231 0.078 0.211
Children with diarrhoea taken to a health provider (children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks) Rural 0.293 0.045 92 110 0.913 0.155 0.203 0.384 Total 0.314 0.041 115 123 0.941 0.132 0.231 0.396
Child’s vaccination card seen by interviewer (children age 12-23 months) Urban 0.552 0.075 58 34 1.144 0.136 0.402 0.701 Rural 0.454 0.048 205 245 1.372 0.105 0.358 0.549 Total 0.466 0.043 263 279 1.436 0.093 0.379 0.552
Child received BCG vaccination (children age 12-23 months) Urban 0.759 0.084 58 34 1.494 0.111 0.591 0.927 Rural 0.605 0.048 205 245 1.417 0.080 0.508 0.702 Total 0.624 0.044 263 279 1.506 0.070 0.536 0.711
Child received DPT vaccination (3 doses) (children age 12-23 months) Urban 0.483 0.079 58 34 1.201 0.163 0.325 0.641 Rural 0.444 0.047 205 245 1.357 0.106 0.350 0.538 Total 0.449 0.043 263 279 1.420 0.095 0.364 0.534
Child received polio vaccination (3 doses) (children age 12-23 months)
Urban 0.552 0.076 58 34 1.163 0.138 0.400 0.704 Rural 0.595 0.045 205 245 1.318 0.076 0.505 0.686 Total 0.590 0.041 263 279 1.379 0.069 0.508 0.671
Child received measles vaccination (children age 12-23 months) Urban 0.397 0.077 58 34 1.198 0.194 0.242 0.551 Rural 0.371 0.053 205 245 1.565 0.142 0.265 0.476 Total 0.374 0.047 263 279 1.626 0.127 0.279 0.469
Child fully vaccinated (children age 12-23 months) Urban 0.293 0.067 58 34 1.126 0.230 0.158 0.428 Rural 0.317 0.046 205 245 1.404 0.144 0.226 0.408 Total 0.314 0.041 263 279 1.466 0.130 0.232 0.396
Children given vitamin A supplement in last 6 months (children age 6-59 months) Urban 0.146 0.028 267 156 1.216 0.189 0.091 0.201 Rural 0.123 0.019 989 1183 1.667 0.151 0.086 0.161 Total 0.126 0.017 1256 1339 1.729 0.133 0.092 0.160
Ever experienced physical or sexual violence (women age 15-49)
Total 0.365 0.018 2735 2735 2.005 0.051 0.328 0.402 Weight-for-height, wasting (children under age 5 years who were measured and are below -2SD)
Urban 0.142 0.029 253 148 1.302 0.206 0.084 0.201 Rural 0.136 0.012 998 1217 1.089 0.091 0.112 0.161 Total 0.137 0.011 1251 1365 1.182 0.084 0.114 0.160
Height-for-age, stunting (children under age 5 years who were measured and are below -2SD)
Urban 0.356 0.051 253 148 1.613 0.143 0.254 0.458 Rural 0.478 0.023 998 1217 1.439 0.049 0.431 0.525 Total 0.465 0.022 1251 1365 1.566 0.047 0.421 0.508
Weight-for-age, underweight (children under age 5 years who were measured and are below -2SD)
Urban 0.261 0.032 253 148 1.071 0.122 0.197 0.325 Rural 0.377 0.024 998 1217 1.484 0.063 0.330 0.424 Total 0.364 0.022 1251 1365 1.594 0.059 0.321 0.407
Body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 (women age 15-49 who were measured) Urban 0.264 0.018 1096 641 1.343 0.068 0.228 0.299 Rural 0.389 0.021 2324 2780 2.073 0.054 0.347 0.431 Total 0.365 0.017 3420 3421 2.108 0.048 0.330 0.400
Body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 (men age 15-49 who were measured) Urban 0.321 0.030 402 252 1.295 0.094 0.260 0.381 Rural 0.365 0.023 770 931 1.332 0.063 0.319 0.411 Total 0.356 0.019 1172 1184 1.379 0.054 0.317 0.394
Continued…
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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Assam, 2005-06—ContinuedNumber of cases
Confidence limits
Residence Value (R)
Standard error(SE)
Unweighted (N)
Weighted (WN)
Design effect (DEFT)
Relativestandard
error(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Body mass index (BMI) 25.0 kg/m2 (women age 15-49 who were measured)
Urban 0.196 0.016 1096 641 1.304 0.080 0.165 0.227 Rural 0.051 0.007 2324 2780 1.544 0.139 0.037 0.065 Total 0.078 0.006 3420 3421 1.404 0.083 0.065 0.091
Body mass index (BMI) 25.0 kg/m2 (men age 15-49 who were measured)
Urban 0.109 0.020 402 252 1.289 0.184 0.069 0.150 Rural 0.034 0.008 770 931 1.212 0.234 0.018 0.050 Total 0.050 0.007 1172 1184 1.180 0.150 0.035 0.065
Have heard of AIDS (women age 15-49) Urban 0.844 0.024 1232 721 2.305 0.028 0.796 0.892 Rural 0.526 0.039 2608 3119 3.966 0.074 0.448 0.604 Total 0.586 0.032 3840 3840 3.957 0.054 0.523 0.649
Have heard of AIDS (men age 15-49)
Urban 0.933 0.011 479 301 0.967 0.012 0.911 0.955 Rural 0.751 0.033 848 1026 2.233 0.044 0.685 0.818 Total 0.792 0.026 1327 1326 2.300 0.032 0.741 0.844
Comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS (women age 15-49) Urban 0.179 0.022 1232 721 1.991 0.121 0.136 0.223 Rural 0.059 0.009 2608 3119 1.976 0.154 0.041 0.078 Total 0.082 0.008 3840 3840 1.893 0.102 0.065 0.099
Comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS (men age 15-49)
Urban 0.255 0.029 479 301 1.477 0.116 0.196 0.314 Rural 0.100 0.014 848 1026 1.344 0.138 0.072 0.128 Total 0.135 0.013 1327 1326 1.353 0.094 0.110 0.161
Total fertility rate (last 3 years)
Urban 1.428 0.149 na 2066 1.430 0.104 1.131 1.726 Rural 2.647 0.180 na 8820 1.978 0.068 2.286 3.007 Total 2.421 0.154 na 10886 2.043 0.064 2.112 2.729
Age-specific fertility rate for women age 15-19 (last 3 years) Urban 0.049 0.010 na 404 1.178 0.200 0.030 0.069 Rural 0.094 0.009 na 1841 1.173 0.093 0.076 0.111 Total 0.086 0.007 na 2245 1.229 0.085 0.071 0.100
Age-specific fertility rate for women age 20-24 (last 3 years) Urban 0.096 0.013 na 392 1.148 0.135 0.070 0.121 Rural 0.167 0.011 na 1860 1.258 0.067 0.144 0.189 Total 0.154 0.010 na 2252 1.325 0.062 0.135 0.173
Age-specific fertility rate for women age 25-29 (last 3 years) Urban 0.077 0.010 na 351 0.890 0.124 0.058 0.096 Rural 0.138 0.012 na 1624 1.365 0.089 0.114 0.163 Total 0.127 0.010 na 1975 1.418 0.081 0.107 0.148
Age-specific fertility rate for women age 30-34 (last 3 years) Urban 0.050 0.011 na 327 1.204 0.224 0.028 0.072 Rural 0.076 0.011 na 1410 1.441 0.146 0.054 0.098 Total 0.071 0.009 na 1737 1.491 0.129 0.052 0.089
Age-specific fertility rate for women age 35-39 (last 3 years) Urban 0.014 0.005 na 287 0.945 0.351 0.004 0.024 Rural 0.046 0.008 na 1021 1.155 0.180 0.029 0.062 Total 0.039 0.007 na 1308 1.227 0.169 0.026 0.052
Age-specific fertility rate for women age 40-44 (last 3 years) Urban 0.000 0.000 na 221 nc nc 0.000 0.000 Rural 0.010 0.004 na 751 0.971 0.392 0.002 0.017 Total 0.007 0.003 na 973 1.056 0.390 0.002 0.013
Age-specific fertility rate for women age 45-49 (last 3 years) Urban 0.000 0.000 na 83 nc nc 0.000 0.000 Rural 0.000 0.000 na 314 nc nc 0.000 0.000 Total 0.000 0.000 na 396 nc nc 0.000 0.000
Continued…
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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Assam, 2005-06—ContinuedNumber of cases
Confidence limits
Residence Value (R)
Standard error(SE)
Unweighted (N)
Weighted (WN)
Design effect (DEFT)
Relativestandard
error(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Neonatal mortality (0-4 years)
Urban 54.688 10.961 320 187 0.902 0.200 32.766 76.609 Rural 44.280 6.346 1222 1462 0.944 0.143 31.589 56.972 Total 45.464 5.754 1542 1649 1.001 0.127 33.956 56.973
Post-neonatal mortality (0-4 years)
Urban 3.064 3.071 320 187 0.980 1.002 0.000 9.206 Rural 22.963 5.068 1219 1458 1.150 0.221 12.826 33.099 Total 20.640 4.538 1539 1645 1.253 0.220 11.564 29.717
Infant mortality (0-4 years)
Urban 57.752 11.381 320 187 0.865 0.197 34.990 80.513 Rural 67.243 8.673 1225 1465 1.098 0.129 49.897 84.589 Total 66.105 7.800 1545 1652 1.165 0.118 50.505 81.704
Child mortality (0-4 years)
Urban 14.885 7.562 339 198 1.142 0.508 0.000 30.008 Rural 20.959 5.108 1230 1471 1.214 0.244 10.743 31.174 Total 20.238 4.581 1569 1669 1.296 0.226 11.076 29.399
Under-five mortality (0-4 years)
Urban 71.777 12.816 321 188 0.932 0.179 46.146 97.408 Rural 86.792 8.643 1235 1477 0.974 0.100 69.506 104.079 Total 85.004 7.805 1556 1665 1.040 0.092 69.395 100.613
Women with any anaemia (women age 15-49 years)
Urban 0.659 0.020 1116 653 1.407 0.030 0.620 0.699 Rural 0.702 0.017 2485 2972 1.891 0.025 0.668 0.737 Total 0.695 0.015 3601 3625 1.924 0.021 0.665 0.724
Men with any anaemia (men age 15-49 years)
Urban 0.319 0.029 395 248 1.252 0.092 0.260 0.378 Rural 0.417 0.024 767 928 1.364 0.058 0.369 0.466 Total 0.396 0.020 1162 1176 1.416 0.051 0.356 0.437
Children with any anaemia (children age 6-59 months)
Urban 0.605 0.041 233 136 1.230 0.067 0.524 0.687 Rural 0.708 0.021 896 1093 1.364 0.030 0.666 0.749 Total 0.696 0.019 1129 1229 1.448 0.028 0.658 0.735
na =Not applicable nc =Not calculated because the denominator is zero