national and global trends in graduate education asee workshop on graduate education and research...
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National and Global Trends in Graduate Education
ASEE Workshop on Graduate Education and Research Trends
Les Sims
Senior Scholar in Residence, CGS(Graduate Dean Emeritus, University of Iowa)
Dimensions of the Graduate Education Enterprise
2000-2001• 1,700 institutions• 1.9 million students• Over ½ million degrees annually
– 468,000 master’s degrees– 45,000 doctoral degrees
• CGS institutions enroll 2/3 of students, grant 75% of master’s degrees, and nearly all doctorate degrees
Graduate Enrollment Trends
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
TotalWomen
Source: CGS/GRE Survey of Graduate EnrollmentSource: CGS/GRE Survey of Graduate Enrollment
Thousands
Graduate Enrollmentby Ethnicity
0
20
40
60
80
100
Thousands
1986 1992 1998 2002
American IndianAsianHispanicAfrican American
Source: CGS/GRE Survey of Graduate Enrollment
Degrees Awardedrelative to 1985-86
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
85-86
86-87
87-88
88-89
89-90
90-91
91-92
92-93
93-94
94-95
95-96
96-97
97-98
98-99
99-00
00-01
All BA
All MA
All Doctoral
U.S. Engineering Degrees as a % of Total
5%
7%
9%
11%
13%
15%
85-86
86-87
87-88
88-89
89-90
90-91
91-92
92-93
93-94
94-95
95-96
96-97
97-98
98-99
99-00
00-01
BSMSPhD
Growth in S & E Ph.D. Degrees(Three-year averages: US Citizens and Permanent Residents)
-50%
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
Total S&E White Afr Amer Hispanic Native Am
1999 Degrees
Native Amer 117
Hispanic 658
African-Amer 715
TOTAL 17,428
White 13,656
S & E Graduate Enrollmentby race/ethnicity
(U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
White Asian/P.I. Black Hispanic Native Amer ? Ethnic
International Student Enrollment
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1979/80 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00
UndergraduateGraduateOther
Source: IIE, Open DoorsSource: IIE, Open Doors
ThousandsThousands
U.S. Science and Engineering Doctorate Degrees Earned by
International Students
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
Int'l S&E Int'l Engr
Doctoral S&E Degreesby World Region
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
U.S
. S &
E P
h.D
. Deg
rees
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
U.S
. Cit
izen
s an
d P
erm
Res
USA Europe Asia % US Citizens
U.S. Ph.D. Deg
Europe
Asia % Citizens/Perm Res
Engineering Doctorate Degrees
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
AsiaEUUS
Graduate Enrollment Projections
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2000 2004 2008 2012
Th
ou
san
ds
TotalMenWomen
Source: NCES, Middle Alternative Projections to 2012Source: NCES, Middle Alternative Projections to 2012
Projections: graduate degrees
430
450
470
490
510
2000 2004 2008 2012
Mas
ter'
s D
egre
es
43
45
47
49
51
Doc
tora
te D
egre
es
Master's Doctorate
Source: NCES, Projections to 2012Source: NCES, Projections to 2012
Thousands Thousands
Projected International GRE Test Takers, FY03-04*
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%China India Korea Taiwan Japan Other
*Source: CGS Discussion List - ETS 1/16/04 Estimate
InternationalGraduate Applications Fall 2003 - Fall 2004
ACE, AAU, CGS, NAFSA, AIE, NASULGC Survey
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
All
Gra
d
Res
/Doc
Top-
25 I
ntl
Ove
r 10
%
All
PRC
Top-
25 I
ntl
-30-
49%
> -5
0%
All
UG
To
p-25
Int
l
PR
C U
G
Decrease No Change Increase
All Grad Applications PRC Grad Applications UG Applications
Graduate Programs: Trends and Changes
• Certificates – growing rapidly (both stand alone and as degree add-ons)
• Content –related to career needs• Preparing Future Faculty• Preparing Future Professionals• Professional Master’s Degrees
Composition – diversity challenges: ethnic/racial, gender, other enrollment
Graduate Programs: Research Content+
• Content – diverse, global, interdisciplinary
• Career considerations – publicize jobs of recent graduates; early career information; continuous career planning
• Skills development – communications, presentation, interpersonal/teamwork, technical/computer, project management
• Environment – employer expectations, roles/responsibilities, experiential/interns
Graduate Education Issues:Graduate Stipends and Funding
• NSF fellowships stipends: $27,500 (F2003); $30,000 (F2004); and . . .
• NIH, other agencies will follow suit.• Funding for master’s education is miniscule
compared to that for Ph.D.• Tuition continues to rise at well above CPI;
remissions/waivers needed.• Reauthorization if HEA: an opportunity to
increase priority of graduate education.
Graduate Education Issues:International issues: post-9/11
• SEVIS
• International Visitors
• Restrictions on research areas/materials
• Bologña Accord – EU Higher Education
3 + 2 proposed as common structure:
3 yrs equivalent to U.S. B.S. (?)
+ 2 yrs = equivalent of US M.S. (?)
Graduate Education Issues:Completion/Attrition and ttd
• Doctoral completion rate (50% lore); varies widely; most agree is too low.
• Attrition rates still significant in years 2, 3, 4, … of doctoral programs.
• Time to degree continues to increase.
• Similar problems, less extent, in master’s programs.
Graduate Education Issues:Diversity/Participation/access
• Participation of underrepresented groups increasing, but slowly; still low.
• Strategies need to reflect new realities of court decisions, public policy.
• Curricula should reflect cultural, historical, societal, global diversity.
Graduate Education Issues:Responsible Conduct of Research
• Ethical issues
• Human/Animal research subjects; informed consent
• Intellectual property issues
• Industry/university interactions
• Commercialization of research results
Graduate Education Issues:Mismatch: education/employers
• PFF – balanced instruction in T,R,S, skills, faculty roles/responsibilities.
• PFP – balanced instruction in R, skills, teamwork, non-academic work environments, project management.
• Professional Master’s – core MS, skills, teamwork, non-academic internship; business principles.