national expo on assemblage of innovative ideas / work of post graduate agricultural research...

7/21/2019 National Expo on Assemblage of Innovative Ideas / Work of Post Graduate Agricultural Research Scholars

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Editors

K. VelayudhamC.Cinnasamy

S.MohanG.Jothi

C.S.SumathiG.Srinivasan

N.Senthil

Jointly organized byDean (SPGS), TNAU, Coimbatore

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Maduraiand

Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust, Mumbai

TATA TRUST

National Expoon

Assemblage of Innovative Ideas / Work of Post Graduate Agricultural Research Scholars

Proceedings

March 27, 2015



INDEX

AIIPGS Number Name Title

01 Agribusiness Management

AIIPGS 001 Susan Poonguzhali R Organic Wax Coating for Paper Cups

AIIPGS 002 Sachu Zachariah John Case Study On Agripreneurship Initiatives

AIIPGS 003 Keerthivasan A Seed Bomb Coffee Cups

02 Agricultural Processing

AIIPGS 004 Sivasankari R Probiotic enriched fruit based shrikhand

AIIPGS 005 Premalatha R “Food that think”

AIIPGS 006 Thilagavathi T Modi ed low glycemic functional our blended noodles

AIIPGS 007 Thilagavathi T High pressure processing technology for food preservation

AIIPGS 008 Vidhyasri MS Microbial beta carotene for value addition in rice

AIIPGS 009 Jixy Josheela N Vitamin a enriched carrot chocolate bars

AIIPGS 010 Mariammal A Formulation of functional food using grape pomace of fruit processing industry

AIIPGS 011 Priya MG Microbial avours makes favour to environment

AIIPGS 012 Priya R Increasing lovastatin in oyster mushroom through fermentation

AIIPGS 013 Revathi D Formulation of amylase enriched food by spray drying from nutri-cereals

AIIPGS 014 Vibitha Bala B Imagine eating food along with packed wrapper

AIIPGS 015 Jaspal Singh Design and development of chironji (bhuchnania lanzan) decorticator



03 Agricultural Extension

AIIPGS 016 Viknesh S Revitalizing Indian agriculture - 2030

AIIPGS 017 Ananda SV Fm -radio protecting agricultural crops from wild animals

AIIPGS 018 Kavinila M Automatic agriculture information teller

AIIPGS 019 Bhuvaneswari M Information voice transmitter (IVT)

AIIPGS 020 Shindhu D Instant information centre (IIC)

AIIPGS 021 Simi Asharaf Home medicinal garden on terrace: an innovative effort towards health and

wellbeing AIIPGS 022 Sathyapriya E Online trading of agricultural produces

AIIPGS 023 Naveenkumar MR Farmer friendly expert system

AIIPGS 024 Masanaselvam T Mobile agro extension system

AIIPGS 025 Mounikaangel G Minor millets farmer producer company limited

AIIPGS 026 Molu Lalson T Cloud computing model for agriculture development in India

AIIPGS 027 PradeephaConceptual framework for instituitionalized farmers innovation in Krish Vigyan

Kendra

AIIPGS 028 Sangeetha K Agro-family organization

AIIPGS 029 Vasanthi R Youth fresh farm mark

AIIPGS 030 Vinoth Kumar G Social media for transfer of technology(tot)

AIIPGS 031 Sujeetha TNModel e-villages in the Nilgiris district: an ICT tool for development of tribal

women



04 Crop Management

AIIPGS 032 Shunmugavadivel TIn uence of seed treatments and period of storage on germination of bioprimed

tomato seeds

AIIPGS 033 Dileep Kumar GNanomaterial based growth enhancer for seed germination, development and

quality

AIIPGS 034 Govindan RTillage and weed control methods on crop yield and weed growth under rice

based conservation agriculture system AIIPGS 035 Gowthami R Botanicals: future bioweapons against drought and high temperature

AIIPGS 036 Manimekalai N Enhancing the water use ef ciency of aerobic rice with soil conditioners

AIIPGS 037 Kokila MBiopriming technique for faster utilization of food researves and vigour

improvement in rice

AIIPGS 038 Prabakaran G Matching nutrient supply and boll load in Bt cotton

AIIPGS 039 Gayathri P Marine sediments- a new approach in organic agriculture

AIIPGS 040 Thendral S Precise estimation of weeds through summed dominance ratio (sdr)

AIIPGS 041 Shobana N Nanobiosensor for biofertilizer packaging

AIIPGS 042 Kannan V Precise estimation of cotton boll weight for better research output

AIIPGS 043 Vimalan B Mobile sensor - a new revolution for plant nutrient management

AIIPGS 044 Bowya T Wireless sensor in organic farming

AIIPGS 045 Santosh Kumar SaiEstablishment of phosphate solubilizing gene pqq synthase into azotobacter

species



05 Crop Production

AIIPGS 046 Nandhakumar MR Innovative idea of Phyllochron effect on rice yield

AIIPGS 047 Sala MVariability Studies for Quality Traits in Rice with High Iron and Zinc Content in

Segregating Population

AIIPGS 048 Divyaeffect of drying beads @ zeaolite for long term storage of paddy

AIIPGS 049 Renganathan VGBreed for organic variety! Then go for organic farming - New concept that

solidi es farmers confusion

AIIPGS 050 Premalatha RPExploration of prosopis in mitigating water stress and berry size improvement

in grapes

AIIPGS 051 Rajeshwari C exploration of organic acids in improving the P use ef ciency

AIIPGS 052 Mohana Keerthi M Combined effect of plant geometry and nutrients on LAI and yield of irrigatedgreengram

AIIPGS 053 Ulaganathan VCombining ability analysis for yield and its component characters in different

special types of maize (Zea mays L.)

AIIPGS 054 Priyanka S Nutrients from Ascophyllum nodosum as foliar spray to enhance yield

AIIPGS 055 Ambika S Seed bombing for enhancing cotton productivity under rainfed condition

AIIPGS 056 Raja Rajeshwaran SA Nutriseed Pack Technology (NPT)

AIIPGS 057 Paranthaman M recent advances in paddybreeding

AIIPGS 058 Ajaykumar R Nutri Cereals - Enhancer of Nutritional Security

AIIPGS 059 Karthika V Biodiversity below soil

AIIPGS 060 Irene Elizabeth John Carbon: nitrogen ratio in ooded rice soils under wet analysis regime

AIIPGS 061 Preetha K An innovative method to control birds damage during seed production

AIIPGS 062 Durga Prasad AVS Recent Innovative Plant Breeding Techniques in Crop Improvement

AIIPGS 063 Vanitha JIn uence of seed morphological traits on oil yield and component traits in

sun ower.

AIIPGS 064 Veni K Marker free transgenic plants strategies

AIIPGS 065 Ambikabathy A Crossing methods in barnyard millet

AIIPGS 066 Iswarya S Effect of sprinkler irrigation on groundnut

AIIPGS 067 Nagarajan D Tilling in development of low phytate soybean [(Glycine max L. (MERR.)]

AIIPGS 068 Revathi Subramanian Wide hybridization

AIIPGS 069 Birendra Tigga Promotion of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) Cultivation in winter season

AIIPGS 070 Nishat Perveen Development of early maturing varieties of Saf ower trough, Zero Rosette



06 Crop Protection

AIIPGS 071 Swedhapriya P Herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV’s) - Jasmonic acid in pest management.

AIIPGS 072 Shanmuga Prema M Acoustic sensors – a new automated monitoring tool for storage pest

AIIPGS 073 Amsagowri V Biosensors for pesticide detection - new trend

AIIPGS 074 Arathikrishna VK Bioluminescent mushrooms- an insight to plant disease management

AIIPGS 075Durgadevi

Dhakshinamoorthy

Dispensable cap design for eld level preparation of bacillus subtilis formulation

for the management of plant disease

AIIPGS 076 Parthiban PFarmer’s Knowledge and Creativity In Eco-Friendly Pest Management:

Lessons In Sustainable Agriculture

AIIPGS 077 Pavviya A Controlling honebee pathogens using RNAi technique

AIIPGS 078 Raghavendra KV Need of ready to use fermented botanical spray in organic farming

AIIPGS 079 Sekar SDelaying insecticide - resistance development by targeting early instar larvae

with alternating IGRs and Safer insecticide

AIIPGS 080 Devi M Erineum development in Jasminum auriculatum BY Aceria jasmini

AIIPGS 081 Deepa Mahendra Save crop with Wolbachia

AIIPGS 082 deepa k Wolbachia-induced reproductive parasitism to control insect pests

AIIPGS 083 Mallaiah B Nano path - a novel way for plant protection.

AIIPGS 084 Devina An Innovative Model for (Free choice) Insect Resistance Screening

AIIPGS 085 Manikandan R A novel bioformulation: Eliminates diseases and encourages farmers for

sustainable agriculture

AIIPGS 086 Mohanraj PMicrobial formulation: A technology helps to silkworm growers by reducing the

disease incidence in mulberry

AIIPGS 087 Jayasimha GT A NOVEL APPROACH OF PHERAMONE NANOGEL FOR SPODAPTERA

LITURA MANAGEMENT

AIIPGS 088Niranjanadevi

JeevanandhamRNAi mediated gene knockdown in sucking and chewing insect pests

AIIPGS 089 Kuralarasan Velumani carbonated drink as pesticide

AIIPGS 090 Anandhi Lavanya S Recent advances in millets

AIIPGS 091 Akash Nirmal Low Cost Light Trap for mass trapping of insects in remote villages

AIIPGS 092Janjal Pandharinath

Harishchandra

Development of DNA Barcodes of Commercially Important Medicinal Plants

Species and Native Rice Genotypes of Chhattisgarh AIIPGS 093 Alagarasan G Quorum quenching..”Biotization for combating plant pathogen virulence”



07 Economic Policies

AIIPGS 094 Divya Bharathi R Agricultural Income Stabilizing Programe

AIIPGS 095 Brindha M Financial Inclusion - Women Empowerment

AIIPGS 096 Saranya R Ruralisation - Positive is nowhere it’s now here

AIIPGS 097 Satishkumar MTrends in jowar cultivation in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka and its

implications on food and fodder security.

AIIPGS 098 Sashikala S Policy Paralysis in Poverty Elimination

08 Energy

AIIPGS 099 Manju E Community Solar Energy for Smart Farming

09 Farm Mechanization

AIIPGS 100 Bala Kumaran AK Compressed Air Sprayer

AIIPGS 101 Jitendra JoshiDesign and Development of Suitable Machine for Application of Granule

Fertilizer Under Dry/Wet Situation for Improving Ef ciency

AIIPGS 102 Dhananivetha M Small Millets - Thresher cum cleaner

AIIPGS 103 Kshitij AdhikariDesign and Development of Mechanically Metered Self Propelled Rhizome

planter for hill agriculture.

AIIPGS 104 Rahmath Abbas Begum M Mechanical Harvesting of Water Hyacinth

AIIPGS 105 Manisha SahuDevelopment and Testing of Inclined Plate Metering Mechanism for Paddy

Seeds

AIIPGS 106 Piyush Pradhan Testing and Re nements of Developed Cage Wheel Suitable for Wet LandCondition



10 Horticulture

AIIPGS 107 Alex Fragrance testing of Jasmine owers using Electronic Nose technology.

AIIPGS 108 Brundha A TERRACE Gardening with Photodegradable Plastics

AIIPGS 109 Rajasekar M Development of grafting gums

AIIPGS 110 Sureshkumar Raising nursery in banana trunk

AIIPGS 111 Vanilarasu K Production of Soilless Table Grapes

AIIPGS 112 Nandhini D Costus speciosus-An Antibacterial and Antifungal plant

AIIPGS 113 Pandiarajan S Monitoring the plant growth and developement by using growing degree days

AIIPGS 114 Satham Hussain M waste water puri cation by Ridge gourd sponge and Moringa seed powder

AIIPGS 115 Pramila SethEffect of Post Harvest Treatments on Ripening and Quality of Mango (Mangifera

indica L.) Fruits Variety-Chhattisgarh Nandiraj

AIIPGS 116 Ramya R Vegetable Therapy

AIIPGS 117 Ruchi Garg Probiotication of Fruit and Vegetable Blended RTS Juice

AIIPGS 118 Sakthinathan B Application of spatial decision support system (SDSS) by GIS to reduce soil

erosion in hilly horticulture plantation

AIIPGS 119 Sampath S Fibre rich Palmyrah tuber products

AIIPGS 120 Suresh Kumar V Corporate farming for pro table horticulture

AIIPGS 121 Barsha TripathyBioforti cation of vegetable crops - a food based approach to alleviation of

malnutrition

AIIPGS 122 Apurwa KesharwaniStudies on recipe standardization of Jamun nectar and ready-to-serve (rts)

beverages

AIIPGS 123 NishachandelEffect of natural and arti cial alternative sweeteners on recipe standardization

of guava nectar and RTS (ready-to-serve) beverages

AIIPGS 124 Kishankumar Evaluation of annona genotypes for recipe standardization of nectar and rts

(ready-to-serve) beverages

AIIPGS 125 Mukesh Kumar SahuHarnessing the potential of carotenoid pigment for natural colour production

from marigold (tagetes erecta l.) Flowers



11 Others AIIPGS 126 Nandhini M Biosensors in detection of human microbes

11 Others (Allelopathy in weed management)

AIIPGS 127 Ramachandran APotential Allelopathic In uence of Azadirachta indica L. on seed germination

and early seedling growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L.

11 Others (Bioremediation)

AIIPGS 128 Mahesh Priya RBiodegradation of textile azo dyes and its bioremediation potential using

bacillus spp.

AIIPGS 129 Kathiravan S Bioremediation of heavy metals by using bacteria

11 Others (Biotechnology)

AIIPGS 130 Kashmiri Jadhav Plant Molecular Periculture

AIIPGS 131 Sivajothi S Plant Vaccines

AIIPGS 132 Manikandan V Genotyping by sequencing

11 Others (Crop Improvement)

AIIPGS 133 Kanimozhi Mathivthana MBreeding for Root Traits to Enhance Nutrient uptake for High Yielding Rice to

Reduce Fertilizer Application

AIIPGS 134 Navaneetha JS Hybrid Til- An Unexploited Area

AIIPGS 135 Kanimozhi SRElite inbred line development with high oil and high oleic acid content in

Sun ower (Helianthus annuus L.)

AIIPGS 136 Anish S Traditional Knowledge in Ethnobotany

AIIPGS 137 Thamodharan G Cyanogen free protein tuber production in cassava

11 Others (Crop Physiology)

AIIPGS 138 Ashutosh Patre A Collaborative Approach to Identify Superior Rice Germplasm(s) for High

Temperature Tolerance and Post Harvest Quality for Summer Season AIIPGS 139 Nutan Singh Identi cation of regeneration potential in Karaya tree (Sterculia urens Roxb.)

for mass propagation in Chhattisgarh



11 Others (Environmental Microbiology) AIIPGS 140 Karthika Velusamy Instant Pathogen Detection in Drinking Water: Easy to use Dipstick

11 Others (Environmental Safety) AIIPGS 141 Sandhiya C Fueling change in mindset towards recyclinh wastes AIIPGS 142 Kanimozhi S Compounds concern in the Air AIIPGS 143 Angala Eeswari K Wonder Capsules

11 Others (Ergonomics)

AIIPGS 144 Tharani RErgonomics- An Eminent Technology In Food Processing Units - The Challenge

Ahead

11 Others (Food Microbiology) AIIPGS 145 Ranjitham A Performance evaluation of fruits as natural carrier for encapsulation of probiotic

bacteria

11 Others (Food Processing) AIIPGS 146 Suriya S Novel edible coating for egg preservation AIIPGS 147 Thirukkumar S Preservation of pomegranate arils in sugar syrup

11 Others (Food Science and Nutrition)

AIIPGS 148 Tharani R Application of Sous Vide Technology for Preservation of Wet Spice Mixes

AIIPGS 149 Keerthana PM Chitosan Application on Canned Fruits as a Preservative

AIIPGS 150 Sivananth CUtilization of Food Processing Industry by - Products for the Development of

Novel Foods

11 Others (Forestry) AIIPGS 151 Abhishekraj Gum exudation in Acacia nilotica: effects of temperature and relative humidity



11 Others (Food Science) AIIPGS 152 Kavipriya R The Mycelium as a Food

11 Others (Genetic Engineering) AIIPGS 153 Kiruthika S Nano- Biotransformation of Sesamin from Sesamum indicum

11 Others (Human Development) AIIPGS 154 Pandiammal S Learning Disabilty among the Primary School Children AIIPGS 155 Sundhar Lingam Considerations for Preventing Violence against Women

11 Others (Human Genetics) AIIPGS 156 Sangeetha Vishnuprabha R Curing HIV

11 Others (Human Health Security) AIIPGS 157 Ragavi G Synthesis of Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) by Mucor spp

11 Others (Nano Science) AIIPGS 158 Sahila T Myconanoparticles: synthesis and their role in phytopathogens management AIIPGS 159 Suganya S Nano-tagging of seeds-a smart way for seed detection AIIPGS 160 Lalitha R conservation of endangered species(spiritual trees)of tamilnadu from extiction

11 Others (Soil and Water management)

AIIPGS 161 Kurinjimalar P Arsenic in food chain and its mitigation

AIIPGS 162 Rajesh PVetiver planting in Dryland hedge rows for facilitate increasing in ltration rate and

erosion control

AIIPGS 163 Jayabharathi J

Investigation of energy balance of an extensive green roof system in Coimbatore

climate

AIIPGS 164 JanapriyaSStudy of projected temperature and precipitation changes using CMIP5 climate

models over Manjalar sub basin of river Vaigai in Tamil Nadu



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BETA CAROTENE FOR VALUE ADDED RICE

INTRODUCTIONRoughly 400 million people worldwide are at risk of vitamin A de ciency, of which

100 - 200 million are children (1). De ciency can lead to progressive blindness and deathand is prevent able with a healthy diet containing signi cant microbe derived betacarotenepigments which are readily converted in the body to vitamin A. Carotenoids are naturallyoccurring pigments synthesized as hydrocarbons (carotene; e.g., lycopene, α-carotene, andβ-carotene) or their oxygenated derivatives (xanthophylls; e.g., lutein, α-cryptoxanthin andβ-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin) by plants and microorganisms.Carotenoids have received considerable attention because of their interesting pigmentproperties and, more importantly, their potential bene cial effects on human health. Inrecent years, the interest in production of natural carotenoids by microbial fermentation hasbeen increased. Carotenogenic microbes such as Dunaliella salina, Xanthophyllomycesdendrorhous, Haematococcus pluvialis, and Blakeslea trispora Microbial production ofcarotenoids is an environmentalfriendlymethod compared to chemical methods for theproduction of carotenoids and able to meet the increasing demand of natural carotenoids.

METHODOLOGYCarotenoid rice processing• Carotenoid Fermented rice is produced traditionally by fermenting washed and cooked

rice with microbial carotenoids, Polygonum grass juice, and alum water (Li et al., 1998).In contrast, the commercially prepared carotenoid fermented rice extract is fermentedduring 9 days with a speci c strain of red yeast called Monascus purpureus Went ata temperature of 25 C, and at a pH range of 5 to 6 (Ma et al., 2000). The rice is thenair-dried, pulverised and encapsulated into gel capsules (Ma et al., 2000; Heber etal., 1999). Therefore, coloured fermented material produced the traditional way haveyielded different amounts active compounds compared with the commercial preparation,due to the fact that the home process does not involve selecting a speci c strain of yeastcompared to the commercial process. As a result, the home-processed red yeast rice

may not exhibit the same hypolipidemic effect as a commercial extract (Havel, 1999;Physicians’Desk Reference, 2003).



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MICROBIAL FLAVOURS TO FAVOUR THE ENVIRONMENT

Flavour is usually the result of the presence, within complex matrices, ofmany volatile and nonvolatile components possessing diverse chemical andphysicochemical properties. Whereas the nonvolatile compounds contributemainly to the taste, the volatile ones in uence both taste and aroma. Theconventional routes of chemical synthesis or isolation from plants are stillviable, but the biotechnological generation of aroma compounds is becomingincreasingly attractive. Duplicating plant secondary metabolism in microbialsystems (``fermentative processes’’) leads to aroma compounds that areclassi ed as naturals.

FLAVOR PRODUCTION PROCESS

Using microbial avors, we can avoid the insect that is attracted by foodafter packaging. This avor also safer to the environment and human being



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Responsibility

Care

Safety

Food

Shelter

Health

Roles

Power

Caring tasks Cultural activities

Learning Work for income

Values

Beliefs

Rights and duties

Motivation

Obligations

Need of ICT for tribalwomen empowerment

Key Dimensionsof Tribal Women

Livelihood

Generation of need based content

Strategic location of the villages

Based on needs and aspirations of the community

Measurement of existing status of tribal farming activities

WORK FLOW

Utilizing human resources, integration of existing networks, trainings

CONCLUSIONIt needs to be realized that information and communication technologies by itself cannot be an answer and eliminate all problems facing women development but it does bringnew information resources and can open new communication channels for the marginalized communities. It offers new approaches for bridging the information gaps throughinteraction and dialogue, building new alliances, inter-personal networks and cross-sectoral links between organizations.

Challenges of using ICT by tribalwomen

Awareness Access issues Access to ICT. Capacity and skills Language barriers Lack of Education and skills. Changing power equations

Strategies to overcome challenges

Creation of intermediaryorganizationsImparting technical skills andeducationCreating e-literacy and capacitybuilding among the communities.Creating virtual networks, remotevolunteersSetting up prototype ICT modelsBuilding partnerships

MODEL E-VILLAGES IN THE NILGIRIS DISTRICT: AN ICT TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBAL WOMENT.N.SUJEETHA, Ph.D SCHOLAR, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTRUAL EXTENSION & RURAL SOCIOLOGY, TNAU, COIMBATORE – 641 003.

INTRODUCTIONInformation and Communication Technologies (ICT) are for everyone. ICT in convergence with other forms of communication have thepotential to reach even the downtrodden tribal women thereby empowering them to participate in all developmental activities.



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TRACKING THE QUALITY OF BIOFERTILIZER PACKAGES USINGNANOSENSORS

Biofertilizer quality checking is the time consuming and laboriousprocess in the advances we can use embedded sensors in sealed biofertilizerpackages that provide visible information and also it is quite easy.

The nanosensor based packaging indicates lower product weight,superior heat and moisture resistance, product traceability/tracking/monitoring,and continuous monitoring of product quality, freshness and wellness of

biofertilizers.

It is a time saving method by avoiding the assessment of biofertilizersquality through scrutiny of pH and microbial cell count frequently by takingsamples from the packages.

This nanosensor could be even engineered through wirelesscommunication about the status of the product to the manufacturer continuously.

It improves packaging through the mechanical properties like exibility,durability, and temperature / moisture stability recycling properties. And alsoit act as barrier against water, gases, taint. Nano sensors used to indicate thequality of biofertilizers.



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Wireless Sensor to detect aerosol pollutants in Organic Cultivation

In organic farming there is a possibility of containing inorganic compounds without our

knowledge that can be detected by using wireless sensors. During cultivation of crops by using

organic materials there is possibility of mixing inorganic compounds from neighborhood or by

other means as aerosols, etc. This will reduce our quality of the product in order to avoid this we

can use wireless sensors in our field to detect the presence of inorganic compounds.

The tiny sensors that can scatter across your field by the dozens and that will track

presence of inorganic compounds, mineral deficiencies, water scarcity, pest and disease

infestation.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) (sometimes called a wireless sensor and actor

network (WSAN) of spatially distributed autonomous sensors pass their data through the

network to a main location.

The WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where

each node is connected to one sensor. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts:

a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a

microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source,

usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting.



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INTRODUCTION:

Genetic manipulation isconsidered the mostpromising way to create moreeffective p l a n t growthpromoting rhizobacteria(PGPR).

Azotobacter is a genus ofusually motile, oval orspherical bacterial that formthick-walled cysts and mayproduce large quantities ofcapsular slime.

Azotobacter species are free-living, nitrogen-fixingbacteria

Azotobacter also synthesizessome biologically activesubstances, includingsome phytohormone suchas auxins, thereby stimulatingplant growth.

Some of Azotobacter species are naturally competent and hadbeen previously reported to betransformed with adsorbed DNA.

Pyrrsoloquinoline quinone (PQQ)synthase, a gene involved inmineral phosphate solubilization(mps).

The metabolic function of thePQQ synthase enzyme is thebiosynthesis of the cofactor PQQ,necessary for the assembly of theglucose dehydrogenase holenzyme(GDH), which acts in the oxidationof glucose to gluconic acid.

HYPOTHESIS:

POSSIBLE OUTCOME:

SANTOSH KUMAR SAIDEPARTMENT OF AGRIL. MICRO BIOLOGY, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,RAIPUR (C.G.)

E STABLISHMENT OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING GENE PQQ S YNTHASE INTO A ZOTOBACTER SPECIES

The enhancement of the mps traitis a relevant step, which wouldallow a higher efficiency ofphosphate utilization by the plant,thus improving the plant growthpromotion effect of bothrhizobacterial strains.Outcome of the study reveal thatit is possible to selectphysiologically efficient strains ofAzotobacter throughrecombinant DNA technologystarting from soil isolates and that

microbial inoculants can be usedas an economic input to increasecrop productivity with lowerfertilizer levels.Fig.01. Gene Transformation

Fig.02 a. preparation of Azotobactorculture

Fig.02 b. plating method

Fig.02 Recombination ofgene

INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,RAIPUR(C.G.)

Reference:

Ahmad F., Ahmad I., Khan M. S. (2005). Turkish Journal ofBiology (29): 29 –34.

Oblisami G., Santhanakrishan P., Pappiah C. M.,Shabnugavelu K. G. "Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) (108): 44 –49.

Jump up ^ Rajaee S., Alikhani H. A., Raiesi F. (2007).Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture andNatural Resources 11 (41): 297.

Page, W., and H. L. Sadoff. 1976. J. Bacteriol. 125:1080-1087.

Lu N, Zilles JL, Nguyen TH. Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology. 2010;76(13):4179-4184.

Glick, B.R., Bashan, Y., 1997. Biotechnol. Adv. 15, 353 –378.



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Variability Studies for Quality Traits in Rice with High Iron and Zinc Content in Segregating Population

Sala.M , C.R.Anandakumar, S.Geetha*Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, AC&RI, Madurai .

Rice is the dominant cereal crop in most Asian countries and is the

staple food for more than half of the world’s population, even a small

increase in its nutritive value would be highly beneficial for human

health.

Recently breeding rice with high nutrient content known as bio-

fortification has evolved as a new strategy to address micronutrient

malnutrition. Bio fortification provides a cost effective and sustainable

solution to combat malnutrition.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Seeds of F 3 generation of four cross combinations generated from

Anbil Dharmalingam, Agricultural College &Research Institute,

Trichy. viz., ADT 37 x IR68144-3B-2-2-3, TRY (R) 2 x Mapillaisamba

were utilized as the experimental material in the present study.

Among the parents viz ., TRY (R) 2 and ADT 37 high yielding

commercial varieties, IR68144-3B-2-2-3 is a iron donor and

Mapillaisamba is a zinc donor which were used in earlier hybridization

programme for introgression of high iron and zinc contributing genes.

Field experiment: The experiment was conducted at Agricultural

College and Research Institute, Madurai. The F 4 generation was raised

during August to November, 2011 and F 5 generation during December

2011 to April 2012 respectively.

The F 4 progenies were raised along with their parents in randomized

block design with two replications. For each family, 75 seedlings per

replication were raised with a spacing of 20 cm between the rows and

15 cm between the plants.

The recommended agronomic practices were followed throughout the

crop growth period. Five single plants per family per replication were

randomly selected and forwarded as single plant progeny row in F 5

generation.

Statistical analysis ; The mean data after computing for each

character subjected to standard method of analysis of variance

phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and

genetic advance as per cent of mean were estimated by the formula as

suggested by Burton (1952) and Johnson et al . (1955). The quality

procedure was followed the method of SES RICE (2004).

The zinc and iron content were determined by using Atomic

absorption spectrophotometer. All the statistical analysis was done by

using GENRES statistical software GEN STAT (2004).

In the present investigation ADT37 x IR68144-3B-2-2-3 showed high

mean value for the characters viz., kernel length, kernel breadth after

cooking, iron content.

TRY (R) 2 x Mapillaisamba had high mean value for the characters

viz., zinc content, breadth wise expansion ratio. The genotypic and

phenotypic coefficient of variability were low in both the crosses for the

most of the traits viz., kernel length, kernel breadth, kernel L/B ratio,

kernel length after cooking, kernel breadth after cooking, linear

elongation ratio and breadth wise expansion ratio (table 1).These finings

were supported by Umadevi et al ., 2010.

Based on mean, GCV & PCV, heritability and genetic advance, it was

understood that the progenies of ADT 37 x IR68144-3B-2-2-3 would be

more useful for improving grain iron content with the desirable quality

traits viz., kernel length, kernel breadth after cooking,. Similarly TRY

(R) 2 x Mapillaisamba segregants could be used for improving the grain

zinc content and breadth wise expansion ratio .

OBJECTIVE

Find out Variability for quality traits in rice with high iron and zinc

content in segregating population using Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometry RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

References

Burton, G.W. 1952. Quantitative inheritance in grasses. In: Proc. 6 th

Inter Grassland Congr., 1: 277- 283.

Johnson, H.W., Robinson, H.F. and Comstock, R.E. 1955. Estimates ofgenetic and environmental variability in soybean . Agron J., 47: 314-318.

BACKGROUND

Umadevi, M., P. Veerabadhiran, S. Manonmani and P. Shanmugasundaram. 2010. Physico-chemical and cooking characteristics of ricegenotypes. Electron. J. Plant Breed., 1 (2): 114-123 .



48

Conclusion

Seeds can be rapidly dried to low moisture contents by

mixing with drying beads and sealing in a suitable airtight

bag or box

Rapid drying did not appears to impair germination->95%

observed after drying for 28 days and stored for 371 days.

Further work is required to determine a protocol for

calculating optimum bead-seed ratio to reliably dry seeds

to target MC.

Evaluationof zeolite seed ‘Drying beads ‘ for drying seeds to low moisture contentprior to long term storage

S.Divya,PG scholar, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

Introduction• Undisputed importance of drying to extend the

longevity of orthodox seeds

Maintain seed viability for many decades

Zeolite seed drying beads•

Aluminium silicate ceramics-type of molecular sievewith very small,uniform pores where water

moliecules can be adsorbed.• More rapid drying-Greater affinity for water at low

humidity-No hysteresis effect

Objective• Examine the potential of the drying beads to dry

rice to the low m.c required for long term gene bankstorage-Monitor the rate of drying-Examine the

effect of storage on seed germination

Methodology to be adopted

Amount of beads to use• Ratio of beads-to-seeds to use:beads with the

capacity for water of 20% of their initial weight• Drying beads are placed over water and weighed

after 24 hrs to determine its initial capacity for

water

Result and Discussion

There was rapid water uptake by the

beads, and a rapid decline in the moisture content of

the seeds-Rate slowed earlier with lower drying

temperature.

Seed drying using different desiccant –to-seed ratio•

Lower seed MC with greater desiccant to seed ratio• Drying beads were more efficient at ratios greater

than 0.75• Seed MC achieved was always higher than expected

if the beads absorbed 17.5% of their weight

Germination after dryoing with beads• Generally high germination after drying using drying

beads for 28 days• Rapid rates of drying do not appear to impair

germinability.



50

EXPLORATION OF PROSOPIS IN MITIGATING WATER STRESS AND BERRY SIZE IMPROVEMENTIN GRAPES

R.P.PREMALATHA,PG scholar, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

IntroductionProsopis juliflora is a

multipurpose leguminous treeand an exotic plant invadedmany parts of Tamil Nadu.Though comprehensive andreliable surveys on the areainfested by P. juliflora are not available, the species hasestablished in parts of gullied or ravinous lands, landsaffected by salinity, degraded pastures, industrialwastelands, sand and degraded forests coveringapproximately 5.55 million hectares in total. The leaves ofthe prosopis have high nitrogen content ranging from 3.1%to 5.6%, potassium (1.2-3.1%) (Pasiecznik et al., 2001)and giberellic acid content of 0.3mM.

Objectives• Use of prosopis leaf extract as foliar spray inmitigating the water stress• Improving the berry size and reducing the clustercompaction in Grapes through prosopis leaf extract

Methodology to be adoptedThe leaves are collected from the trees of prosopis

and it is shade dried. Then the shade dried samples arepowdered and it can be mixed in normal drinking water.And it can be used as foliar spray or dipping solution.

Water stress mitigationNormally for drought stress, the foliar spray of KCl ( 1

%) or methanogens are in practice. The cost of fertilizersand microorganisms are high and itcan’t be affordable byall farmers. So use of prosopis leaf extract may be a viableoption to overcome water stress as the prosopis leaf hasthe potassium content of 1.2 – 3.1%. Potassium reducesthe water stress by reducing leaf osmotic potential andincreasing turgor pressure, increasing relative watercontent, increasing leaf water potential, increasing boundwater content By the foliar spray of prosopis leaf extract,the transpiration may be reduced which in turn helps inmitigating water stress.

Berry size improvement and reduction of clustercompaction in Grapes

Grapes is a commercially important fruit crop of India. Itis a temperate crop which has got adapted to sub-tropicalclimate of peninsular India. Application of growth regulatorsalso helps in improving the fruit quality and reducing thecluster compactness. Pre-bloom GA sprays of 10 ppm and 15ppm are given respectively on the 11th to 14th day after budbreak for cluster elongation. Application of 20 ppm ofGibberellic acid (GA) (2g./100 l. water) at full bloom followedby dipping of bunches in 75 ppm of GA solution at fruit setstage increases the bunch and berry size of seedless

varieties.

Therefore 1.0, 1.5, 1.9, 7.2 g of powderedprosopis leaf can be mixed with 10 litresof water to get 10, 15, 20 and 75 ppmGA3 respectively.

Cost effectiveness- Rs.700- 750 /acre.

Expected outcomeProsopis leaf extract either as a foliar spray or

dipping solution may be a viable option for replacing theinorganics or cost effective for future organicagriculture. By this study weeds may be effectivelyutilized.

Reference Pasiecznik NM, Felker P, Harris PJC, Harsh LN, Cruz

G, Tewari JC, Cadoret K, Maldonado LJ. The ProsopisJuliflora-Prosopis Pallid Complex: A Monograph. HDRA,Coventry, UK, 2001, 172.

If the powdered leaf sample containsK content of 2%, 500g of the powderedleaf samples are needed for foliar sprayand dissolved in 100 litres of water.Foliar spray - 6.0kg KCl/ acre

Cost effectiveness- Rs. 100-125/acre



52



53

C OMBINING ABIL I T Y ANALY S IS F OR Y IE LD AND I T SC OMPONEN T CHAR ACT ERS IN DIFFE RENT SPECIAL T Y PES OF

M AI Z E ( Ze a ma y s L.)

IN TR ODU C T I ON

Maize is referred as "Queen of cereals" as it has got the

highest potential among the cereal crops.

The success of development of a new crop variety depends on

the rate and extent of adoption by the target farmers.

O B JE C T I V E

To estimate general combining ability effects of parents andspecific combining ability effects of hybrids for grain yield and

physiological traits in maize.

M A TE RI AL S AN D ME TH O D S

The experimental material comprised of five Quality Protein

Maize (QPM-6, QPM-12, QPM-13, QPM-14, QPM-18) as lines

and three testers comprising of one baby corn and two sweet

corn type (Co (BC) 1, S.C.B.1457-6, S.C.B.7853-1)

The 15 F 1 hybrids along with their eight parents were

evaluated during 2009-2010

The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block

design with three replications

RE S ULT S A ND D IS C U SS I O N

The magnitude of specific combining ability variances was

much greater than those of general combining ability variances

for all the characters, which indicated that preponderance of

non additive gene action for all the characters studied

Using general combing ability, three parents viz., QPM- 14,

QPM- 18 and S.C.B. 7853-1 were selected as good combiners.

Using specific combining ability, three hybrids viz., QPM-14 x

S.C.B. 7853-1, QPM-18 x S.C.B. 7853-1 and QPM-18 x S.C.B.1457-6

was selected as promising specific combiners

Three hybrids viz., QPM-14 x S.C.B. 7853-1, QPM-12 x Co(BC)1

and QPM-6 x S.C.B.1457-6 among quality protein maize, two

hybrids viz., QPM-18 x Co(BC)1 and QPM-13 x S.C.B. 7853-1 for

special character like sweetness, two hybrids viz., QPM-6 xS.C.B.1457-6 and QPM-12 x Co(BC)1 for drought governing

characters and QPM-13 x Co(BC)1 as baby corn types were

identified.

C O N C LUS I ON

Three crosses namely, QPM-14 x S.C.B. 7853-1, QPM-18 X Co (BC)

1 and QPM-13 x Co(BC)1 which have shown high sca effects for

grain yield and quality parameters involving parents of positive and

significant gca effects can be exploited for the development of

single cross hybrids since non additive gene action for most of the

traits was observed.

R EFE RE N C E

Sharma, S., Narwal, R., Kumar, M.S., Dass, S. 2004. Line x tester

analysis in maize ( Zea mays L.). Forage Res . 30:28-30.

V. Ulaganathan, S.M. Ibrahim, P. Gomathinayagam and A. GurusamyCentre for Plant Breeding & Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Coimbatore-641 003. E-Mail – [email protected]

T a b l e 1 . Ge ne r a l co mb i n i ng ab i l i t y e f f e c t s f o r d i f f e r e n t p hy s i o l og i c a l a nd q u a l i t y t r a i t s

Parents Chlorophyl

l content

Relativewater

content Proline

NitrateReductase

activity Protein Total sugar

Lines QPM-6 -0.35 ** -1.09 ** 2.00 ** 2.19 ** -0.17 ** 0.33 **QPM-12 -0.32 ** 3.18 ** -5.00 ** -1.20 ** -0.16 ** 1.12 **QPM-13 -2.63 ** -2.32 ** -1.89 ** 1.30 ** 0.03 -0.71 **QPM-14 3.87 ** 2.21 ** 1.33 * -1.84 ** 0.13 ** 0.81 **QPM-18 -0.56 ** -1.98 ** 3.56 ** -0.46 0.23 ** -1.55 **SE 0.0045 0.0051 0.4910 0.3667 0.0292 0.0065TestersCo (BC) 1 -2.15 ** 0.61 ** 0.78 -0.81 ** -0.14 ** -1.02 **S.C.B.1457-6 -2.15 ** -0.84 ** -1.89 ** 0.18 0.06 * 0.86 **

S.C.B. 7853-1 4.30 ** 0.23 ** 1.11 ** 0.63 * 0.08 ** 0.16 **SE 0.0035 0.0040 0.3803 0.2840 0.0226 0.0051

T a b l e 2 . S pec i f i c c o m b i n i n g ab i l i t y e f f ect s f o r d i f f e r e nt p hy s io log ic a l a n d q u a l i t y t r a i t s

Hybrids Chlorophyll

content

Relativewater

content Proline

NitrateReductase activity

Protein Totalsugar

QPM-6 X Co (BC) 1 -7.79 ** -3.00 ** 0.33 -0.54 0.26 ** -0.86 **QPM-6 X S.C.B.1457-6 10.23 ** -1.50 ** 1.33 -0.00 0.38 ** 0.38 **QPM-6 X S.C.B. 7853-1 -2.45 ** 4.50 ** -1.67 0.54 -0.64 ** 0.48 **QPM-12 X Co (BC) 1 8.99 ** 0.96 ** -1.33 3.59 0.77 ** 0.13 **QPM-12 X S.C.B.1457-6 -4.91 ** -1.19 ** -3.00 -0.62 -0.31 ** -0.61 **QPM-12 X S.C.B. 7853-1 -4.08 ** 0.22 ** 4.33 ** -2.97 ** -0.46 ** 0.49 **QPM-13 X Co (BC) 1 0.20 ** -1.20 ** 4.56 ** -0.13 -0.08 -0.81 **QPM-13 X S.C.B.1457-6 3.58 ** -0.31 ** 0.22 -1.29 0.13 * 0.09 **QPM-13 X S.C.B. 7853-1 -3.78 ** 1.51 ** -4.78 ** 1.43 * -0.05 0.73 **QPM-14 X Co (BC) 1 -1.92 ** 4.35 ** -3.67 ** 1.34 * -0.86 ** 0.43 **QPM-14 X S.C.B.1457-6 -4.41 ** -1.64 ** 1.33 1.10 -0.32 ** 0.09 **QPM-14 X S.C.B. 7853-1 6.33 ** -2.72 ** 2.33 * -2.44 ** 1.19 ** -0.53 **QPM-18 X Co (BC) 1 0.51 ** -1.13 ** 0.11 -4.26 ** -0.08 1.11 **QPM-18 X S.C.B.1457-6 -4.48 ** 4.64 ** 0.11 0.83 0.12 * 0.05 **QPM-18 X S.C.B. 7853-1 3.97 ** -3.52 ** -0.22 3.44 ** -0.04 -1.16 **SE 0.0077 0.0089 0.8505 0.6351 0.0505 0.0113

C r o s sin g bl ock

M A IZE SEED S F ield e valuat io n

Hi g her y i eld



54

EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS FROM Ascophyllum nodosum AS FOLIAR SPRAY TO ENHANCE YIELD

S.PRIYANKA, PG scholar, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

Introduction

Ascophyllum nodosum (rockweed) is

brown sea weed known to grow abundantly intemperate countries such as Canada, France,

Iceland, Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom.

This seaweed is usually replaced or mixed with other

related species such as Fucus sp. in the most

exposed or iced scoured areas. Nitrozime® Marine

Algae Extract is a plant nutrient supplement derived

exclusively from a natural form of marine algae

known as Ascophyllum Nodosum Seaweed.

Objective

Use of Ascophyllum nodosum extractas foliar spray in enhancing yield .

Methodology to be adopted

The seaweeds are collected and itis shade dried. Then the shade dried samplesare powdered and it can be mixed in normaldrinking water. And it can be used as foliar spray.

Stress toleranceFoliar and soil applications of A.

nodosum extracts have been demonstrated to

increase endogenous antioxidant activity and

subsequent stress tolerance

BenefitsNitrozime® Marine Algae Extract is a

100% organic product and extremely concentrated,

eight times more so than common seaweed fertilizers,

and contains many of the naturally produced nutrients

and biologically active compounds that all plants require

for vigorous, healthy growth. The recorded benefits of

high quality seaweed to plant growth are legendary, andNitrozime® is no exception. Nitrozime® is rich in

organic compounds that are extremely beneficial to

plants.

Expected outcome Ascophyllum nodosum extract either as a

foliar spray or may be a viable option for replacing the

inorganics or cost effective for future organic

agriculture.

Reference Ugarte R. and G. Sharp. 2001. A new

approach to seaweed management in Eastern Canada:

The case of Ascophyllum nodosum. Cah. Biol. Mar. 42:

63-70



55

Cotton - world’s leading natural fibre crop –

“King of Fibres” and “White of Gold” . India -

second largest cotton producer in the world.

Application of polymers along with moisture

attracting materials, nitrogenous fertilizer,

pesticides and insecticides over seed surface

serves as an extra exterior shell to give the

desired seed characteristics viz. , quick water

uptake and enhanced germination that would be

beneficial for better emergence and establishment

S. AMBIKA

Department of Seed Science and Technology, Agricultural College and Research Institute- Madurai- 625 104

E-mail : [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE

SEED BOMBING FOR ENHANCING COTTON PRODUCTIVITY UNDER RAINFED CONDITION

MATERIALS

Withstand drought at initial stage of seedlings

Uniformity in seed germination

Vigorous and healthy seedlings

Protection of seedlings from pest and diseases

at early stages

Maintaining of plant population

Graded Cotton seeds

Biodegradable Polymers

Nitrogenous fertilizersCarbendazim @ 2g /kg or imidacloprid 10g / kg

Trichoderma viride @ 4g/kg of seeds

Psuedomonas flouresecens @ 20g/kg of seeds

SG

Figure 1. SEED BOMBING

METHODS

Seeds are treated with biodegradable polymers

along with moisture attracting materials,

nitrogenous fertilizer, pesticides, insecticides and

biocontrol agents. Seeds are encapsulated in gel.

Seed capsules are placed in seedbomb carrying

vessel.

When the bomb is released, placing the seed

capsules inside the soil.

For the first stage of the plants’ lives, the seed

capsules act as tiny greenhouses, protecting

from the fledgling.

As the plants grow, the seed capsules

get biodegraded.

CONCLUSION

Placing of polymer coated cotton seeds in the soils

through seed bombing will produce the vigourous seedling

by protecting the seedlings from pest and disease at early

stages and helps to maintain the population in the rainfed

areas.

Healthy and vigourous plant (free from pest and disease) under rainfedcondition

How does seed bomb/ capsules grow up?

Capsules protects the plants from outside. When

the plants grow up as much as possible to survive in

the desret. Capsules melts down by moisture from

transpiration of the plants.

Seed capsule in thecarrying vessel

Seed Germination

Seed bombing instrument

Polymer coated cotton seedsCoating machine

Cotton plantCotton seeds

Injection of Seeds to the soil

Young seedlingsDegradation of polymers

Uniformity in seedling growth

Seed capsule



56

NUTRISEED PACK TECHNOLOGY (NPT)

TH. SA. Raja Rajeshwaran, Ph.D., scholar,Dept. of Soil Science & Agrl. Chemistry, TNAU, [email protected]

INTRODUCTION• NPT is a new development in the Dept. of SS & AC,TNAU, Coimbatore.• Funding from: DST – New Delhi & TNSCST – Chennai.• “Demonstration of Yield Enhancement in Maize and Ricethrough Nutriseed Pack Technique and DesigningPrototype Machineries for Industrial Production of

Nutriseed Packs” .

NSP WAS BORN THIS WAY• The efficiency of the surface applied fertilizers are low,

NSP helps in improving the efficiency and yield.• It supports each plant in the root zone in optimumnutrient supply , biological activity, release of pesticide,etc. and consequently enables the fullest utilization of nutrients by plants. There is no wastage of fertilizernutrients.• Integrated action of seed sowing , FYM & fertilizer (topdressing), pesticide application etc. thus reducing theno. of call for laborers.

Yield in Trials/ Demonstration Plots

Location/crop/variety Farmers practice NPT

Hybrid Maize (NK6240) Grain Yield (Kg ha -1)

Eastern Farm, TNAU 6558 7236

Bt Cotton CH 530Eastern Farm, TNAU

Seed cotton (Kg ha -1)

2374 2875

Wetlands, TNAU Rice (ADT 43)

Grain Yield (Kg ha -1)

4930 5820

Desipalayam African Marigold (AVT 2)Flower (Kg ha -1)

22900 45500

Elkhill Farms, OotyCarnation (Cut flower)

Nos. m -2

168 270

ADVANTAGES• All operations at a stroke.• A Tiffin box approach.• Versatility (Soil & Crops).•

Weeds & pest control.• Suitable for drip, fertigation• Employment opportunity.

CONCLUSION NPT has been well tested in research trials and demonstration plots on crops like

maize , rice , cotton , cauliflower , carnation and marigold and found to record more yield and profit over the conventional broadcast method of fertilizer application.



57



58

Nutri cereals – Enhancer of nutritional security

R.Ajaykumar Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultu ral University,

Coimbatore - 641 003 Author’s. E-mail: [email protected]

In general

Millets do not demand syntheticfertilizers

Millets are pest free crops

Grown in a cropping system

Drought tolerant

Grow in infertile soil

Conclusion

Millet production through IFS seems to bethe answer to the problems of foodproduction for the above said issueswith farm available resources withoutany adverse effect on environment andagro-ecosystem.

Introduction

Withstand harsh climatic factors

No proper care after sowing

Mainly broadcasted

Not given with much importance

Store house of nutrition

Problem we are going to face

Water scarcity Increase in global temperature

Malnutrition

Only millets have the capacity to meet this challenge

Since they are already capable of growing under drought conditions, they can withstand higher heatregimes.

Millets grow under non-irrigated conditions in suchlow rainfall regimes as between 200 mm and 500 mm.Thus, they can also face the water stress and grow .

Each of the millets is a storehouse of dozens of nutrients in large quantities. They include major andmicro nutrients needed by the human body. Hence theycan help people withstand malnutrition

By means ofComponent in integrated farming system

Future food



59

Biodiversity below Soil

V.Karthika , III Ph.D scholar, Department of Environmental Sciences ,TNAU, Coimbatore

Email: [email protected]

Fungi

Bacteria

Nematode

Tardigrade

Collembolan

EnchytraeidWormMillipede

Mite

woodlice

Flatworm

Mole

Benefits of SoilOrganisms

Organic material decomposition

Breakdown of toxic compounds

Inorganic transformations

Nitrogen fixation

Plant protection

Soil fertility &Productivity

Nitrogenfixation

Reduce tillage

Minimize compaction

Minimal fallow periods

Minimize the use of pesticides

Improve water drainage

Associationat exterior

of root

Controldiseasecausing

organisms

Fungi

Bacteria

Nematode

Ectomycorrhizal

Improve OMaccumulation

Cryptobiosis

Maintainhumidity

Bioindicators

Ants

Regulatepopulationdynamics

Decomposers

Bioindicators

Aerates soil,allow H 2O & O 2

Centipede

Aeratessoil

IncreaseDecomposition

Rate

Enhance Cmineralization

Favourable FarmingPractices

Earthworm

BelowgroundSoil

Organisms



60

CARBON: NITROGEN RATIO IN FLOODED RICE SOILS UNDER WET ANALYSIS REGIME

1. Introduction

Rice is usually grown undersubmerged environment. In soil test basedrecommendation, nitrogen is applied based onthe organic carbon status, assuming that theC:N ratio stabilizes at 10:1. As perrecommendations, for such soils with highorganic matter under submergence, nitrogenrates are to be reduced since the organiccarbon content is very high. But if the nitrogendoses are reduced, crop is found to besuffering from N deficiency. This is becauseunder anaerobic flooded conditions the rate ofdecomposition of organic matter is slower thanunder oxidized aerobic environment resultingin wider C:N ratio at equilibrium.

2. Materials and Methods

The present investigation was carriedout at Radiotracer laboratory, College ofHorticulture, Kerala Agricultural Universityduring 2012-2014. Major rice growing tracts instate coming under 3 agro-ecological units(AEU’s) were selected namely, K uttanad (AEU4), Pokkali AEU 5), Kole (AEU 6). Soilsamples were collected at 3 stages viz. thefirst before starting rice cultivation and thesecond and third at active tillering (AT) andvisual panicle initiation stages (VPI). Soilsampling was done using core sampler from 0-20 cm depth without disturbing the reduced

condition as far as possible. Samples were

sealed as such and used for wet analysis forestimating nutrient status.

3. Results

Changes in total C: total N (C:N) ratio

AEU Initial AT(Wet) VPI(Wet)Kuttanad 21.53 18.23 17.30Pokkali 9.78 17.20 12.32Kole 12.93 15.54 13.05

4. Discussion

The C: N ratio was found to be lowerin Kuttanad soil when computed on wetanalysis basis in comparison with initial and atactive tillering stage which means that the ratiowas found to steadily and slowly decreasingfrom 21.53 to 17.30 during the period of crop

growth. The C: N ratio in Pokkali on wet basisshowed a sudden increase from 9.78 (initial) to17.20 (active tillering stage) and furtherreduced to 12.32 in visual panicle initiation.Here, the ratio may stabilize in and around 12.In Kole lands the trend was very similar toPokkali soil but the increase was onlymarginal.

5. Conclusion

Under anaerobic flooded conditionsthe rate of decomposition of organic matter isslower than under oxidized aerobicenvironment resulting in wider C:N ratio at

equilibrium. Hence, it becomes mandatory tostudy the chemistry and pattern ofdecomposition of organic matter as well ascarbon nitrogen relations in the soils underanaerobic flooded conditions to know theequilibrium C:N ratio and the time taken forequilibration. This in turn will definitely help tohave a meaningful organic carbon basednitrogen recommendations which ultimatelymodify the present recommendation.



61

Innovative method for control birds in seed productionK.PREETHA, PG SCHOLAR,

AC&RI, MADURAI

INTRODUCTION

Birds sometimes cause

substantial problems for seed

producers, resulting in large portions

of the seed crop being damaged andloss seed yield. This fact sheet

describes the damage to seed,

patterns of damage, and control

methods available to growers using

solar plate is new technology. Heat

produced by solar plate does not

attract the birds

Not all bird species present will

damage seeds and no control

techniques will be effective against

all species. Similarly, different

species may cause damage in

different years depending onenvironmental factors such

availability of alternate food sources

because of drought, frost, etc. So

increase the seed yield and reduce

the damage.

.

Outcome of the study

Constraints faced by the

farmers, during seed production

and mostly in seed set stage.

Normally the farmers used

indigenous method and to

replace this practice by using

solar plate near the seed

production area and reduce the

damage and increase the yield.

Methodology

Establishing an accurate,

fast, and operable method

for control the birds using the

solar plate during seed

production.

Conclusion:

By using this techniques

seed loss by birds can be

prevented and the energy

from the solar plate can also

used for multi purposes.



63

TNHSF 239-68-1-1-1 17B

Seed morphological variation in sunflower

Influence of seed morphological traits on oil yield andcomponent traits in sunflower.

J. Vanitha

Pollen color variation in sunflower

Using gene silencing technology we can silence producing whitecolor pollen and can induce yellow color pollen. Yellow colorpollen and black seeded will improve oil yield and componenttraits in sunflower.



64

CLEAN GENE (SELECTION MARKER-FREE) TECHNOLOGYK.VENI, II Ph.D

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics

AC & RI, MADURAI

Strategies to achieve markersfree plants :Co-transformationSitespecific recombinase mediated

marker deletionTransposons based systemIntr-achromosomal recombinationRemoval of chloroplast marker

genes

Co-transformation

Sitespecific recombinasemediated marker deletion

Transposon based system

INTRODUCTION

The ever-increasing worldpopulation has created two major problems: more mouths to feed andless land to farm. Transformationbiotechnology can also help especiallywhere classical breeding lacks solution(e.g. limited availability of stable and

durable genetic source of resistance).However, plant transformationtechnologies require selectable marker genes to produce transgenic plants butsuch genes are of no value thereafter;in fact, marker genes in transgenicplants are perceived to pose potentialbio-safety problems

BIOSAFTY ISSUE:The effect on natural

ecosystems, gene flow into non-GMcrops, moral concerns and corporatecontrol of the food supply. Horizontaltransfer of antibiotic-resistance genesto animal and human gut bacteria andvertical transfer of herbicide-resistancegenes to weedy relatives are perceivedas major biosafety concerns ingenetically engineered crops

Conclusion:The removal of marker gene and backbonefrom the transgenic plants supports

multiple transformation cycles for transgene pyramiding. At present there isno commercialization of marker-freetransgenic crop as it is still in the stage of proof-of-concept Development for production of marker-free transgenicswould further strengthen the cropimprovement programme. The GM cropsare expected to contribute globally to thefood security.



65

Multiplication of F1 generation through synthetic seed production

AMBIKABATHY.A M.Sc scholar Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics

Agricultural Collage and Research Institute,Madurai-625 104

Introduction:In some species the crossing is verydifficult and seed setting is also verypoor. Where more number of crossingis very difficult and not possible. Inthis method we can do few crossingand the f1 generation can be massmultiplied in in-vitro condition withoutaffecting heterozygous condition ofthe f1 generation.

Methods:Female parent X male parent

F1

Multiplication in in-vitro condition

Establish somatic embryogenesis

Mature somatic embryos

Synchronize and singulate somaticembryos

Mass production of somatic embryos

Standardization of encapsulation

Standardization of artificial endosperm

Mass production of synthetic seeds

Sown in Greenhouse of field for breedingprogram

Reset of methods is as in conventionalbreeding program based on objective

of the program

Advantage:Multiplication can be done inoffseason when the plant is not raisedfor study.The crossing can be done in greenhouse , hence the requirement of F1seeds is very less.The heterozygous condition of F1

seed is maintained in resultingsynthetic seed.we will have large numbersegregating population for selection ,hence get desired genotype is higher.

Conclusion:

Plant propagation using artificial or synthetic seeds developed fromsomatic and not zygotic embryosopens up new vistas in agriculture.

Artificial seeds make a promisingtechnique for propagation of hybridwith problems in seed propagation.Being clonal in nature the techniquecuts short laborious selectionprocedure of the conventionalrecombination breeding and can bringthe advancements of biotechnology tothe doorsteps of the farmer in a cost-effective manner.



66

Sprinkler Irrigation to remove sed iment ceme nt ash on Ground nut in

Ariyalu r Dist rictAgricultu re Col lage and Research Institute , Madura iS.Iswarya M.Sc [Se ed science and Te chnology]

Introduc tionApplication of water to soil in the form of spray, somewhat as rain. It is particularly

useful for sandy soils because they absorb water too fast. Soils that are too shallow, too steep orrolling can be irrigated efficiently with sprinklers. It ensures uniform distribution of water andadaptable to most kinds of soil. Water losses are reduced to a minimum extent. Costly land levelingoperations are not necessary. In sprinkler irrigation, water is conveyed under pressure throughpipes to the area to be irrigated where it is passed out through or sprinklers the system comprises

four main parts i.Power generator ii.Pump iii.Pipeline iv. Sprinkler

Ariyalur region,Presence of cement factory pollution

is more in this area. In ground nut, Leafarea fully cover by the cement ashcedimentation in the plants. It reduceexposure of the leaf to the sun light. Sophotosynthesis rate will be reduced in the

plants. It ultimately leads to reduction ofthe yield.

Using the spri nklerFor application of water on

groundnut using sprinkler leach out thecement ash present in the leaf surface. Itregulate the normal photo synthesis of theplants. The cement ash may contain anytoxic substance to affect the soil fertility.Adding chemical through the sprinkler toneutralizing the toxic effect of thesubstance present in the cement ash. Andalso it contain trace amount of nutrients ithas been used by the plants for their growthand development.

Precipitation of cement ash

Sprinkler irrigation

After irrigation



67

TILLING IN DEVELOPMENT OF LOW PHYTATE SOYBEAN

D. Nagarajan 1 , T. Kalaimagal 2 1. Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, TNAU, Coimbatore.

2. Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Trichy.E-mail for correspondence: [email protected]

Soybean [( Glycine max L. (MERR.)] is considered as a miracle crop due to its extraordinary qualities. It contains 40 to 42

per cent good quality protein and 18 to 22 per cent oil comprising 85 per cent unsaturated fatty acids and is free from cholesterol

along with ample mineral elements. So, it is highly desirable for human diet. It is expected that soybean production will increase

as population and living standards increase in India (James, 2010).

Phytic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound in the form of myoinositol hexakisphosphate .

Accumulates in seed during seed development and maturity and accounts for 60 to 90 per cent of total phosphorous

content present in cereals, legumes, nuts and oil seeds (Lott et al., 2000).

Inhibit the absorption of dietary minerals like Calcium, Copper, Magnesium, Iron and Zinc.

It has a negative effect on nutritional value of protein. This interaction may effect changes in protein structure that can

decrease enzymatic activity, protein solubility and proteolytic digestibility.

Therefore, development of high yielding soybean lines with low phytate content would be of immediate use to all

populations as it is rich in protein and can work against protein malnutrition too.

Paper presented in National Expo on“Assemblage of Innovative Ideas/ Work of Post Graduate Agricultural Research Scholars”

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during March 27, 2015

James, O. 2010. Introduction. In: Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Soybean, p.1-18, K. Bilyeu, M.B. Ratnaparkhe and C.

Kole (eds) Abingdon, UK.

Lott, J. N. A., I. Ockenden, V. Raboy and G. D. Batten. 2000. Phytic acid and phosphorous in crop seeds and fruits a global

estimate. Seed Sci. Res., 10: 11-33.

New low phytate soybean lines with high yield will be developed

The developed lines will further be released as a low phytate soybean variety for general cultivation in Tamil Nadu as well as

in India following the regular procedure for variety release.

Hybridity confirmation

through SSR marker

Screening of lpa lines through SSR

marker and biochemical analysis



68

Wide Hybridization-yield enhancement in rice

S. REVATHIAgricultural college and Research Institute, Madurai

Introduction

• Rice - the world’s most important food crop and a primary food source for abouthalf of the world’s population.

• Hybrid rice technology is one of the promising, sustainable and proventechnologies for enhancing the rice productivity with a yield advantage of 15-20% over inbred varieties.

• Increase in the rice production and productivity for increasing the population isthe main objective of any breeding programme. Since we attain plateau for grainyield, the way to overcome this problem is through interracial crosses where byhigh heterosis can be obtained.

Inter-subspecific hybridization Problem -Hybrid Sterility

Heterosis level

Major break throughDiscovery of Wide Compatible Varieties (WCVs)Ikehashi & Araki (1984)

• WC genes -1986Single locus allelic interaction model• S5i/S5n , S5j/S5n – Fertile

• S5i/S5 j - Semi sterile

Genetic model- Wide compatibility

How to Overcome- Incorporation of WC gene and Major Fertility restoration gene(RF3 and RF4)

Conclusion

This study aims to develop restorers with wide compatibility trait so as to produceprogenies free of sterility problems upon crossing with japonica lines



69

INTRODUCTION Pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L.) is

one of the important pulse, plays avital role in daily diet of sizablevegetarian population of country fortheir protein requirement. In Indianagriculture Pigeonpea is importantcomponent as it belong to leguminousfamily which enrich the soil by addingnitrogen, reduce soil erosion, improve

physic-chemical properties of the soil. In Chhattisgarh, it occupies an area

of 52.85 thousands ha with productionof 23.68 thousand tones with averageproductivity 448 kg ha -1 (Anon.,2012c). In spite of various effortsmade by the scientists, we are unableto increase its productivity likewisewheat and rice. one important reasonof low productivity is infestation ofinsect, pest and disease in kharif season. It to Rabi sowing ofPigeonpea provide an alternative toescape from infestation of insect – pest and disease and also provide anopportunity to increase its area as wellas productivity under rabi season.

Productivity of any crop is govern bygenetic makeup of the plants and itsinteraction with environment as well asmanagerial factor. Considering theabove fact, the present experimentwas planned with the newly releasedphoto insensitive Pigeonpea varietiesand develop appropriate productiontechnology.

METHODOLOGY

A f ield experiment was carried outduring the winter season of 2013-14at the Instructional Cum Research

Farm, I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G.).Experiment was laid out in factorialrandomized block design with threereplications. The treatment consistedof six genotypes viz. – Asha, Rajeevlochan, Laxmi, RPS-2008-4, RPS-2007-10 and RPS- 2007-106 asfactor one and two plantinggeometry viz. 60 cm x 10 cm and 45cm x 10 cm as factor two. The cropwas Grown with stand package ofpractice as recorded .The crop wassown on 23 rd November , 2013 andharvested during 5 th to 10 th May,2014 as per genotype.

BIRENDRA TIGGA, DEEPAK CHANDRAKAR AND G.K. DASDEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,

INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,RAIPUR - 492 012 (C.G.)

PROMOTION OF PIGEONPEA ( Cajanus cajan L.)CULTIVATION IN WINTER SEASON

CONCLUSION On the basis of o ne year, d ata recorded and analyzed the i ndicative conclusions can be dro wn:

There is scope to grow Pigeonpea in mid rabi season also which would not only help toincrease pulse production in the state as well as country but also possible to increasepro ductivity per unit area.

There is urgent need to plan out net work project in the country to find out the suitablelo cations (state wise) where Pigeonpea can be grown in rabi season.

There is urgent need to develop new genotypes suitable for rabi season and their agronomicpractices.

The maturity period of pigeonpea reduced by 50 to 100 days as compared to kharif seasonand also yields increased over kh arif season.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIt is quite clear from the data that genotype

Asha recorded significantly higher gr ain andstalk yield (1281 and 5888 kg ha -1 ,respectively) over genotypes RPS-2008-4 andRPS-2007-106. However, the yield was on atpar with the other three genotype tested i.e.Rajeevlochan (1268 and 5784 kg ha -1), RPS-2007-106 (1226 and 5597 kg ha -1) and Laxmi(1220 and 5579 kg ha -1 ). The factor mainlyresponsible for seed yield and stalk yieldvariation among genotypes might be due tovariation in yield components viz. , number ofpods per plant, number of seeds per pod,seed yield per plant and 100 –seed weight.Planting geometry of 45 cm x 10 cm (plantpopulation of 222222.22 plants ha -1 ) recordedsignificantly higher seed and stalk yield (1235and 6173 kg ha -1 , respectively) over plantinggeometry of 60 cm x 10 cm (plant populationof 166666.66 plants ha -1). Might be due tohigher plant population per unit area eventhough the yield attributes are significantlylower when compared to the yield attributesrecorded under wider row spacing. Genotype

Asha gave maximum net return (Rs. 35228ha -1) and Benefit : Cost ratio (2.27) over restof the genotypes. While planting o f Pigeonpeaof 45 cm x 10 cm gave maximum net return(Rs.33603 ha -1) and B:C (2.13) over widerspacing of 60 cm x 10 cm. It was also noticedthat maturity period reduced by 25 day in Rabi sowinig.

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

G r a

i n y

i e l d

genotypesplanting geometry

B:C Ratio

Net return (Rs./ha)

Gross return (Rs./ha)

Stalk y ield (Kg/ha)

Grain yield (Kg/ha)



70



71

Introduction

Jasmonic acid (JA) is an endogenous plant growthregulator widely distributed in higher plants. In response toinjury, a plant may produce JA, which induces the

expression of defensive compounds such as insectproteinase inhibitors.JA may also be systemically distributed throughout the

plant and create volatile gases, which in turn may induceneighboring plants to increase their defense allocations aswell as attract parasitic wasps to attack the infestingherbivores.

The synthesis of jasmonic acid takes place via theoctadecanoid pathway. The precursor of jasmonic acid islinolenic acid. Linolenic acid is converted tohydroperoxylenolenic acid by lipoxygenase.

After reactions catalyzed by allene oxide synthase (AOS)and allene oxide cyclase, phytodienoic acid is formed andthrough oxidation, jasmonic acid is formed .

This chemical may have a role in pest control. Jasmonicacid is able to mediate the plants response to herbivoresboth directly and indirectly.

The following sequence of events appears to function inthe indirect defense of plants: herbivorous insect bites ->volicitin production -> jasmonate signal initiation ->

jasmonic acid production -> jasmonate- induced geneexpression -> induction of terpenoid biosynthesis -> airtransmission of terpenoids-> attraction of carnivorousinsects -> preying of herbivorous insects by carnivores-> protection of plants against herbivorous insects.

Objective :

To produce the pesticide residue free agriculturalcommodities. Induction of resistance in agricultural crops against

insect pests by environmentally safe chemicals.

Mechanism involved :

Induction of resistance methods- Foliar spray of Jasmonic acid.- Surface application of jasmonic acid.- Seed treatment with jasmonic acid.Expected Result:

Due to the application of jasmonic acid as foliarapplication and surface application on plants induceresistance in plants.

Due to this resistance pest population is reduced inplants.

JA seed treatment stimulates the natural anti-pestdefenses of the plants that germinate from the treatedseeds, without harming plant growth as happenswhen jasmonates are sprayed onto plants that havealready started growing.Conclusion :

In environments with more severe pest problems

or where plants are more susceptible to herbivory,induced resistance may be an important tool for pestcontrol. With the use of chemical elicitors of plantresistance, we may be able to tailor the resistanceprofile of plants to suit the pest pattern of theparticular region and the particular year in which thecrop is being grown.

Herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) – Jasmonic acid in pest managementP. SWEDHAPRIYA., PG Scholar

Agricultural college and Research Institute, Madurai



72

ACOUSTIC SENSORS – A NEW AUTOMATED MONITORING TOOL FOR

STORAGE PESTM. Shanmuga Prema, Student

Dept. of Agrl. Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore-3

Introduction: Monitoring insect

populations is a fundamental part of

managing stored grain. Acoustical sensors

automatically alert us for insect control

and improve pest management by

reducing the chances of an infestation

going undetected. A strong correlationbetween the number of insects and the

number of insect sounds is the key to

using the acoustical detection method. It

provide a means of continuous, automatic

monitoring of insect populations at

reduced cost.

Method Used: The process is simply

the sound or vibrations of adult

insects/immature stages were

recorded by the sensors and the

recorded signals were passed on

through the filters (i.e., to avoid

background noises) and then the

filtered signals pass through an

amplifier and this signal frequencies

were recorded by the computer. The

recorded signals were statistically

analyzed.

Conclusion: Research on the number of grain samples needed to accurately monitor

insect populations has increased our awareness of the need to automate insect

population monitoring information and examines the relevance of development of

acoustical detection methods.

Expected outcome: Early detection,

timely management, reduction in sampling

process and reduction in labour

Three sensor levels1.4m

Digital sound-spectrum

processingcomputer

Early Warning Detector

Thermo-hygrometer

Signal processing: They were processed

through signal parameterisation and theirpatterns were recognised and made into

bursts or train of impulses. These

impulses were compared with the

database acoustic signatures and the pest

present in the stored bin was identified

and alarm was given by the computer.



73

A NEW TRENDS FOR PESTICIDE DETECTION USING BIOSENSORV. Amsagowri, Ph.D scholar

Department of Agricultural EntomologyAgricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

INTRODUCTION: Biosensors isa self contained integrateddevice – capable of providingspecific quantitative analyticalinformation using biorecptor which is in direct spatial contactwith transducer element

•

• HPLC & GC – appropriate

techniques for determination –

but its preserves the pesticidesstability• Pretreatments steps - required• Adding time and costIMPORTANCE:• Measure non-polar molecules• Response time is short• Rapid and continuous control ispossible

BIOSENSORS IN PESTICIDEDETECTION• Enzymes like cholinesterase(AChE, BChE), organohoshorushydrolase (OPH) and urease –

used in design of biosenosrs forPesticide detection• Analytical information based onOPH and choliesterase inihibitionhave been used for detection ofcarbamates and OPDETECTION LIMITS(OP pesticides)

GC (µg/ml) BIOSENSORS(µg/ml)

0.013 0.035

0.05-1.85 0.035-35.1

CONCLUSION:• Use of biosensors will increasethe efficient, safe and reliabledetection and quantification ofpesticides• Research may be progresstowards the new recognitionelements which comply withminimum wear characteristics andabsence of inhibitory substancesthat block analayte detection

DRAWBACKS IN CONVENTIONALMETHODOLOGIES

COMPONENTS:

Bioreceptor

Transducer Convert biochemical signalresulting from the interaction of

analyte with receptor intoelectric one

Immobilized sensitive element( enzymes, DNA, probe, antibody)-recognizing the analyte ( enzyme

subtrate, antigen )



74

BIOLUMINESCENT MUSHROOMS - AN INSIGHT TO PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Arathikrishna V K

Department of Plant Pathology

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur - 680 656

INTRODUCTIONThe emission of light by living organisms has

attracted the attention of mankind since the time of Aristotle(384 –322 B.C.) and Pliny (23 –79 A.D.). Bioluminescencecan be defined as the emission of visible and cold light byliving organisms. There is a plethora of species described asbioluminescent (e.g. bacteria, fungi, dinoflagellates, marineand terrestrial animals). There are 83 species of luminescentfungi reported since 2012.

BIOLUMINESCENT MUSHROOMS All bioluminescent fungi described to date, with theexception of some phytopathogens (e.g. Armillaria melleaand Mycena citricolor ), are saprotrophic. They can be foundin tropical and temperate areas. They belong to four distinctevolutionary lineages in the order Agaricales : 52 fromMycenoid , 5 from Armillaria , 12 from Omphalotus and 2from Lucentipes.

PROPERTIESBioluminescent mushrooms are rich with bioactive

compounds

The luminescent bioactive compounds from A. melleaand O. olearius have anti bacterial activity

BIOLUMINESCENT MUSHROOMS -DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Wide exploitation of available luminescent mushroomsand in vitro evaluation against plant pathogens

Selection of the most effective luminescent species.Further utilization and commercialization

CONCLUSION“Without leaves, without buds, without flowers yet theyform fruit; as a tonic, as a medicine, the entire creation is

precious” . These mysterious liv ing l ights pave a way for yet another lightening era in disease management.

Omphalotus illudens

Mycena lucentipes



75

DISPENSABLE CAP DESIGN FOR FIELD LEVEL PREPARATION OF

BACILLUS SUBTILIS FORMULATION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTDISEASE D. DURGADEVI*, S. HARISH, D. ALICE AND T. RAGUCHANDER

Ph.D., Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology,Center for Plant Protection Studies,

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Email : [email protected]

The liquid and talc formulation of biopesticides can be produced in large quantity but difficult

to store under normal room condition besides having short shelf life

In this context, improved formulations and delivery systems are important for implementation

and commercialization of effective biological control

In this study, a novel approach have been undertaken to produce bioformulation with longer

shelf life and also easy delivery system

INTRODUCTION

DETAILS OF INVENTION

In the present investigation, a cap has been designed along with the container which possess

the endospore of Bacillus subtilis in the cap. The primary container contains media in the

bottle.

The endospore formulation is a water-soluble powder containing spores of Bacillus ,

sweeteners, anticaking agent, emulsifying agent, acidity regulator, stabilizer and preservative in

the form of powder.On pressing the cap, the powder is dispensed into the primary container which easily dissolves

in the nutrient broth present in the primary container

The multiplication of B. subtilis is occurs in the primary container at the field level so that it can

be sprayed as aqueous solution after 24hours

Cap containingformulation

Primary container

ADVANTAGES

Farmer is sure that the biopesticide in his hand

is 100 per cent viable during application in the

field.

It occupies less space and more shelf life.

The finished products are therefore price

competitive, since the ingredients of the

formulation are cheap and easy to obtain

Application of dispensable cap

mechanism in biopesticides is still

limited. This technology will help to

overcome factors, such as expensive

production methods, poor storage

stability, susceptibility to

environmental conditions and efficacy

problems

CONCLUSION



76

FARMER’S KNOWLEDGE AND CREATIVITY IN ECO -FRIENDLY PEST MANAGEMENT:LESSONS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

P. ParthibanDepartment of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute,Madurai – 625 104, Tamil Nadu, India.

E-mail: [email protected]

Informal knowledge of farmers is considered to be important for many difference practicesrequired in sustaining both crops and eco-systems, especially when no solutions are known fromscientific knowledge. Farmers practice trail and error to formulate crop managementtechnologies specific to location. In this innovative ideas, we will be document the indigenouspractices used by Brinjal farmers of Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 10000 brinjal growing farmerswill be randomly selected from different hot spot villages of the Tamil Nadu. Data will be collectedusing personal interviewing. The farmers in the study developed notable innovations to control

brinjal pests mainly brinjal shoot and fruit borer. The farmers will be implementing innovativepractices because: they help reduce crop losses, they are compatible with the farming systems,they are easy to handle, and the products used are locally available, eco-friendly, cost effectiveand compatible with the socio-cultural situations of farmers.

INTRODUCTION I

Brinjal or egg plant, Solanum

melongena Linnaeus, is a native of India. It

assumes special significance among

vegetables as three crops can be grown in

a year and is particularly available in allthe seasons. Brinjal is known as poor

man’s crop in India and occupies an

important position in every day diet due to

its high nutritive value. In Tamil Nadu, it is

grown in an area of 10,418 ha with an

annual production of 81,820 tonnes

(Anonymous, 2014).

Brinjal is attacked by more than 70

insect pests (Subbaratnam and Butani,

2011) of which the major importance are

the shoot and fruit borer, stem borer, leaf

hopper, aphid, Leaf roller, leaf beetle,

whitefly and lace wing bugs (Vevai, 2013).

The advantage of farmers

knowledge is that it is driven by local

needs and is based on a set of appropriate

socio-cultural norms. Farmers

continuously refine their traditional

knowledge, inherited from their ancestors,

through local experimentation, careful

observation and knowledge sharing and

this imparts an integrative and dynamiccharacter to their knowledge.

METHODOLOGY

The study will be undertaken using a

combination of field research methods:

personal interviews, focus group

discussions and participant observation

with small and marginal farmers in Tamil

Nadu, India.

CONCLUSION

Besides cost effective

management of insect-pests, these

indigenous adaptive practices enable the

farmers to develop knowledge networks

among grassroots innovations and

practices towards more sustainable life

ways.



77

MANAGEMENT OF HONEYBEE PATHOGENS USING RNAiA.PAVVIYA, Ph.D Scholar

Department of Agricultural EntomologyAgricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai.

INTRODUCTION:• Gene silencing - epigenetic processesof gene regulation.• Post-transcriptional gene silencing(PTGS) - result of mRNA of a particular gene being destroyed or blocked.•

Destruction of the mRNA preventstranslation to form an active geneproduct (protein).• Common mechanism of PTGS - RNAi

MECHANISM:RNAi pathway in the cell is initiatedby an RNase III enzyme called Dicer,which processes dsRNAs into short(21-25 nucleotide) small interferingRNAs (siRNAs).siRNAs incorporated into a proteincomplex - RNA induced silencingcomplex (RISC).RISC which contains Argonauteprotein s guided to a specific mRNAthat is complementary to one of thestrands of the siRNA causing itsdegradation.

RNAi IN HONEYBEES:Honey bees possess the corecomponents of the RNAi pathway Asa result, RNAi looks quite promisingas a tool for combating honey beepathogens and parasites.

PROBLEMS:• Ectoparasitic mite, Varroadestructor - feeds on the blood ofhoney bees• Microsporidian parasite Nosemaceranae - high morbidity andmortality of honey bees• Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV)and Colony collapse disorder

FOCUS SHOULD BE ON:• Developing novel RNAi-basedmanagement strategies byidentifying gene targets andsynthesizing dsRNA homologous.• Need to establish the frequencyand dose of RNAi applicationsrequired to sustain protection of colonies

CONCLUSION:Feasibility of using siRNA to blockor impair the translation of parasites and pathogen proteins toreduce their replication, andreinforces the therapeutic potentialof RNAi for treatment of honey beediseases.



78



79

Weak 1 Weak 2 Weak 3 Weak 4 Weak 5

Egg …. Instar -1 .... Instar – 2…. Instar - 3…. Instar - 4 …. Instar- 5…

Spraying IGR Safer insecticide

Egg…. Instar -1.... Instar – 2…. Instar - 3…. Instar - 4 …. Instar 5

Egg…. Instar -1.... Instar – 2…. Instar - 3…. Instar - 4 …. Instar 5

Egg…. Instar -1.... Instar – 2…. Instar - 3…. Instar - 4 ….

Egg…. Instar -1.... Instar – 2…. Instar - 3…. Instar - 4 ….

DELAYING INSECTICIDE – RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT BY TARGETING EARLYINSTAR LARVAE WITH ALTERNATING IGRs AND SAFER INSECTICIDE

SEKAR SPG SCHOLAR

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGYAGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, TNAU, MADURAI – 625 104

To manage population having mixed/overlapping instars, high doses of insecticides are used.

Continuous use of insecticide with high doses leads to development of resistance in insect and

residues in commodities.

Problem

Innovation

Spraying IGR to early instar will delay/ interfere with growth and development of next instars.

Successive population of early instar larvae and IGR treated larvae will be more or less in same stage

which is susceptible to low dose insecticide.

Spraying of safe and new molecules at this time will effectively control the pest population.

Outcome

Safe and New molecules are used in low dose and are having different mode of action thereby delays thedevelopment of resistance in insect and also reduces the residue level in produces.

Affected Instars by IGR +safer insecticide

Affected Instars by saferinsecticide



80

.

ERINEUM DEVELOPMENT IN Jasminum auriculatum By Aceria jasmini.

* DEVI, M and G. ASOKAN. *[email protected]

Eriophyoid mites are tiny worm-likestructure, microscopic in nature and hostspecific.

These mites are detectable only whentheir feeding causes abnormalities on planttissues such as erineum, galls, leaf curling,blisters, rusts, deformed buds, felty massesof plant hairs (erinea) on leaf surfaces.

Unique character of eriophyid mite isonly two pairs of legs is present.

Mainly spread through wind.

Thirty days old plants of Jasminum auriculatumplanted in polybags were selected.

The older leaves were clipped off and swabbed

by cotton to remove adhered living organisms. Theplants were allowed to sprout.

Five pairs of adults, Aceria jasmini were releasedwith the help of camel hair brush when the plantshad 4 freshly sprouted leaves.

Observations were carried out by keeping themite inoculated plants under the microscope(HPx2301 Leica) at 100x magnification.

Mite population were present in numerousindividuals (90-93/0.21cm length of erineal patch)

In general after 15 days of infestation, the shape

and colour of the enineum was in irregular and whiterespectively and this colour was turned to brown at21 days of infestation

The number of erineal trichomes that wasobserved in 15 days of interval was 573/0.21 cmlength of patch

The developmental period of erineum was 7-28days

A range of 4-11 erineal patches were present in a2-5 cm length of leaf area.

The full bloom stage of erineum is most importantstage where all mites reside inside the erineumpatch without wandering and suitable for undertaking control measures. It will be developed15 days after the infestation of mite.

Healthy leaf Necrotic stage (8days)

Initial stage (12 D) Full bloom stage (15D)

Browning stage (21D) Destroying stage (28D)

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY

CONCLUSION



81

TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

SAVE CROP WITH WOLBACHIADEEPA.M

Agriculture College & Research Institute, Madurai- 625 104

How can we exploit Wolbachia for insect control?

Wolbachia can be used as a tool for Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT). IIT defined as the use of

mechanism of Wolbachia induced cytoplasmic incompatability.

Embryonic transmission of Wolbachia genes of Rhagoletis cerasi such as wCer4 and wCer2 to

Ceratitis capitata causes 100% CI in transinfected line of Ceratitis capitata.

Crosses of Wolbachia infected male with uninfected female and crosses of different strains of

Wolbachia infected male and female causes 100% CI in transinfected line.

Stable introduction of the w Mel strain of Drosophila melanogaster into Aedes albopictus abolished

the transmission capacity of dengue virus-challenged mosquitoes. Immune up-regulation was

observed in the transinfected line.

Transfer of Wolpop from Drosophila melanogaster to Ades aegypti halved adult life span most

likely due to overproliferation of the symbiont in the neuronal tissue.

Wolbachia useful as a driving systems to adopt population replacement strategy. Through these

population replacement strategy, we can replace Wolbachia infected line which cant transmit viral

inoculum to healthy host.

During 2009, in Australia successfully eradicated dengue by using Wolbachia infected lines of A.

aegyptii under isolated condition.

CONCLUSION: By using Wolbachia, we can try to vectors which is transmitting plant viruses such

aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies.

During epidemic of some medical diseases such as malaria, dengue, the exploitation

Of Wolbachi a gives better result than the insecticide application.

We can try to use this Wolbachia in Paratrangenesis concept of insect control also.

Wolbachia can be also useful transfer the sexual reproduction of biocontrol agent to

asexual reproduction where males are constaint to produce.

Int roduct ion:Wolbachia is a α -Proteobacteria, obligatory intracellular and maternally inherited symbiont.

Wolbachia are associated with variety of arthropods such as insects, mites, scorpions, spiders, crustaceans,filarial nematodes.It causes number of alterations in reproductive tissues such as Cytoplasmic Incompatability (CI), malekilling, parthogenesis, feminization.

Among all functions, Cytoplasmic Incompatability (CI) is most prominent.



82

WOLBACHIA -INDUCED REPRODUCTIVE PARASITISM TO CONTROL

INSECT PESTSDEEPA.K*Ph.D Scholar , Department of Agricultural Entomology,Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

*E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION A novel type of symbiosis has beenidentified: Wolbachia that manipulate the

host reproduction system (reproductiveparasitism).Wolbachia is mainly localized in thereproductive tissues that inducereproductive alterations includingfeminization, thelytokous parthenogenesis,male-killing and cytoplasmicincompatibility (CI).Feminization- the conversion of geneticmales into females.Parthenogenesis- the production of diploidoffspring in the absence of sexualreproduction.Male-killing- the killing of infected males tothe benefit of infected female siblings.Cytoplasmic incompatibility- the inability ofinfected males to successfully fertilize eggsfrom either uninfected females or fromfemales infected with different Wolbachia

types.

unidirectional (A) and bidirectional (B)cytoplasmic incompatibility.

Conclusion Wolbachia offers the potential for development of novel and environment friendlybiotechnological strategies for the control of insect pests .

Future PerspectiveGenome wide analyses using available Wolbachia genome sequences should help inthe development of a transgenic system that will help define the mechanism(s) ofCytoplasmic incompatability.



83

Green Synthesis of AgNPs ,INTRODUCTIONPests are one of the the major limiting factor in profitable crop

production. Frequent application of pesticides has resulted indevelopment of pest and disease resistance, accumulatingresidues in produce and environmental pollution. So there is aneed for alternative approach as to control pests and pathogens.The most breakthrough area of innovative research of the day isNanotechnology that affecting all walks of life including plantprotection. Nanoparticles are smaller in size with more charge andlarger surface area with higher stability and solubility, so behavedifferently from their bulk sized counterparts. Historically, variousfields such as medicine, environmental science, and foodprocessing have employed the successful and safe use of nanomaterials. However, use in agriculture, especially for plant

protection and production, is an under-explored area in theresearch community. The biological agents such as plants andmicrobes have emerged as cost effective and efficient candidatesfor the synthesis of nanoparticles by green synthesis approaches.They have advantages over conventional chemical methods whichassociated with eco toxicity. This poster presentation is focused onpotential applications of nanomaterials in crop protection for acleaner and greener agriculture with special reference to greensynthesis and testing of silver nanoparticles against F.incarnatumincitant of Crossandra wilt.

Crossandra wilt is one of the major problem in Crossandraproduction and limits the crop cultivation. Severalmethods have been developed for the management of Fusarium wilt of Crossandra , but most of them failed dueto one or the other types of drawbacks. Normally farmersgo for fungicidal application but that not only pollutesagricultural fields but also the pathogen develop resistanceto the chemicals. So recent developments in Nanosciencecan be explored in the synthesis of new silver basedantifungal compounds using leaf extract of Tridax

procumbense a most common weed as reducing agent aswell as stabilizer. The results of particle size analysisthrough particle size analyzer, SEM and TEM showed thatparticles are in the size range of 17-40 nm, well dispersed,spherical with zeta potential of around 50mV. AgNPs wereassessed for their antifungal activity at differentconcentrations and found to limit the mycelial growth atall the concentrations tested (100-800ppm). Completemycelial inhibition was observed at 800 ppm fallowed by98 per cent at 700 ppm. Ultra microscopic observationsrevealed that nanoparticles exerted hyphal abnormalityand hyphal lysis against F.incarnatum . Further EDX studiesconfirmed the presence of lower levels of silver particles inmycelia indicating that AgNPs were penetrated the fungalhyphae and caused hyphal deformities.

The present study regarding green synthesis of silvernanoparticles and their antifungal activity against F.incarnatumconfirms and suggests that the silver nanoparticles as analternative way in future to conventional fungicides. Thesynthesis of nanoparticles with variety of locally availablebiological agents and plant extracts is a novel and economicconcept for bioprospecting and provides a new avenue toexploit wide variety of biological species of country for productdevelopment. Green synthesis practice helps in reducinggeneration of hazardous wastes. So this initial findings indicatesthat nanotechnology can provide the science and technologicalboost for the improvement of agriculture in cost effective, andenvironmental friendly greener way. Let us exploit the Nanopath for future sustainability of agriculture and food security .

In vitro effect of silver nanoparticles on mycelial growth of F. incarnatumSNo

Concentration ofAgNPs (ppm)

Colonydiameter(cm)

Percent inhibition overcontrol

1 100 7.4 17.7

2 200 6.9 21.0

3 400 5.3 41.1

4 500 2.1 76.6

5 600 1.7 81.1

6 700 0.2 97.8

7 800 0 100

CD (P=0.05) 0.14

Tridax plant

Leaf extract

AgNO3 solution

Boiling

stirring

Centrifugation,

Ag Nanoparticls

Characterization

Antifungal activity

TEM, SEM IMAGES Particle size and zeta potential UV-Vis

Nano pat h - a nov el way for plant pr otect ionB.Mallaiah, PhD Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology AC & RI, Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

1.Synthesis of new nanomaterials for control of plant pathogensa) Chitosan, and Biopolymerb) Metallic silver, copper, Zinc nanoparticlesc) Nanofilms and Nanogels.

3.Early and accurate detection of plant pathogens.4.Nano materials as delivery vehicles (smart delivery, controlledand slow release of agrochemicals)

Genesis and rationale of the idea

Applications of nanotechnology in plant protection

Crossandra wilt

Conclusion



84

AN INNOVATIVE MODEL FOR (FREE-CHOICE)INSECT RESISTANCE SCREENING

Devina Seram 1 and Gomathy K 2 1Dept. of Agrl. Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore

2Dept. of Agrl. Processing and Food Engg., TNAU, Coimbatore

Measures antixenosis - insectbehaviour

Compare number of insects landing onor laying eggs on different test varieties

More applicable for large numbers ofvarieties with less seeds

ADVANTAGES

INTRODUCTION

Time saving Easy to handle

Screen largenumber of

samples at asingle time

Equal andadequate

exposure toinsect

infestation

Eliminateobviously

susceptiblevarieties

Avoidunnecessaryseed wastage

CONCLUSION & FUTURE THRUST

Grains evaluation in non-restrictedenvironment - Insects have liberty to

select test sample of their choice

EARLIER MODEL NEW MODEL

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Take observations

Release insects in middle throughwindow – cover top

Place containers with test (seed)samples on respective holes

- Adoptable and reliable method

- Resistance screening – mandatoryin breeding programme

- Exploitation of host plantresistance to insects

- Commercialization possible

- Pave the way for similar models – other insects

NATIONAL EXPO ON “ASSEMBLAGE OF INNOVATIVE IDEAS/ WORK OF POST GRADUATE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SCHOLARS” (27/3/’15)

INNOVATIVE MODEL (2015)INSECTS

Bruchids

Weevils

StorageMoths

CROPS

FEATURES

24 Holes

Height = 3 FeetDiameter =2 Feet

3 Disks = 30 Holes eachTotal = 90 HolesCentre Hole = Insect ReleaseWindow = Keeping

ContainersClosed environment

Acknowledgement : Abdulla, theProprietor and Dean, SPGS, TNAU,Coimbatore

F IRS T

OF I TS

K IN D



85

A novel bioformulation: Eliminates diseases andencourages farmers for sustainable agriculture

New

How it works ?

Recommendation

Seed 10 ml/kg

Soil 500ml/ha

Foliar 5ml/lit

Co m pe t i t i o nPa ra s i t i s mLys i sIn d u c e d s ys t e m i c re s i s t a n c e

What is new ?

Enhanced shelf life during storage Potential candidate to control plant

diseases

Suitable for microbigation, organic andprecision farming

= Liquid based Pseudomonas fluorescens

R. Manikandan and T. RaguchanderDept. of Plant Pathology, TNAU, Cbe-3, Mail. [email protected]

Whom it eliminates ?

Right choice to enhance the agricultural productivity

Rice sheath blight, sheath rot and blast diseases

Soil borne diseases of pulses & oilseeds

Damping off and Fusarium wilt diseases ofhorticultural crops



86

Microbial formulation: A technology helps to silkworm growersby reducing the disease incidence in mulberry

P. Mohanraj and C.A. MahalingamDept of Sericulture, TNAU

Bacillus subtilis : A novel candidate againstroot rot disease in mulberry

Supported to higher vegetation in mulberry

No side effect on silkworm

Is there new ? = Yes

Advantages

Less investment

Induce systemic resistance

Organic product

No integration of genetic material

Bacillus subtilis

Produces antimicrobialpeptideGram positive bacteria

Produce endospore underadverse condtions

Novel formulation

Bacillus against Macrophomina



87

A novel method of pheromone nanogels for Spodopt er a lit ur a managementG. T. Jayasimha*, R. Nalini and R. R. Rachana Agricultural College and Research Institue, Madurai

IntroductionSpodoptera litura (Fabricius)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an extremelyserious pest, the larvae of which defoliatemany economically important cropsspreading across over 40 families,including crops like cotton and tomatoes(EPPO, 2008). Nanoparticles can be usedin the preparation of new formulations

like pesticides, insecticides, insectrepellents, pheromones and fertilizers(Barik et al ., 2008). Hence we areexploring the potentiality of a nanogelpreparation from the pheromone,Spodolure using a low molecular massgelator in the management of S. litura.

Gene s is and r at io nale o f t he i deaIn the last few decades several cultural,mechanical and biological methods havebeen developed for the management of S. litura . But most of them failed due to one or the other types of drawbacks. Normallyfarmers go for insecticide application as analternate management option. This not onlypollutes agricultural fields, habitation etc.but also the pests develop resistance to theinsecticides. But hydrogels which used todeliver the pheromones swell and shrink withhumidity and temperature change and hencecannot be used in all seasons and in specificnot in rainy season. One more problem is theunstable nature of pheromones, suchasoxidation, isomerization, volatility etc. andhence the pheromone formulations need amajor refinement specifically in terms of theslow release and protection fromdecomposition under ambient conditions.

Using nanotechnology we can achieve anincreased shelf life of the pheromone whenimmobilized in a nanogel. Such pheromonenanogels exhibit high residual activity,excellent efficacy in field conditions andeven during adverse seasons. But the mostimportant point to be emphasized here isthat they are environment friendly.

Conclusion:

It provides a simple and effectiveroute to a slow delivery of pheromone from a nanogel withoutany use of environmentally harmfuland toxic chemicals. This avoidsany direct contact with the cropand the workers with pheromoneand hence keeps the cropabsolutely clean from the chemicalcontaminations in contrast to thepractice of spraying toxicpesticides. The pheromone nanogelwill be insoluble in water, whichmakes it superior to hydrogels andmicrocapsules. The nanogel doesnot significantly swell and shrink inpresence of water and thus can beused even in rainy season. Theflexibility in using the nanogel inany season at any temperature willbe feasible due to the oxidative,photochemical and thermal stabilityof the same.References

Barik, T.K., Sahu, B. and Swain, V. 2008. Nano-silica from medicine to pest control .J. Parlog. Res . 103(1): 253 – 258



89

INTRODUCTION:

The purpose is to reduce the useof harmful pesticides without reduction incrop productivity and reduce pesticideresiduals in crops. Framer ’s spent nearly10-20% of money on crop protection.

CARBONATED DRINKS CONTAIN:Water - 86%Sugar syrup (8-13 %)Citric acidsPhosphoric acidsCaffeine4-methylimidazole – 4 MEI

Aspartame

MODE OF ACTION:

Farmers have traditionally usedsugary solutions to attract beneficial insectto feed on insect larvae. By this conceptcola ’s are performing the same role

The plants get a direct supply of carbohydrates and sugar which in turnboost the plants ’ immunity and theplantation on the whole ends up yielding abetter crop

During spraying it release lot of carbon-di-oxide which causes suffocation toinsects and causes death of insect

ADVANTAGE:

10 times cheaper than conventional pesticide

No pesticide residual effect in crop

Easily available

Safe to handle

Eco-friendly

No pesticide pollution

CONCLUTION:we can provide

Carbonated drinks to farmers with lowcost alternative for crop protection it will

benefit the farmers. The detail studyhas not been conducted by usingcarbonated drink for crop protection.Some of the component in carbonateddrink are beneficial for plants. If thestudy shows that it can be used, we canget healthy food in low cost.



91

INTRODUCTION:

Today's agriculture isdominated by use of

different chemical for enhancing crop production.

A variety of pesticides areapplied on crops againstinsect pests, from sowingup to harvesting. Most of which directly enter thehuman body through foodwhile others indirectly affectcausing deadly diseases.

Modern concept of cropprotection is based onIntegrated Pest

management (IPM) and useof light trap is an importanttool used in monitoringinsect pests population andhelping to reduce their numbers.

The major limitation in theuse of light trap is theavailability of power supplyat or near the site of operation and its higher cost.

Keeping this problem in

view, efforts have beenmade to design a low costlight trap that can beoperated without electricity,useful for many remotevillages.

The present low cost lighttrap was made by using twolarge size plastic funnel (25cm Diameter), a glasschimney, a stand for fixingglass chimney and waxcandle, wires and nylon netfor collection of insects(Fig.01). For increasing of their light intensity or efficiency, we can also usealuminum foil (13 micron) in1.5-2 cm width by make abaffle plate like structure .

METHODOLOGY:

CONCLUSION

AKASH NIRMALM.Sc. (Ag.) Final Year

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYARAIPUR (C.G.)

Low Cost Light Tr ap f or mass tr appingof ins e c ts in r e mote v illage s

The major significance of these low cost light trap is thatit can be used withoutelectricity or batteryparticularly in rural and remoteareas.

Farmers can easily make andoperate it. Instead of waxcandle farmers can also usedifferent oil based lamps.

However, its efficiency islower then conventionalelectric and battery basedlight traps and it needs lots of modif ications but it may be asubstitute of other light trapswhich are costly.

Fig.01. Low cost Light Trapprepared by candle and

glass chimney



92

Development of DNA Barcodes of Commercially ImportantMedicinal Plants Species and Native Rice Genotypes of Chhattisgarh

Introduction

Methodology

Present Status

Molecular barcoding methods are reliable tools for the identification of

medicinal plants, their substitutes and adulterants at the genus and specieslevel

Because of the increasing demand for herbal remedies, authentication of themedicinal plant material is important; therefore it is vital to provide a sole,extensive database with DNA data for easy identification

Conclusion

DNA barcoding is currently a widely used and effective tool thatenables rapid and accurate identification of plant species. DNAbarcoding technique is a potential tool for generation of uniqueID of each plant species by sequencing of a standard region of DNA, taxonomic classification and establishment of identity of the ind ividu al i n large assemb lage s of g ene ra, sp ecies o r populat ions. DNA barcodes are similar to the UPC (universalproduct code)of a product which is a proven concept in animalkingdom with mitochondrial COI (Cytochrome c Oxidase I) gene.Chhattisgarh is known for its rich forests covering about 44% of the total a rea and abo ut 6 45 p lant species o f med ic in al andaromatic importance( Status of Forest, 1999 FSI). Apart fromthese the diverse rice collection of the state (~ 23000germplasm lines) is available in the state. The information sogenerated will not only be used for registering the plant varietiesbutalso in protecting the IPR of the state.

Janjal Pandharinath HM.Sc. (Ag.) Final Year

Plant Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyCollege of Agriculture

Indira Gandhi Krishi VishwavidyalayaRaipur (C.G.)

Source: Mark et al (2005)

Scope of DNA BarcodingWorks for all stages of Life (Seed, Seedling, Leaves and Flowers)

Unmasks look-alikes

Speeds writing the encyclopedia of life

Reduces ambiguity

Works with fragments

o Fish Barcode of Life Initiative (FISHBOL) created a valuable public resource in theform of an electronic database containing DNA Barcodes for almost 10000 speciesfrom 2005o In case of Medicinal plants only Zingiberaceae

DNA barcode has been reported

o Rice DNA Barcode is not available till date



93

A novel group of bacteria like Bacillus sp., possess thequorum quenching activity to interfere QS and to protect plants from invading

pathogens. Thus the co-cultur ing of tissue culture plants with naturallyoccurring bacterial community may provide an another way of controllingbacterial diseases. By approaching above method the possibility of reducingbacterial infections in plants could be achieved.

Controlling bacterial diseasesFacilitating quorum quenching activity in plants.

1. through soil application- applying microbes in rhizosphere2. Biotization= co-culturing of microbes along with explant ( callus

culture or direct embryogenesis)

.to find presence of microbes in whole new

plant (16s rRNA gene analysis).to find changes in biochemical

pathways(HPLC). any induced responses to stress or disease

Multiplication time is different for bacteria andplant cellsHost compatability

Plant entry/endophytic

colonizationCell wall degrading enzyme,detoxification, physiological

versatility, motility

Host rangeEg.,specific adopttion

InteractionsEg,autistic vs.communicativestratigies to interact with other

endophytes/plant ;specificsignalling:neutral vs.beneficial

plant

Access to nutrientsIndependent vs dependentStrategies/co-metabolism

Rhizosphere colonizationeg.,attachment to

plant,response to rootexudates,competitive

advantage,chemotaxis

Key to the resolution of improving plantsagainst bacterial diseases has been a big dealin creating biotized plants.

Key to the resolutionof improvingplantsagainst bacterial diseaseshasbeenabigdeal in creatingbiotizedplants.Key to the resolutionof improvingplantsagainst bacterial diseaseshasbeenabigdeal in creatingbiotizedplants.Key to the resolutionof improvingplantsagainst bacterial diseaseshasbeenabigdeal in creatingbiotizedplants.Key to the resolutionof improvingplantsagainst bacterial diseaseshasbeenabigdeal in creatingbiotizedplants.

Quorum quenching..” Biotization for combating plantpathogen virulence”

Alagarasan.GMSc.,(Ag.) 1 st year

Plant Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyIndira Gandhi Agricultural University –Raipur, C.G

Introduction

Objectives

Methods

Analysis

Limitations

Conclusion



94

TAMILNADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

DIVYA BHARATHI R. II M.Sc, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE & RESEARCH INSTITUTE MADURAI – 625 104

AG R I C U LT U R A L I NC OM E S TA B I L I Z AT I ON

STATISTICAL DATA ON HARVEST OF DEAT H

0

2

4

68

Introduction

The large number of suicides by farmers in various parts of the country isperhaps the most distressing phenomenon observed in India over the past decades.India has had an enviable tradition of farmer’s movements, with large scale farmers’mobilizations taking place even as late as the 1980s. But today such movements seemto have dried up: large numbers of farmers seem to be taking their lives rather thantaking to the streets. And suicide is a cry of desperation rather than a form of social

protest.

The farmers' suicides, the result of man-made policies, not natural calamities.

Can be modified as follows:

Crop insurance by public private partnership withminimum premium for farmers and increasedinput subsidy

Timely credit with knowledge and reducedinterest in all sorts of banks, separate care forcash crop producer.

Future market with optional contacts

Consumption loans must be encouraged withleast interest

Reasons for suicide

Cash crop farmers , Issues of debt , rising input costs , severe price shocks ,

Price volatility

Agricultural Income stabilizing programs

• Producers must participate in the program withtheir own resources.

• Required to open a AISP account at aparticipating financial institution and deposit anamount based on the level of protection chosen(70 – 100 %).

• The program generates a payment when aproducer’s current year production margin fallsbelow that producer’s reference margin, which isbased on an average of the program’s previousfive-year margins

Present measures over farmer’s suicide

MSP - Kept below market prices Crop insurance- High premium and less share (< 60%)

CONC L USION

As Agricultural Income stabilizing programeliminates the income fluctuations by ensuring fixedincome, they can improve their living status and nomore farmers will sell their land and no more farmerquit their life.

Once in your life you need a doctor, a lawyer apoliceman and a preacher, but every day, t h r e e t i m e s a d a y, y o u n e e d a

FARMER

SAVE FARMER, SAVE AGRICULTURE

Mercedes Benz- loan ata interest of 7 % &

Tractor (4 lakhs)- 12.5 %



95

FINANCIAL INCLUSION FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

TAMILNADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYAGRICULTURAL COLLEGE & RESEARCH INSTITUTE

MADURAI – 625 104

ABOUT FINANCIAL INCLUSION FOR WOMEN

Financial inclusion, delivery of financial

services to the sections of disadvantaged and low income

segments of society at affordable costs. Gender inequality

poses a significant development challenge in India. The global

gender gap index 2014 ranked India at 114 out of 141

countries. Women disproportionately face financial access

barriers that prevent them from participating in the economy

and from improving their lives. Financial inclusion will be onepart of a wider program addressing several factors that limit

women’s opportunities.

Earlier studies revealed that women who received a

modest basic income as cash transfers, were quite capable of

making rational decisions that improved their lives in child

nutrition, schooling attendance and performance and health care,

sanitation and housing. The economic activity increased, new

small scale business sprung up, work and labor increased in the

villages receiving the basic income, Although child labor declined,

the overall increase in work and labor was shown by shift in

casual wage labor to more secondary activities.

WHY CASH TRANSFERS

• To increase women’s opportunities to earn an

income or control assets outside the household.

• To improve their lives in nutrition, education,

health care, sanitation and housing.

• Having access to resources on their own account.

• Access to opportunities and life chances, such as

skills development or job openings.

CONCLUSION

Cash transfers thus would save money in

administrative and other cost, and induces more positive

economic and social outcomes and induce collective action for

community benefits. They work effectively only when they are

accompanied by other enabling services, forward and backward

linkages and inclusion of schemes for improvising skills and

capabilities.

“A NEW MAHILA SCHEME ON THE ANWIL”

CASH TRANSFER SCHEMES FOR WOMEN

EMPOWERMENT

• Mahatma Gandhi rural guarantee act –

incentivizing education of girls

• Ladli Lakshmi yojana - dis -incentivizing

their early marriage.

• Janani suraksha yojana – incentivizes

institutional deliveries.

M.BRINDHAII M.Sc (Agri.economics) AC & RIMADURAI



96



97

Trends in Jowar Cultivation in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka and its

Implications on Food and Fodder Security.SATISHKUMAR.M

University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore.

INTRODUCTIONJowar, the prime dry land crop offers food and fodder security. It is referred as

“camel of desert” for its ability to withstand drought. In Karnataka, jowar productionaccounts for 21 per cent. It was hypothesised that the decline in jowar production(prominent food and fodder source) is a cause of concern from view point of food and

fodder security. Hence, the present study attempts to empirically assess the trend inproduction and the cause for the same and its impact on food and fodder security inNorthern Dry Zone (NDZ) of Karnataka.

Objectives1. To assess the trend in area, production and productivity of jowar crop in Northern

Dry Zone of Karnataka.2. To analyze livestock fodder security.3. To assess the consumer’s preference to jowar product.

Hypotheses1. There is a decreasing trend in area under jowar production.2. There is a positive growth rate of productivity in jowar production.3. The farmers producing jowar are self-sufficient in food and fodder requirement.

METHODOLOGYTo assess the trend in area, production and productivity of jowar crop in Northern

Dry Zone of Karnataka, the secondary data on area, production and productivity of jowar were obtained from Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government ofKarnataka, Bangalore for the time period of 31 years from 1980-81 to 2010 to 11 forthe representative jowar growing region (Bijapur district). The compound growth rateanalysis was employed to assess the t ends in jowar production.

To assess the impact of trend in jowar production on food and fodder security,primary data from 60 jowar consumers and 80 sample farmers of Bijapur district (NDZof Karnataka) have been elicited. The percentage measure was employed to analyzethe fodder security and Garret’s Ranking technique was employed to assess theconsumer preference.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Trend in Jowar production The growth rates were analysed for the period from 1980-81 to 2010-11. The rate

of growth in area under jowar crop found declining at the rate of 3.45 per cent perannum and the coefficient was statistically significant (Table 1). The productivity hasshown a positive and statistically significant trend with the rate of growth of 2.82 percent per annum. The trend in production is either influenced by area or by productivityor both. In the case of jowar, the rate of growth in jowar production has shown anegative trend, though statistically non significant. The negative trend in production ismainly due to declining area, though the productivity is positive but its effect isoverweighed by the negative area effect. Thus, declining production may affect thefood and fodder security in the study area. The decline in the production of staple foodand fodder crop is a cause of concern hence the studies need to be attempted toanalyse the factors responsible for the declining production and policies need totailored in addressing such predicaments. The findings of Basavaraj et al 2005 aptlysupported the findings of the study. The study indicated a negative growth in areaunder jowar between the time periods (1970-71 to 1997-98). They also indicated that

jowar is the predominant source of fodder for livestock.

Table 1: Growth in area, production and productivity of Jowar in Bijapur districtduring the period 1980-81 to 2010-11.

* denotes significant at 5 per cent

Fodder security from jowar To assess the impact of declining trend in jowar production on fodder security,

field survey has been done and requisite information has been elicited. The resultindicated that as high as 95 percent of the sample farmers were self sufficient withrespect to their fodder requirement. This in itself is a prima facie indicator of foddersecurity among sample farmers. Since, in the recent years the area under jowar andhence its production is under decline, it may imminently halter the fodder selfsufficiency of sample farmers. In the study area, there is virtual absence of alternativefodder source for livestock component and hence decline in its production is a severethreat to fodder security. In addition, 33 per cent of the sample farmers were able tosell the excess fodder produced on their farm after meeting their fodder needs.

On an average sample farmer produces 10.24 cartloads of fodder from jowar. Among the sample farmers, 33 per cent have got surplus fodder (9.73 cartloads),which they market at a price of Rs 900 per cartload. The shortfall in fodder isexperienced only by five per cent of sample farmers; they will meet out the shortfallthrough purchase from external source to the tune of 3.25 cartloads. This reiteratesthe magnitude of fodder security in the study area.

Consumer Preference for Selected Attributes of Jowar Product

Table 2: Attributes Preferred by the Respondents in the study area.

CONCLUSION The formulated hypothesis of the study i.e., the declining trend in jowar

production imminently halters food and fodder self sufficiency is accepted. Thedeclining trend in production is observed and it is mainly area led. The results alsoindicated the self sufficiency of sample farmers with respect to food and fodder needs.But the declining production surely impairs the self sufficiency of sample farmers indays to come as jowar has no close substitute in the study area. The prime cause forthe decline in area and hence of production is a cause of concern for policy makersand government. Hence policy makers have to revisit into the scientific pricing of jowarthereby, the decline in area under staple food crop of Northern Dry Zone of Karnatakacan be arrested.

Particulars Bijapur District

Area -3.45*Production -0.73

Productivity 2.82*

Attributes Mean Score Garret’s Rank

Taste 70.17 I

Nutritive value 63.50 II

Availability 50.67 III

Quality 37.00 IV

Price 28.67 V



98

Policy paralysis in poverty elimination

Conclusion

Some of the steps to be followed while policy making

to overcome poverty

1.Giving quality education

2.Water and sanitation

3. Proper public distribution system

4.Employment oppurtunity for all indiudials hoping

MAKE FOR INDIA will provide good employment

oppurtunity for all indiudials)

5.Hubs to check out that policy are implemented and

working out effectively.

Refrences:1. Food security and rural poverty- Dr.J.S. Amarnath

2.Poverty rate in world – World bank report

Causes for poverty in India

Introduction

Poverty is one of the historic issue in India , about

30 crore still live in extereme poverty Though

there are enough oppurtunities and lot of space to

catch up paralysis mainly prevails. Many policy

have been implented in india but still slackness is

the major reason for the elimantion of our poverty

SASHIKALA.SPRAVEEN.P

MOHAN.TM.Sc(Agrl.Econ.)



99

COMMUNITY SOLAR ENERGY FOR SMART FARMING

E.MANJUPG SCHOLAR

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL SOCIOLOGYAGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE

TNAU, MADURAI – 625 104

Introduction

Widespread use of solar energy for domestic,agricultural and agro-industrial activities has beenpracticed almost since the development of civilization.Increasing threat of acute shortage of the commercialsources of energy coupled with serious environmentalpollution problems has accelerated interest in the

scientific exploitation of renewable sources of energy.Energy available from the sun is inexhaustible andenvironment friendly. Therefore, the solar energytechnologies are likely to play an important role in thenear future through a variety of thermal applications anddecentralized power generation and distributions stems.

Scope

The power from the sun intercepted by theearth is approximately 1.8 x lO ll MW. The annualaverage daily solar radiation received over thewhole of India is around 1800 J/cm 2 /day.

Major Challenges

Erratic power supply and huge dieselcosts

Climate Change- a major threat toAgriculture

Model

Barren lands in villages can be used to develop solar power plant. The energy generated can be used forthe agricultural activities and the excess power they generate can be sold to the nearby industries.

Barren lands in village Farmers Community solar plant

Green India Generates Income For Agriculture / allied activities

Government Role Help building the solar power plant in villages

Private RoleMaintenance of the plant and buying the excess power generated.

Benefits

2500 hours a year of quality day-time power free of cost Become a remunerative 'cash crop' for farmers. Cut India's emissions from the farm sector by 6 percent

ConclusionIndia receives 300 sunny days a

year. Instead of subsidising electricityfor agriculture, a policy that ensures apurchase guarantee on solar energyfrom farmers could be a way toresurrect the agrarian sector andreduces the burden on the government.This also reduces the emission ofgreen house gases and helps buildinga green India.



100

A.K.BALA KUMARAN M,Sc II-year (Dept of PBG), AC & RI, Madurai

Introduction

Innovative idea behind this sprayeris that it consists of a compressedair storage tank instead of airpumping unit. The ultimate aim ofthis idea is to reduce the weight ofthe sprayer and workload of theperson spraying. Problem withmanual knapsack sprayer is that itrequires a constant pumping tomaintain the pressure required for aconstant spraying of liquid. Problemwith Hand compression sprayer isthat it is too heavy as it is metalequipment made of copper. Thisdesign is a hybrid model betweenmanual Knapsack sprayer andHand compression sprayer.

Advantages in thisequipment

Less cost

Less weight

Easy handling

Without any use of motors.

Disadvantage in Knapsacksprayer

It requires continuous pumping ofair.

Disadvantage in handcompression sprayer

Heavy weight

Frequent pumping of air into thecylinder.

High cost

DESIGN

Conclusion

This design has a complete advantageover weight because air compression unit isnot attached to it .It is a simple design onlywith two tanks.

Air compression tankSpray solution tank.

Air compression tank is exclusively forstoring compressed air. It has air compressionvalve and air flow control valve. Spray solutiontank also has a air compression valve and airtight liquid filling outlet. At the bottom of thespray solution tank there is the outlet to

discharge unit with a liquid flow controllingKnob. Both the tanks are made of light weightmetal which is air leak proof. The inner wall ofthe spray solution tank is coated with a plasticlayer to avoid corrosion of metal by the Spraysolutions. Using a foot pump air can be filled inboth tanks. When the compression is down inthe spray solution tank by opening the air flowcontrolling valve we can maintain the constantspraying pressure.



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RESEARCHPOSTERPRESENTATIONDESIGN© 2012

www.PosterPresentations.com

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In the wetland situation, where it is not possible tofollow the schedule split application of urea and othernutrients as per the agronomic consideration. Underthis situation where the risk of loses of surfaceapplied N or other nutrients exists, an effectivealternative may be the use fertilizer (NPK) capsule orbriquette for higher yield of rice. Therefore in order toaugment and sustain the productivity of flood region,granular form of fertilizer application deservesspecial attention. According to Crasswell and DeDatta (1980) broadcast application of urea on thesurface soil causes losses up to 50% but pointplacement of urea in 10 cm depth may negligibleloss. It is being observed that deep placement ofgranular fertilizer is a high energy and labor intensiveoperation. To overcome such situation it may beappropriate to find out an easy and efficient methodof fertilizer application. Therefore we need to developsuch a machine which can be alternatively appliedthe capsule or briquettes fertilizer at the time of seedsowing operation. The design of machine shouldhave its easy working features under flood as welldry situation, requires less energy and cost effective

and saving of fertilizers. Deep placement of allessential fertilizers may be more efficient andfarmers can be more benefited from this compared tobroadcast method. The use of NPK briquette, whichis a mixture of urea, triple super phosphate (TSP)and muriate of potash (MOP) may help to reduce theloss of nutrients in flooded ecosystem.

ABSTRACT

When urea is broadcast in flooded rice fields, a largeproportion of the N is wasted – lost through runoff,volatilization (atmospheric evaporation) andnitirification/denitrification. Additional amounts of Nare converted to nitrates, which are mobile in the soiland can contaminate groundwater. Nitrogen can alsopollute nearby waterways if runoff/floodwaterescapes a field’s containment barriers. With Fertilizerdeep placement(FDP), urea is deep-placed into thesoil, where the majority remains in the form ofammonium, which is much less mobile than nitrates.

As a consequence, more N i s a vailable to the cropthroughout its growth cycle. Therefore, losses to theatmosphere, groundwater and waterways aredrastically reduced. Only about 4 percent of the N islost to the environment, compared with about 35percent when N is applied via broadcasting.

INTRODUCTION

FDP consists of 2 key components. The first is afertilizer ‘briquette,’ produced by compactingcommercially available solid fertilizers. A briquetter

produces 1- to 3-gram briquettes that are muchlarger than conventional fertilizer granules. FDPbriquettes are currently produced by more than1,000 entrepreneurs with small- scale briquettingmachines. Village-level briquetter operators sellfertilizer briquettes to farmers and fertilizer stockists.Briquettes can also be produced by commercialfertilizer manufacturing facilities.

The second key component of FDP is the placementof briquettes below the soil surface. When used tofertilize irrigated rice, briquettes are centeredbetween 4 plants at a depth of 7-10 centimeterswithin 7 days after transplanting. Placement is doneeither by hand or with a mechanical applicator. Thusplaced, the briquette releases nitrogen (N) gradually,coinciding with the crop’s requirements during thegrowing season.

CONCLUSION

JITENDR A KUM AR JOS HIPh.D. Fi r s t Yea r

DEP AR TMEN T OF F ARM M AC HINER Y A ND POW ER ENGINEERINGINDIR A G AND HI KRIS HI V ISHWA VID YA LAYAR AIP UR (C.G.)

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE MACHINE FOR APPLICATION OF GRANULEFERTILIZER UNDER DRY/WET SITUATION FOR IMPROVING EFFICIENCY

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Benefits of fertilizerFor Farmers: FDP decreases production costs(because an average of 33 percent less fertilizer isused), increases yield (an average of 15 to18 percent, depending upon the crop and season),increases incomes and improves household foodsecurity.In rice cropping systems, farmers achieve additionalyield increases averaging 800 kilograms (kg)/ha.For Entrepreneurs/Dealers: FDP provides profitablebusiness opportunities and contributes to localeconomic development.For the National Economy: FDP increases ruralemployment and crop production, decreases fertilizeruse (and, therefore, the cost of government fertilizersubsidies where they are used), increases foodsecurity, reduces rice imports and increases the grossdomestic product.For the Environment: FDP reduces Nitrogenvolatilization and emissions of harmful greenhousegases, as well as groundwater and waterwaycontamination. Because FDP doubles Nitrogenutilization, the fuel required to produce urea isdecreased by 50 percent, also reducing greenhousegases.

• Increases yields by 15-18 percent compared withfertilizer broadcasting.

• Reduces urea expenditures by about one-third.• Improves grain quality, which may generate highermarket prices.• Ensures nitrogen availability throughout the growingseason, resulting in fewer applications of fertilizer.• Decreases N losses from volatilization, nitrificationand denitrification (greenhouse gas emissions) andnitrogen contamination of floodwater runoff.• Encourages better water management and linetransplanting. Thus, weeding is easier and less labor-intensive. The cost of hired weeding labor is reducedby 25-35 percent.FDP Additional nutrient incorporation into briquettescould further improve the economic and healthbenefits of fertilizer investments.The Next Steps for capsule fertilizer application is afield-tested technology that increases crop yields,uses less fertilizer and decreases environmentaldamage.

NPK BriquetteNPK Briquette is a mixture of urea, triple super

phosphate (TSP) and muriate of potash (MOP) mayhelp to reduce the loss of nutrients in tidal floodedecosystem. Weight of NPK briquettes is 2.4 g used inaman season which contains 29% N, 6% P and 8%K.

Briquettefertilizer machine

All this operation are done by asingle operation by the use ofseed cum capsule or briquette

fertilizer applicator.

Manuallyoperated

briquette fertilizerapplicator

Briquette fertilizer making machine and equipment for fertilizer application

Different forms of fertilizer

Fertilizer deep placement and Rice Production



102

Food from natural origin plays a significant role in the health

care system of all our human beings. Cereals, millets, pulses,

oilseeds, fruits and vegetables are the major source of food

materials that we consume. Small millets refer to a group of

small seeded cereals like finger millet, proso millet, barnyard

millet, italian millet, kodo millet, little millet etc. They are grown

across Indian subcontinent, from northern Himalayan region tothe extreme southern tip.

Each of the millets has its nutritional and nutraceutical

specialities. Each of the millets is three to five times nutritionally

superior to the widely promoted rice and wheat in terms of

proteins, minerals and vitamins. Each one of the millets has

more fibre than rice and wheat.

Fig 1. Comparsion of nutrient content of small millets with ourregular cereal diet i.e. rice and wheat.

Lack of awareness Non availability of high yielding varieties

Low productivity

Lack of appropriate

High bird problem

Labour shortage

Wastage of Grains

l

Low cost for grains

INTRODUCTION

Threshing and cleaning equipments are available for paddy,

maize. But, millets are conventionally threshed by beating with

stick in hand or by passing tractor over it after drying. Cleaning

by winnowing.

Problems of conventional threshing method

Breaking of grains

Impurities in the threshed grains

Reduced quality

Consume more time

Non- availability of labours

Small and marginal farmers will be benefited

Reduction in loss of grains, labour cost and time

Dr. M. Mohamed Amanullah, Professor (Agronomy)

Mr. P. Muthusamy, Mr. N. Krishnaprabu, Mr. R. Balamurugan

Mr. S. Gangadharan, Miss. R. Gowthami, Miss. D. Revathi

CONCLUSION

REASON FOR LOW PRODUCTION

NATURES NEUTRACEUTICALS

SMALL MILLETS THRESHER CUM CLEANER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CLEANINGUNIT

THRESHINGUNIT

FEED UNIT



103

Design and Development of Mechanically Metered Self Propelled Rhizome planter for hill agriculture

Kshitij AdhikariP G Student (M.Tech-FMP)

Department of farm power and machinery engineering,

central agricultural university, Gangtok, India

BACKGROUND

Total area of ginger cultivation inthe NEH Region is 36% of thenational average and contribute68% of the national production.In traditional method ginger isplanted manually and it hasbecome time and labourconsuming.Due to random planting,mechanized inter-cultivationbecome not possible.Non availability of human andanimal power during seasonaloperation.Rhizome sets (25-50 mm majoraxis), weighing 25-45 g andhaving 2-3 buds are generallyplanted.The row and plant spacings havebeen recommended to be 300-450 and 250 mm respectively.TNAU, Coimbatore hasdeveloped semi automatictractor mounted rhizome planterfor planting of turmeric. Threerows of turmeric may be plantedin single pass. The metering ofseed is done manually.

Motivating problem

Uniform distribution ofseed rhizomeIncreased work rateIncreased command areaTimelinessReduced input lossesReduced drudgeryIncreased productivity andnet returns

“It may be achieved bymechanizing the planting

process.”

Research objective

Design and development of selfpropelled mechanically meteredrhizome planter

Laboratory testing of the developedrhizome planter for planting of ginger

Methodology

Design ConsiderationsAssuming soil resistance (k) = 0.35kg.cm -2

Therefore, the power requirementat linear speed of 1.5 kmph hasbeen worked out to be 0.58 kW.Due to power losses in transmissionand gear box, rated power of 1.68kW petrol engine was used.Functional details

When the clutch is engaged, thetransport wheel get the powerthrough gear box.

The seed belt get power from thetransport wheel with 1:2 speedratio.

The rotating belt with pre-

designed seed spacing cells receivethe seeds from the hopper andcarry seed forward.

The furrow opener open the 50mm deep furrow in front of theseed exit chute in which seeds atpre determined spacing is dropped.

The bed former behind thefurrow opener form trapezoidalbed; top width 540, base width 600and height 100 mm whichaccommodated two rows.

Conclusions

Laboratory test showed thefollowing results;1. Variation in seed rhizome

spacing from the designedspacing was 6%.

2. Forward speed of the machinewas 1.5 kmph suiting thewalking speed of human being.

3. sfc of engine at load and no loadwas 0.40 and 0.34 kg/kWhrespectively.

4. Field Capacity was 0.08 ha.h -1

Machinecomponents

Designdraft (kgf)

Furrow openers 17.5

Bed former 87.5

Total 105



104

Er.M. Rahmath Abbas Begum and Dr. D. Anantha Krishnan Agricultural Machinery Research Centre,

Agricultural Engineering college and Research Institute ,Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore -3.

Laborious processTime consumingDangerous

High capital investmentNeeds skilled Labor High Maintenance cost

• Inhibits Aquatic life• Toxicity• Water pollution

• Incomplete Eradication• Seasonal Adaptability• Time consuming

Motor boat + Picker + Conveyor = Water Hyacinth Harvester Low maintenance costManeuverability for both skilled/unskilled laborsQuick remedy and low capital investmentEco friendlyDoes not harm aquatic life or leaves residuesImproves water quality

Water hyacinth ( Eicchornia crassipes ) has proved to be persistent and expensive aquaticproblematic weed costing millions of dollars to control and unaccounted millions of dollars more todamage towards environment, irrigation systems and crops. Control methods like biological,chemical, manual and mechanical are followed throughout the world. Of these, Mechanical Controlseems to be more efficient.



105

INT ROD UCT ION

:With zero till ferti-drill sowing, the

optimum seed rates for fine grains,basmati cultivars is 15-20 kg/ha andcoarse grains 20-25 kg/ha.

Use of planters having inclined plate

devices or a cupped metering system isvery useful for proper spacing (20 cm)and reducing seed rate.

Much of the variability in seed ratecould be removed by evaluatingplanters under laboratory conditions.

Planter increase the yield by 15 to25% and may increase up to 40%depending upon the crop variety.

Inclined plate seed metering deviceconsists of a metering plate with cellson its periphery to carry seed in its cellat appropriate time from hopper to theseed tube.

The ultimate objective of seedplanting using improved sowingequipment is to achieve precise seeddistribution with in the row.

Development of an experimentalsetup to test the inclined plate meteringunit for direct seeded rice.

To study the lab performance ofinclined plate planter for direct seededrice.

OBJECTVES

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

MANIS HA S AHUM.TEC H. F in a l Ye a r

DEPARTMEN T OF FA RM M ACHINERY ANDPOWER ENGINEERING

INDIR A G ANDHI K RISHI VISHWAV IDYAL AYAR AIPUR (C .G .)

De v e l o pm e n t a nD t e s t i n g o f i nc l i ne D pl at e me t er i ng mech a ni s m f or paDDy se e D s

CONCLUSION

METHODOLOGY

The 3 variety of rice (Oryza Sativa L.)viz. Indira Barani (V1), IGKV R2 (V2)and MTU- 1010 (V3) was procured fromIGKV University, Raipur.Design of experimental setup

Design of seed boxCapacity of seed boxSeed tubesSeed dropping cellSeed dropping funnel

Lab test procedureDrive mechanismMetering System

Diameter of plate, mm = 120No. of cell = 16

Vertically inclined = 50°

1) The seed rate is required10.50 kg/ha. V-1 give nearest value at 50 ° and 4.5-5.0km/hr2) Overall % of skips ranged between 0.00-6.7 %. Average value is 2.2 % for 45 ° inclination at 4.5-5.0 km/hr for V-1.3)Overall seed damage ranged between 0.5-4.2 % with average of 1.1% observedfor V-1 of 50 ° inclination at 2.5-3.0 km/hr.Metering plate at 50 ° inclination give best performance with V-1 and at a speed of4.5-5.0 km/hr.

V-1 V-2 V-3

a b

Fig.(1) a. lab test, b. seed plate

= V1 = V2. = V3 H = Horizontal

50 ° to H 45 ° to H 40 ° to H

S e e d - r a t e ,

k g / h a

% o f

S k i p s , %

% o f

d a m a g e ,

%

Fig.(2) Various performance of seed for 3 varieties with inclination of meteringplate at various forward speed.

Seed-rate is decreased withincreasing speed and inclinationangle.

Skips of seed is decreased withincreasing speed and inclinationangle.

Percent of damage increased withincreasing speed and inclinationangle.

Effect of speed and inclination



106

INTRODUCTION:

Rice is the main cultivated cropin Asia and it is the staple food ofmillions of people. In most of therice growing countries in Asia, itis usually grown under flooded or

wet paddy conditions. The moisture content of paddy

fields is usually very high andoften vehicles must be operatedon saturated or flooded surfaceswhere the trafficability of thesurface layer is very poor.

“Biasi” cultivation constitutes80 percent of the rice area ofChhattisgarh. “Biasi” is a kind ofintercultural operation, followedin the direct seeded paddy field,by ploughing the field by localwooden plough in standing watercondition (10-20 cm depth at 30-45 days after emergence).

Cage wheel is importanttraction device and support thepower tiller by distributing theweight of machine over as greatan area as possible reduce soilcompaction and prevent it frombogging down in wet land ofpaddy crop.

The study was carried out inpuddled field two wheel drivepower tiller of 13 hp rated power,diesel engine of 2400 rpm ratedcrankshaft speed. The fieldperformance evaluation with fivetypes of cage wheel withdifferent angle of 30º, 45º, and60º and diameter of 73cn, 68cmand 78cm were tested todetermine the performance bypower tiller attached with fivetynes of cultivator on wet landcultivation in field size of 24 × 12m 2.

METHODOLOGY:

PIYUSH PRADHANM.TECH.(AGRIL. ENGG.) FARM MACHINERY AND

POWER, (FINAL YEAR)FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING


TESTING AND REFINEMENTS OF DEVELOPED CAGE WHEEL SUITABLEFOR WET LAND CONDITION

During the experiment it wasrevealed that 45º lug angle ofcage wheel highest fieldefficiency of 79% other than 30ºand 60º lug angle were observed76% and 69%.

Minimum fuel consumption wasobserved in C1 cage wheel 8.67lit/ha followed by C2 9.10 lit/ha, C59.79 lit/ha, C3 10.92 lit/ha andmaximum fuel consumption wasC4 13.18 lit/ha.

Less slippage, sticking, andsinkage was observed in C2 cagewheel of 45º lug angle than othercage wheel. Depth of sinkage andsticking of soil were increaseswith increase in diameter of cagewheel 68 cm to 78 cm.

Fig. Testing of developed cage wheel

Fig. Puddling with power tiller attachedC3 cage wheel with cultivator

C2 cage wheel of 45º lug anglewas observed best suited in fieldperformance in wet land such asfield efficiency, puddling index,min. slippage, effective fieldcapacity (ha/hr) which canreplace the bullock drawn biasioperation in Chhattisgarh.

CONCLUSION:

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

o u t p u t

cage wheel

Performance Parameter

field efficency

fuel consumption

Slippage

0

5

10

15

20

25

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 e v a

l u a t i o n p a r a m e t e r

( c m )

cage wheel

Performance Parameter

puddling index

soil sticking

sinkage

depth of ploughing

Salokhe, V.M. and Gee-Clough D, (1988). Cagewheel blocking in wet clay soil. Journal ofAgricultural Engineering Research - J AGRENG RES ; 39(4):277-286Triratanasirichai K; Oida A; Honda M. (1990).The performance of cage wheels for smallpower tillers in agricultural soil. Journal ofTerramechanics, 27(3), 193}205.

References:



108

Terrace gardening with Photo degradable plastics

A degradable plastic in which the degradation results from the action of natural daylight.Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic polymers into which have been incorporated light-

sensitive chemical additives or copolymers for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Photodegradable plastics are designed to become weak and brittle whenexposed to sunlight for prolonged periods. Photosensitisers used include diketones, ferrocene derivatives(aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species. These plastics degrade in a two-stage process,with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds thatcan further degrade from physical stresses such as wave action or scarification on rocks.

Mechanism

Degradation Mechanisms and Properties In photodegradable systems, biodegradation occurs onlyafter an initial photo-degradation stage. Degradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light, and assisted

by the presence of UV sensitisers in the polymer. The polymer is initially converted to low molecularweight material (i.e. waxes), and then converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action.

Developments

Photodegradable products can have a positive impact on plastic litter in both land and marinesituations. The effectiveness is dependent on exposure intensity and will vary with factors such as theseason, geography, dirt or water cover, and shading. A new approach to making photodegradable plasticsinvolves adding catalytic metal salts or chelates to initiate the breakdown process.

Photo degradable plastics - Application in Terrace gardening

Now a days plastic is one of the major problem in our all over the world. Photo degradable plasticis one of the method to control the plastic pollution. In terrace gardening we have to use the photodegradable plastics for applying the nutrient solutions to the plants. And also the plastics was coated withmicrobial polymers. It will increase the action of decomposing of plastic material.



109

The process of inserting a part of one plant into another plant in such a way that union willbe formed and the combination will continueto grow as one plant.

The upper part is scion and the lower part ofthe graft combination is termed as root stock.In this method, the scion has more than twobuds on it.In case of budding single bud is sufficient.Nursery industry face problem with un-availability of skilled persons for grafting andbudding.

At the same time the success percentage arelow, because of the improper insertion andtying up of rootstock and scion leads todesiccation of the cut ends and cause deathof the scion.The number of plants grafted per day also

very low (150-200 plants/ day).To overcome this problem, the study wasundertaken to develop and prepare gums forcallus induction and to get maximum success.

Plant material: Vegetable seedling forgrafting and Rose plants for budding.Plant gums: Water soluble gums like Gum

Arabica, Babul gum, Gum ghatti, Moringa

gum.Hormones: Callus inducing hormones wereapplied at the rate of 10, 15, 50 and 100 ppm.Control groups were grafted with using clips.

Standardization for particle distributionand stability of hormones in different gumformulations,

Effect of different propagative gums ongrowth and development of grafting’s andbuddings,

Effect of propagative gums on rootstock scion compatibility,

Benefit cost ratio of gum formulations.

Adhesion of the rootstock and scion.Proliferation of callus at the graft

interface – callus bridge.Vascular differentiation across the

graft interface.

Higher success percentage.Lower labour requirement.

Another way of utilizing gums.More number of grafts produced per

day.Lesser amount of mother buds is

required (Budding).Reduced input cost.Technology may be patented

Introduction

Objectives

Materials

Events of grafting

Expected outcome

DEVELOPMENT OF GRAFTING GUMS MM. RAJASEKAR, IIII rd Ph.D., (Hort.).

Department of Horticulture, Agricultural college and Research Institute, Madurai-625 104.

Observations

Days taken for Callusing,Bud emergence,Shoot growth,Root growth in root stocks,Particle distribution andStability of hormonesSurface tensionWater solubility.



110

RAISING NURSERY IN BANANA TRUNKSureshkumar. K

II PG. Department of AgronomyAgricultural college and Research Institute

Madurai

Chemicalcomposition (%)

Elementalcomposition (%)

Moisture 9.74 Carbon 36.83

Lignin 15.07 Oxygen 43.62

Cellulose 31.48 Hydrogen 5.19Hemicellulose 14.98 Nitrogen 0.93

Extractives 4.46 Ash 8.65

Table 1: chemical and elemental composition of banana trunk

Methods:Create a buffer of wood to hold the banana stems which will beplaced horizontallyDigging small holes in the stem with the help of a knife, add a little soil,and plant as requiredLet stand for 2-3 days prior to the then newly planted vegetableseeds according to your willIt allows plant growth even during dry periods without irrigationDue to water retaining capacity , banana stems once rotten can be usedas fertilizersIt is important to cut them into pieces before using as a fertilizer so asthey do not act as a hiding place for insects

Introduction:After harvesting banana, the trunk portion is left in field. The effective

utilization of space and resources, we can use the banana trunk for thegrowing media of crops. In the banana stems are compounds

that can fertilize the plants. Banana stems are known to keep for a longperiod of time.



111

PRODUCTION OF SOILLESS TABLE GRAPESK. VANILARASU* AND N. NANDHAKUMAR

DEPARTMENT OF F RUIT C ROPS , HC & RI, TNAU, C OIMBATORE – 641 003*EMAIL ID: ARASUVANI 88@ GMAIL .COM

INTRODUCTION:

• Natural resources like soil and water become scarce• Opening new agricultural frontier is not feasible• Necessary to enhance the productivity

ADVANTAGES

• It improves plant growth and productivity• Production of marketable amounts of fruits• Produce high quality table grape• Excludes the presence of soil pathogens

PRODUCTION SYSTEMCuttings: Virus free two-bud cuttings were rooted in 0.4 L containers lled with peatTransplanting: Rooted cuttings were transplanted into pots (10 L), contains perlite:peat(2:1)Training: Tendone SystemPruning: Leaving only one cane 1.30 m from the collar Transplanting: Green House with the spacing of 1.20 m X 0.75 m.Fertigation: Nutrient Solution (mM) of 16 N, 2 P, 6 K+, 4 Ca2+, and 1 Mg2+Drainage: NS, EC, and pH of the drained NS were checked and recorded three times perweekYield : 21.7 to 29.4 t/ha

WHERE TO ADOPT• When there is no soil available at all or when soil salinity is high and accumulation of

soil pathogens

PRODUCTION CYCLES FOR SOILLESS GRAPES



112

Costus speciosus – AN ANTIBACTERIAL ANDANTIFUNGAL PLANT

D.NANDHINI (I M.Sc Horti- Vegetable Science)

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTUREAGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE- MADURAI

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants have been of great importance in human culture to meet the primary healthcare needs. Many people in developing countries used medicinal plants as traditional drugs.Considering rich diversity and traditional knowledge,world is looking towards India for developing new natural, safe, herbal drugs to cure different diseases.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:The rhizomes of Costus

speciosus are a good source ofsaponin like diosgenin,sapogenin, tigogenin, steroidsand alkaloids.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGALACTIVITY :

Antibacterial activity of rhizome extract

was seen against bacteria.It may be due to the presence of

diosgenin, a precursor for the synthesisof steroidal hormones.

Plant has disease resistance ability,which may be due to presence of phenolics and alkaloid substances.

The isolated compounds-costunolideand tigogenin significantly inhibited atthe pathogenic fungi at lowestconcentrations.

CONCLUSION :

Costus speciosus is one of

them which serve as an importantsource of many therapeuticallyefficient compounds possessingmany traditional andpharmacological activities which isnot exploded so far.



113

MONITORING THE PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BY USINGGROWING DEGREE DAYS

S.PANDIARAJAN, II M.Sc (HORT.,) IN VEGETABLE SCIENCE.,E-mail id: [email protected]

INTRODUCTIONPlant development depends on temperature.

Plants require a specific amount of heat for the eachdevelopmental stage of an organism has its own totalheat requirement. Development can be estimated byaccumulating degree days between the high and lowtemperature thresholds throughout the season. Theability to predict a specific crop stage, permits better crop management. different management schedule for pesticide application, fertility management and harvest.

GROWING DEGREE DAYS• Heat sums are a combination

of the time for a particular event to occur and theaverage temperature experienced during the periodmonitored.

• “Growing degree days” (abbreviated GDD or DD) is a way of assigning a heat value to each day. The

values are added together to give an estimate of theamount of seasonal growth your plants have achieved.Degree days are easy to calculate:

•

• Add each day’s maximum and minimum temperaturesthroughout the growing season, divide that sum by twoto get an average,

• And, subtract the “temperature base”assigned to the plant you are monitoring. (Temperaturebase is the temperature below which plant developmentstops).

• The resulting “thermal time” more consistentlypredicts when a certain plant stage will occur. Whensummed together, these thermal times are sometimesreferred to as a “thermal calendar.”

CONCLUSION• If we identified the heat values required for

the different crop growth stages, we could provideartificial heat value (i.e. Temperature) to improve or tomaintain the growth and development of the plants.

Phenology calculations using 0° C and 32° F base temperatures are combined with theUniversal Growth Staging Scale ( In wheat)

stages GDD0 C GDD0 F

Emergence Leaf tip just emerging from above-ground coleoptyle. 1.0 125-160 257-320

Leaf stage Two leaves unfolded. 1.2 169-208 336-406

Tillering First tiller visible 2.1 369-421 696-789

Stem elongation First node detectable 3.1 592-659 1097-1218

Anthesis Flowering commences; first anthers of cereals are visible 6.1 807-901 1484-1653

Seed fill Seed fill begins. Caryopsis of cereals watery ripe 7.1 1068-1174 1954-2145

Dough stage Soft dough stage, grain contents soft but dry,fingernail impression does not hold

8.5 1434-1556 2613-2832

Maturitycomplete

Grain is fully mature and dry down begins.Ready for harvest when dry

8.9 1538-1665 2800-3029



114

Wastewater purification by Ridge gourd sponge(Luffa)and Moringa seed powder

M. S ATH AM HU S S AINI M.Sc (HORTICULTURE)

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE


The word sponge is often used to describe loofah and man made "sponges" with absorbent properties like sea sponges.

INTRODUCTIONThe word sponge is often used to describe loofah and man made "sponges" with absorbent properties like sea sponges. Mostly the ridge sponge

cleaning sewage water dust particles and also filter the sewage wastes. Drumstick seeds have been used to purify domestic household water in rural area . Moringaoleifera seeds powder treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. It is generally accepted that Moringa works as a coagulant due topositively charged, water-soluble proteins, which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc) allowing the resulting “ flocs ” to settle to the bottomor be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of Moringa continue to be researched. Findings support recombinant proteins both removing microorganisms bycoagulation as well as acting directly as growth inhibitors of the microorganisms. While there is ongoing research being conducted on the nature and characteristics of thesecomponents, it is acc epted that treatments with Moringa solutions will remove 90-99.9% of the impurities in water.

Procedure• After seed production collected Ridge gourd. The skin loses green color andbecomes looser when mature. The mature sponges begin to dry and lose waterweight. If the sponges have reached full growth and feel light, they will be readyto peel.

• Added with moringa seed powder in cleaned sponge

• To select waste water or domestic house hold water

• To filter the waste with ridge gourd sponge it will absorbent properties likedomestic waste

• After use moringa seed powder 2 to 3 hours to purify domestic householdwater

• After reuse water and to save water home itself .

Causes a demand for dissolved oxygen (lower DO levels ofstreams)

Adds nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) to cause excessivegrowth

Increases suspended solids or sediments in streams(turbidity increase)

Conclusion

water scarcity is a big problem in India. It used for recycling purpose allhouse hold. it is one of t he best and low cost cheap method which can be used by all of thehuman community.



115

INTRODUCTION:

Mango, botanically knownas Mangifera indica L., is afleshy stone fruit. Mangohelps to prevent manydeficiency diseases becauseit is a rich source of vitamins,

minerals and total solublesolids. Mango is a source ofantioxidants includingcarotenoids and vitamin-C.Carotenoids, which arelipophilic radical scavengersfound in the bright yellowcolor of mango.

Mango showed highlyprominent postharvest lossbecause of its highperishability. A huge quantityof fruits goes waste due tolack of proper postharvesthandling and disease.Postharvest losses in mangofruit was 17 to 37%.

Thus prolonging storagelife of a fruit consists inslowing down the processesleading to ripening and ifpossible in stopping thechanges that causesenescence after ripening.

Hence, it is necessary tounderstand the postharvestphysiology of mango in orderto develop and applyadequate postharvest

technologies such as hotwater treatment, Herbaceousleaves extract like Adusha( Adhatoda zeylanica ), custardapple ( Annona reticulata ), etc.wrapping material like brownpaper, tissue paper, newspaper.

At present for the ripeningof mango mainly chemicalbased product is used whichare little bit toxic. Therefore, itis essential to search forother eco-friendly option forripening of the fruits.

The experiment was carried out withMango variety Chhattisgarh Nandiraj(Fig.01). Having 25 treatmentscombinations. Each treatmentcombination comprised of 5 fruits.fruits were dipped in plain water, hotwater, ethylene, adusha leaf extract andcustard apple leaf extract for 10minutes and 1ml Sticker (AG-FilmActivator) was added. After. dryingdifferent wrapping material like Jutecloths, tissue paper, news paper, brownpaper is used to wrap each fruitseparately which were than kept in thecorrugated fiber box.

METHODOLOGY:

RESULT:

PRAMILA SETHM.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture, Final YearDEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTUREINDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

RAIPUR (C.G.)

EFFECT OF POST HARVEST TREATMENTS ON RIPENING AND QUALITY OF MANGO(Mangifera indica L.) FRUITS VARIETY-CHHATTISGARH NANDIRAJ

During the experiment, longest shelf life(21.00 days) was observed in T20 (Adushagreen leaf extract+ Brown paper Wrapping)followed by T18 (19.2) Adusha leaf extract+Tissue paper Wrapping and the shortestshelf life (8.2 days) was observed in T7Ethylene dipping (750ppm)+Jute cloth

Wrapping. However, The fruits treated withAdusha green leaf extract + Brown paperWrapping proved to be most effective withrespect to lower physiological loss inweight(4.89%) higher firmness of fruits,minimum spoilage and highestorganoleptic score. The treatment was alsopromising for slower increase in TSS,while slower decrease in ascorbic acid andacidity during storage.

Fig.01. Mango(C.G. Nandiraj)

Mango fruits are mostly ripen bychemical based products whichshould be avoided to provideharmless fruits to customers ofIndia and abroad who are foundof Indian Mangoes. Storability ,shelf life and taste of mangoenhances when ripen is donewith the help of natural basedproducts. Good practices ofpostharvest treatments canincrease the quality and henceselling of mangoes.

CONCLUSION:

T1 : (D. water + No W. )T2 : (D. water + W. JC)T3 : (D. water +W.TP)T4 ; (D. water + W. NP)T5 : (D. water + W. BR)T6 : (D. Ethylene + No W.)T7 : (D. Ethylene + W. JC)T8 : (D. Ethylene + W.TP)T9 : (D. Ethylene + W. NP)T10 : (D. Ethylene +W.BP)T11 : (D. HW + No W.)T12 : (D. HW + W.JC)T13 : (D. HW + W.TP)T14 : (D. HW + W.NP)T15 : (D. HW + W.BP)T16 : (D. Adusha LE + No W.)T17 : (D. Adusha LE + W.JC)T18 : (D Adusha LE + W.TP)T19 : (D. Adusha LE + W.NP)T20 : (D. Adusha LE + W.BP)T21 : (D. Custardapple LE + No W.)T22 : (D . Custardapple LE+ W.JC)T23 : (D . Custardapple LE+ W.TP)T24 : (D . Custardapple LE+ W.NP)T25 : (D . Custardapple LE+ W.BP)D-Dipping, W-Wrapping, JC-Jute cloth,TP-Tissue paper, NP-News paper, BP-Brown paper, LF-Leaf extract

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

T1 T3 T5 T7 T9 T11 T13 T15 T17 T19 T21 T23 T25

Effect of different treatment combination on shelf life ofmango variety CG Nandiraj

Shelf life(Days)



116

R.RAMYA - I M.Sc-Hort(veg.science)DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTEMADURAI

INTRODUCTIONVegetables are nutritious foods that provide sufficient amount of nutrients needed for normal body function, maintenance and

reproduction. They are valued mainly for their highcarbohydrates,proteins,vitamins,minerals and rich in fibre contents.

About 30 to 85 per cent of the nutrition in food is lost when it iscooked, and hence advise us to stick to a raw diet, especially acombination of various raw vegetable juices.

BENEFITS OF VEGETABLE

THERAPY

Tomato juice → Antioxidant propertyBittergourd → DiabetesCabbage juice → stomach ulcersCarrot → diarrhoea , jaundiceDrumstick juice → Reduces blood

pressure.Radish juice with a pinch of sugar

for jaundice.Pumpkin juice → prevents and

dissolves kidney stones .

Equal quantities of capsicum,cucumber and radish juice helps tocleanse the respiratory and digestivesystems .

A blend of turnip, carrot andcabbage juice alleviates thediscomfort of bronchitis and asthmaby reducing mucus .

NOTE: Vegetable juice comsume timing is10-11 and 5-6 in evening hours.

ICMR-300 g/day

GreenLeafy

vegetables :75-125 gRoot &

Tubers :85gOthers :85g

CONCLUSIONIt is mandate to consume vegetables as raw,

juice everyday for dietary enrichment inpresent day life to prevent the diseases.



117

www.postersession.com

METHODS

PROBIOTICATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLEBLENDED JUICE

Ruchi Kumari Garg 1, T.UmaMaheswari 1, S.Kanchana 1 , R. Anandham 2 and R.Vijayalakshmi 3 1Dept of Food Science and Nutrition, Home Science College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai - 625 104

2Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College & Research Institute, Madurai – 625 1043Sugarcane Research Station, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, TNAU, Sirugamani, Trichy, Tamil Nadu – 639 115

Logo

REFERENCES

2. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

•TSS : 15°brix to 13.2°brix• pH : 3.56 to 2.89.• Titratable acidity : 0.31 to 1.34%• Vitamin C : 37.24 to 14.29 mg/100g• β - carotene : 560 to 672 μg /100g.

RESULTS

Logo

Selection andwashing of

Carrots

Peeling andcutting

Blanching for3 min .

Pulping

Filtering withmuslin cloth

Selectionand washingof Oranges

Peeling

Removal ofseeds

Pulping

Filtering withmuslin cloth

Sugar + citricacid + water

Boiling

Cooling

filtering

Sugar syrup

Beyond meeting nutrition needs, diet maymodulate various physiological functions and mayplay beneficial roles in treating some diseases.Probiotics are live microorganisms which whenadministered in adequate amounts positivelyinfluence the health of the host. (FAO/WHO 2002;Sanders 2003).

Non dairy probiotic products have a bigworldwide importance due to the ongoing trend ofvegetarianism and to a high prevalence of lactoseintolerance in many populations around the world.

A total of 78% of current probiotic sales in the worldtoday are delivered through milk based products.Fruit juices, desserts, and cereal-based productsfeaturing probiotics may be other suitable media fordelivering probiotics (Cargill 2009).

Fruit beverages do also have high nutritional,medicinal and calorific values over syntheticbeverages which can be improved further byblending pulp/juices of two or more fruits orvegetables having delicious taste, excellent fl avour,high nutritive and therapeutic values .

ATTRIBUTES T1

(75+25)

T2

(50+50)

T3

(25+75)

COLOUR AND

APPEARANCE 7.67 8.41 8.50

TASTE 8.25 8.58 8.25

FLAVOUR 7.83 8.33 8.08

CONSISTENCY 8.50 8.75 8.50

OVERALL

ACCEPTABILITY8.08 8.58 8.16

1. SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS

PARAMETERS

ANALYSED DURATION OF STORAGE AT 4°C

0 day 10 days 20 days 30 days 40 days

TOTAL SUGAR (TSS)

°Brix 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.3 13.2

pH 3.56 3.45 3.12 2.95 2.59

TITRATABLE

ACIDITY

0.31 0.45 0.58 0.64 1.34

VITAMIN C (mg/100g) 37.24 35.65 33.33 23.80 14.29

β - CAROTENE (µg/

100g)

560 6.4 636 652 672

PROBIOTIC COUNT

(cfu/ml)

(L. acidophilus

NCDC14)

25.2x10 12 19.8x10 12 16.5x10 11 13.2x10 11 10.1 x

10 10

3.CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OFORANGE AND CARROT BLENDED RTS

ATTRIBUTES 0 day 10 days 20 days 30 days 40 days

COLOUR AND

APPEARANCE 8.41 9.00 8.60 8.50 8.40

TASTE 8.58 8.40 8.00 8.00 8.00

FLAVOUR 8.33 8.10 8.20 8.25 8.10

CONSISTENCY 8.75 8.70 8.40 8.50 8.45

OVERALL

ACCEPTABILITY8.58 8.50 8.40 8.25 8.00

4.SENSORY ANALYSIS OF PROBIOTIC JUICE ATDIFFERENT DURATION OF REFRIGERATED

STORAGE OBJECTIVE

STANDARDISATION OF ORANGE AND CARROT BLENDED RTS

SELECTION OF SUITABLE PROBIOTIC BACTERIA

STANDARDISATION OF PROBIOTIC ENRICHED RTS

EVALUATION OF PROBIOTIC RTS DURING STORAGE AT 4 C

FOR PHYSICOCHEMICAL, SENSORY

CHARACTERISTICS AND MICROBIAL ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

Probiotic fortified juices could certainly beexploited as a medium for the delivery of probiotics,and could be used as a functional beverageto promote better health and nutrition of the

population, especially for those who are allergic orintolerant to milk-based products.

Hence, it was concluded that juices could be a betteralternative and will serve as a good medium forcultivating probiotics.

Cargill (2009) Cargill beverage concepts will address consumer demands for health, taste andtexture at IFT2008. Availablefrom: http://www.cargill.com/news-center/news-releases/2008/NA 3007612.jsp. Accessed Jul 20, 2009.

FAO/WHO (2002) Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. In: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization 1-11.

Food Processing (2009) Modest growth for global probiotic market, Available from: http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2008/383.html. Accessed Jul 20, 2009.

Comparison between bacteria at 15 Bx SucroseTolerance

Comparison of acid tolerance between bacteria at pH 3

Comparison of acid tolerance between bacteria at pH 4

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0h 6h 12h 24h 30h 36h 48h

L.acidoL.delbruS.therm

Slant culture

MRS Broth (10 mlfor activation)

Inoculated into100ml of MRS broth

Centrifuge andwash with sterile

distilled water (2 -3times)

Mix with 1 ml ofsterile distilled

water (cellsuspension)

Pasteurization

Bottling(2” space)

Crown corking

Sterilization for30 min at 80 C

Cooling

Mixing under Asepticcondition

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0h 2h 4h 6h 8h 10h 12h

L.acidoL.delbruS.therm

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

L.acido

L.delbru

S.therm

PLATE COUNT AT 10 11 ON 30 th d PLATE COUNT AT 10 12 ON 30 th d



119

Introduction

FIBRE RICH PRODUCTS OF PALMYRAH TUBER

OBJECTIVES

TUBER BASED PRODUTS

Conclusion

The utilization of palmyrah tuber flour willsubsequently improve the well being of humanity asit has ayuervedic components. It plays a significantrole in overcoming the health related problems of the human beings. By consuming palmyrah tuberflour malt, soups, chips, puttu and biscuits in aconfined manner.

The palmyrah tuber as describedpreviously is an important Source of starchyfood in many villages of south India .

In most of the other countries like Srilanka ,

Thailand and Indonesia tubers are rarelyused.

It was observed that even the agriculturistsand others who are involved with the palmswere unaware of the tuber and its uses. Digup the tuber from the soil and eat after fryingor cooking.

Freshly harvested tubers, after cleaning of the outer sheath and basal roots are boiled forabout half an hour and the cooked tuberseaten. It tastes like any others starchy tubers.

*To utilize the palmyrah tuber flour in foodindustry as it has high fibre enrichment infood system.

*To improve the usage , as it has more dietryfibre compound to overcome human healthproblems.CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF PALMYRAHFLOUR

SAMPATH.S I-M.Sc (Veg science)DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE- MADURAI

BOILED PALMYRAH TUBER FLOUR :Boiled tubers are cut into thin sections crosswise

and sun dried. then it is milled into flour.

*PALMYRAH TUBER FLOUR:Without boiling, the skin of the palmyrah

tuber is removed . After that sun dried and milledinto flour.

PALMYRAH TUBER FLOUR ENRICHED SOUP:Take the palmyrah tuber flour and mixed

with dried parboiled vegetables for making soup.

PARAMETER VALUES

Moisture(%) 5.2 ± 0.01

Crude fat(%) 0.7 ± 0.01

Ash (%) 2.6 ± 0.02

Protein(%) 3.2 ± 0.06

Fibre(%) 10.8 ± 0.01

Carbohydrate(%) 69.4 ± 0.06

Energy(%) 282.2 ± 1.20



120

CORPORATE FARMING FOR PROFITABLE HORTICULTURE

V.SURESH KUMARPG SCHOLAR

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL SOCIOLOGYAGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE


Introduction

India ranks first in the world in production offruits and second in vegetables of the total globalproduction. Nearly 1/3 rd of our horticultural produce,especially fruits and vegetables are wasted due to thepoor post-harvest management and lack of cold chain.Incentives to build cold-storage facilities will bring

investment, cut food wastage and smoothen the supplychain in the world's second biggest producer of fruitsand vegetables.

With a view to ensuring faster development ofcold storage capacity the corporate sector should beencouraged to invest more in this tripartite concept.This concept focuses on unemployed agriculturalgraduates of India.

Why we need a Corporate farming (Challenges)

Agriculturegraduates point

of view• High initialinvestment

• Lowinfrastructuredevelopment

• Lackingexport chainmanagement

• Lessdomesticdemand

Governmentpoint of view

• Less nationalincomethroughagriculturalexport

• Lessinvestment inagriculturalsector byprivateorganization

Corporate firmpoint of view

• Landavailability

• Obstacles infarmingpractices

• Governmentpolicies notattractive toagriculture

Role of government

Policy framing Infrastructure development

o Poly housing o Cold storage

Advantages to government

Infrastructure - hire (off season) National income through export duty Transfer of technology

Role of Corporate firm Financial support Technology Inputs Harvesting and grading

Export Income Crop insurance

Advantages to Corporate firm Tax exemption for the amount spent on

corporate farming by the government International brand name Income

Role of agricultural graduates Crop cultivation Crop management

Advantages to agricultural graduates

Income generation Year round employment (no more labours

they are employees now)

Conclusion

This concept builds a bridge for technologygap and generation of income at various hierarchyis the ultimate focus. Corporate firms are benefitedthrough their brand name promotion and taxexemption from government policies. Through thiscorporate farming the unemployed agriculturalgraduates gets year round employment.



121

INTRODUCTION:

• Biofortification is a food basedapproach designed to reducemicronutrient malnutrition byimproving nutrient content of staple food.• It is especially important for poor rural community withlimited access to diversified diet,commercially marketed fortifiedfoods, or supplements.• It is important for woman andchildren since they face greater risk of micronutrient malnutrition.

RESULT:

BARSHA TRIPATHYM.Sc. (Hort.) Vegetable Science, PreviousDEPARTMENT OF VEGETABLE SCIENCE


RAIPUR (C.G.)

BIOFORTIFICATION OF VEGETABLE CROPS - A FOOD BASED APPROACH TOALLEVIATION OF MALNUTRITION

Biofortified crops offer a ruralbased intervention that, by design,initially reaches these more remotepopulations, which comprise amajority of the undernourished in

many countries, and thenpenetrates to urban populations asproduction surpluses are marketed.In this way, biofortificationcomplements fortification andsupplementation programs, whichwork best in centralized urbanareas and then reach into ruralareas with good infrastructure.

In broad terms, three things musthappen for biofortification to besuccessful. First, the breedingmust be successful high nutrientdensity must be combined withhigh yields and high profitability.Second, efficacy must bedemonstrated the micronutrientstatus of human subjects mustbe shown to improve when theyare consuming the biofortifiedvarieties as normally eaten.

Thus, sufficient nutrients mustbe retained in processing andcooking and these nutrientsmust be sufficiently bioavailable.Third, the biofortified crops mustbe adopted by farmers andconsumed by those sufferingfrom micronutrient malnutritionin significant numbers.

METHODOLOGY:

Initial investments in agriculturalresearch at a central location cangenerate high recurrent benefitsat low cost as adapted,biofortified varieties becomeavailable in country after countryacross time at low recurrentcosts.

CONCLUSION:

Orange fleshed sweet potato

Processed products of sweet potato

Colocasia

Cassava



122

INTRODUCTION:

Jamun ( Syzygium cumini (L.)Skeels, a minor fruit crop, isgaining popularity among theconsumers due to its highneutroclinical values, in rural as

well as in urban masses.Jamun fruits are universally

accepted for medicinal purposeespecially for curing diabetesbecause of its good effects onpancreas.

It is highly useful againstbleeding piles, correct ing liver disorders, jaundice, kidney stone,asthma, blood pressure etc. It is agood remedy for cough,constipation, diarrhoea,dysentery and germs.

The jamun fruits are highlyperishable and are seasonable innature; hence, it needs topreserve by any means, hence anattempt was made to preserve the

juice in the form of nectar andRTS to make them available in off season as it has lot of medicinalproperty.

The experiment was carried outwith locally collected cultivars. Itwas having thirty recipe

treatments for both nectar andRTS. All the treatments in nectar contained juice per cent as 20,21, 22, 23, 24 and 25; Acidity per cent as 0.3 and 0.2 and TSS per cent as 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20.

Similarly the RTS, contained juice per cent as 10, 11, 12, 13, 14and 15; Acidity per cent 0.3 andTSS per cent as 10, 11, 12, 13, 14& 15. The products were storedfor 90 days in ambient condition.

METHODOLOGY:

RESULT:

APURWA KESHARWANIM.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture (Final Year)

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURECOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE


STUDIES ON RECIPE STANDARDIZATION OF JAMUN NECTAR AND

Ready-to-Serve (RTS) BEVERAGES

The nectar (T 5) consisting of 25 per cent juice + 0.3 per centacidity adjusted to 20 per centTSS was found to highestorganoleptic score (8.0) with

respect to colour andappearance, whereas nectar (T 7)consisting of 20 per cent juice +0.3 per cent acidity adjusted to18 per cent TSS had highestscore (8.5) with respect to tasteand overall acceptability.

Ready to serve (T 5) consistingof 15 per cent juice + 0.3 per cent acidity adjusted to 15 per cent TSS was found to score thehighest organoleptic quality(8.0) with respect tocolour, taste and overallacceptability.

Fig.01. Jamun nectar

Jamun, a highly nutritious fruitfull of medicinal properties(recommended for diabeticpatients) has a short shelf lifewhich limits its storage & proper selling by farmers at appropriatetime & price. Thus, itsprocessing & value-additionbecomes a source of employment, enhanced incomethat uplifts small, marginal andtribal farmers.

CONCLUSION:T0 20% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.3% AcidityT1 21% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.3% AcidityT2 22% Juice + 20% TSS+ 0.3% AcidityT3 23% Juice + 20% TSS+ 0.3% AcidityT4 24% Juice + 20% TSS+ 0.3% AcidityT5 25% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.3% AcidityT6 20% Juice + 19% TSS + 0.3% AcidityT7 20% Juice + 18% TSS + 0.3% AcidityT8 20% Juice + 17% TSS+ 0.3% AcidityT9 20% Juice + 16% TSS + 0.3% AcidityT10 20% Juice + 15% TSS + 0.3% AcidityT11 21% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.2% AcidityT12 22% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.2% AcidityT13 23% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.2% AcidityT14 24% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.2% AcidityT15 25% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.2% AcidityT16 20% Juice + 19% TSS + 0.2% AcidityT17 20% Juice + 18% TSS + 0.2% AcidityT18 20% Juice + 17% TSS + 0.2% AcidityT19 20% Juice + 16% TSS + 0.2% AcidityT20 20% Juice + 15% TSS + 0.2% Acidity

TREATMENT DETAILS

Organoleptic evaluation of different recipes of nectar from jamun

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20

colour

Taste

overall acceptability



123

EFFECT OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ALTERNATIVE SWEETENERS ON RECIPE STANDARDIZATION OFGUAVA NECTAR AND RTS (READY-TO-SERVE) BEVERAGES

NISHA CHANDELM.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture, Final YearDEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE

COLLEGE OF AGRICUTUREINDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDALAYA

RAIPUR (C.G)

Guava ( Psidium guajava L.), a verypopular fruit, belongs to family ‘Myrtaceae ’.

Guava fruit is an excellent source ofvitamin C. It is also a rich source of differentminerals.

Being a climacteric fruit, guava is highlyperishable in nature and possesses shortshelf life; therefore, it may have enormous

potential if converted into nutritiousbeverages with exotic taste. Today’s consumers expect more and morepleasure from food. They want to drinksuch type of beverages which should belower in fat and sugar. These facts resultedin development of sugar free as low caloriesweeteners. Therefore, fruit beveragescan be made with lower calorie sugar likeSplenda, Equal and Stevia etc.

Low-calorie sweeteners add to foods ataste that is similar to that of sucrose (tablesugar). Intense sweeteners, however, aregenerally several hundred to severalthousand times sweeter than sucrose. Most

of them do not contain any calories, such asSplenda, Equal , Stevia etc. are used in verysmall amounts because of theirconcentrated sweetening power. Besides,intense sweeteners also do not affect insulinlevels in human body. Hence, they may beused to provide sweet-tasting foods andbeverages for people who must restrictcarbohydrate intake, such as peoplesuffering with diabetes

During the experiment, highestorganoleptic score (7.5) for Nectar wasobtained with treatment T3 and T7 foundsignificantly similiar by 50 % Equal + 50%Sugar followed by 50% Stevia+ 50 %Sugar.

While in RTS the highest organolepticscore (7.2) was obtained by 50 % Equal +50 % Sugar.

However all the treatments for both

Nectar and RTS observed less incidenceof microbial population during the storage.

Chemical composition of fruit TSS14.05, acidity 0.38, total sugar 10.11, %reducing sugar 4.9 % and non reducingsugar 5.21 %.

The experiment was conducted atHorticulture Processing Laboratory ofDepartment of Horticulture, IGKV, Raipur,during the year 2014- 15. The investigationwas undertaken with a view to assess thequality and shelf life of guava nectarbeverage during storage upto 90 days underambient condition. Fresh guava fruits wereprocured from the horticultural farm of IGKVand analyzed for physico-chemicalcharacters. Then, nectar and RTS wasprepared by addition of different sweetenersas per the treatments to test the efficacy ofthe treatments. Nectar was prepared will20% juice,18% TSS and 0.3% acidity.Similarly in RTS contained juice 10%, TSS

15% and acidity 0.3%.

Guava is abundantly found in Chhattisgarh butdue to perishable nature and short life of the fruits,farmers are bound to sale it immediately at lowerprices. Thus processing technology may increasethe income, providing employment and thedevelopment of value added product..Thusexperiment was conducted to with a view todevelop value added products by processingtechnology in Chhattisgarh region especially forthe diabetic patients who can guava productsduring off season and round the year.

INTRODUCTION

METHODOLOGY

CONCLUSION

Organeoleptic evaluation of different recipes of nectar from guava

RESULT

T0 100 per cent SugarT1 100 per cent Equal(Aspartame)T2 75 per cent Equal + 25 per cent SugarT3 50 per cent Equal + 50 per cent SugarT4 25 per cent Equal + 75 per cent SugarT5 100 per cent SteviaT6 75 per cent Stevia + 25 per cent SugarT7 50 per cent Stevia + 50 per cent SugarT8 25 per cent Stevia+ 75 per cent SugarT9 100 per cent Splenda (Sucralose)T10 75 per cent Splenda + 25 per cent SugarT11 50 per cent Splenda + 25 per cent SugarT12 25 per cent Splenda+ 75 per cent Sugar

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12

colour

aroma

taste

overall acceptability



124

INTRODUCTION:

Custard apple, botanicallyknown as Annona squamosa L.,is a rich source of differentminerals, vitamins andcarbohydrates etc.

Custard apple fruit is highlyperishable in nature and havingshelf l ife of four or five days. Theshorter shelf life makes themarketability difficult.

Hence, there is an urgentnecessity to develop somesuitable technology for thepreparation of custard applebeverages, which could beeconomical and made availableto a large population.

Fruit beverages are easilydigestible, highly refreshing,thirst quenching and nutritionallyfar superior than many syntheticand aerated drinks.

Therefore, in order to explorethe possibil ities of utilizing thefruits for making different qualityproducts which can be stored for longer period, recipestandardized for nectar and RTS(Ready-to-Serve) beverages of

Annona genotypes.

The experiment was carried outwith four genotypes namely,IGCA-18, IGCA-21, IGCA-37 &IGCA-38 (Fig.01). Having sixrecipe treatments for both nectar and RTS. All the treatments innectar contained juice 20%,acidity 0.3% and TSS per cent isvaried from 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 &20. Similarly in RTS, containing

juice 20%, acidity 0.3% and TSSper cent varied from 10, 11, 12,13, 14 & 15. The products werestored for 90 days in ambientcondition (Fig.02 a & b).

METHODOLOGY:

RESULT:

KISHAN KUMARM.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture, Final Year DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE


RAIPUR (C.G.)

EVALUATION OF ANNONA GENOTYPES FOR RECIPE STANDARDIZATIONOF NECTAR AND RTS (Ready-to-Serve) BEVERAGES

During the experiment, highestorganoleptic score (8.05) for nectar was obtained by T 3 (juice 20%, TSS17%, acidity 0.3%) followed by T 4(juice 20%, TSS 18%, acidity 0.3%)of genotype IGCA-38.

While in RTS, the highestorganoleptic score (8.23) wasobtained by T 3 (juice 10%, TSS13%, acidity 0.3%) of genotypeIGCA-21 followed by T 6 (juice10%, TSS 15%, acidity 0.3%) of genotype IGCA-38.

However, all the treatments of allgenotypes for both nectar and RTSobserved less incidence of microbial population during thestorage.

Fig.01. Custard apple genotypes

Fig.02 a. Custard apple nectar in storage

Fig.02 b. Custard apple RTS in storage

Custard apple is abundantlyfound in Chhattisgarh but due toshort shelf life of the fruit,farmers are bound to sale itimmediately at lower prices.Thus processing technology mayincrease the income, providingemployment, opportunities,uplifting of poor small, marginaland tribal farmers and thedevelopment of value addedproducts.

CONCLUSION:

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

O r g a n o

l e p t i c s c o r e

Treatment

Organoleptic evaluation of different recipes of nectar from custard apple

IGCA-18

IGCA-21

IGCA-37

IGCA-38

T1: (20% pulp, 15% TSS, 0.3% a cidity)T2: (20% pulp, 16% TSS, 0.3% a cidity)T3: (20% pulp, 17% TSS, 0.3% a cidity)T4: (20% pulp, 18% TSS, 0.3% a cidity)T5: (20% pulp, 19% TSS, 0.3% a cidity)T6: (20% pulp, 20% TSS, 0.3% acidity)



125

HARNESSING THE POTENTIAL OF CAROTENOID PIGMENT FOR NATURAL COLOURPRODUCTION FROM MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) FLOWERS

Mukesh Kr Sahu and Gaurav Sharma

Department of Floriculture and landscape Architecture, IGKV, Raipur-492012 (CG)

,

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The flowers will be collected, cleaned

and dried. Drying processes viz., shade drying,

microwave oven drying at various

temperatures will be assessed andstandardized for petal meal yield.

Different methods of pulverizationand grinding will be assessed throughgrinders.

The ground fine powder obtained willbe mixed with chemical free talcumpowder, besan and different flourand evaluated.

Natural essences like rose, jasmine,tuberose etc. will be tested andmixing of colours will be carried out.

Flower Petal drying

Natural colour powder

Flower cultivation in Chhattisgarh(2014-15)

Crop Area (ha)

Marigold 3663

Gladiolus 1665

Tuberose 1405

Rose 957

Chrysanthemum 276

Gaillardia 161

Jasmine 43

Others 1945

Total 10115

Source: Directorate of Horticulture, CG Govt

INTRODUCTION:Marigold ( Tagetes erecta L.) is grown commercially in a large area in

Chhattisgarh state for loose flower production. It is grown as anornamental and landscape plant and also as a source of pigment forpoultry feed. The pigment is added to intensify the yellow colour of eggyolks and broiler skin. Besides, marigold also has the potential to be usedfor producing natural flower colour due to carotenoids for use as colouredpowder also known as gulal .

Now-a-days, several synthetic dyes are being banned for humanconsumption with increasing awareness among people about health

hazards, ecological and environmental problems related to their use.Therefore, the demand for natural colour is on the rise at local to globallevel. Moreover, these natural colours are eco-friendly and have noallergic action on skin. But, there is a need to develop improved colourproduction technology which is not only more efficient but cost-effectivealso.

RESULTS:The present study is thus planned to prepare natural flower colour

from the natural carotenoid pigment, offering an alternative to syntheticcolours. The proposed investigation is intended to generate natural flowercolour production technology by refining and improving the indigenouscolour extraction technique to make it more efficient. Standardization ofdrying process, grinding and use of essence will be done for natural colourproduction. As the technology to be generated will be compatible with thelevel of skill as well as socio-economic and cultural background, it isexpected to be adopted easily for generating income to make the livingconditions of rural poor better and give a healthy life to consumers.



126

BIOSENSORS IN DETECTION OF HUMAN MICROBES

Background and objective

The human associated microbiota is diverse, varies between individuals and body sites, and is

important in human health. Microbes in human body play an essential role in the maintenance and

development of the immune system, metabolism, and homeostasis. The gut microbes have been

found to be the most diverse and constitute the densest cell number in the human microbiota.

Many studies have indicated that the imbalances in the human microbiota are related to numerous

disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and diabetes.

To overcome these disorders it is necessary to have knowledge about the existing microbial

population in the human body, which can be made possible by using a microbial biosensor.

Principle and mechanism

A microbial biosensor is an analytical device that couples microorganisms with a transducer to

enable rapid, accurate and sensitive detection of target analytes in fields as diverse as medicine,

environmental monitoring, defense, food processing and safety.

The transducers employed in enzyme sensors also used here. Potentiometric or amperometric

electrodes (pCO2, pNH3, pO2) are particularly useful because they already have a gas-

permeable hydrophobic membrane (teflon or silicone).

The microorganism is inserted between this membrane and a microporous or dialysis membrane.

In contrast to enzymes, once the microorganism is immobilized it must be kept in a basal culture

medium so as to maintain its activity.

Device can therefore be designed in such a way that transfers body scan data to smartphones and

tablet computers.

With these microbial biosensors attached to the human body at leisure time, we can detect the

microbial population present in the human body.

Early detection of these microbes may also help in the creation of treatment plans based on this

we can bring about balance in microbial population in human body.



127

RESEARCHPOSTERPRESENTATIONDESIGN©2012

www.PosterPresentations.com

Table 1. Inheritance of Cry1Ab toxin resistance in P. xylostella

References

Introduction

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. About 65% of Indian population

depends directly on agriculture. Agriculture derives its importance from the fact

that it has vital supply and demand links with the manufacturing sector. During the

past five years agriculture sector has witnessed spectacular advances in the

production and productivity of food grains, oilseeds, commercial crops, fruits,

vegetables, food grains, poultry and dairy. The fertility of soil is an important factor

determining fertilizer requirements as well as the level of crop production that can

be obtained (Batish, 2001). Due to increasing the number of herbicide resistant

weeds and environmental concerns about the safety of synthetic herbicides,

considerable effort has been put into designing alternative weed management

strategies and reducing dependence on synthetic herbicides (Teerarak et al., 2010).

The purpose of the present study is to reduce the chemical use and focus on the

importance of bio-pesticides usage. Allelopathy is one of the promising strategy,

which can be put to good use in several ways in agro ecosystem (Kamal and Bano,

2009). Allelopathy is a phenomenon where a plant species chemically interfere

with the germination, growth and development of other plant species and has been

known for over 2000 years. Compounds with allelopathic activity are present in

many plants and in many plant organs including leaves, stems, fruits and buds

(Mahall and Callaway, 1991; Indrajit, 1996 and Ashrafi et al., 2007). There are

many plants which are traditionally used for their medicinal value that showed

some allelopathic effect, like Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) on some crops (Verma et

al., 2012), Eucalyptus on some seed plants (Lisanework and Michelen, 1993). The

neem tree is a tropical evergreen tree native to India. Neem is known as “the

village pharmacy” because of its healing versatility, and it has been used in

Ayurvedic medicine for more than 4,000 years due to its medicinal properties.

Parthenium can severely compete with annual crops and can cause

tremendous yield loss. Accordingly, Nath (1988), respectively, reported a yield

decrease of 40% in agricultural crops and up to 90% reduction in forage production

in grass lands due to this weed. Similarly, Tamado et al. (2002) demonstrated that a

40 to 90% sorghum yield reduction if Parthenium weed is left uncontrolled through

the cropping season. It also inhibited growth and nodulation of legumes because of

the inhibitory effect of allelochemicals on nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria

(Kanchan And Jayachandra, 1980) Besides, it adversely affects animal health,

production and quality of their produces (Tadesse et al ., 2005), human health and

activities, ecology and biodiversity (Rezene et al ., 2005). ). Keeping the above in

view, the present work will be undertake to study the ). Keeping the above in

view, the present work will be undertake to study the allelopathic potentialities of

Azadirachta indica a. juss. aqueous leaf extract on seed germination and early

seedling growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Materials and Methods

Preparation of aqueous extracts

Fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica L selected tree plant

species will be collected from the trees found in nearby places of

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai. The fresh

leaves of the above species will be collected, cut into small pieces

and soaked in alcohol and water at 1:1 proportion and kept for

overnight. After 12 hrs, soaked leaves will be ground with the help

of mixer grinder. From the paste, the leaf extract for neem tree plant

species will be prepared by filtration, which is 100 per cent stock

solution . From the stock solution, 25 per cent, 50 per cent and 75

per cent concentration swill be prepared and sprayed as per the

treatment schedule.

Pre - treatment of seeds:

The test seeds of experiment will be pre-cleaned and treated by

using 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 2-3 minutes.

Laboratory experiment :

Test weed : Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Treatment concentrations : Four concentrations of aqueous leaf

extract ( 0%,25%,50%,75%).

Botanicals : One

Design : Completely randomized design (CRD)

Replication : Three

Laboratory bioassays:

In a laboratory bioassay, the effect of different concentrations viz.,

25%, 50% and 75% of aqueous extracts of allelopathic potential of

botanical leaf extracts will be studying on the germination and early

seedling growth of Parthenium. Ten seeds of Parthenium will be

placed in 9 cm diameter Petri plates lined with whatman No. 1 filter

papers moistened with 3ml of different concentrations of each

extract. The control treatments for extracts will receive the same

quantities of tap water. Each treatment will be replicated thrice.

Plates will be incubated at 25 0C under 12 h light periods daily. After

seven days, seed germination, seedling root/shoot length and fresh

biomass will be determined.

Conclusion:

Further studies are required to isolate and Identification of an

allelopathic compound from Azadirachta indica a. juss to be used

as a lead for the synthesis of natural herbicides for the control of

one of the world’s worst environmentally-polluting Parthenium

weed.



128

Microbial degradation of Textile Dye by Bacillus spp .

INTRODUCTION:Azo dyes are most carcinogenic, toxic and mutagenic. The azo bonds present in them are resistant to

breaking.They affect soil fertility and also the growth and productivity of plants irrigated with the azo dyes

polluted water.

METHODS:Common dye indigo blue was choosed.

Dye decolorizing bacteria was isolated from the soil and sludge samples.Isolation was done by serial dilution technique in a medium.

Serial dilution techniqueEnumeration of the bacteria and purification was done after studying the individual

colony characters.Then the isolated colonies were enriched in enrichment medium and dye decolorizing bacteria was

identified.Decolorization at different dye concentration.

Dye decolorization optimization was done using indigo blue dye.Time course of decolorization was carried out under optimum conditions .

Bio-assay for dye toxicity/phytotoxicity was done by seed germination method.The study was conducted in pot culture .

Pot sown with bean seed treated with the dye effluent water and dye degraded solutions(treated with the bacteria) separately.

Seeds germinated in pots treated with distilled water were used as control.EXPECTED RESULTS; The seedling which was grown in dye effluent degraded with bacteria and control was almost same.CONCLUSION:The ability of the strain to tolerate, decolorize azo dyes at high concentration gives it an advantage fortreatment of textile industry .waste waters. However, potential of the strain needs to be demonstrated for itsapplication in treatment of real dye bearing waste waters using appropriate bioreactors.

TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYAGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH

INSTITUTEMADURAI

R.MAHESH PRIYAIST MSc. PLANT PATHOLOGY



129

Biosorption mechanisms

HEAVY METALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Conclusion: A number of important molecular tools have

been developed for genetic and metabolicengineering of microorganisms for thedegradation of environmental contaminants.

These new tools will make the construction

of new or improved strains much easier andquicker than in the past. However, these geneticmodifications should be understood in full andany research must always determine the actualrisks and benefits involved.

Bioremediation using bacteria for heavy metalsS. kathiravan

PG Scholar (I M.Sc. Pathology)Department of plant pathology

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai.

INTRODUCTION:

Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to promotedegradation and/or removal of contaminants from the environment. The use of microbialmetabolic ability for degradation/removal of environmental pollutants provides an economic andsafe alternative compared to other physicochemical methodologies .



130

Natural

• Parasitic Invasion

• Natural supply hasdepleted overcenturies

CulturedPearls

• bead or tissuenucleation

• Need highly trainedtechnician andmantle tissue

Isolation of thegeneconchiolin and

gene in thepathway which

deposit the Aragonite

Maizetransformation

kernel specificexpression

PlantPericulture

Pearls are made of NACRE

A natural substance produced by mollusksthat also costs the inside of the animal’s shell(also called “mother of pearl”)

Nacre is made up mostly of calciumcarbonate in the form of the mineral aragoniteand held together by crystal layers calledconchiolin

Mollusks Factory Vs Corn FactoryKashmiri

No matter what people tell you, words and ideas can change the world.

Robin Williams



131

PLANT VACCINESS.Sivajothi

Department of Plant Breeding and GeneticsAgricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

DEVELOPING AN PLANT VACCINE

A.Vector mediated - Agrobacterium tumefaciens.B.Vectorless or Direct gene transfer- It has variety of

techniques,Gene gun ( Biolistic method/Particle gun)Electroporation(pulse of high voltage)Microinjection.Chemical mediated gene transfer (PEG) , dextran sulphate &

Calcium phosphate)LipofectionConjuction (natural microbial recombination )

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Edible vaccines are effective as delivery vehicle for immunization

METHOD OF TRANSFORMATION OF DNA OR GENE INTO THE PLANT

INTRODUCTION: A vaccine contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from

weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. In the edible vaccine, Transgenic plants are used as vaccine production systems. The genes encoding

antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a form in which they retain nativeimmunogenic properties.



132

GENOTYPING BY SEQUENCING FOR PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS

Manikandan.v , , PG ScholarDepartment of Plant Breeding and Genetics,

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai – 625 104

GBS as a rapid and robust approach for reduced representation sequencing ofmultiplexed samples that combines genome-wide molecular marker discoveryand genotyping.

• Two key components for genotyping germplasm are finding DNAsequence polymorphisms and assaying the markers across a full set of material

• Allow both SNP marker confirmation and de novo marker (SNP)discovery, even in cases where there is no reference genome

• Provide attractive, low-cost options for large numbers of samples anddata points

• Utilize highly multiplexed sequencing to scale from thousands to millionsof data points per day

• Enable 24 hour sequencing turnaround times to facilitate efficientplanning for the next reproduction cycle

Objective• Unique tool for genomics-assisted breeding in a range of plant species,

including those with complex genomes that lack a reference sequence• Connect phenotype to genotype and use this knowledge to make phenotypic

predictions and select improved plant types

Basic methods of sequencing

Next generation sequencing

• Maxam-Gilbert sequencing - Requires radioactive labeling at one 5' end of the DNA and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. To visualizethe fragments, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yieldinga series of dark bands each corresponding to a radiolabeled DNA fragment.

• Chain-termination methods - used fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity

Conclusion:For GS in crop species, breeders need a fast, inexpensive, flexible method that willenable genotyping of large populations of selection candidates. A majority of theselection candidates are then discarded, creating a situation that is greatly benefitedfrom low-cost genotyping. Genotyping-by-sequencing is quickly expanding to fillthose requirements.



134

HYBRID IN TIL-AN UNEXPLOITED AREASesamum indicum L

J.S.Navaneetha

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

INTRODUCTION:

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oil seed crops known to and used by man.It yields oil and protein of high quality and holds tremendous potential for export. However theaverage per hectare yield of sesame in India is very low as compared to other producingcountries. This is mainly due to the lack of improved cultivars. There is an urgent need toaugment its productivity through exploitation of heterosis which is a quick and convenient wayof combining desirable traits from diverse parents.

Sesame has a distinct advantage in the developmentof hybrids

low seed rate High multiplication ratio Epipetalous floral structure enables easy

emasculation Natural out crossing to the extent of 14 to 65%

HYBRID SEED PRODUCTIONSingle labour could make crosses for

about 900 flowers per day.The success of crossing is also very

high. A single crossed flower may yield about

64 seedsThe total cost of hybrid seed production

in sesame was computed at Rs.37,000/ha .

The cost of manually produced hybridseed ranged from Rs.400/kg toRs.1000/kg depending mostly uponlabour cost

Normal yield:400-800kg/haFarmer can get minimum

Rs2,00,000/ha through hybrid seedproduction

Conclusion Farmers could benefit from this

hybrid seed productionHybrid seed from sesame also

gives 40% heterosis in yieldincreasing the productivity



135

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,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops mostly as a source of vegetable oil andproteins.

The oil is used mainly as a salad oil and cooking medium, but industrial applications include use as frying oil and otherproducts.

However sunflower oil is often judged unsuitable for continuous deep-frying which leads to the formation of off-flavoursand odours, associated with rancidity, as well as loss of functional and nutritional value.

New market requirements regarding the product safety lead to the necessity of resistant oils to high temperatures whichare well as those that as less saturated resist longer to oxidation.

The health beneficiary effects, the high oxidative stability and no need of hydrogenation are the reasons why breeding forsunflower oil with high oleic acid becomes necessary.

INTRODUCTION

F LOW CH AR T OF THE WOR K F ATTY ACID PROF ILE OF SUNFLOW ER

MATER IALS AND METHODSThe experimental material comprised of 4 parents viz. , COSF 1B, TNHSF 239-61-2-4-1 , HO 5-7 and HO 5-13 and 4

crosses viz ., COSF 1B × HO 5-7, COSF 1B × HO 5-13, TNHSF 239-61-2-4-1 × HO 5-7 andTNHSF 239-61-2-4-1 × HO 5-13

Biometrical observations were recorded for each and every plant and the mean value was used for statistical analysis.

COSF 1BTNHSF

239-61-2-4-1 × HO 5-7

HO 5-13

F1

Selfing

F2

Selfing

F3

Selfing

F4

Selfing

F5

Kharif 2013

Rabi/Summer2012-13

Summer 2014

Kharif 2014

Summer 2015

Kharif 2015

CONCLUSIONThe present research work helps in developing

inbred lines with high oil content and yield alongwith high oleic acid content.

A new inbred line with high oleic trait will bedeveloped which can be further used in thedevelopment of a high oleic sunflower hybrid.

Elite inb red line d ev elopme nt w ith h i gh o il and y ield a lon g w ith h i gh o leic acid cont ent i n Sunf low er( Hel i a nt h u s a n nuu s L.)

S.R . Kanimozhi*1, Dr. C. Va nniara jan2 and Dr. N. Ma niv annan 3

1&2Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,Agriculture College and Research Institute, Madurai- 625 104

3Department of Oilseeds, Centre for Plant Breeding and GeneticsTamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003.

*E-mail: siv araj uk ani@ y ahoo.in



136

Traditional Knowledge in EnthnobotanyS.Anish

Department of Plant Breeding and GeneticsAgricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai -625104.

email:[email protected]

Ancestors practiced these tradition not as superstition but for their scientific value. The Tradition should befollowed not negligible

Freshness, Prosperity and ConfidenceScientific Reason-Increase digestion.

Pot - Mother Earth, water is the life giver, coconut the divine consciousness and the mangoleaves symbolizes life. The whole "Purnakumbha" is symbolizes Goddess Lakshmi.

Scientific Reason: Represents body and 72000 nerves.

Tree symbolizes the Trimurti-Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva and Lord Brahma.Scientific Reason: Obseved more amount of carbon dioxide.

Thulasi leaves resembles Lord vishnu mythologicaly should not eat .Scientific Reason : Leaves contain mercury it affect our teeth.

Prevents insects ,snakes and mosquitoes from entering the house.

Peepal Tree- symbol of Vishnu. Be life that roots being Brahma, the trunk Vishnu and theleaves Shiva.

Scientific Reason : It produces oxygen even at night

Importance:

Objective:Maintain the value of traditional system of plants used by our ancestors in different rituals in Hindus.

Traditional practices have significantce on Ethnobotany. Ethnobotany is the scientific study of the relationships between people and plants.Sub – disciplines- Ethnomycology, Paleoethnobotany , Ethnogynaecology, Ethnomusicology Ethnopharmacology,

Ethnotoxicology, Ethnolinguistics.



137

Importance

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is origin of Central America. It is

cultivated worldwide for its tuber contains large amount of starch, which is

of industrial value in addition to it also contain cynogen an anti nutritional

factor hinder consumptive value as food.

Cynogen is toxic to mammals when it is ingested through feed. Because

of its undesirable feature it s consumptive value as a food is hindered.

To enhance its consumptive value it is essential to go for alternative

strategies like genetic engineering.

One possible strategy is to integrate the protein synthesizing gene from

black gram to cassava in tissue specific manner will enhance the protein

production. By this way its consumptive use value will increase as an

alternative food.

Objectives

Convert starch rich tuber to protein tuber

Reduce the cynogen content and increase the consumptive value

Development of alternate food

Reduce malnutrition and hunger strike

Methodology

Isolation and cloning of protein synthesizing and cynogen neutralizing

gene from black gram

Construction of foreign gene construct into suitable the vector

( Agrobacterium )

Insertion of foreign gene into the host plant (cassava)

Culturing of tissue under in vitro condition containing foreign gene

Regeneration, rooting, hardening and field planting for tuber production

Steps in development of protein tuber in cassava through geneticengineering and regeneration of plants through tissue culture

Development of Cyanogen free protein tuber in cassava

G. Thamodharan, Ph.D. scholar , Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai-625 104



138

A o a orat ve Approac to I ent y uper or R ce ermp asm s or H gTemperature Tolerance and Post Harvest Quality for Summer Season

[

Ashutosh Patre (M.Sc. (Ag.)previous Plant Physiology) Department of Plant Physiology Agriculture Biochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

o ege o gr cu ture, n ra an r s s wav ya aya, a pur

Chhattisgarh state is known as rice bowl, which pre dominate in rice cultivation. Higher percent area of which are prone to drought and hightemperature as only 20% of rice area has protective Irrigation. Being a major crop of Chhattisgarh, paddy is grown in summer season also. The main

.

post anthesis period. Heat stress is known to influence the phenological, physiological & biochemical events consequently the productivity.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC )-2007 has predicted that, every 1 0C increase in night temperature will reduce rice yields by 0.3 tons

. ,less demand of parboiled rice. The climatic effect on milling characteristics may also vary from variety to variety. The summer rice at the harvesting timeace very g temperature a ong w t ot an ry a r waves a ect ng t e see sett ng. ese con t ons are o regu ar occurrence an comes stress to

the farmers and rice millers.Hence, development and identification of technologies/varieties where crop yields were less affected due to global warming is the research priority.

Temperature induction response technique(TIR) is an efficient technique for identifying high temperature tolerant lines in cereals. The genetic variability inene ex ression u on induction stress is res onsible for differential survival. From this back round rice enot es will be first screened for hi h

temperature tolerance using TIR technique along with biochemical and molecular approach for further field evaluation and post harvest quality.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS • Phenotypic markers: - Days & time to flowering & anthesis, Heading

The experiment shall be conducted in three parts.• Yield determinates: - Seed rowth rate, anicle harvest index, leaf .

(Temperature Induction Response) technique. susceptibility index, filled unfilled ratio, grain no & grain

2. Physiological, biochemical & molecular analysis to assess the stress weg panc e, po en v a y, po en er y, sp ee s er y, po en

shedding, fertile spikelet ration..

3. Post harvest ualit anal sis of selected erm lasm s . Third Experimental Part: Post harvest analysis

Plant material: Physical qualities of grain

Germplasms will be collected from International rice heat tolerance nursery plant, in particular high temperatures during grain filling, field fertilisation

First experimental part:(e.g. N kg per hectare) and harvest moisture. The following character willbe anal sed.

Temperature induction response (TIR) technique: This approach is.

• Millout percentagebased on the fact, temperature stress develops gradually from sub lethallevels to lethal levels stress.

• Grain dimension

Induction temperature: • chalk content & Colour

To screen different rice varieties for thermo tolerance at seedling stageThe composition, structure and interaction of grain components,

allow to recover at 30 0C for 3 days. largely define the milling/cooking qualities. The following character will be

At the end, recovery percentage and reduction in growth over absolute .• Starch content (amylose). ,

suppose to be as molecular chaperons protecting the functional protein • Protein contentalong with stress related enzymes • Lipid content

•Physiological evaluation of rice varieties under field conditions:• e atn sat on temperature• Viscosit

Five randomly chosen plants in each genotype will be labeled and use • Elongation after cookingfor recording different morphological, physiological, biochemical and yield

arameters. Expected outcome:

Observations to be recorded Development & identification of high temperature tolerant

• Morpho-physiological: - Plant height, flag leaf area, chlorophyll value,,

and molecular character could be proved beneficial., .



141

Fueling Changes in Mindset Towards Recycling WastesC.SANDHIYA

PG Scholar (I M.Sc. Extension Education)Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai-625104

Enrollment of Members forProviding Inputs:-

Blue card- seeds andcompost as rewardPink card- only seedsbut are paid for thewastesGreen card- only paidfor the input they aregiving.

Project can be takenover by:-

GovernmentNGO Agri Graduates

Burning of dryleaves in AC&RI,

Madurai

Wasteaccumulated in

road side

Membership enrollment can beconducted at ADA office or atparticular blocks by conductingcamps.

Composting thewastes.



142

COMPOUNDS CONCERN IN THE AIR

Kanimozhi.S , Ph.D Scholar Department of Environmental Sciences, TNAU, Coimbatore;

email id- [email protected]

MEASURES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION

Methane captured from landfills or manure can be used to run residential stoves

Supply of improved diesel and gasoline

Operating Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) mode public transport

Battery electric vehicle - reduction of local air pollution

Recommendation for emission reductions from power plants and more stringent national

vehicle emission standards

COMPOUNDS CONCERN



143

WONDER CAPSULESK.Angalaeeswari, II Ph.D Scholar

Department of Environmental Sciences, TNAU, Coimbatore-3Email: [email protected]

Microencapsulated carbon sorbents is used to create novel carbon capture mediacomposed of polymer microcapsules with thin walled, CO 2 permeable solid shells thatcontain a liquid sorbent core. They have significant performance advantages over thecarbon-absorbing materials used in current capture and sequestration technology.

Carbon absorption and desorption

MECS are produced using a double-capillarydevice in which the flow rates of three fluids :1. Aqueous carbonate solution for the

carbon capture solvent2. A hydrophobic photo polymerizable

silicone for the shell material3. An aqueous carrier fluid with surfactant

MECS offer a promising approachfor large-scale carbon capture frompower plants

Reduce GHGs emissionSafer and more energy efficientEasy to handle, minimal waste

cheap to make and will not releasetoxic VOCs compounds..

Mitigation

Preparation of microcapsules

Baking Soda Capsules Capture CO 2

Application of wonder capsules

Thermal power plantCement KilnPharmaceutical industries

Cosmetic industries Agricultural industriesOther industries

Release CO 2

Introduction



144

ERGONOMICS- AN EMINENT TECHNOLOGYIN FOOD PROCESSING UNITS -

THE CHALLENGE AHEAD

Introduction

India is one the leading food processing countries in the world. Theworks carried out by food processing units like lifting, packing, moving heavyobjects, icing, grading etc., without rest breaks leads to physical andpsychological stress also leads to muscular skeletal disorder(MSD). Thisoccupational hazard could be reduced by ergonomics. Ergonomics is the mostgrowing and innovative field in all industry which enhance the work and lifespan of human beings.

Study objectiveDecrease injuries, illnesses, and workers’ compensation costs.Improve workers’ health outcomes.

Make it easier for workers to do high- quality work .Increase productivity and profit.

Major contributing factors for MSD are:Physical factors- physical demands of the job and risk factorsEnvironmental factors- hot/cold temperatures & high/low lightingIndividual factors- age, gender, statureWork organization factors- fast workspace, low staffing levels, shift work,

Ergonomical suggestionsTo reduce or eliminate contributing factors for musculoskeletal disorders

and improve the fit between the worker and the task, via Engineering,Administration improvements and Personal protective equipments.

Recommendation

Thus, the ergonomically designed equipments lessenthe musculoskeletal disorders and also lessen the timeconsumption.

R.THARANII-M.Sc (Food and Nutrition)

Department of Food Science and NutritionHome Science College and Research Institute

Madurai- 625 104.



145

INTRODUCTIONProbiotics are live microorganisms which whenadministered in adequate amounts, confer health benefitsto the host includes inhibition of pathogens, maintenanceof health promoting gut microflora, stimulation ofimmune system etc.They produce health benefits when the probiotic strainsshould be present in a viable form at a suitable levelduring the product processing, storage, consumptionuntil reaching the gastrointestinal tract.Many reports indicated that there is poor survival ofprobiotic bacteria in products containing free probioticcells which is influenced by many factors withoutencapsulate it with suitable carrier material

OBJECTIVES1. To increase the probiotic viability through fruit

supported probiotic organism and use of theproduced biocatalysts for lactic acid production.

2. To improve, protect, and extend the probioticorganisms storage life.

P ERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF F RUITS AS A NATURALCAR R IER FOR ENCAP SULATION OF PROBIOTIC BACTER IA

RANJITHAM.A1, JESUPRIYA POORNAKALA.S2 1PG Scholar, 2 Assistant Professor, Dept of Food Science and Nutrition,

Home Science College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-625104.

CONCLUSIONThe survival strength of probiotic bacteria may be better

when immobilized by using fruit as a natural carrier materialand it will give fruity taste, aroma, and including the healthbenefits of the fruit when compared to others.

ENCAP SULATIONA process to entrap active agents within a carriermaterial by using different methods like spray drying,extrusion, and emulsion, etc.,Alginate is a popular matrix for immobilization of lacticacid bacteria and others supports used includes porousfoam glass particles, ceramic beads or porous glass,poraver beads, and gluten pellets, etc.,If it is a natural carrier means in addition it can improvethe aroma, taste and customer acceptance and useful forprotection of bacterial cells in food products as well as inthe gastrointestinal tract, appropriate selection of acid

and bile resistant strains, use of oxygen impermeablecontainers, stress adaption, and others.

Probiotic LAB

Active broth culture

Use of fruit pieces asa carrier material

Immobilization ofprobiotic bacteria infruit pieces

Use of fruit immobilizedprobiotic bacteria in foodfermentation

IMMOBILIZATION OF P ROBIOTIC BACTERIA INF RUITS (BANANA AND PAPAYA)

REF ERENCEKourkoutas.Y, Xolias.V, Kallis.M, Bezirtzoglou.E, and Kanellaki.M, 2004,Lactobacillus casei cell immobilization on fruit pieces forprobiotic additive, fermented milk and lactic acid production, Process Biochemistry 40(2005)411-416.



146

NOV EL EDIBLE CO ATING FOR EGG PRESERVATION

SURIYA.S 1, ILAMARAN.M 2 1 PG Scholar, 2 Assistant Professor, Dept of Food Science and Nutrition,

Home Science College and Research Institute , Madurai.

INTRODUCTION

Conclusion

Results

Starch based coating solution was prepared by dissolving malto dextrin with different concentration of spices extracts viz., turmeric and ginger

were prepared. Freshly laid eggs coated separately with selected spice’s extract with malto dextrin as medium for coating and were stored under

room and refrigeration temperature to assess the shelflife of the eggs. The quality characteristics such as Haughs unit, air space, yolk albumen

ratio, weight loss, yolk index, yolk percentage and albumen percentage were determined.

► Eggs are an inexpensive source of high quality protein and other nutrients. However, they are highly perishable and can rapidly lose their

quality.

► There is a need to develop a process to extend the shelflife of shell eggs and to reduce shell breakage. Coating eggs may increase shell strength

and potentially decrease the number of cracked eggs.

► Edible coatings can provide an additional protective coating for fresh products and can also give the same effect as modified atmosphere

storage .

OBJECTIVESTo select and optimize the suitable spice extract to combine with

the coating medium.

To observe the effect of different spice based coating medium on

the internal quality of the egg.

The study showed that the shelflife of the ginger extract coated egg stored under refrigerated temperature increased up to 50 days of storage withexcellent storage quality characteristics.

METHODOLOGY

No. of

weeks control

T1 T2 T3

R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2

1 65.5 100.9 86.51 100.17 71.71 98.85 69.54

2 - - 66.74 - 76.71 103.3 65.70

3 - - 69.98 - 66.83 - 68.21

4 - - 77.59 - 66.55 - 62.42

5 - - 70.58 - 67.94 - 69.63

6 - - 71.09 - 71.09 - 71.18

7 - - 67.39 - 80.27 - 69.46

No. of

weekscontrol

T1 T2 T3

R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2

1 40.47 44.94 40.3 42.49 41.21 40.46 41.1

2 - - 42.2 - 41.4 40.47 41.73

3 - - 40.7 - 40.37 - 40.53

4 - - 43.8 - 40.7 - 40.1

5 - - 41.16 - 40.88 - 40.11

6 - - 40.87 - 40.42 - 41.67

7 - - 40.72 - 40.71 - 40.61

No. of

weeks control

T1 T2 T3

R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2

1 200 116.6 155.5 125 161.9 210.5 156.5

2 - - 119.04 - 157.8 43.4 181.25

3 - - 96 - 108.5 - 87.5

4 - - 80.7 - 46 - 52.05

5 - - 52.2 - 100 - 78.2

6 - - 51.61 - 58.3 - 103.77 - - 48.85 - 29.14 - 60.5

YOLK-ALBUMEN RATIOAIR SPACEHAUGHS UNIT



147

PRESERVATION OF POMEGRANATE ARILS IN SUGAR SYRUPTHIRUKKUMAR.S

Ist M.Sc.,(Food and Nutrition)Department of Food Science and Nutrition,

HSC&RI, TNAU, Madurai-625 104

INTRODUCTIONPomegranate ( Punica granatum ) is a typical fruit from many subtropical and tropical countries, including

almost all Mediterranean countries. India ranks first in the pomegranate production (8.07 lakh tonnes) in the world, on an area of1.09 lakh hectares with productivity of 7.40 t/ha. More than 90 percent of the fresh produce is utilized for domestic freshconsumption and export. The main pomegranate growing states in India are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan,Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The edible portion of the pomegranate is an excellent dietary source as itcontains a significant proportion of organic acids, soluble solids, polysaccharides, vitamins, fatty acids and mineral elements ofnutritional significance.

Limited research such as MAP and CAP are available for processed pomegranate arils but which have a lowshelf life. Inspite of huge production and only few pomegranate processing products are available in the market. Hence, in thisresearch has been proposed to develop preservation of pomegranates arils in sugar syrup to obtain ready-to-eat arils, with intactsensory and nutritional properties, represents a real possibility to increase the production and consumption of pomegranatesproducts for human health.

NUTRITIONAL BENEFITSThe pomegranate has been regarded as a food medicine of great importance for therapeutic purposes like colic,colitis- diarrhea, dysentery, leucorrhea, paralysis and headache.There has been a remarkable increase in the commercial farming of the pomegranates globally, due to the potential healthbenefits of the fruit such as its high antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-hypertension activities and the ability to reduce liverinjury.The pomegranate polyphenolic compounds are able to elevate the antioxidant capacity of the human body. Pomegranate fruitis also known for its anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic effect activity against osteoarthritis, prostate cancer, heartdisease and HIV-I.Pomegranate juice also increases the body’s resistance against infections, acts as cooling beverage and tones up thefunction of kidney, liver and heart.

Nutritive value of freshPomegranate fruit

Particulars Nutrient Value/100gEnergy 65 KcalCarbohydrates 14.5 gProtein 1.60 gTotal Fat 0.1 g

Cholesterol 0 mgDietary Fiber 5.1 gVitaminsNiacin 0.3 mgRiboflavin 0.10 mgThiamin 0.060 mgVitamin C 16 mgElectrolytesSodium 0.9 mgPotassium 133 mgMineralsCalcium 10 mgIron 1.79 mgMagnesium 44 mgManganese 0.77 mgPhosphorus 70 mgSource: Nutritive value of Indian foods,

NIN, ICMR, Hyderabad, 2007

Methodology for preservation of

pomegranate arils in sugar syrup

Pomegranate fruits

Extraction of arils manually

Washing with salt (2%) andcitric acid (5%)

Washing with water

Removing the surface moisture(shade drying)

Preserving the arils in the sugar syrupcontaining TSS (30º to 60º B) with

citric acid (0.5 to 2%) andsodium benzoate (0.1%)

Packing(PET, Glass, PP conta iners)

Storing

PRESERVATION TECHNIQUE

In recent years, minimally processed pomegranate arils have become popular due to their convenience,high value, unique sensory characteristics, value added products preparation and health benefits.The microbial stability and safety of most foods is based on a combination of several factors that is complexinteractions of temperature, water activity, pH, redox potential, etc. The preservation of pomegranate arils involves extracting the arils from the pomegranate fruits and treatingwith sugar syrup containing citric acid and sodium benzoate. In this compounds will act as stored productssuch as pH modifications by citric acid, plasmolysis of cells by sugar syrup and proton ionospheres activityby sodium benzoate. In this reason microbial cell structure will be damaged and inhibit their growth to theproducts.

EXPECTED OUTCOME OF THE RESEARCHThe innovative product developed from the project/research would have good storagestability with maximum nutrient retention and improve the health status.

Easy acceptable by all age group.This processing technique is simple and easy adoptable, so it will create the great potentialfor commercial production and marketing.

This high quality product developed from this project will help to improve the economicstatus of the producer such as farmers and entrepreneurs.

CONCLUSION

The pomegranate fruit is considered as the suitable fruit for the processing and utilization due to itsexcellent flavour, colour, physico-chemical constitution and therapeutic properties. Pomegranate processingand product diversification has played important role in the increased consumption and utilization ofpomegranate. But it should not available throughout years. In this new research and development activity onpomegranate arils in sugar syrup will be increase the availability and develop the new technologies forpomegranate juice derived food products like juice, squash, beverage, molasses, juice concentrates, frozenseeds, jam, jelly, marmalades, grenadine, wine, seeds in syrup, pomegranate spirits, pomegranate powder,pomegranate rind powder, confectionery, etc .



148

APPLICATION OF SOUS VIDETECHNOLOGY FOR PRESERVATION

OF WET SPICE MIXES

OBJECTIVETo standardize the wet - spice blends for theselected spices based ethnic cuisines.To investigate the application of Sous videtechnology for the processing of thestandardized wet - spice blendsTo study the quality evaluation of the Sous – vide processed spices blends stored in differentrefrigeration conditionsTo assess the flavor retention and nutraceuticalsproperties of the spice blends

INTRODUCTIONSous-vide food processing is an advanced

method of cooking whereby fresh food is vacuumsealed in heat-stable, high barrier plastic pouches orfilms, and then cooked (pasteurized) to time andtemperature combinations sufficient to destroyvegetative pathogens but mild enough to maximizethe sensory characteristics of the product.

FUTURE OUTCOME Production of original, high

quality, fresh spice mixes usinglocally cultivating spices.

Increase the shelf life of the Sous

vide processed fresh spice mixes bydeveloping improved technologieseven at domestic storage .

Reduce the cost of production ofthe Sous vide processed fresh spicemixes by providing training to SelfHelp Groups.

R.Tharani, R.SaravanakumarI-M.Sc student, Asst. Prof (HDT )

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNSelection of Fresh, Top-quality

Ingredients and Mixing

Basic Preparation(Seasonings, frying or grinding)

Packaging

Air Extraction and HermeticSealing

Pasteurization

Quick-chilling

Storage In Cold Chamber

Reheating

Preparation Of Recipes Service

SOUS VIDE PROCESSEDFRESH SPICE MIXES



150



151

INTRODUCTION:

Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del commonlyknown as babul and member of Mimosaceae.

Babul gum is known as ‘Indian gum Arabic’ . Itgenerally exudes during March-May.

Trees are tapped to increase gum yield bymaking incisions in the bark or treating withstress hormone ethylene or ethylene-releasingcompounds such as Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid).

The present study highlights the effects of temperature & relative humidity on gumexudation in Acacia nilotica .

OBJECTIVES:

In the present study trees of Acacia niloticawas selected and divided in girth classessuch as: ≥ 30.1 to ≤ 50.0 cm and ≥ 50.1 cm

The drill machine was used to make hole inthe trunk of tree.

Three doses (0, 2 and 4 ml) of two differentconcentrations viz. 0.78% and 1.56% of ethephon were applied in the trunk throughhole.

This practice was used in all the two seasonsviz ; rainy and winter.

METHODOLOGY:

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

REFERENCES:

Ballal, M.E., El Siddig, E.A., Elfadl, M.A. andLuukkanen, O. 2005a. Gum arabic yield indifferently managed Acacia senegal stands inwestern Sudan. Agroforestry Systems , 63(3): 237-245.

Harmand, J.M., Ntoupka, M., Mathieu, B., Njiti,C.F., Tapsou, J.M., Bois, J.C., Thaler, P. and Peltier,R. 2012. Gum arabic production in Acacia senegal plantations in the Sudanian zone of Cameroon:Effects of climate, soil, tapping date and treeprovenance. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES,311(1): 21-33.

Nair, M.N.B. 2004. Gum tapping in Sterculia urensRoxb. Sterculiaceae using Ethephon. U S ForestService Pacific Northwest Research Station GeneralTechnical Report PNW GTR 604(February): 69-73.

To access the impact of chemical methods for gum tapping in Acacia nilotica .

To evaluate the impact of temperature andrelative humidity on gum exudation in Acacianilotica.

To quantify the yield potential of Acacianilotica and its correlation with girth classes andlevels of ethephon.

M.SC. FORESTRY (FINAL YEAR)DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRYCOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHVAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (C.G.)

It is concluded that the rate of gum exudation increases with the increasing concentration of ethephon(from 0.78 to 1.56%) with different doses (0, 2, 4 ml), number of injuries and girth of the tree.

Tapping method is safe and there was no any ill effects on tree.Gum tapping using scientific methods of gum exudation not only maintain the life span of the tree but

also yields good quality gum of high value.

“Gum exudation in Acacia nilotica : effects of temperature and relativehumidity”

The maximum gum exudation was observed inNovember (2.9 g/tree) followed by October (2.6 g/tree)and September (2.1 g/tree) as per decreasing relativehumidity.

Harmand et al . (2012) have also reported higher gum yield when relative humidity was low.

Ballal et al. (2005) have also reported the highestyield per tree in all types of stands in early (1 October to 1 November) tapping.

The maximum gum (0.55 g/tree) exudation wasobserved in November when 4 ml of 1.56%concentration applied into double hole in higher (>50cm) girth class as compared to girth class of 30 to50 cm having 0.12 g/tree under the 2 ml of 0.78%concentration in single hole.

It was also observed that the gum exudationincreases with the increase of injury viz. single hole(0.48 g/tree) to double hole (0.55 g/tree) when 4 ml of 1.56% concentration applied into in higher (>50cm)girth class. Nair (2004) has also reported the similar results working on Sterculia urens . Hence, injury(number of hole) also played a significant role on rateof gum exudation.

However, in the controlled condition the gumexudation was nil. This might be due to low girth classalong with low temperature and high relative humidity.

Ethephon induced gum exudation technique

Figure: Effects of temperature and humidity on gum exudation in Acacia nilotica

RATIONAL:

Babul trees are growing abundantly on farmer’sfield throughout the Chhattisgarh plain region.Traditionally farmers have been using it only for making furniture’s, f ire & fuel wood,construction of houses and agricultural tools.However, gum tapping is not very popular among farmers. Modernization of agriculturehas seriously damaged the biodiversity of thistree over the entire state. Exploiting babul treefor gum tapping will help farmers to strengthentheir socioeconomic conditions as well as helpto conserve environment and biodiversity too.

Abhishek Raj

27.7 26.0 22.819.1 19.0

23.1

82.8

72.5

60.7 62.0 62.7 61.1

2.1 2.6 2.9 1.8 1.9 2.30

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

September October November December January February

Temperature (oC) Humid ity (%) Gum y ield (g/ tree)



152



153

S. Kiruthika*Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics

Agricultural College an Research Institute, Madurai

Sesamin, a lignan abundantly present in sesame can be used as,Antioxidant

HypertensiveAnticancerInhibits cholesterol synthesisEnhancer of oil keeping quality.

Gene Introgression

Gene - RXN-8695, RXN-8696

Transferred plants can be used as male parent in crossing programme whichwill produce high yielding quality of other oilseed crops rich in sesamin at

minimal cost.



154

Research tools & Instruments

Questionnaire for etiologicalfactors of learning disabilitychildren.Seguin Form Board test wasused to assess the Intelligencelevel of the selected samples.IQtest is one of the tool used toassess LD.

Conclusion From the study it was revealed that 60% of the boys and 56% of girls in the primary school arehaving the borderline IQ and40% of boys a 44% of girls are having average IQ level.Poor maternal nutrition was found to be the most important cause of LD among children.

IntroductionLearning disability(LD) is a general term thatdescribes specific of learning problems, which cancause a person to have trouble learning and usingcertain skills, that most often affected are: ReadingWriting ,Listening, Speaking, reasoning, Doing math.They included conditions which have been referredto as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimalbrain dysfunction, dyslexia, developmental aphasia.They do not include learning problems that are dueprimarily to mental retardation, emotionaldisturbance or environmental disadvantages.

Materials and MethodsSample of the Studysample of the study consist of 60 primary schoolchildren (30 boys and 30 girls) of fourth and fifthclasses with the age group of 8 to 11 years .Theyare studying in the Tamil medium of governmentschools in Malayalathanpatty and Vowvalthothamvillages around the college campus.

05

10

15

20

Borderline(70-90)

Average(90-110)

Aboveaverage

BOYS

GIRLS



156

CCR5at 3p21

cofactor for HIV-1 virus entry

Technology used: RNAi mediated by siRNA

ds RNADicer

ds RNA Cleavage

siRNA

RISC Formation & Activation

RISC (RNA Induced silencing complex)

RNA helicase

mRNA silencing

Transfection

No gene expressionMedical Application:

Transduction inT cells

Reinfusion

Patient follow-up

Chromosome 3

.

R.Sangeetha Vishnuprabha*Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics , Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

RNAi is more potent - HIV treatment is expected to take place

mRNA Cleavage mRNA degradation



157

SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID (GAL)BY MUCOR SP.

Ragavi . G

Department of Plant Pathology(PG scholar AC & RI Madurai)

Introduction

Lipids are main classes of macronutrients for humangrowth & nourishment. Fats and oils are obtained mainlyfrom plants and animal sources. The demands for fats andoils for edible and non edible purpose are ever increasingand that from the conventional sources are unable tosupply for the increasing world population.

Alternate sources – microbes : Lipids from microbeshave been found to be promising to meet theserequirement as some strains accumulate more than 20to70% lipids inside the cell, it can be extracted economically.Microbial lipids containing high proportion ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of nutritional andpharmaceutical importance. All microorganisms don’t havethe capacity to accumulate lipid, in the form oftriacylglycerols.

A number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganismscan accumulate triacylglycerol as cellular storage from 20to 70% of the dry biomass and are known as oleaginousspecies. In particular, oleaginous molds have the ability toaccumulate large amount of lipids, and serve as alternativesource for the production of pharmaceutical grade PUFAs.

Lipid producing organisms:•Oleaginous microorganisms Yeast, molds, bacteriaand algae. Lipid obtained from molds similar to theplant lipid which contain mainly C16 and C18 fattyacids.Sources of GLA

PUFAs CONVENTIONALSOURCES

MICROBIALSOURCES

GLA Plant seeds:•Evening primrose•Borage•Black currant

Fungi:•Mucor rouxii•M. circinelloides,•M. mucedo

•Motierella isabellina,•M.romanniana•Cunninghamellaelegans,•Rhizopus arrhizus

Algae:S. platensis, Chorellavulgaris)

FPM - Fat Producing Medium (Enobesmedium)g/l used for production of GLA .Tomaximize yield of GLA production in M. rouxii -solid-state fermentation using inexpensiveagricultural substrate.In addition to substrate types, cultureconditions of M. rouxii including inoculums sizeand temperature - optimized for enhancingGLA production

Oleaginous microorganisms accumulate high lipidcontent when nitrogen source exhausted frommedium and excess carbon diverted into lipidsynthesis. Oleaginous microorganisms grow wellin Nitrogen limiting media and produce high lipidcontent. And produce more biomass. Solventextraction method is used for extraction of GLA.Analysis of GLA by HPLC: High-performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC) Used toseparate the components in a mixture, to identifyeach component, and to quantify eachcomponent.

Mechanisms of GLA in human:

Uses of GLA :

Inhibits ageing, stress, poor diet..etcthese are nutritonal uses of GLA.Medicinal uses : skin diseasesDiabetic neuropathy, eye diseases, heartdiseases..etc

conclusionGamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) - body's firstbiochemical - transformation of the mainessential fatty acid LA into importantprostaglandins- essential to proper functioning ofeach cell.Research is going on for alternative to

conventional sources .

GLA Synthesis from Mucor sp•Mucor rouxii - oleaginous fungus of the orderMucorales - a promising GLA producer.• A high GLA level up to 39.7% in total fatty acids.

Fungal strains of Mucor sp. - isolated fromontaminated bread sample. Isolated fungus -confirmed by slide culture technique .



158

Benefits

Applications ofNanotechnology in

Phytopathology

Nanoparticles as

• Anti-fungal agent.• Anti-microbial agent.• Antibacterial agent• Nano-delivery

systemsA Pathway for entering nanoparticlesinto Plant Eco-system (CAP-coatednanoparticles,NP-Nanoparticles

• Nanoparticles are more stable and less toxic tohuman beings , other living organisms andenviornment as compared to systemic fungicides.

• Nanoparticles (nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers,

nano-herbicides and nano-fungicides) are smartand slowly released into plants.

• Quantity of application (nano-pesticides,nano-herbicides,nano-fungicide and nano-fertilizers) issmall as compared to systemic fungicides.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PRIORITIESMore studies about nano-phytopathologywill help in developing new diseasemanagement strategies.

Applications

Mycosynthesis of nanoparticlesThe major fungal species used asbionanofactory for synthesis of Ag NPs,Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillius,Verticillium, yeasts and other fungalspecies.

Introduction• Nanotechnology aided application have expreesing the ability to change the agricultural production

by allowing better management and conservation of inputs.• Nanoparticles are effective against plant pathogens,insects and pests.• Nanoparticle-mediated gene transfer would be useful for improvement of crops resistant to

pathogens and pest.• Biosynthesis of gold, silver, goldsilver alloy, selenium, tellurium, platinum, palladium, silica, titania,

zirconia, quantum dots (QDs), magnetite and uraninite NPs by bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, yeastsand viruses have been reported.Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have become one of the mostcommonly used nanomaterials

Myconanoparticles –synthesis and their role inphytopathogens management

TAMILNADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ,AC&RI,MADURAI.

T.SAHILA1st M.sc (Plant Pathology)



159

NANO-TAGGING OF SEEDS - A SMART WAY FOR SEED DETECTIONS. Suganya

Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of HorticultureKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur - 680 656

INTRODUCTIONNanotechnology is an emerging trend in almost allthe fields including agriculture. In particular, it can be usedto harness the full potential of seeds. Engineerednanomaterials have been used to enhance seed qualities.In addition to that, nano barcoding of the seeds can beattempted for the efficient detection of seeds.

BENEFITS

Tracking of sold seeds can be done

Manufacturer can know about the whereabouts of theseed

Information like the production area, date of harvest ,seed lot and dealer can be downloaded easily

This process will a lso help in IPR protection for seedcompanies seeking to enter highly competitive market

As far as legal issues are concerned, tracking seeds willhelp resolving disputes arising from use of IPR protectedseeds

CONCLUSIONThis technology may be commercially exploited

for use in large scale by the seed production and marketingcompanies . Thus nanotechnology paves way for easydetection of seeds with less manpower. Hence, let usoptimistically await its advancement in the seed industry.

BARCODING

Food itemsID cardsSealed packages

NANO BARCODES

NANO-TAGGING OF SEEDSSeeds can be dipped in the nano barcode

suspension. Each seed will imbibe the barcode. Differentseed lot can be encoded with different pattern of barcodes.

For retrieval of information from the tagged seeds,they can be agitated in a solution to wash out thebarcodes. Further it can be read with a barcode reader.

Dissolve the



160

CONSERVATION OF STHALA VRIKSHA (SPIRITUAL TREES) OF TAMILNADU FROM EXTINCTIONR.Lalitha

Department of Plant Breeding and GeneticsAgricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

Introduction:Sthala vriksha is a monumental tree that is indigenous to

every historical temple.The significance of growing sthala vriksha isuseful for immediate medicinal purposes.The kadamba tree for instance is the sthala vriksham at the madurai,Meenakshisundareswarar temple,vanni tree for magudeshwarar temple,kodumudi.Thillai tree for thillai natarajar temple, chidambaram.

Objective :To conserve this medicinal value spiritual trees of endangered

species by ex-situ and in-situ conservation.

Sthala vrikshams:Vilvam – Aegle marmelos - RutaceaeKadamba – Neolamarckia cadamba – RubiaceaeMaruthu – Terminalia paniculata - CombretaceaThillai – Excoecaria aqallocha - EuphorbiaceaeVanni - Prosopis spicigera - Fabaceae

This trees which are considered as a red list categories by Foundationfor Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions(FRLHT).

Medicicinal Property :Vilvam- Gastro intestinal disease,Jaundice,Vomiting,Obesity.Kadamba-Diarrhoea,diuretic,burningsensation,antiinflammatory.Maruthu - Wounds and skin diseases,Cough.Thillai-Dermatitis,Skinirritant,Sweeling of hands and feet,Flatulence.Vanni – Cures joint and muscle problems , Antitode for snakepoisoning.

Methods to conserve:

In-Situ - In their natural habitat itself to maintain the trees properly .Ex Situ-Away from the place of natural habitat and conserved

through micropropagation techniques by the use of flowers ,flower buds , leaves.

It is also mentioned by HR&CE in THE HINDU December 3,2014.

Conclusion:The medicinal plants and trees are used in Ayurveda to cure

many diseases. Many of the plants are extinct due to variousreasons so we have to conserve the endangered species fromextinction and also researches should give attention to this type of research.

kadamba

Vilvam

Thillai

Maruthu



161

ARSENIC IN FOOD CHAIN AND ITS MITIGATION

P. Kurinjimalar, III Ph.D Scholar

Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore-641 003

E-mail: [email protected]

ArsenicA toxic metalloid, originates from geogenic and anthropogenic sourcesand enters into the food chain and causes several health problems.

Millions of peoples are suffer due to As toxicity.

(As < 50µg L -1) (As < 40 ppm)

(As 200 μg kg −1 )

Mitigation

Soil

Bioremediation Microbes transform toxic As III to As V

Bioamendments and phosphates forimmobilization

Water Water Filtration System

Household

C ommunity

As- freewater

Drinking

Irrigation

Environment friendly, economically feasible and effective waterfiltration system- for sustaining human and environmental health.



162

VETIVER PLANTING IN DRYLAND HEDGE ROWS FOR FECILITATE ICNREASING INFILTRATION RATE AND EROSION CONTROLP. RAJESH, T. RAGAVAN

Vetiver is a perennial grass. family of Poaceae. Vetiver ( Vetiveriazizanoides (Linn) Nash.) grass which can grow up to 1 to 2 metreshigh and form wide clumps.

The root system of vetiver is fiely structured and very strong. it

has no stolons or rhizomes.vetiver’s

firous roots grow downward,2-4 m in depth, and are stronglyscented.

Vetiver is indigenous to India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lankaand Malaysia.

In India, it is seen growing wild throughout Punjab, Uttar Pradeshand Assam.

It can be grown in wide pH range even in saline andalkaline soils with a pH of 8.5 to 10.

Vetiver is tolerant to a wide range of temperature ranging from-15 °C to +55 °C, depending on growing region.

Planting time the most suitable time for planting vetiver is June – August withthe onset of monsoon.

Irrigation in the absence of rainfall, soil moisture status should be maintainedby irrigation from planting to establishment. in the areas whererainfall is good, well distributed over the year and humidity is high,supplementary irrigation is not necessary.

Erosion Control

Direct erosion control involves measures which

aim at stopping or slowing down erosion processes .

principles:

• protecting the soil surface from the forces of raindrops;

• increasing water infiltration;

• decreasing the speed (force) of runoff water; • intercepting the transported soil. Indirect erosion control, such

as land use planning, aims at using land in ways that prevent

and/or reduce the risk of erosion occurring.

Agricultural applications Soil and Water ConservationOn Farm Use and Products

Water and Water Quality applications Flood ControlMore infiltrationRiver BanksDams, Ponds and LakesPollution Control

LandfillSlope Stabilization applications:

Rural RoadsHighways - batter/ fill and drainageRailroadsLand Rehabilitation



163

INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY BALANCE OF AN EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF SYSTEM IN COIMBATORE CLIMATEJ.Jayabharathi* and Dr.S.V. Kottiswaran

Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering,Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3

INTRODUCTION

As the geographic footprint and population size of cities worldwideincreases, researchers are investigating techniques to minimize theenvironmental impact associated with urban areas. One such techniqueis the implementation of green roofs on urban structures. Green roofshave numerous potential benefits including: reducing storm water runoff , acting as additional insulation for roof tops, providing biodiversity,

sequestering carbon and reducing urban temperatures.

Green Roof

A green roof (also known as an eco-roof, nature roof, living roof or roof greening system) is a living, vegetative system that contains a substrate(growing media) and a vegetation layer at its outermost surface.

Types of Green Roof systems

SI.NO Characteristics Extensive Green

Roof

Intensive Green

Roof

1 Maintenance Low High

2 Irrigation No Regularly

3 Plant Communities Moss, Sedum, Herbs

and Grasses

Lawn, Shrubs and

Trees

4 S ub st rat e d ep th 2 0 - 2 00 m m 1 50 - 15 00 mm

5 Weight 60 - 150 kg/m 2 150 – 500 kg/m 2

6 Cost Low High

7 Use Ecological protection

layer

Park/Garden

Traditional Roof Green Roof

Where, RN = net radiationQ sensible = sensible heat flux due to convectionQET = latent heat flux due to convection

Qsubstrate/roof = conductive heat flux through roof

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Net radiationIt represents the difference between the incoming and

outgoing short-wave and long-wave radiation at the green roof surface. Thus, net radiation depends on the spectral properties of the green roof, such as reflectivity, but also on incoming short-wave radiation, temperature of the plants, sky (in this caselamps and surrounding walls) and substrate.

Conductive heat transferIt is an important parameter to indicate thermal

performance of a green roof because it is directly proportionalto the heat flux transferred through the roofing layers in steadyor quasi steady state conditions but not necessary for a roof withdynamic conditions and large thermal mass.

Convective heat transferconvective heat transfer for the samples without plants and

with plants. Convective fluxes are calculated indirectly bysubtracting all other measured fluxes from the total measuredflux.

ETLatent heat transfer in green roofs is a combined process of

water lost from the soil evaporation and plant transpiration,also called evapotranspiration. Transpiration occurs when water from the plant leaf surface is transported into the air by

diffusion and/or convection.

METHODOLOGY

Green roofs reduce the heat transfer through the roof toreduce indoor heat gain and cooling energy consumption. Theheat transfer processes of a flat roof, such as convection,conduction and radiation, are modified by the green roof through the thermal characteristics and surface properties of the constituent materials, evapotranspiration (ET) andmetabolic processes of plants ..

Conductive heat transfer

Convective heat transfer

ET

Net Radiation

CONCLUSION

As for the thermal aspect, it was verified that thegreen roof had the lowest temperature range,compared to other roofing systems used in this

paper. thus, it is possible to say the green roof has to perform heat exchange between interior and exterior environments. The results showed that the green roof has the most suitable performance, since themaximum value for the internal air temperature was

below the maximum outside air temperature.



Study of projected temperature and precipitation changes using CMIP5 climate models over Manjalar sub basin of riverVaigai in Tamil Nadu

S.Janapriya, Dr.S.Santhana Bosu, Dr.R.Jagannathan and Dr.Balaji KannanDepartment of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

Tamilnadu Agricultual University, Coimbatore

Introduction The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded inits Fourth Assessment Report (AR4, Solomon et al. 2007 ) that climatechange has begun to affect the frequency, intensity, and duration ofextreme events such as extreme temperatures, extreme precipitation,droughts, etc. Some of the changes in weather and climate extremesobserved in the late 20th century are projected to continue into thefuture. The mean temperature in India is projected to increase by 0.1 –

0.3 ◦ C in kharif and 0.3 –0.7 ◦ C during rabi by 2010 and by 0.4 –2.0 ◦ Cduring kharif and to 1.1 –4.5 ◦ C in rabi by 2070. Similarly, mean rainfallis projected not to change by 2010, but to increase by up to 10% duringkharif and rabi by 2070. At the same time, there is an increasedpossibility of climate extremes, such as the timing of onset of monsoon,intensities and frequencies of drought and floods. The main objective ofthis paper is to provide an update of the analysis of temperature andprecipitation extremes in the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble.

Materials and methods

Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)

Result and DiscussionAnnual and seasonal changes expected in Maximum and Minimum Temperature ( 0C) in Manjalar sub- basin

Annual rainfall

national expo on assemblage of innovative ideas / work of post graduate agricultural research...

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