National Exams May 2016

07-Bld-A7, Building Envelope Design

3 hours duration

NOTES:

1. If doubt exists as to the interpretation of any question, the candidate is urged to submit with the answer paper, a clear statement of any assumptions made.

2. This is a CLOSED BOOK EXAM. Casio or sharp calculator allowed

3. FIVE (5) questions constitute a complete exam paper. The first five questions as they appear in the answer book will be marked.

4. Each question is of equal value.

5. For questions that require an answer in essay format, clarity and organization of the answer are important.

6. Equations and data required for calculations are provided in the appendix of this exam booklet.

07-Bld-A7 Building Envelope Design, May 2016 Page 1 of l l

Question 1 (20 marks)

1.1: (20 Marks) Decide for each statement whether it is true or false. Provide the answers directly on this question sheet.

No. Statement True False

1 It is not possible to have vapor diffuse through a wall in the direction opposite to air leakage

2 Wetting by condensation is promoted on cold indoor surfaces and on cold surfaces within the construction when moist air is in contact with surfaces with temperature above its dew point.

3 The SHGC of window is not only influenced by the properties of glazing but also the configuration of window frame.

4 Cold outdoor air entering through a building enclosure because of wind, exhaust fans, or stack effect will usually be at a low relative humidity but at a high humidity ratio.

5 In any climate condition, the vapor barrier is beneficial to prevent moisture-induced damage if placed on the interior or indoor side of the wall.

6 The suction pressure on the roof perimeter is more severe when wind blows perpendicular to the face of the building than when wind blows towards the corner of the building.

7 The moisture accumulation in the building envelope can induce material decay and mold growth, but won't affect the thermal performance of the envelope.

8 Asphalt impregnated building paper can be considered as an air barrier

9 The principa l function of a vapour barrier is to stop or, more accurately, to retard the passage of moisture as it diffuses through the assembly of materials in a wall, so the vapor barrier must be continuous.

10 Air barrier must be installed on the warm side of the wall

11 In cold climate, if the air barrier is positioned on the outside of the insulation, the air barrier material needs to be 10-20 times more permeable to water vapor diffusion than the vapor barrier material.

12 The principal function of masonry mortar is to develop a complete, strong and durable bond with masonry units. Mortar must also create a water resistant seal.

13 Differences in air density due to differences in temperature between indoors and outdoors give rise to stack effect, which promotes air leakage through a building enclosure and a generally downward movement of air within a building in cold weather.

07-Bld-A7 Building Envelope Design, May 2016 Page 2of11

14 For safety reason it is good to use a mortar that has more compressive strength than required by the structural requirements of the project.

15 When given a choice during renovation, insulation should be placed on the interior of the structure to achieve energy efficiency .

16 For hygroscopic materials , their vapour permeability changes with the change of ambient relative· hu midity. Typically the vapour permeability increases with the decrease of relative humidity.

17 Lack of movement joints often results in cracks in brick veneer walls, especially at corners.

18 An air barrier can also function as water resistive barrier, vapour retarder , thermal insulation.

19 By fil ling the double IG U with Argon gas can significantly increase its thermal resistance.

20 When the water content level of brick is under its critical degree of saturation, Scrit. frost damage won't occur regardless of the number of freeze/thaw cycles the brick is exposed to.

Question 2 (20 marks): A typical wood-frame brick veneer wall construction that is commonly used in Part 9 low-rise. residential building is made up of the fo llowing components:

100mm exterior brick {RSI 0.13) 25mm air space (RSI 0.22) one layer of Tyvek water resistive membrane, 0.2mm 12.5 mm plywood sheathing (RSI 0.11) 140mm glass fiber insulation (RSI 3.67) 6 mil polyethylene as vapour and air barrier 12.Smm gypsum board (RSI 0.08)

To improve the energy efficiency of homes, the thermal res istance of walls, roofs, and below grades will need to be sign ificantly improved.

1) Calculate the effective RSI value of the wall assembly given using the Parallel path method. The wood stud spacing is 16" at centre, and assume the thermal conductivity of the wood stud is 0.11 W/m •K. The actual dimension of 2x6 wood stud is 38mm by 140mm. A frame factor of 25% can be assumed in the calculation.

2) Propose one wall configuration to achieve an effective thermal resistance of R40 (RSI 7.0) using the wall assembly given as the base case.

3) Comment on the mo isture performance of your solution in comparison to the conventional 2x6 wood -frame wall given.

4) Sketch a typ ical floor/wall junction with the wall construction you have chosen. On your d rawing, label and trace the ai r barrier, vapour barrier, water resist ive barrier, and rain shedding su rface.

07-Bld-A7 Building Envelope Design, May 2016 Page 3of11

In your calculation, you can assume a RSI 0.12 for the interior surface thermal res1stance, a RSI 0.03 for the exterior surface thermal resistance, and a RSI 0.22 for the thermal resistance of rainscreen air cavity. Material properties are provided in the appendix.

Question 3 (20 marks): Part A (16 marks)

Five meter wide, dark gray, precast concrete spandrel panels are to be used on a building with allowance made for lateral expansion and contraction. The panels are anchored at the middle point, as shown in Figure 1. This build ing is located in Montreal.

1) What is the maximum movement this concrete panel experiences? Assume the design winter temperature is -25°C and the maximum cladding temperature is 65°C. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion and contraction of concrete is 11.7 x10· s1oc.

2) What would be the minimum vertical joint width if a sealant with a movement capacity of ±25% is applied at the annual mean temperature.

3) What would be the minimum vertical joint width is a sealant with a movement capacity .of ±25% is applied at 5°C.

Effl:CTIVE lEHGTH

I ~L n .. ~·

~,

f~ .. , , .. y I

hi f'AHELS flXf(> AT MlO·POINT

POINT Of [jAHACHMtHf

OF Hit PAtHlS

Figure 1

4) Sketch the vertical joint and label all components and comment on the requirements of the relative dimensions of this joint.

5) Explain what sealant failures it would result if the joint is too wide or too deep

6) Explain the difference between single~stage joint and two-stage joint with the help of sketches, and state the advantages of two-stage joint over single-stage joint.

Part B (4 marks)

Figure below shows a typical window/wall connection detail. Explain how the rainwater is managed in this design.

07-Bld-A? Building Envelope Design, May 2016 Page 4of11

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Question 4 (20 marks>

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Design a low~slope, exposed membrane rooting assembly for a warehouse building located in Toronto. The primary membrane is to be Modified Bitumen (SBS). This warehouse has a brick veneer steel stud wall assembly.

1) Sketch the roof/wall junction and label the main components for both the roof and the wall;

2) List the potential fa!lures of a low-slope roof with Modified Bitumen membrane and elaborate on how to prevent these failures.

07-Bld-A7 Building Envelope Design, May 2016 Page 5 of 11

Question 5 (20 marks):

1. (10 marks) The deteriorated brick shown in photo A was found under the coping in photo B. The cross section of the coping is shown in photo C.

a) Explain the cause and mechanism which led to this deterioration of the brick, b) Outline the deficiencies of the design detail of this coping, and c) Draw the cross section of an effective coping and parapet.

.,,.-:-..: ' ' # ,,.,,.,....._ . . ' . ,· .

. . :--.: . •£.; . .. .. .... ';

Photo A

Photo C

Photo B

2) (5 marks) In photo shown below, note that icicles are formed at the eaves of a sloped roof. Explain what has caused it and how to avoid such a problem .

07-Bld-A 7 Building Envelope Design, May 2016 Page 6 of 11

3. (5 marks). As shown in the photo below, cracks and spa!ling of bricks are noted at the corner of this brick veneer wall. Explain what has potentially contributed to this failure and what should have been done to avoid such a failure.

Photo 3

Question 6 (20 marks)

Review the case study "the brick is falling". 1) Explain the failure mechanism of this case with the aid of sketch. 2) Comment on how to avoid such failures from occurring by providing a cross-section of a brick veneer wall showing the proper wall/floor connection details.

07-Bld-A7 Building Envelope Design, May 2016 Page 7 of lJ

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"Appendix Page l 6(1 Ol·Bid-A1/May ~016'

. \

Appendix: equations Vapor flow equation:

W = lv!AB(p, - p 2 )

where: W = total mas s of vapor transmitted, ug

(1)

M = permeance coefficient, ng/(s ·m2 ·Pa), M = µ l

0 = time during which flow occurs, s l = thickness , m :U = average permeability, ng/(s·m·Pa)

A =cross-section area of the flow path, m2

(p 1 - p 2) = vapor press ure difference applied across the specimen, Pa.

Conduct ive heat t ransmission equation

q ( . - =Ut -t) A I <>·

where q!A = heat-tlow rate, W/m2

(2)

U =overall coefficient of heal transmission, W/(m:< ·K) '1. t (J = inside and outside temperature, K

• Thermal resistance of composite section

1 R == U = R1 + R2 + R3 (3)

Average U-value by parallel method (area-weighted average)

~ Az U = U1 + U2 (4) A1 +~ A,+A2

07-Bld-A7 Building Enve lope Design, May 20 16 Page 8of11

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NISTOCWI NIST (WCO) NIST (?OW} N1srnoc\1J CIOSIC l2<Xl6j N l~l' (2()((1)

Ku.r:11·u\111 OOOi) Knnmnn ( 2002) KurtM1\11i (i996) r:mRU(;!tl)(,~ Nl!!T (:WOO} Nl:.'l· (20(.IO) R*'a\itvk ( 1~76) R.u:.-tjevio (1016) 1{;1;a\l•vic i 1976) l~"'"U"''i" (I Q?li} Runjevie ( 1916)

Kc.nur.:111 ( l 026) Noi1111.:<1 (! 9-17) Kt111111r1111 ( 1991>) K.omur.m (1996) 1{ .. ,,.,1111a (I 0%)

Kurn;ll'ou ( l\1%j

Kaomrun(2002) Ki•ua•~n t199tiJ K1111UOl'il.Jt(l9%)

l<IJ:'lT (1.0QO), J\~•!JtrJll (I~ (M11.m1FRot11rcr) (.M~11ufil~lu~t) (M~1Wfoc11111;t)

,1',,t;t.,~ r.I nl, (I Q7~.l (M~11•1f,..:;1111c:i)

j~ to 95 0,!42 ~ 0.11411 Ynrl•n>~t.b cl ~1. (1!1111) 55 ta 70 O.OJS to Cl.039 Y.ubl\)\'lih et nl. (IOU) 6 to 8 (),(14~ 1.47 Kum•.un (21JQ~)

<IC 0.0:!6 1.47 Km~"'"' (21102) 111cd1'lodru-y .......................... ; ................... JIOinm JO 1.6 1.47 Ku.1n~m1(l9%) ... ,, ... ,, .. , ............ .,, .. , .. ,.,.,,,.,,,.,,,.,,.,, ............... $0 mm ~S i.92 1.·~1 ~111m1rwu ( l ~96.1 .. , ................................................................ l:Wmm lO '.\.60 K111u~11m(lQ<)lij

~':.!fn~~l.~~~~1. dry·::.:.:.:.:::~'."~·::_";_,._, .. _,._ .• _ _ ll_lll_•_i~~-0.oJO !.':'..£'.~32 - ··--· •. - ... ---~-~~~l~::iH(2~~.2_. -----

07-Bld-A7 Building Envelope Design, May 2016 Page 9of11

Tahk8 'folt'I' \'~11wr l'Hmc;iliili1y o( ll11ildinr. M111criah 111 \'i1ric111~ ltd:1tht Humidilif~

P~JTI't('~tsaft.t· at Vm·L,u• t~lttti~ l1•unt(titi~11 W•ht

n1:m·~.,. "1} Ah1011itiu1 MeomAir Cocmv> .. t, f'<Tl~Mb.i!ily, n~f\•r¢>nel'-V°

l\1..i~riod HJ~. ~f 3G':~, ~(l'Y. 70'r. 911•;. \k2·•v•)fn1I ki:/(h•••it) C<fruarat!'i

011ikii111t (!(ui•J • 1ul Sldlulf

A~b<:•li1'l <'Cmc1d bout\!, J mm thick!>(,•~ O.(;;'; lo IJ7 - -NIA-.. L>ryn•p' \Vithnil-ll>l:<ie linid ... .,. ...... _. ~ -- 0.05 '" (i.00- ......... .,.NJ/\-

Cement b.>;1rd. ll nun. 11~0 "'1/ml 7.4 7.·i !l.;i 12 ib 0.('\!) ) xi()-' .K111nnnui (1002) Fibi.'l'. ~meat b1111rJ, 8 rn1n, ll80 ~p/m1 0.21 o.ss 1.6 4.7 MR O.o2.'.> l )( i0-11 Ki.tn1tt>\ll (20<12) (;yt'Mllll l>.•3!"<1 21 ~:i ~o Kt"»•n"i

u~alt imptts1111100 .... ________ o.ros (199<\YNltC

Cirt)NJ>ll w.U l.txml, !3 11im, 615 1;...;,,..1 2H ,,,,2 Jl.9 '.\7.6 ~4.7 (l.0019• 4.2 ::< 10 ~ Kulli••~" (2002) with one; <'Ott prim<ir 6.83 IU 22.ll 2l.U> >S .• 9 N/A u·~ I~ K11111lll'ttn \2002) witb "'~ C(l1i f'111n<l'llwo (°'6b< Ink.< r• \lni 1.1 1.1 4,0 RO .16.~ NIA z.~.,., 10~ Kut.11~~11 (20.02)

! fonlb.>11rcl rldinv .. 11 mm, 740lc~/mJ J.92 4.ltl 'l.67 :o.10 Bl! o.cuxm 4.S • Ur9 Ku.mlITTU'l (2002) Otienll!d !:!11111.d boo11f (OOB), ~.$ ntl'll, 660 l..~'rnl 0.(Xl6-1 O.tn 0.<187 l.J5 J.8..1 0.00!6 J .X to·g Ku1111nm (2001}

I I.I 1.Mm 0.026 0.(-0 l.2~ 2.J(I 4.~ Mou z., 10-9 KAonmn (1002) 12.7mm 0.\)44 0.34>1 0.90 1.10 2. iS O.OO!ii 1 "'lo-9 K1o1111">1r1 (2002)

l'lt1dclel)() )nl 4A (d) I0.2 IS.2 Kumr11<11 (1906) Duuiilu ftr pl,.,,.·OQd; 12 mm, 470 kp!m.l fJ.l\l o.~11 1.46 J.lll 6.!\0 0.0042• •1 • 10-11 Ku111or.m (20D2)

I~ 1•ilt!, i~0\1~111 1 (1.15 0.41 1.(1) ?,<II 7,90 u.0011 I • 10·11 K•1111u:o.1 (2001) Clllllldilw .t1<1Rwood 1iiywood, Ill nuu, •HS kif•n' O.O<i O.Si 2.2~ 6.12 1no o.co:n i ~ J()-11 lv.w•ron (20()'2) Pl>"""'xl (e:<1c.·i.:>r-snod~). 12 1nm, .SRO 1<1;/111J 11.21 0.'.16 uo s.m llu11:l• ~• ..t. Wood rib:>r bo.,..i, I I mm, J W !q:/ni~ IZ..\ 13.6 15.0 l(,4 1$.1 ll.~(.(J9•t 2.S" 10-7 Kum•"'" (%002)

l$ ,,.,.., ')()1 l::~Jm) 71.5 !18.4 sc;.1 '11.'l ll1u.:k .1111J ~~j:1rfllil {IW5)

hlaJOnry l'4•dni•li A~nw ~1$k, 4t;()~m" 11.2 15.9 22.Q 'll.4 50 O.OY..i s,.. 1().11 Kwrtcrw. (~.Otli)

600i:g/n~ II! 21.6 22 42 6.J t<umlllllfl (10.96) Ceroeru ll>Qtta1, 1600 kglini ll.6 l<..S 2().1 245 :\Ill O.Ql t.5 JI 10·0 ~11181"" (2002) C1u.Y brJc.St. JOO by I 00 by 200 mm. i 11Sil Wm 1 4.14 4.+I 4.7i .ttl S.50 (l.l 7 21d >< Jl)-10 Kummm(1002) CoRCr~te, 2200 i:glml 1.l6 1.4 :1.s G.S Klllllml11 (l~G) Ce11ic!~i bli...:l;(""r~4. liuic:JIV•~ ~l!~~t.~t~). 27.4

200 ro.lll Li~twd£!ht ac:mcrcte-, 1100 l:{!ha.l 12.'l 11..i nu Kw11nm ( 1996)

u~~'"""' ZSllO li~111 1 0.26 tU6 0.26 rh26 O • .l6 0.1)(.()jl IJ.<li)i.tlil..Je Kmn"'l"' (2002) tl:lrlilc !:>«iii 28 " 112 K.um1Ml ( 19116) Jltl1: 1<'t, i!ll !llc:tiil lath, 19 IUIU --~-w------·- 16.'l

OA wood lalJt ii.O OQ plain ltflmml fi'.ith. (will\ atndJ) 21.1 ·-------.---·~·----··

\''l)IYtlYlllO<' !)0\1,!Vt. SM ~ ... 1 o.w~ I.I 2.1 N.1u••~u (11196) Potllond 'tucoo mix, !985 !qi/ml O.Sl I.IS LG~ DJ l.7,(; 0..012 l • UJ·ll Ku1unm ('2002} Tiie ma.~111')', .sla;ocd, I 00 lllil2 O.(>!I

~'.,y.I"

l'?a~1crn whi~ a:du, 20 1mn, HO ~AnJ (W.lUll\'<:m".)

0,013 O(fll! OAH ~.o~ l().\) ()J.}Olt; nc11li.!libk Ku1111t'W'1(2\IQ:ij

E-.:uicra white 11iflc, I'> ll\lll,. 460 kl)'n;)(tr•u.-11me) 0.47 0.17 0."7 2..5~ 10.2 OJJ066 l x 10·11 Ku.'l!.t::in (2002) l'>i1!(i o::i~ 0.$1 I.I :u <•.l fl:1Jtftm•I (If)<)(~ &u!horn ~ll1,1w pi11o:11 20 mm, l'O ~~11·'

(lroM V-) 0.!2 o .. un 1.:n 1t7 l6.9 O.OOM 3 ~ 10-11 Kutuamn (2002)

~-,~~ (l<>1111il<¥lim~J ~~ 14 ~ ~(, li7 Kw1,.11111 ( lf.196) lo 111m. 400 kwm' (tr~Wiv<llfd 0.31 1.08 3.t;. 9.27 29.~ 0.002 j" 10-11 Kumnmn (2002)

W<t'llel'n 1cil ccl/:11. JS! tom, )j() kgAnJ (hMW<1wc) 0.lOc> o.n~ 0.4Ql l.Q(. U!l 0.001 <I ~ I0--1! li:1<1••1uu (2002)

fo,abli"a Ah·\J'otilt} 174 Cc!Mnrp;lt'1 O.Cl c .. -11 .. 1«- i•~ .. !J tZ...11, 1liy bl!>wn, ::io ~dfll) m HO I'll 168 m 0,1 ~.~ " ICJ-l K•llMllfl\ (20(12) C.::td:h<!~l>i 3.010 'l8 14 i-:l""" f1h:r lt"11. i LS 4111>' m m in m m WA ~.~ x 10 4 1<11111~ ..... (200:>.) Gfa:m-llbcr lrn:11.l•tlon br.'111-d, ~ mill, I :!O ~/mJ 2Jt( 1;~ l.lurch ~t ul.

fooec-r, I. 6 """' 81:0 ~j.,;J 0.00>! OOOlSI 0.0184 O.OlS9 1la11>l1 ~I ~I. Min-:-f<ll lih::r iuf\tl•tioo, JQ to 191.1 kil.fml 7~ 8$ 2$0 Ku1uor•n ( N9&J Mir;.,.111( w.:iol (unprott~lc-d) 2<1~ -·

07-Bld-A? Building Envelope Design, May 2016 Page 10 of l l

'fable8 Wu kc \'3pnt: 1'~.nuN1bility o{ !Juil<liug Mnkrl:il~ at \'21·i1111~ R('l~ti\'e Uumidili~s {Co11linucd)

P•mm1bililr •t v..,.;,,.,, Rolatn<> lfomi.ilitl<-<, ,..,.., ..

n~<'t:P•:,.m) Al>eorpCio1 M.,.n Air Coctflicie•t, Ptrmt .. bilicy, Rtf~•·~•i<(i)

M••erbl tO~·~ 3fl~~ SO'~'. 10% '10% (kl!' •1'•)/1n2 k!V(P•..-rw) CArono••il

Phenol i e l'ca.rn ( e~~ ring rcmavc<!) :is Po lysl}'!Ctle

CllpaRd.od, l4.8 ki)':n3 2.8:1 J .36 J .96 4.66 5.50 NIA I. I x 10-S !Clim•= (2002) C'.'(lr\l«<I, '.! 8.6 l:gml 1.22 !.22 1.2.2 l.22. U2 NIA Knrurn1 (2-002)

Pol}'\JI'Othane "'fl'lldcd booed ore>d: l(R ~ 1.94 \W(n.11 · K)l 0.58 to 2,} spmyed fOQ1n, 30.0 lcJtml '.l .>i 2.54 2.75 2.07 ).22 NIA l )( 10-11 JCurntNJO (1002.)

6.S 10 8. 5 l;girnJ 875 n~ n.s S1.S 87.5 NIA 4.2X !o-9 Ku1uN111 (2002) Poly.i..oC)'GJlutaf<: iosuloticn, 26.5 l:,slm1 4.04 4.5G S.14 HO 6.SS NIA Kum>r.111 (2002)

PolytrOC)'8llUCOtc-~-mal facer, O,S mm. 430 0.49 0.90 1.30 2.29 B~ICh ct11t leg/ml

Sll'letucol iosl:l!ating board, 1hcnthing quality 29 tt>'P.. inl<lri.ot; una>ated, IJ mm 37.2toG7

Uaiccllulac syi>thdi.; lk::cib!.c:-ruhbcr fo•m 0.029

foil,Fdt, Pap~r Bi1um;,,,,.., p::ipct (.~IS felt), 0.72 n1m, 5 l5 i;;m?

(~ct'l><>} 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.40 1.17 0.0005 .2.5" rn.i: KWJ1tnm (2002)

~I-impregnated pap::.-.10 mio rating, 0.2 lllDI, 170 firul (tl'llll,,.,rse) 0. 2'1 0.41 0.78 1.48 J.06 0.001 J.1" !o-4i KwnU11t1 (2002)

lOmin nt:Tni, 0.22 nuu, 200 .Vn11 (!11>Dl\'Cr.1e) 0 .44 0.74 1.28 2..31 4.67 O.@J 6.6"' io-6 Knrntna (2002)

60mia nling. 0.14 mm, 280 &hnl (tro~) J.51 UH 2.44 :us 4.24 0.0011 7. l xl~ Kum&lall (2002) 3plm h<Xldc:d polyolcfui (SllPO)

D.14 ID 0.15 mm., OS ~n\2 (tmasvouc) 4.37 4.37 4.37 4.37 4.37 0.00031 4.6"' lG-7 lC-u .. mm (2002) with erialdcd surfoa;

0, I lo 0, ll Ollb, 67 pfrol (luuut""aa) :!.17 .l .17 3.17 3.17 3.l7 0.0002!1 3 J( I0-7 l\'.iimlJ'll'Q (2002) w-..tlpopcr

paper 0.12 1.21<> L7 Kumltllll ( 1996)

lostile o.os 0.74t.> 2.14 K=UllO. ( 1996) \~ 0.205 mm, 170 j/mi (trmisv-.l'SC) o,o~ 0 .14 0.2! 0.32 OA6 o.ooru 5 ~ 1()-11 K.tmana (2002)

Othr Canstt'uefou !\latori.ils Builtr\Jp roo6ns (ho!- mopped) 0.0

Elltcriar insulalcd fuWb system (FJFS). 4.4 mru lctylic, 1140 "8/inl

om 0.09 0.09 0.09 O.® O.ll005l 0 Kum1r.1n (2002)

Gbuit filx:t ~ inforeod .thee:~ D.01 aQ}'iic, 1.4 1:n.m

Jl<l~•t<:e, l.Zmm oms •l!W.1<lo$1 <bt:i,. no n f•.M!lc.8<'albbU NIA-Not~:iblc

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