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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

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7109

PERFORMANCE OF COATING SYSTEMS WHEN APPLIED TO SURFACED BUILT-UP

ROOFS TO FACILITATE THE REMOVAL OF ATOMIC FALLOUT

by

William C. Cullen

and

Edgar H. MacArthur

<J«p>U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development andmaintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for

making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and

properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices,

and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; in-

vention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the dev^elopment

of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research,

development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various

consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when ihe

Bureau’s unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of

divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or pub-

lished papers. These papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the journals

of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from

the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections,

presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary

and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides

data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world.

There are also five series^ of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series,

Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can he found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of the

National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($1.50), available from the Superintendent

of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORTNBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1004-30-10640 20 March 1961 7109

PERFORMANCE OF COATING SYSTEMS WHEN APPLIED TO SURFACED BUILT-UP

ROOFS TO FACILITATE THE REMOVAL OF ATOMIC FALLOUT

by

William C. Cullen

and

Edgar H. MacArthur

Organic Building Materials Section

Building Research Division

Sponsored by

Atomic Energy Commission

IMPORTANT NOTICE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANEIntended for use within the Gov

to additional evaluation and revir

listing of this Report) either In wthe Office of the Director, Nation

however, by the Government age

to reproduce additional copies fo

^.pproved for public release by the

)ireetor of the National Institute of

standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 2015.

ess accounting documents

y published it Is subjected

eduction, or open-literature

is obtained In writing from

1 permission Is not needed,

ared If that agency wishes

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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Based on these data^ it can be concluded that the early removal of a

radioactive contaminant from a surfaced built-up roof will not be possible.

Obviously^ a roof which presents a smooth, even surface can minimizethe hazard due to the accumulation of radioactive fallout, because the

probability of its ultimate removal by the conventional decontaminationmethods will be greatly increased. In the case of new construction, thiscan be partially accomplished by the specification of smooth-surfaced roofsat the sacrifice, of course, of some durability, since mineral-surfacedroofs generally out-perform their smooth- surfaced counterparts.

Existing slag- or gravel-surfaced roofs must be treated in somemanner to render their surface smooth. The application of coating or

topping systems to fill the voids between the surfacing particles hasbeen suggested as a possible method. If such a system is to performadequately, it should possess many, if not all, of the followingattributes

:

1 . Be economical and easy to apply.2. Provide good coverage, i.e», present a smooth, dense surface

even after extended periods of exposure.3. Provide good adhesion to the base on which applied.4. Be compatible with the base on which applied.5. Possess desirable weathering characteristics.6. Resist flow at roof temperatures.7. Easy to maintain.

At the request of the Atomic Energy Commission, the National Bureauof Standards carried out a program to study the performance of a numberof coating systems employed as surface preparations for built-up roofssurfaced with slag or gravel. Ten organic coating systems were selectedfor inclusion in the program and they may be placed in one or more of thefollowing categories:

(1.) Asphalt Base.

(2.) Coal-tar Base.

(3.) Resin Base (epoxy, polyvinyl acetate).

(4.) Rubber Base.

Each of the coatings was intended for cold application by brush and/orspray in either a solvent or emulsion form.

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The performance of the coating systems was studied during a series of

simulated service tests carried out in the laboratory. In addition^ outdoorexposure tests were conducted on a slag-surfaced^ coal-tar pitchy, built-uproof located at the Atomic Energy Commission site at Germantown^ Md.

2. COATING SYSTEMS

Ten coating systems were selected for inclusion in the program and

were obtained directly from the manufacturers by the Atomic Energy Commissionin response to a letter request. Table 2 lists the NBS Sample Number(assigned in the order of the receipt of the sample)^ manufacturer^ tradename^ weight per gallon and the spreading rate as applied^ both in

laboratory and outdoor exposure tests. Cost data were not available.

3. SIMULATED SERVICE TESTS

A laboratory investigation was carried out to study the performancecharacteristics of the various systems when subjected to environmentssimulating actual exposure conditions. Whenever possible^ existing methodsof test were employed^ but in some cases existing methods had to be modifiedor new methods devised to obtain the type of test data which were desired.The following characteristics of the coating systems appeared to be worthyof consideration in the laboratory phase of the study

i

1. Resistance to accelerated weathering tests.

2. Resistance to flow at elevated temperatures.3. Adhesion of materials simulating fallout from a nuclear explosion.

3.1 Accelerated Weathering Tests

The accelerated tests which were employed were designed to simulateexposure on dead-level roofs where there are no run-offs and standingwater evaporates in place.

One specimen of each sample was prepared by depositing a uniform filmof the coating material over the bottom of a 90 mm by 20 mm petri dish.A second specimen was similarly prepared except that the bottom of thedish was covered with glass beads (5 mm in diameter) to simulate a roughenedsurface

.

The specimens were exposed in a horizontal position in a low-intensity^single^ enclosed carbon-arc accelerated weathering machine. .2/ They wereexposed 23 hours per day to light only. The petri dishes were filled

3/— Available from the Atlas Electric Devices Co.^ 4114 N. Ravenswood Ave.^,

Chicago 13^ Illinois.

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three-quarters full with distilled water after each 100 hours exposure and

were then reexposed to the radiation of the arc allowing the water to

evaporate in place^ which required from 4 to 6 hours. The temperature of

the specimens during exposure varied from 50 to 60°C.

The results of the accelerated weathering tests after 1000 hoursexposure are given in Table 3.

3o2 Flow Tests at 60“C.

The flow test was employed to indicate the stability (ability to re-

main in place after set) of the coating material after it had been appliedto the roof surface.

Two specimens of each sample were prepared by applying the materialby brush to a 70 mm, by 150 mm, aluminum panel at the spreading raterecommended for application. The specimens were conditioned at roomtemperature (25°C.) for 24 hours and then placed in a vertical positionfor 5 hours in an oven maintained at a temperature of 60° C. The amountof flow was noted and recorded.

The results of the flow tests Indicated that none of the specimensshowed flow at 60°C for 5 hours,

3,3 Dust Retention Test

The dust retention test was developed to determine the ease of removaof simulated fallout particles from the surfaces of the various coatingsystems^ originally and after predetermined periods of exposure to theaccelerated weathering test.

The specimens were prepared as described in Section 3.1 and allowedto condition at room temperature (25°C,) for at least 48 hours.

Each specimen was dusted with a mixture of 3 parts U.S.P, talcumpowder and 1 part of fluorescent powderit/ (zinc salt of 8 hydroxy-quinoline) and then inverted and tapped gently to remove the excessmaterial. The specimen was then flushed with water maintained at a

flow rate of 1500 ml. per minute through a 3/ 16-in. orifice;, whilebeing slowly revolved at an angle of 45°, After flushing with 500 ml.

of water; the specimens were examined under a black lightJ./ to indicate

—^Trade name **Glo-Craft®; obtained from Switzer Bros.; Inc.; Cleveland 15;

Ohio

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—^The Burton Twin Fluorescent Illuminator; No. 1920; equipped with two

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the degree of removal of the fluorescent powder = The amount of fluorescence

(brilliant light green color) was noted and recorded.

The dust retention tests were performed on specimens prepared on a

smooth substrate after 0^ 1000^ and 2000 hours of exposure. The resultsare presented in Table 4. In addition^ similar tests were made on the

specimens prepared on the roughened surface after 2000 hours exposureand the results are given in Table 5.

4. OUTDOOR EXPOSURE

The outdoor exposure tests were conducted to study the performance of

the ten coating systems on actual slag-surfaced^ coal-tar pitchy built-uproofs. The roof selected as the test site was located on the Radio Build-ing at the Atomic Energy Facilityj, Germantown^ Md,

Prior to the application of the coatings^ the roof surfaces wereprepared as follows:

(a) The loose slag was removed by sweeping with a stif f-bristlebroom.

(b) The deck was washed down thoroughly with a hose to remove dirt^

dust and other fines which may have affected the adhesion, of the coatingsystem,

(c) The surface was allowed to dry thoroughly prior to the appli-cation of the coating.

On 6 June 1960^ each coating system was applied by brush to an areaof 21 sq.ft, of prepared surface. In the case of the emu Is ion- typecoating^ the roof surface was dampened slightly prior to the applicationof the material. The test applications were made by Atomic EnergyCommission personnel and were witnessed by a number of manufacturer'srepresentatives (all were invited) and members of the staffs of the

Atomic Energy Commission and the National Bureau of Standards. Inspec-tions of the exposures were made periodically^ the latest being made on13 January 1961 after approximately 6 months exposure. During theinspections^ particular attention was directed not only toward thedurability of the system^ but also to those aspects which would contri-bute to the retention of fallout particles^, such as alligatoring^ checking^,

cracking blisters^ and pitting of the surface.

The results of the outdoor exposure tests after six months exposureare presented in Table 6.

r%4

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TABLE 4.

NBSNo.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Results of Dust-Retention Tests on Smooth Specimens

Rating—^ after Exposure to Accelerated Weathering Tests for

hours 1000 hours 2000 hours

2

2

2

0

0

0

3

2

3

1

0

2

3

0

0

1

2

2

3

0

0

3

3

0

0

1

3

2

3

1

Dust completely removed = 0

Trace = 1

Evident = 2

Pronounced = 3

X#1”

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0 =r -t

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€ >

>

TABLE 5.

Results of Dust-Retention Tests on Coatings Applied to

Roughened (Glass Beads) Surface After Exposure of 2000

Hours to Weatherometer

.

NBSNo. Rating—^

1 3

2 2

3 3

4 1

5 1

6 1

7 2

8 2

9 3

10 2

1/Dust completely removed - 0

Trace = 1

Evident = 2

Pronounced = 3

• t''

- 6 -

5, DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The results of the study indicated that two major problems exist in

regard to the contamination and subsequent decontamination of a mineral^surfaced

jbuilt-up roof from radioactive fallout. The uneven surface of

such a roof may permit the accumulation of fine particles and^ most impor-tant;, the difficulties encountered to completely decontaminate such a roofby conventional methods may prove formidable. The obvious solution to theproblems appears to be in the conversion of the roughened surface to a

smooth^ dense surface by the application of a material capable of fillingthe voids between the granular surfacing. In this connection^ the resultsindicated that 8 of the 10 materials appeared capable of meeting thisrequirement. However^ is should be kept in mind that the protectivesystem must also act as a durable weather surface and retain its desirablecharacteristics over a number of years of exposure. Surface irregularitiesresulting from cracks^ blisters^ holes and pits^ alligatoring and checking^would in all probability hold rather tenaciously the fine particles of

radioactive fallout. Poor coverage, of course, defeats the purpose ofthe system, although it does reduce the surface area to some extent. Pooradhesion to the substrate may allow the contaminant to penetrate to thearea between the coating and the roof, rendering its removal impossible.Therefore, in the course of the study, particular attention was directedtoward these conditions as they occured, in both the simulated servicetests and the outdoor exposures.

As expected, the specimens which were applied to smooth bases performedbetter than those which were applied to the roughened substrate (glass beads)in that five of the ten specimens evidenced cracking to some extent underthe latter condition and no cracking was observed under the former condition.It is interesting to note here that 8 of the 10 specimens showed somedegree of cracking during the outdoor exposure tests.

The formation of blisters and subsequent pits, holes, and other surfaceirregularities resulting therefrom, appeared to be much more severe in theoutdoor tests, both in the number of systems exhibiting the failure andthe degree to which the conditions developed.

Coverage was generally not adequate with coatings of paint-typeconsistency, as Nos, 1 and 3. These materials, which contain relativelyhigh volatile vehicle contents, flowed between each surfacing particleand deposited a thin film surrounding each granule, but still leavingnumerous voids.

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- 7 -

Poor adhesion to the substrate was exhibited by coating systems Nos.

k, 5, and 6 in the outdoor tests. This condition was evidenced by the

curling of the edges of the test exposures and the presence of water be-

tween the old roof surface and the coating system. These failures werenot observed during the simulated service tests in the laboratory.

There was no incompatability observed between the coating systemsand the base during the outdoor exposure tests.

As expected^ the dust retention tests indicated that the removal of

the simulated fallout particles could best be accomplished from the

specimens presenting a smooth^ dense surface. On the other hand^ theremoval of the fine particles was quite difficult from the specimenson which the coverage was poor or where the surface was marked withIrregularities caused by checks^ cracks^ pitSj, blisters^, or otherimperfections. Generally^, the ease of removal was related to the degreeof surface roughness.

In general^ the results of the tests showed the outdoor exposureson actual roofs to be more severe than the simulated service testsconducted in the laboratory.

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are based on the observations made duringthe application and subsequent inspections of the outdoor exposure speci-mens as well as on the data which were obtained during the laboratorytests :

1. In the outdoor tests, Systems Nos. 2, 7, and 8 appeared to performthe most satisfactory. However, it is felt that the performance of thesesystems was not sufficiently adequate to justify their use on large roofareas

.

2. Coatings which have a paint- type consistency, as Nos. 1 and 3,

were not satisfactory due to their poor coverage over the surfacinggranules of a built-up roof. These coatings, however, may have use as

a protective or decorative covering over suitable systems,

3. Coatings which exhibited poor adhesion to the substrate, as

Nos. 4, 5, and 6, are not considered satisfactory

4. Blisters, cracks, pits, alligatoring, and other surface irregu-larities retained the fine particles which are present in radioactivefallout. Cracking of the coatings appeared to be the most serious defect.

*

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- 8 -

5 Multiple applications of a given coating appeared to give betterresults than a single^ heavy application

6.

The data which were obtained in the dust-retention test appearedto give a good indication as to the ease of removal of simulated falloutfrom a surface.

7

.

SUGGESTIONS

1„ Since the correlation between the laboratory test and the outdoorexposures was generally poor^ it is suggested that future weathering tests

be restricted to outdoor exposure on existing surfaced roofs.

2. It is suggested that further consideration be given to the use of

a plastic or other type of sheet material to facilitate fallout removal.

The sheets sufficiently large to cover a given area of a roof, could be

stored in protected rolls along the edge of the roof and could be quicklyunrolled in the event of a warning of a nuclear explosion. The entiresheet could be rolled up and removed to a disposal area, along with the

contaminant, after the fallout had been deposited. This roeth^jd would besomewhat analogous to the protection, afforded to a baseball infield by a

plastic or canvas covering during a sudden summer shower. It would appearthat a polyethylene sheet or similar material, with a minimum thickness of

4 to 6 mils, may prove satisfactory and economical for this purpose.

8

.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Thomas H. Boone, OrganicBuilding Materials Section, National Bureau of Standards, and Mr. L. A.

Tarbox, Division of Construction and Supply, Atomic Energy Commission,in the various phases of this project. The cooperation of manufacturersin furnishing samples and offering suggestions is also acknowledged.

USCOMM-NBS-DC

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TABLE

6.

Results

of

Outdoor

Exposure

Tests

After

6“Months

Exposure

(Rating)—

I

tJOo

ns

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0) a

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEFrederick H. Mueller, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDSA. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDSThe scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboiatories in Washington, D.C., andBoulder, Colo., is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In

general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its

title. A bj’ief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover.

WASHINGTON, D.C.

ELECTRICITY. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments, Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics.

METROLOGY. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. EngineeringMetrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

HEAT. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Molecular Kinetics. Free

Radicals Research. Equation of State. Statistical Physics. Molecular Spectroscopy.

RADIATION PHYSICS. X-Ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological

Equipment. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

CHEMISTRY. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Electro-

deposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of Gases. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochem-

istry. Pure Substances.

MECHANICS. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum, Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Combustion Controls.

ORGANIC AND FIBROUS MATERIALS. Rubber, Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications.

Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

METALLURGY. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics.

MINERAL PRODUCTS. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals, Constitution andMicrostructure.

BUILDING RESEARCH. Structural Engineering. Fii’e Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Ma-terials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer, Inorganic Building Materials.

APPLIED MATHEMATICS. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical

Physics.

DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems. AnalogSystems. Applications Engineering.

ATOMIC PHYSICS. Spectroscopy. Radiometry, Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics.

Atomic Physics.

INSTRUMENTATION. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical

Instruments. Basic Instrumentation.

Office of Weights and Measures.

BOULDER, COLO.

CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Pi'oces.ses. Properties of Materials. GasLiquefaction.

IONOSPHERE RESEARCH AND PROPAGATION. Low Frequency and Vei-y Low Frequency Research. Ion-

osphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services.

RADIO PROPAGATION ENGINEERING. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Meas-urements. Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain ElTects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

RADIO STANDARDS. High frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and MicrowaveMaterials. Atomic Frequency and Time Standards. Electronic- Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave Research.

Microwave Circuit Standards.

RADIO SYSTEMS, High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Re-

search. Navigation Systems. Space Telecommunications.

UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE PHYSICS. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere andExosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.