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NATIONAL ARCHIVES

IRELAND

Reference Code: 2002/8/78

Title: Letter from Secretary of the Department of

Foreign Affairs HJ McCann to Secretary of the

Department of the Taoiseach NS Ó Nualláin,

providing material to be used in answer to Dáil

Questions on the proposed establishment of a

fulltime battalion of the Ulster Defence

Regiment.

Creation Date(s): 15 June, 1971

Level of description: Item

Extent and medium: 6 pages

Creator(s): Department of the Taoiseach

Access Conditions: Open

Copyright: National Archives, Ireland. May only be

reproduced with the written permission of the

Director of the National Archives.

TSCH/3: Central registry records Department of the Taoiseach

© National Archives, Ireland



Telef6n } -Telephone (01) 752971

Se"''- ~ fhreagra chun:(Au", ..../ any reply to :-)

AN RONA! (The Secretary)

faoin uimhir 5eo:(quoting :- )

15 Meitheamh, 1971

Rllnai Roinn an Taoisigh.

---,

.().n nomn snOt.o.l e.o.C"CRoC.o. Department of Foreign Affa irs

b.o.lle '&t.o. cUot, 2. Dublin, 2.

I am to refer to minutes S.9361 Y of 9th and loth June and other communications concerning the following Dail Questions:

To ask the Taoiseach if any information has been received from the British authro:ities concerning the proposed new fulltime local armed military force in Northern Ireland under the operations of the British Army.

- Deputy Desmond

To ask the Taoiseach if he has had any discussions with the British Prime Ministe r regarding the proposed formation of an army battalion in Northern Ireland within the Ulster Defence Regiment; and, if so, if he will give detail s.

- Gerard Lynch, Michael Begley

....-c ~" , !o. .2.,,- J... To ask the WFinister for For e; go A,ff aJ r5~ if, in view of the widespread alarm caused by the announcement from Briti sh army headquarters in Lisburn that the British Ministry of Defence is considering the formation of a fulltime army battalion within the Ulster Defence Regiment, the Government will now take effective steps to bring home to the British authorities the dangers inherent in such a move ; and if he will make Britain aware of the growing resentment in this country at some of the policies and actions of the present British Government in relation to Ireland.

- De puty R. Ryan

To ask the Taoiseach if he is aware of the proposal to form in Northern Ireland a special army battalion within the Ulster Defence Regiment; and, if so, ifhe will make a statement on the matter.

- Gerry L'Estrange

To ask the Taoiseach if, in view of the considerable concern over the reports that a new battalion is to be set up in Northern Ireland, he will seek assurances from the British Government that such a force, if established, will not be a para -military one.

- John O'Connell



Telef6n } Telephone (01) 752971

S, fhreagra chun:(Awu",,--, any reply to :-)

AN RUNAl (The Secretary)

faoin uimmr seo:(quoting :- )

,o.n ROmn :sn6"t,o. f e,o.CCR,o.C,o. Department of Foreign Affa irs

b,o.lle .&"t,o. Cl1o"t, 2. Dublin, 2.

-2-

To ask the Taoiseach if there have been any recent discus si ons with the British Government concerning the proposed reorganisation of the Ulster Defence Regiment; and if he will make a statement on the matter .

- Liam Cosgrave .

To ask the Taoiseach whether any communication has been conveyed to the British Government on their proposal that a fulltime force should be raised from amongst the present UDR ; whether any such proposal was raised by the British Government in previous meetings; and whether he will state the Government's attitude to this development.

- Michael O'Leary.

It is suggested that these questions be taken together .

I enclose herewith a note in relation to the project of establishing a fulltime UDR battalion . It will be seen that it is this Department's view that the idea should be opp osed without qualification . In addition to the content of the attached note it is the view of this Department that the creation of a full time locally recruited armed force in the North could not be restricted to one battalion; there would be pressure to increase its size and the end result would, given the actual circumstances in the North , be a sectarian and sizeable armed force . In such circumstances attempts by the British Government to impose serious institutional reform in the North would risk being frustrated by the existence of an indigenous armv even though it r em ained under the control of Westminster .

The Charg~ d'Af faires at the British Embassy , Mr . John T. Williams, wa s received by me today on the instructions of the Min ister and advised that the idea of creating a fulltime locally recruited battalion of the UDR WaS c onsidered to be inadvisable and to be capable not merely of antagonising still further the minority in the North but of frustrating the possibility of genuine reform in the North . In my further remarks to him I said that I considered that it revealed a certain degree of bankruptc~ of political will and ideas in London in dealing with the Nof thern situation . , Our Charg~ d 'Affaires in London is being instructed to make a similar demarche to-day . A suitable reply to the above ques tions might run as follows:

The Government's views on the question of creating a fulltime locally recruited battalion of the UDR have been conveyed to the British authorities.

It would be preferable , in this Department's opinion , if the Ta?is e~ch could avoid.dir?ct public criticism of the proposal at th1S t1me . T~ Feel1ng 1S extremely tense in the North on both sides and advantage might be taken of any remarks the Taoiseach should make to switch attention from the main problem now looming up before Mr . ,Faulkner i . e . of what t? do about Orange parades . If, however, ~he supplementarles requ1re the Taoiseach to go further than tQe ab?ve su ggested reply he might find it suf f icient to say somethlng llke the following:



r----~------------------------------------------ ----------------------------

Telef6n } Telephone (01) 752971

oS. " r fhreagra chun :(1;;.. "--/ any reply to :-)

AN RONAl (The Secretary)

faoin u.imhir seo:(quoting'- l

.o.n ROmn :snOCo.l e.o.C"CR.o.C.o. Department of Foreign Affairs

b.o.lte .<it.o. ell o.t, 2. Dublin, 2.

-3-

We would, of course, deprecate anything which would increase community tension in the North or endanger the implementation of the Downing street guarantee.

I would also refer to the following question put down by Deputy O'Leary :

To ask the Taoiseach whether it is his intention to reply to Mr . Faulkner's speech of 2nd June in which he criticised life in the Re public.

A copy of the official text of Mr . Faulkner's speech of 2nd June is enclosed herewith together with an analysis made of the earlier newspaper account of the speech. It is the opinion of this Department that the Taoiseach should not respond to Mr . Faulkner 's speeches except at times of his own choicee A suitable form of reply might be the following:

It is my custom to express the Government's views on the North , on North/South relations and on Anglo-Irish relations at times when I think it appropriate. I have no intention of varying from this.



r-- -

'-Th :", f 1 2~ " t fr'.'·ntl on of i.:ho p r·s::i.lJ:U ity I)f " :r(i .::ltin9 :l fu l l t:i.r."!o hat t 31 i ':'(\ [Jf the tViH \'las rf:~" d0 i. n th:: :"'c1nday F1,x.';,.·or of 6tl'l JmH:) ", ! .~: Hi i. 0 :"'l "t }'! .:·j'l(~ f) C? f.'·ft \ .. r-c 1r (',n c:r-l <1 t Jc 1-'1 ~ t::1 ,l·~ /:~ (: l~ i "t r~ · ... £1 yi ~ .. ~ g !)~ '! .'" rl;~

• . , ' '!..../.I ! I .", •• h •• 'r,,:;:-itl<,lI Army wh~.,.;~' a1)rHJar~: -:';G t;.i:? 1. ,·1010Uq.1.~ Y 1:Gll Ui') \ '/l"C. , l~S

fUf1cti ('ns j n the' t!o:r'1:h " :;,dr;a'l:C:s hsvc ~ince t2.;u~n r<Loc(~ in ~)t ()!.'Tl: 'Jnt ;::nd 8. t. '!c (; tm i n !:,t :?j~ 'C:1 '! ' ~H~ l:)ub j ('i~ t and it n o"; Z.i~)P(C! a:cs '; 'h::1'( iL 1.';;)3 d.{~c',;~:;:(!d betW()011 F<1ul k n ~ ,:, ;; r d t h e Brl ~: :~~:: h Gov cY' r::-r:m d: gome \:.::.\1:0 o.go. Bot h d eblltes are :t' f';v c;al i,ng "

At sto'cmcnt 1.b: o Fclu 11~np1.' s.::d.d !' th(' \'h o 1. ~! popul C1t5. nn ot t h i s t ·.! D1 .•. r.:.. "',~ .• ·,('("!i,.l._,:). h-v"~ c,C-. • ~ ,r·e. -:-(""" i~J""l 0 1' 1« .t, v ~I,. ;.,c< p nd' ( .... J.c ,t ~""''''' O'<'-'!L"\,,,lI .... '-"' ~ t_~ ~1 , ('".'\ 'i", ',_" • • ~D ",t...' ,J • . _ "1 C" .) ! ..... 01 , . .J •• I~ - ~,.' .• .1

a flrj VlF~!'"~ t ')tl t.O ~li-1.V '::t-i: i s e108:L.' 11 0\'1 t o t~le \; t~1) 11 c ·; ... I·l ~rt 1:t161

r)-,,_ '.·l , +,i~~, (·.~r. I,r.1 tlo~ +~~-r' T"o] -"~ rr"0~rlm~ r'I + ~ ar'~' alni' (~ -~I Jl' " d'~ ·t.~ n • _ _ _ . ," • A , 'I .•. ',.i"l. , --J, G . <1 ... . 1..4 .,1..1v ....... " , •. ' "' .• ' . ~ " •. .!..1 •. . " ' . "" ~

t ake any i nit i ative th~t t hey may bel ieve to b ~ rig tl·t on the advice of t he security f o~ c es to bri ng tho pres ent terrori c: t c amp a i ql1 t o an t:! n d;t ~

Thus M~ . Faulkner has nail ed his f1ao even moYo fir~lv to ,'. h ,A.I·~ ,~,.~ t ,t h ~ t .' ,1-, , , ' V'\ ".. ; \- .~ , 1" 0' ] .~ ~ ~ n ,'-£., 'f·T r,"'·<'l,.,. 1''''' I .• , e \., '. .., ..I. S .', t. • r· \ 1.' 1 ", ~ _ t) "" .f. D.. D, \;,Ti. 1. C 1'1 \:i ....... ld J -.J

t e ~;:ro~d, sm ~ In 'Lh 1. G :re s09{;t the d obcltC t i ncl u d ing !30m e

of thn TOliHU:'ks b y" tho Uni on i ':;t }~ 4,ck ~>bcnc heI' S t i ~. b2ck t o whora it wa~ in V~rch when Ma jor Chichoster-Clar k decided th~t hE had had enough of it~

The westminster rl cbate wa s much more imo or~~nt and waS f0~tuito:.ls in th ~ S Q n~~ th Qt tho d obate' on the a~med forces ".~' d"", to co· .... 'I ' \ I"'o<': t · ,1_" ~,,- , ' ·", 1 1" ! 1 ~d ',L ~. -~ \ ¥ .::. S ' .... e m ,~ _ P '/ 'J;:) C r 0, d 1 " L ",c ,J, L { .. _'" .I..Q sa" ,(, fl a I" d '.: part of th(~ i l' cont i nui nq r (~V i 0W or:.:thi? :001'0 of the sf.'c'J:rity forcGs in N!)!:'tho:cn I r oland and b G c8t~ s e (; f their wi r: h to improve recru iting they wero c onside~in g the noss ih i lity of

;,I'ais ii1g <i f ull '( :lIne b att2l1 ion of th~ \]1))1. He saiC that no ~decisi6n had yet b0cn taken on the matt er, that it w~s st:ll/' I-.t an (7 ,u 'ly Sti'lg0 of con s ido!' 2. tion and log 5.sL3tion wou.Ld (.I e 1/ :r.(~q!J3..redo This d rav! a 10nq J'.'eSl':) Gr!se f r c;: ! 'ir . ;:; 0 ,/ Ha tters10Y

1 ... ~ 1 \ ' - ' . f -, ~ ~ \' .1 t t . .J WIIO 'v IAS l· ().t.T:, 21.L_Y ;:'l n l ste!' o' l'e r:::.r\~e lC1~ A.;; frl ln1.:3' :Co len a.nv. " -,..\. f b ' .... ... t' ~ .. I , " "-l S ~~W' L.I;;C 'Jl..Y . d o'_~.r spOKesrnan on f' Ot'Plqn ('\iralJ7S. ne Snl.Q

th a ~ tner€' \ 'Ic).S grov:ing despcl.'ation in the Unionist Party; t':en:~(\r Mi ni str):ts freel y s'Ookc zlbout vTh 1t mlJ,:; t b(? done to

th ~' . ., ,.. ~ i A ' h • h' preseX'V0 e \;lOVernmenG 1n art co as l .t t " l!;) were t , e only ob l ig~tion on t~e oeoolo of Northern Iroland. Ho added that he was in favo~r of the survival of Mr. Brian Faulknor thoUJ h i le' saw no good in hi.m e ~((~ :':)Dt th:'l t what camG af~ gr \'/.:)s 1 ikel.Y to be a good deal worSQ e He wanted a categorical a5SUrG~CO that the Ar~~ vr0u l d not be sub1acted to the Dolit i cat ores;ure nO Ir., building ' up (obviousl r l1f..! nlAo.nt fr of,) ·;: h e ·1.Jnic :1 i s ~. ~l~; ht. ·~'I[/,ng)" H • d 'I t (. , d ., . 1 r--F) ~ 1 r..' ) ' 1 J • 'd • f.; sal. l. , ~ a c")nXl 'G'nce 1n 't f'w _ iJ t \'iOU,l.e, C0T ·\,.::nnJ..·y ,) 9 (u.s~ap~n:c ·

if the UDH V!3S macl9 an in~tl'ume nt for th !,~ ..::arT.vinq out of political d~ci s ions. In closinq the d e i).C,';·o for th~ Gov(~ :.:.' nme I1t Mr. JohnQon Smi Lh Crt).(/. thJt the ~\ o~the:rn I .r eland Governrnen t had a very raal re s 'Oond,bi l ity and i ll terest in ~; c; c'Jri ty <lnci he th o!Jght i:i1ey \' .. ~ro e::tit1. 8c\ to eXOj,~0SS th.eir vie'!J3 ~)n t~,3 wa y security :hould he maintainod& H~ said that there had b ee n ch an'1o.3 since 1. S69 .. Th 0r(~ now \." dS ~, siLuat'i.(i l1 y!here

1 . ,J. I • .. ... ... t 1 . J , f communa rlo'lng on any slgnl t ~can sea G waS a rAr1'Y cu~ , tho Army was boing en~:1":1 ".:l in 11ICrea s1rlyly vicious C\ 'U:acKs o

Il~ ':> c' f d .', t, - ,~, .J.. h (" 'M 0 .:. .. ,., f' ~ .. ;< o '~ J .• h ~.. . c • 'r ~~

J· L\:; ",al. CI.,,!1.. t.. ,0 \-,over rL. _n ... Ii .. . .- e c.:., \ l ,,:re r ... . t; ml ;:,q l.vL1 g ....

p f.'>ople had about a ful]. ·dlI' ~) U i) ]-t urnt . '[~ey cc.n s i Jered . ~et~ino up ~ fulltime b n~ta lion because they tho' nht it could

,,<,:t"l' h 1 .•. 1... . C':>' ' -I V ': 0 " '""~ -<-c,'"l ;, .... ·i,..'r.>c 'o'JJd J.... pO_~:.J .... l ' i .0 •. p (; ; 10 ", v:;·Jr l . ,-; ~ , ~ c,. ;'.; ., ...... ;:.0 ~.r",;.r.;._t , .J.~<.I \ 1 ' .•. ,, 0

the same .:1 5 those appl ied to th~~ VDHo

There are SGme thino :3 not s;:d.d it: these ,~1 0bates v]!'lich are 2.1 s o l'elcv2.nt. "1 he Br i tish ArirlY is :i: ull y s+. rE tcl:ed in lr: aint.d,!1ing about J O; O::J\.; troops i n th~ No:c,the 'fhG duty 1.5 not a pO;:iu.lar ()n~ ~nd' rll'~f l'C'Jl+ l' ~" ~"~~-~ + n h~,.~ ~¥'l'S' nn i~ ~c' a ~·Cl· ~o M~_ ...... 0 ~ - !. _ ~ \.-~ '-'!'--;t "'" .• 0 .4. .v 11_<':4 VC: C;~ .J.. ... _ j _&4 _ j-t. J.. ~ .1."-.",

(>nlistment~ E:.'itainf i; posi d .on in EUJ" 0P~ and (~1~ e\." J;-' 2 :re~ 511 t he military sense, ~5 ~ndermin0d to a degre~ by th e Norther l 91. tuati ('jn .



It. 1!'; beli. 8ved that t !:1~ C' .. atholic m~op0:r t1on in t ho UDn has gon® d t'~,' '''n -\'9't"\, ...... t ... 1" '1.J- tl e ""I ' ''' ·~"1"\ OLl .... 1oo "'i f:": '" -:"'> ~"l<'" \" ou ld r' ·'"}.\O~"::i l "" - " ~ '" d '~'''' ~ \''''''p ''''''''''!''t ,.··'.,1 . ",V el ." _" ~: n. ~'" CA ' .I \,. .t. --,: " 11. _ .. ;;; "i •• r/. '- j ,.,~ ... I.l Y ~l;:.>di..l "'~ a .t

alt cgather if a f~llt ime ba t ta lion W0~e cre at ed in t he ?T0sent mood of pub l i c opinion ~ COrHir·:q U€H·ltly t i'll~ UDD would end up as a s~ctari an forcse

:r am sat isfi e d from the a :t'qUippn ts 'J.scd bv Rov H :} tt l? ~cs l ev th 21; pe::)~J l s like Hur.e rrn.l '::; -C ha'le ' o 8 1? r1 in tOlJCh·w -l.tL him b efore t he Wo~ tm in s ter debat e ~ They woul d o=c rumably be in t ouch with nth e~ Lab our Party le aders as well. It i s likelY t given thA + ··i~':. no' C)·t" t' b ,,,, ,..! o b::l+~ ';~O' ({ ,, ·te ·'·h·,t· ·cq .. ,(.'> r ".1-; n l'·" 1)",~" ·r"" vr'11' 0. \0) 1 ~~\o v_ \.... . . ': J c.. -.V" , ( ... "" ..... ~ AU " 11' , .. U. JJ .... _ •. ~ \, l ~ ... ..,'...J \.. " a Lw Y .. ~ .. ~-.,~J .. .....:r.J.. ..J.."*

with t~e Conservative Party on North~rn policy if' this issuo 1. s pt..rr sued. ~

So f ar as our views a ~ e COlee. nect ~ in r elation to the Gov ern~~nt's general policY9 t he follG~ing Doi~ts would Reem to be vali d :

( 1 ) we would ba oop osed to th e creation of any locally recruited f ulltime ~rmed force 1n the N ort.h under t he C orib:, 01 of 1:.he st arm ant Go'v l"' :t'nmeor. ;

(i1) n ,>·\ ·"n ,." ,,, 11)(' llJ d l' J. ,-p"",,,,,,,, to I~ :, of n thr,; l' n~· ,:>" n o('t C..l,. '", • • ,"- J.... ~, ..,.J ... f.. <. t ... ,.;u.-!", J.j\:" .J~t >oJ""'" ; v ....... .J.. '1:. ..... ')'

().(: t~) ·~ 1~~C)" (l 1""m t:)nt' ! 1." noll,,... v .;. l~ ~t ·f.hr:lrE' t' hou' lcl " ",- • . ':; \, ,,, V • _ _ .J. I ! ...... 1 .. ) t- .... .... 1- •• ., I \'.1 .1 ( ';' l"o J ..... . ~ ... \ " . 4 ·

be a loc nlly recruit ed ful ~ . time armed force in the North con·":ro]. l Nl bV i,"G2tmi;)ster . There would appear ~ o b ~ t W0 soun~ r easons fo1.' this: .

if th e B~i tl sh Army are in difficulti es b ec~us e of the Nor thern probl em it is i n our interest to keep them in t hat conditi on untj.l such time es B:rit:d n comes to t.ile ri ght politic al conc lu s i nnPI

tl"t::' 1 .... 11' nO"'l' t ,1' ..c e'l t ·:". 1 ¢ u·c'1. ... .;c·i , .... n ·t 1 v ~· · r~"iI'1 .r ... '.r) ;I "1.~ .. ~..: .. -\·· c.~ . 1 ~ ' .\. J I. <;.;.<. ~ ' .. .l..> ,: . .... , "' _-'- . _ . ,_ '

by th G cu:c:r;:,~nt tactics of ';:hf) Br iti sh Army i:~cp,....) C·;.."Jy ~n p",l·t~ c-;.· + 1- 0 .; .... ~, ... ,,~ ~ .. i-y, + 0 ~. , ) C . _ ., .L, , ... . ) ',- .,. d ;:) \. , '- i . ' ) . .1 .f. t·. ':J. C \.. _ u.. '" a ful ltime UDR batt al ion would almost c erta inl y he greater and more widespread viol ence ;

( iii) insofar as a l ocally recruit8J fullt~me armed for c e would tend tG give c onfol't to the p e r ~~ nrl1. al atti tudes of the Unionist Estab lishment it r eqUir05 to be resisted by U5 so as to encourage Unlonl st s to b 0g in to UJ.ilk in other di!' f~\; tiG;-IS ;

( iv) t he insistence ~h at terrorism i 9 the real probl em in t he Nor t h i s ~ ~neihlnq to wh ich we taka fundament<31 exc epti on. . We are ant i t l E:d t o oppose t he new d'eveL;pment 0:'\ tliat ground alone ;

(v ) General Tuzo fs rem arks on ~ BB: i ntArviow l as t n1.· ""ht a""'r"',,, "~ -(· 0 C' '' '''O'·''':+ .,.. 1, ,+ t...,(~ f.')' 'l', 4 +;,"\ ';';' 1"lyt~ ':j V !-' c.: .. ,2 -l. 'v ,J ".A ..... j " ) ... , .v...,. \.t':' c." .., j .. d ... , .... - \,10 _ ... ~ J r .......... 1J ...

j ob 1.9 to hol.d t he ring 'Jnt1.1 p ol :l.t 1 c ;: 1. <, Ol.t.1t ions a.re found ~ SimilaJ:' I'~; :Tl a.rl;.s, Wf.re ma(.o by his

l 1 ~ " .~ \ J. preoecassor p Genera ~r2elana , a0 0U~ a y0a~ ago .



";>f t'l\:;~;(? :rt~~·!1'#1:tk.s C Oj~l~: etO'l.ri1 atc) 'Cjti1 C l~(:;~tlor). of a.l caD,':, ::<::Gruitnd fullt:;,mf~ a:(' .. 0d fo:rCf:: thf:;'n i't cOltl,:~ 1)f! S~!q(~ G!.'} t(:d tda·t t.h', no(~cs~~~aT.'~1 ;.::: a:l. i '2.~ 21 d ;" :; i s l !J n S ·01 :r cst i 11 b 0 i n 'J a v c) i d 8 d -07 t \/O:;;SC f thJ.t thoT0 is no intc-nti':JI1 of n a ~d, n g J. h :)n1 ;

{v1 ) th:? c:::E'd1.l;5.1H:v of t:H) GG\lCJ::'ly'"!orrt " l t:;~?neral Dclicy (in p~hlic o;~n i'n har9 (~l a~onq the minority in ~he No~th) could be sapped if a ~ectarian ~orcc is again creat0d in thD North ..

There 3re certain to be D~il ~u0s~ions on t his 'H8 i? k :::lfid t t ;'Jo'J ld be iJd~d_ sab J. e to con sid@T n ow should b0 t ake n.

subject next hat a~t i on

I f th;:; . i8\<"15 (}xpreSSG. abtve. are aeceptaG! thE": !) :- t beccl1(> s r: ;}e(';~3Clr y to c :) ~·ls:ldE~r QXP7:c~.;si;lg ;:hfHG V i E-';i!·!S t- th~ 15l"i-(::1:::h authc~itic s with o~ t delay 50 as to be in a q00d p~s turo f or " . DaiJ. Q :J est~,o \,,: !"; .

I n artdition ~e mi ght c ansi( or whet~er t o a l er ~ t he L ~bou% Fr ont Bench U\~ r 6 ';'J J.1. ~; ')n1 Fi!' .. HGalcy :tr; ,,) Or , .'j:r: pJ.:o-i o'"nci obj ectio~l t o th LS id r !<1 sc ;~~ t.o c:r; ~:3'J:rE.- ·t:1 !.?- .i.~C ~:;I..';'j po:rt in Westmtf"!:::t<?.r 0 1\1~ rli q~ ,t also c on:d,r.~!' 1 8tt~ .. ng thG Opr)os i t ~.()n in S-C OTmont k n ow our fil1al post 'bon $0':;6 to e nC O'J J..'21(;IJ 'them 1.n th. i T. f i qht .J(01.n~~t Fa'-ll knpz (;'1 the ;nat.tl~:r. " \'[0 s:,olJl d '11 50 c '.ms Ll 0:t" II1E' 2k o" t o ~c eli5ble jrJU1' rl 31 tstr- .

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