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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
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TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and ItsSignificance for the Nascent DemocracyAuthor(s): Nathan T. ArringtonSource: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 79,No. 4 (October-December 2010), pp. 499-539Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at AthensStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41012853.
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
2/42
HESPERIA
79
(2OIO)
Pages
499S39
TOPOGRAPHIC
SEMANTICS
The Location of the Athenian
Public Cemetery
and Its
Significance for
the
Nascent
Democracy
ABSTRACT
In
this
rticle,
he
uthor eeks o understandhe
place
of hedemosion
ema,
the
public emetery
fAthens,within heAthenian
hysical
nd
cognitive
landscape.
he
archaeological
nd
iterary
vidence
hows hat he
emetery
was established a. 500
b.c.,
along
the
road from he
Dipylon
Gate to the
Academy.
his was n areawith ew
re-Classical
urials ut
trong
eligious
and civic ssociations. ere thenascent
emocracyhaped
new
pace
for
corporate
elf-definition
y
uxtaposing
he
public emetery
ith hedistrict
furthero the
ast,
round he
road
eading
o
Hippios
Kolonos,
which ad
long
been center or ristocratic
isplay.
INTRODUCTION
Eachyear t the ndof season fmilitaryampaigns,heAthenians uried
theirwar
dead
in
the
public
cemetery,
he
8r||iaiovGr''ia}
Thucydides
(2.34.1-5)
describeshow the
Athenians
brought
he
cremated emains
home,
publicly isplayed
hemfor hree
ays,
nd then nterred
hem
by
tribe
n
the
cemetery,
hichwas located n
themostbeautiful
uburb f
the
city
etc
o
kocAAgtoi)
cpoocaxeoi)
t
kXecu).
scholiast
losses
thedemosionema s
the
Kerameikos,
nd
Aristophanes,
he
Suday
nd other
scholiasts
ink
he
Kerameikoswith
hewar
graves.2
icero,
Philostratos,
and
Pausaniasmore
precisely
ocate the
state
graves
long
a road
eading
from he
city
o the
Academy.3
1.The
communal urial
sually
occurred
n
winter. n the
date,
ee
Pritchett985,pp.110-112.1 thank
John
apadopoulos,
ikolaos
apa-
zarkadas,
ulia
hear,
ndrew
tewart,
andthe
ournal's
nonymous
eviewers
for heir
ommentsn earlier
rafts f
this
rticle.
y
research
ouldnothave
been
possible
ithout he
ssistancef
the
Fulbright
oundationn
Greece,
theSara B.
Aleshire enter
or he
Study
fGreek
pigraphy,
nd the
StahlEndowment ftheUniversity
of
Californiat
Berkeley.
ll
dates
areb.c. unless
therwisendicated.
2.
Ar.A;.
395-399,
with chol. n
394-395;
Suda,
.w.
KepccuEiK,epoc-
ueiKo. he Suda nd the
cholia oth
citeMenekles nd
Kallikrates.ee
also
Hsch.,
.v.t'
upuyfl
ycv,
iting
Melesagoras,
n
thefuneral
ames
(Epitaphia)
eld
n
the
Kerameikos
(with ommentarynParker005,
p.
470).
. Uic. tin.
5.1-5;
Fhilostr. S
2.22.604;
Paus.
1.29.2-16.
Paus. 1.29.4:
oi akXoi
i.e.,
hosenotburied n
the
battlefieldt
Marathon]
oct
-
8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
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5OO
NATHAN
T. ARRINGTON
There can be no doubt boutthe existence fthis
place,
where ele-
brated rators
ulogized
thousands f Athenian
dead,
and where
oyal
allies nd llustriousitizenswere nterred.4
xactly
wherentheAthenian
landscape
he
emetery
as
ocated, owever,
as been a
subject
fdebate.
Most scholars
lace
t
along
hewide road hat ed from he
Dipylon
Gate
to the
Academy,
ut
n erudite
minorityrefer
roadfurthero the ast hat
issued rom he ncient
ate
ocated tthe ntersectionfmodern eokoriou
and
Dipylou
treets
hereafter
alled
heLeokoriou
Gate).5
Whatever heir
views,
ew cholars ave discussed
he
mplications
f the ocation r the
relationship
etween
he
cemetery
nd the
surrounding
andscape.
The
placing
f
the
cemetery
s not
ust
a
topographical
xercise.The
location
f the burial
ground
n Athenshas
important onsequences
or
how one
understandsts
purpose,
esign,
nd
function.
y
mapping
more
accurately
he
emetery
relationship
o ts
physical
andscape,
t s
possible
to chart ome
ofthecontours
f theAthenian
ognitive
andscape,
nd to
understand
he
way
n
whichthe demos
manipulated pace, nterpreted
itspast,and articulated ocial values.The demosionema was an area
where,
hroughpeeches,
rt,
nd
civic
eremonies,
hecitizens
fAthens
collectivelyxpressed,
o themselves
nd to
visitors,
ho
they
were ndwhat
they
toodfor.6
ere,
n one
particular lace,
hey
wereunified round
shared
oss,
n
the
faceof a common hreat.
n
this
necropolis,
he
iving
members fthe
polis
forged
collective
dentity.
In thediscussion hat
ollows,
beginby
ummarizing
arlier heories
about the
ocation f the
cemetery.
then ddress
he date at which the
demosion
emawas established ndthe
hronological
istribution
f arlier
archaeological
emainsn the district orthwest
f the
city.
his
analysis
will
show
thatthe choiceof site for he
cemetery
eflected
particular
orientation
oward he
city past.
After
etting
he
chronological
cene,
I attempto ocate he emetery ore recisely ithin heAthenianand-
scape,
elying eavily
n the
rchaeological
vidence.
then onsider
why
this
pecific
itewas
selected,
mphasizing
he
religious
nd civic
ignif-
icance
ofthe rea
prior
o the
cemetery's
stablishment.
inally, suggest
that he
ite hosen nabled
hedemos
to
uxtapose
hevaluesof the new
democracy
ith
hose n
display
n
the ristocratic
emeterymmediately
to the
east.
4. Patterson
2006,
pp.
53-56)
has
questioned
he
quation
f
Thucydides'
demosionemawith
public
emetery.
She
argues
hat he
oncept
f n Athe-
nian
national
emetery
s a modern
invention
p.55).
As I have
rguedelsewhere
Arrington
010,
pp.
40-49),
it s true hat
hedemosion
emawas
not
a
fixed,
ounded,
nd
organized
pace
of he ort
ormally
ssociated
ith
national
emetery.
here
was,
neverthe-
less,
ne
place
n Athens eemed
most
appropriate
or he
burial fwardead
and llustrious
itizens.
shall efero
this
lace
s a
public
emetery
nd call
it the
demosion
ema,
ven
hough
twas
usedfor ther
urposes
n addition o
burials
t
public
xpense.
b.
1
his
gate
s sometimes
eferredo
as the
f|picu
vXai
n thebasis f
referencenthe
Etym.Magn.y
.v.
Hpict.
On the
nappropriateness
fthis es-
ignation,
ee
Matthaiou
983;
Pritchett
1998,
pp.
22-23,
n.
15; 1999,
p.
60.
b. Loraux
zuuo,
sp.
pp.
si-zs/)
shows
ow he
funeral
ration
raised
the
polis
nd
articulatedn
Athenian
ideology.
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LOCATION
OF
THE ATHENIAN PUBLIC CEMETERY
5OI
THE LOCATION
OF THE PUBLIC CEMETERY
Previous
Theories
Althoughheiteraryestimoniandicatehat he ublicemeteryay long
a road
rom he
ity
o the
Academy,
he
uestion
emains,
hich oad?
Cicero's
eport
hathe walked
ast
the state
raves
fter
eaving
he
Dipylon
Gate,
ogether
ith he
many
ther ncient eferenceso
state
burials
ithin
he
Kerameikos,
nd hediscoveries
f he
polyandrion
f
theLakedaimonians
Pol 1)
and the
prominent
onumentt the
hird
horos
ear he
Dipylon
Gate
tself,
ave ed
most cholars o conclude
that he tate
raves
ined
hebroad oad
hat
eparted
rom his
ate,
here alled he
Academy
oad
see
Fig.
4,
below).7
heir
views n the
size
and naturef the
pace,
owever,
ary onsiderably.
ome
nclude
the omb
f he akedaimonians
ithinhedemosion
ema,s
hile thers
think hat he
emetery
egan eyond
he hrine fArtemis
riste nd
Kalliste ecauseof Pausanias's ilence ntil hatpoint Paus. 1.29.2;
AK
1,
).9
Beforehe ntire idth
f he
Academy
oadhad een
xcavated,
Alfred
ruckner
uggested
hatt
ctually
onsisted
f wo oads
orming
thematicallyrganized,
longated
acetrack,
ith
he
raves
fHarmodios
and
Aristogeiton
t one
end,
hat fKleisthenes
t the
ther,
olyandria
7.
For he
iterary
ources,
ee
nn.
and
3,
above.
n the
omb f he
Lake-
daimonians,
eeXen.
Hell.
.4.33;
G
IP
11678;
Bruckner
915,
pp.
118-119;
Karo
1930,
pp.
90-91;
Ohly
1965,
pp.
314-322;
Willemsen
977;
Kienlin
2003,
pp.
114-118,
21-122;
Stroszeck
2006.
Bold
etters
nd numbers
e.g.,
Pol1] refero sites lottedn the
maps
n
Figs.
-4;
for
bbreviations,
see
p.
510,
below.)
On the
monument
at the
hird oros
once
known
s the
Tombof
Chabrias),
ee
especially
Stichel
998;
Valavanis
999;
Kienlin
2003,
pp.
118-122.
The
Academy
oad
is sometimeseferred
o
n
modern
scholarship
s the
dromos,
ecause
of he
elay
aces
eld n
t:
ee,
.g.,
Costaki
006,
pp.
200-201,
455-459.
Against
heuse of his
erm,
ee
Miller
1995,
pp.
213-214,
16-218. Stroszeck
(2003)
believes
hat he oad
tself as
called heKerameikos.
or he
view
that hedemosionema
ay long
he
Academy
oad,
ee Bruckner
910,
pp.
185-200;
Wenz
1913,
pp.
22-30;
Frazer
913,
ol.
2,
pp.
378-379;
Domaszewski
917;
Judeich
931,
pp.
404-409;
Papachatzis
974-1981,
vol.
1,
p.
382,
fig.
28;
Stupperich
977,
pp.
26-31;
Clairmont
981,
p.
132;
1983,
pp.
32-33;
Stupperich
984,
p.
640;
Knigge
991,
p.
13;
Tsirigoti-
Drakotou
000,
p.
94;
Loraux
006,
p.
50.
8.Travlos,^/^wi,
.
301;
Stuppe-
rich
977,
p.
25
(somewhat
keptical);
Meyer
993,
p.
118;
Wolpert
002,
p.
89.
Kurtz nd Boardman
1971,
pp.109,338,map5) place hefirst
state
raves arallel
o the
Themisto-
klean
Wall,
n the
far ideof he
ring
road.
9. Bruckner
910,
pp.
183-200;
Clairmont
983,
p.
204;
Knigge
991,
p.
13;
Valavanis
999,
p.
192.The
graves
n thewesternide
oftheroad
were
overedn theLate Classical
r
Early
Hellenistic
eriod,
ence ausa-
nias
silence.
hly
1965,
pp.
302-303)
describedhe
fill ver hem s
sand,
gravel,
ock
ieces,
marl,
nd
earth,
mixed
with
ockets
f eramic
aste
from
orkshops,
hich ccumulated
quickly
nd created scree
lope.
Most
scholars
ink
he
dumped
material
ith
precautions
aken fter he
battle t
Chaironeia,
hen he
Athenians on-
structed moat nd
palisades Ohly
1965,
p.
305;
cf.Aeschin.
.236;
Ly-
curg.
eoc.
4).
Binder
ap.
Pritchett
1998,
p.
3)
has
proposed
hat hewidth
of
theroadwas halved
n 303 to
guard
against
he
pproach
f
iege
machines.
Although
he
overing
f he
graves
has
recently
een
called nto
uestion
(Stroszeck
003,
p.
76,
n.
116,
but f.
p.
69;
Costaki
006,
p.
458),
there s
little oom or oubt.Hellenistic o-
lumnar
rave
monuments
ound n situ
to thewest ftheTomb oftheLake-
daimoniansre
1.78 m
higher
han he
base of hehorosnext o themonument
(Gebauer
942,
p.
224),
and twoHel-
lenistic
rain overs
n
front
fthe
tomb ie 1.30-1.48
m
above hebase
(Willemsen 977,
pp.
133-134).
A
tomb f he3rd
entury
nd a drain f
the
1st
entury
.d. also cut
hrough
themonumenttself.
imilarly,ust
outside he
precinct
fthemonument
at the
hird
oros,
ile-covered
raves
f
the nd to 1st enturies
only
ne of
them
ecurely
ated)
were ound t the
level fthe
highest
ourse fthe
monu-
ment
Willemsen 977,
pp.
118-120).
Finally,
cross-sectionf
lst-century
building
hat tands
n
themiddle f
the
Academy
oad close o the
Dipy-
lon Gate shows hat
ill
was
deposited
to thewest efore he
building
as
constructed
Ohly
1965,
figs.
5, 16).
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5
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
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LOCATION OF THE ATHENIAN
PUBLIC CEMETERY
503
Old
Academy
oad and the wo
brancheshat
assed
n either ideof
Hippios
Kolonos,
s theLeokoriou
oads
Fig.
4, below).
Most
previouspproaches
o the
opography
fthe
public
emetery
have een ased n he
iterary
vidence,
ith
ittlettentiono
hematerial
remains.
monography
Christoph
lairmont,
ublished
n1983, s an
exception,
uthis
rchaeological
ontributions
imited
y
he act
hat e
did not
plot
he xcavationsn a
contemporary,
caled
map
ndbecause
he forcedhematerial
vidence o conformo
Pausanias's
escription
f
specific
ombs.17incemost f he
reanorthwestf
he ncient alls ies
beneath hemodern
ity,
t
hasbeen
ubject nly
o
sporadic
xcavation;
nevertheless,
ver he
years
growingody
f vidence as
ccumulated,
much f t
published
n
preliminary
orm
n
he
Archaiologikon
eltion.
he
findspots
f
nscribed
asualty
ists,oo,
re
nstructive.
lthough any
ere
later
ransported
o he
Agora
or se s
construction
aterial,
rbuiltnto
churchess far
way
s the
Mesogeia,
morematerialasbeen ound lose
to the
riginal
ite han s often
cknowledged.18
here s
now,
believe,
sufficientrchaeologicalvidenceodemonstratehat he emosionemaay
in
he
egion
f he
Academy
oad,
utnot
trictlylong
he
horoughfare.
Before
resenting
his videncen
detail,
t s
necessary
o et
he
cene,
first
y etermining
he ate f he stablishmentf
he
emetery,
nd hen
by xamining
he
hronological
istributionf
rchaeological
aterialn
the reanorthwestfAthens.
Setting the Chronological Scene
The earliestecordedurialsn the
rea hat ecame he
Athenian
ublic
cemetery
re those f the
tyrantlayers,
armodios nd
Aristogeiton,
followed
y
he eformerleisthenes
Paus.
.29.6, 5).
These
ndividuals
werenotnecessarilyuried tpublic xpense.he earliestolyandrion
mentioned
y
Pausanias
1.29.7)
s
that f theAthenians ho
fought
against
he
Aiginetans
efore
he ersian
nvasion,
n
491/0 r487/6.
9
A
possible olyandrion
overed
y
tumulus as
discoveredn Salaminos
Street
Pol 4,
discussed
elow),
with
eramics
ating
o thefirst
uarter
of he
th
entury.20
Thucydides
2.34.1)
writeshat he
public
urial
eremony
ollowed
an ancestralustom
patrios
omos),
hich ouldhave
riginated
n
the
17. Clairmont
983;
cf. hereview
byStupperich
1984,
sp.
pp.
638,
641).
The
mapsprovided y
Garland
(1982,
pp.
150-151,
igs.
, 7)
are ess
comprehensivehanClairmont
18. From he
Mesogeia:
G F
1144b,
c,
and
d,
on which ee
Matthaiou
005,
pp.
100-103.On thedate f hedis-
mantling
f the demosion
emay
ee
Aliferi
992-1998,
with
EGXLVL
73,
XLVII
46,
LI
50.
19.
Pausanias
ppears
o contradict
himself hen
he states
1.29.4)
that he
war
dead from rabeskos
ca.
465)
were
cpiuxoi.
his
must e a
manuscript
error or
cpcoxov,
hichwould ndicate
not
hronological
ut
opographical
priority
i.e.,
hefirst
olyandrion
hat
he comes o nthe ourse fhisde-
scription,
hich
n
fact t
s).
On the
error,
ee Pritchett
998,
pp.
38-40;
see
also
Stupperich
977,
pp.
235-236;
Pritchett
985,
pp.
112-113.
Another
potentiallyonfusing
se
of
rcpcoxoi
occurs n
PL Menex.
42b,
n
thedead
from hebattles t
Tanagra
nd Oino-
phyta
n
457:
oxoi
f|
Ttpcxoi
exxv
nepoiKv
cXeuov
. .
v
xcpe
co
vr|-
uocxi
iuTiGvxe
these
were hefirst
placed
n
this
emetery
fter hePersian
War ).
As
explained yJacoby
1944,
p.
54,
n.
77),
this
efers
nly
o thefirst
Athenians ho, fter hePersianWars,
fought
reeks n behalf f
Greeks nd
were uried n
the
emetery.
oraux
(2006,
p.
101),
however,
eeshere
de-
liberate rror
alculated o criticizehe
institutionf hefuneral
ration or
praising
oo often hosewho
died
fight-
ing
otherGreeks.
20.
Stoupa
1997,
p.
52.
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504
NATHAN T.
ARRINGTON
early
ays
of the
democracy.21
he
organization
f
casualty
ists nd lar-
nakes
by
tribe
ertainly laces
the nomos
n
the
period
fter he reforms
of Kleisthenes.22
ragments
f
casualty
istsfrom he battle
f Marathon
employ
he same tribal ormat s later ists.23
o, too,
does a
casualty
ist
in Attic cript rom emnos,whichdates othe arly thcenturynd was
probably
rected or he Athenianswho fellwhenMiltiades
conquered
the sland
n
498.24
Diodoros,
n
a discussion f he
pigrams
et
up
for heLakedaimonians
at
Thermopylai,
oes not
necessarily
efer omonumentsnthe demosion
semawhen he
says
11.33.3)
thatthe Athenians
similarly
ecorated
(fioco
. .
KGur|O)
he
graves
f thosewho died nthe PersianWars.
He
does,however,
tate hat hiswas theoccasion f
the
ity
first uneral
games
and funeral
rations,
nd
Dionysios
ofHalikarnassos
Ant.
Rom.
5.17.4)
agrees.
ince
Thucydides
2.35.1)
and
Dionysios
both
report
hat
thefuneral
peech
was an
addition
o
the
nomos,
hecustom f
burying
t
least omeof hewar
dead
n
the
public emetery
ust
lready
ave
xisted
during hePersianWars.25
The fact hat
during
he PersianWars
other
urials,
uch as those t
Plataiai,
ook
place
on thebattlefield
s no obstacle o a date ofca. 500 for
the
establishmentf the
publiccemetery.
e need
not
presume
hat ll
war
dead
had to be
buried
n
thedemosion
ema;
ertainly
o
single
modern
military
emetery
ontains ll of a
country's
ar
casualties. ven late n
the
Peloponnesian
War the Athenian asualties n
the battle t
Ephesos
in
409
wereburied
t Notion
Xen.
Hell
1.2.11),
and we
should
expect
more
lexibility
n
the
system uring
he
early istory
f the
cemetery.
n
fact,
ven o
speak
f he establishment f he
demosionema s somewhat
misleading,
ince t
mplies
more
rganizationalversight
nd ntent han
may
have
xisted t the ime. doubt hat
large
ract f and
was set side
for national emeteryyformal ecree.26t seemsmore ikelyhat t first
one
monument,
robably particularly
amous
ne,
was
constructed,
nd
21. See
especially acoby
944;
Gomme
1956,
p.
94-98;
Ostwald
1969,
p.
175;
Hornblower
991,
pp.
292-293.
22.
Stupperich
977,
p.
206.
f an
epigram
ttributedo Simonides om-
memorating
ardeadburied ear
he
Euripos
was
writtenor n Athenian
polyandrion,
twould ndicate hat
public emetery
as not
yet
stablished
in
507/6. he
poem
ould,
owever,
referseasily otheEuboians rBoio-
tians s
to theAthenians. n the
pi-
gram,
ee Peek
1955,
p.
1,
no.
1;
Page
1975,
.
9,
no.
2;
Stupperich
977,
p.
206;
Page
1981,
pp.
189-191;
Clair-
mont
983,
p.
88-89,
no.2.
23.
A
tribalist
rom hebattle f
Marathon as found
n
June
000,
built nto hewallof
5th-century
iln
at the illa fHerodesAtticus t Lou-
kou
SEGXLJX
370,
LI
425,
LIII
354,
LV
413;
Steinhauer
004-2009;2009,
p.
122;
Spyropoulos
009).
Another
fragment,erhaps
rom he ame
ist,
was found
earby.
thankG.
T.
Spyro-
poulos
or
iscussing
he istwithme.
24. GXll
Suppl.
37;
cf.Hdt.
6.137-140.Two Corinthian
elmets,
dedicated t
Olympia
nd on the
Athenian
cropolis
nd nscribed
Athenians:rom hose n Lemnos
(IG P 1466 and518,the atter artially
restored),
avebeen
xplained
s
spoils
from he ame
xpedition.
third
helmet,
rom
hamnous,
edicated o
Nemesis
y
he
Rhamnousians
n
Lemnos
IG
I3
522bis),
may
e a decade
or two ater. ee
Stupperich
977,
p.
207;
Clairmont
983,
pp.
89-90,
92-93;
Rausch 999.Anotherist f
names,
rom
hemid-6th
entury,
found n the
Sikelia
hill
outhwestf
Athens
SEGXX1 95;
Clairmont
983,
pp.
87-88),
s too
fragmentary
o be
interpretedecurely
s a
casualty
ist.
25. The location f he
emetery
may
lso
suggest
dateno ater
han
the
PersianWars.As
I
shall emon-
strate
elow,
he
riginal
ite f he
cemetery
as
approximately
00 m
from he
ity
walls.One
practical
x-
planation
or his istances that he
locationwasestablishedefore he
course f heEridanos
River ad been
fixed,
change
hat ccurred
n
478,
when heThemistoklean all was
built.
26. See
n.
4,
above.
udeich
1931,
p.
404)
thought
hat he
emetery
ad
its
origins
n
the6th
entury
utdid
not ake n a
unified,
losed haracter
until hefirst alf f he5th
entury.
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
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LOCATION OF
THE ATHENIAN
PUBLIC CEMETERY
505
Figure
1.
Reconstruction
fthe
cenotaph
or heMarathonomachoi.
Matthaiou
988,
p.
122.
Drawing
M. Korres
that ther imilarmonuments
ollowed,
artly
or he amereasons hat ad
prompted
he hoice f he
riginal
ite
to
be discussed urther
elow),
ut
also because each successive
memorial
ncreasingly
ransformedhe
place
into
he
most
ppropriate
renafor
ublic
ommemorationf the dead.
The
catalyst
or his
developmentmay
well
have been
the
cenotaph
for
the Marathon
dead,
which
Angelos
Matthaiou has shown to have
stood
n
the
public cemeteryFig.
I).27
An
unpublished
phebic
decree
of176/5found n the
Agora
mentions
regular
uneral ontest hat ook
place
at Marathon nd also infront f the
polyandrion
ext o the
city
([rcp
oB]
jcp
o aoiei
noXx>av6peox>>
gora
I
7529,
lines
15-17).28
Another, imilar phebicdecreementions race from hepolyandrion
(arc
oi
TUODGtvSpeoD,
G
II2
1006,
ine
22)
without urther
ualification.
Matthaiou nfers hat herewas in the demosionema
cenotaph
or he
dead at
Marathon,
nown
imply
s the
polyandrion,
nd he associates t
with base
bearing
n
elegiac
nscription
IG
I3
503/504),
fragment
f
whichwas foundnthe Kerameikos
CL 6).
On thebasis of
etter
orms,
topographical
eferenceso Marathon
within he
epigram,
nd
cuttings
on the
top
of the
base,
Matthaiou
argues
hat he monument nce
held
the
casualty
istsfrom hebattle t Marathon.29
nly
the
dead from his
conflict erefamous
nough
for heir
monument o be called
simply
the
polyandrion,
nd it would have been a
fitting lace
forthe
display
f
ephebicprowess.
he existence f
the
cenotaph
n
the
demosionema lso
27. Matthaiou
003,
pp.
197-200;
see alsothe ommentsnParker
005,
p.
470.
28. T. L. Shear
r.
as edited he
inscription
or
ublication
n
the
forthcoming
hird dition f
G II.
29.
A
second et fverses as ater
added o thebase.
Perhaps
hemonu-
mentwas
already
n
existence
n
480,
when twas
destroyed
n
thePersian
sack nd
subsequently
eerected ith
addition f henew ines. t is also
possible
hat he econd etofverses
was addedbefore he
enotaph
as
destroyed.
he
fragment
ound t
CL 6
(Lapis
C)
was built nto re-
taining
allthat ested n
bedrock,
and thus
may
e associated ith he
constructionfthefirstoad urface.
If
so,
new
enotaph
must avebeen
erected
ollowing
hePersian estruc-
tion.
On the
xcavation,
ee Alexandri
1973-1974a,
p.
91-92
(the
Marathon
inscription
s
theArchaic
pigram
mentionedn
p.
92;
cf.
Matthaiou
2003,
p.
198).
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5O6
NATHAN T. ARRINGTON
explainswhy
both
Thucydides
2.34.5)
and Pausanias
1.29.4),
in their
discussions f
the
public emetery,
ake are o record hat hosewho died
at Marathonwereburied n the
battlefield,
hile
remaining
ilent bout
theother ersianWar
casualtieswho were lso absent rom he
cemetery.
It was the
presence
f hefamousmonument hat licited he
xplanation.
The
literary
ources nd the
rchaeological
vidence hus ndicate hat
the
demosionemawas establishedfter hereformsf
Kleisthenes,
nd that
it
was an
appropriate lace
for
military
urials
y
the time f the Persian
Wars.
suggest
dateofca. 500 for he
beginning
f
he
process;
nfortu-
nately
t is not
possible
to be more
specific.30
leisthenes'
eforms,
he
Athenian
ictory
ver heBoiotians nd Chalkidians
n
506,
the
xpedition
to Ionia
with ts casualties t
sea,
or the
triumph
t Marathon
may
have
instigated
he
practice
f
burying
ar
dead
in
Athenian
erritory.
As
important
s thedate ofestablishments the
relationship
etween
the demosionema nd
other,
arlier
uneraryctivity
n
the
andscape.
n
order
o understandhe
ptions
vailable o the
demos,
nd the
ignificance
of he hoice etween heAcademynd Old Academy oads, t snecessary
to examine
he
patterns
f and use
in
these wo areas
prior
o ca.
500.
An
investigation
f
the material emains eveals
striking
ifference
in
use
prior
o the Classical
period.
The area around he
Academy
Road
was
relatively
ree fArchaic
raves,
artly
s a result f he
flooding
f he
EridanosRivernear he
Dipylon
Gate,
and
partly
ecause of the absence
of a
major
destination t the end of the road. Conditions
long
the Old
Academy
Road,
on the other
hand,
were
very
different. hen
Binder
made hercase for
lacing
he
cemetery
ere,
he observed hat thiswas
the
glory
oadfor
rave
monumentsnd
a
natural hoicefor heDemosion
semaPx he first
art
f his tatements
absolutely
orrect:
heLeokoriou
Roads had a
long history
f
grand
nd
lavish
burials,
well attested n the
archaeologicalecord. he followingummaryf he uantityandto some
extent he
uality)
f
pre-Classical
inds rom he wo
reaswillmake
lear
their ifferentistories nd distinctiveharacters.32
In
the
vicinity
f the
Leokoriou
Roads,
three ocations
have
yielded
Bronze
Age
remains:
deposit
with
herds t Peiraios
8,33
Mycenaean
grave
tPlateia
leftherias,34
nd herds ndobsidian lades t Efkleidou .35
30. Forother
uggested
ates,
ee
Gomme
956,
p.
94-103
Solon);
Stupperich
977,
p.
206-224
508/7
r
shortly
hereafter),
eiterated
n
Stuppe-
rich
994,
p.
93,
with
ibliography
p.
100,
n.
2;
Czech- chneider
994,
pp.22-37 shortlyfter90);Mat-
thaiou
003,
pp.
199-200
several
ears
after
90);
Clairmont
983,
p.
3
(470s);
Hornblower
991,
p.
292
(late
470s at
the
arliest);
acoby
944,
pp.
46-50,
with arlier
ibliography,
ollowed
y
Pritchett
985,
pp.
112-123
465/4).
31.y*APritchettl998,p.6.
32.
n
this
tudy
have
ccepted
he
dates
rovided y
he xcavators
nd
drawn
my
wn onclusions
nly
when
the vidences
unambiguous
e.g.,
white-groundekythos
ndicates
Classical
rave).
When a
5th-century
date s
provided
ithno other hrono-
logical
ndicator,
take t
to
mean
Classical, ince hepublishedxcava-
tion
eportsppear
o use 5th en-
tury
n
this ensemore ften han
riot.
Moreover,
or he ssue hat
am
addressing
ere
the
use of he
Academy
oadand Old
Academy
Road before he stablishmentfthe
demosionema
whatmatters ost s
whetherhematerial
re-
r
postdates
the stablishment
f he
public
eme-
tery,
nd even f he
dateof he stab-
lishments
slightly
ater han a.
500,
any th-century
aterials
more
ikely
to be dated fter han eforet.Since
the ame
phoreia
as
responsible
or
the xcavationsear oth
oads,
ne
assumes hat he ame tandards, eth-
ods,
nd
procedures
ere
pplied
o
both
egions.
am thus
omparing
ike
with ike.
33.
Filippakis
966,
p.
63.
34. Gauss and
Ruppenstein
001.
They
ssociate LH
IIIC
stirrupar
with he
grave.
35.
Lygkouri-Tolias
994a.
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
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LOCATION OF THE ATHENIAN PUBLIC CEMETERY
507
Submycenaean
emains ave lsobeen ound t threeocations:herdst
Kriezi 2
and
Psaromiligkou,36single rave
n
an excavationor drain
across
rom riezi
3-27,37
nd
11
graves
t Kriezi 3-24.38
Excavation
t
15
ocations as revealed eometric
raves
r
sherds,
mostlyn and around heblockwest f PlateiaEleftheriasormedy
Peiraios, riezi,
saromiligkou,
nd
Kalogirou
amouil
treets,
ut lso
to
thenorth t
Myllerou
6-18
between
gisilaou
nd
Kerameikou),39
and ven urther
orth,
lose o the ntersectionf n ancientross-street
with heOld
Academy
oad,
t
Virginias
enaki
5-17.40
any
fthe
dead
were uried ith avish
fferings,
ncluding
essels
y
he
Dipylon
Workshop.
rave 2
nthe rain xcavationt Kriezi
3-27,
for
xample,
was
pit
burial
ontaininglarge
uneral
mphora
overed
ith bronze
cup,
n
oinochoe,
skyphos,
pyxis,
nd four ronze essels.nside he
amphora
ere wobronze
ins
ecorated ith
old
eaf,
goldring,
nd
an ron rooch.41t Kriezi
3-24,
rave
3 contained
Dipylon-typeyxis
with horse
id,
hreeimilar
ids,
nd
kyathion;rave
2 a
arge mphora
withprothesiscene,nunpaintedydria,nd kyathion;ndgrave 06
three
kyphoid
yxides,skyphos,
nd
gold
band
tamped
ith frieze
of
warriors,
ship,
nd deer.42
Archaicmaterial as beenfound t 21
locations,
n
much he ame
area nd
n
many
fthe ame
plots
s theGeometricemains escribed
above,
ut
xtending
omewhat
urtherorthward.
xamples
nclude n
amphora
urial
f he hird
uarter
f he th
entury
t Achilleos and
Kolonou;43
erracottasrom enorman
8J44
nd LateArchaic eliefrom
thedrain
tAimonos
,
ust
ff
enorman.45hile he urials
long
he
Leokoriou
oadswerenot s lavish
n
the ater
Archaic
eriod
s
they
were
n
he
Geometric,
hey
ontinuedhe rendf uxurious
isplay
n he
quantity
nd
quality
f heir
rave oods.
he
splendid
rotoatticettos
amphoraown heNational rchaeologicaluseumnAthens as ound
atPeiraios
nd
Kalogirou
amouil
treets,
long
with ver 0
black-figure
vessels
ecorated ith heroic
mages
uch
s
Herakles
nd the
Cretan
bull,
Neoptolemos
nd
Astyanax,uadrigas,
nd
dueling oplites.46pit
burial
n
thedrain
xcavationt Kriezi
3-27,
dated o the hird
uarter
of he th
entury,
ontainedwohandlelessiconical
essels,
wo lack-
glaze ugs,
ix
black-figureekythoi, kylix,
lekanis,
nd a terracotta
figurine
f seated
oddess.47
t
Psaromiligkou
a LateArchaicist
rave
contained
our
lack-figureekythoi,
wodecorated ith
nthemia,
ne
with
Gigantomachy,
ndonewith scene fHerakles nd heNemean
lion,
s well s a
bowl,
he ower alf f n
unpaintedylindricalyxis,
36.Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou
1979,
.
23.
37. Alexandri
968a,
.
67; 1968b,
pp.
20-22.
38. Alexandri
967,
pp.
92-96. For
a
Submycenaean
essel oundwest
ofPlateia leftherias
n
the19th en-
tury,
ee Gauss nd
Ruppenstein
001,
o. 163.
39. Alexandri
970,
p.
76.
40. Alexandri973-1974a, .86;
Costaki
006,
pp.
528-529,
no.VIII.ll.
41.The
amphorappears
n the over
oAAA
1
(1968);
the
pins
re llustrated
in
Alexandri
968b,
.
29,
fig.
1.
42. The
amphora
ith he
rothesis
scene,
ne ofthe
kyphoid yxides,
nd
the
gold
band re llustratedn
Alexandri
967,
pls.
89,
87:y,
nd
87:a,
respectively.
43. Alexandri 973-1974b, . 123.
44.
Boulter
963,
p.
135,
nos.
38,
40.
45.Alexandri
972,
p.
88.
46.
Athens,
ational
Archaeological
Museum1002. On the
findspot
nd for
further
ibliography,
ee
Schilardi
968,
D.41.
47. Alexandri
968a,
p.
67;
1968b,
pp.
26-27. The
figurine
s llustrated
n
Alexandri
968a,
pl.
37:a.
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5O8
NATHAN
T. ARRINGTON
one-handled
kyathion,
nd halfof a terracotta
rotome
f a
goddess.48
Another
ate Archaic
rave, pit
burial f a. 500 at Peiraios
7,
contained
a
black-figureekythos
ith
symposium
cene,
wowith
Dionysiac
cenes,
and twowith
uadrigas,
s well as a
skyphos, pyxis,
nd a small
phiale.49
Although
he rea round he
Academy
oad hasbeenmore
ntensively
investigated
hanthat round he Leokoriou
Roads,
t
has
produced
ar
fewer
re-Classical
emains. he
following
ist
ncludes ll thoseknown o
me.
A
Neolithic x was discovered t Kerameikou
0.50
Mycenaean
herds
were ound ear he outhwestower f he
Dipylon
Gate51 nd at Peiraios
82 and Salaminos.52
n
the
ubmycenaeaneriod
here as
a
large emetery
in
the rea ater
ccupied y
he
Pompeion,
utthese
raves
were
riented
toward heSacred
Way.53
n
the
Protogeometriceriod,
most f he
burials
moved o the southbank of the Eridanos
River,
lthough
herewere till
a
few
n
the
vicinity
f the ater
ompeion
nd
n
front f
the
west
tower
of
the
Dipylon
Gate.54
A
cluster f Geometric
raves
was
discovered o
thewest f he ame ower.55utsidethe
Kerameikos
rchaeological ark,
only woplotshaveproduced eometric herds: ne at Profitou aniil 1856
and one at Alikarnassou
4,
near n ancient
wagon
road that anwestof
and
parallel
o the
Academy
Road.57 n thenorthwestorner f the area
included
n
this
study,
eometric urialshave been found t Leoforos
Athinon 8 andMitrodorou58nd at Mitrodorou nd Geminou.59
hese
outliers
nly mphasize
he
rarity
fGeometric emainsnthe
vicinity
f
the
Academy
Road.
Within heKerameikos
rchaeological ark, group
fArchaic urials
wasfound orth f heSacred
Gate,
where moundwas constructedver
6th-century
haft
rave.
hreeother
th-century
urialswere ocated nor
around he
mound,
nd a final urialna bronze sh urnwas
placed
n the
mound round 80.60 rchaic
culpture
uilt nto he
ThemistokleanWall
probablyame from hecemeteries loser o theSacredWay.Outside the
archaeologicalark, nly
1 ocations
ave
produced
rchaicmaterial f
ny
sort:
black-figureylix
t
Agisilaou
96 and
Plataion;61
fragment
f the
Marathon
asualty
ist
IG
I3
503/504
Lapis
C)
at Plataion
0-32
(CL 6);62
one or wo
th-centuryraves
nd
a
possible olyandrion
f
hefirst
uarter
of he th
entury
t Salaminos 5
(Pol4);63
drain t
Megalou
Alexandrou
91 and Plataion
2;64
rchaic herds t Plataion nd
Paramythias;65
rchaic
ceramics nd
a
kiln
t
Profitou aniil
18;66
7th-centurymphora
urial
48. Alexandri
972,
.
143,
rave
II.
The
lekythos
ithHerakles nd the
Nemean ion s llustratedn
pl.
86:oc.
49.Alexandri
968a,
.
83,
grave
IV.
The lekythosith he ymposium
scene s llustrated
n
pl.
47:5.
50.
Philadelpheus
927,
p.
157.
51.
Knigge
991,
p.
14. She
suggests
that he onstructionf he
gatemay
havedestrovedMvcenaean omb.
52.
Chatzipouliou
988,
p.
36.
53.
Knigge
991,
p.
14-16.
54.
Knigge
991,
pp.
16-20.
^^.
ivmgge
vyi,
pp.
U-24.
56.
Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou
1978,
p.
21.
57.
Vasilopoulou
980,
p.
37. This s
not he
hamaxitos
oaddiscussed
y
Stroud1998,pp.104-107),but n-
other
see
Fig.
4, below).
58.
Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou
1979,
p.
18.
59.
Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou
1978,
pp.
24-25.
60.
Knigge
991,
p.
159.The tumu-
lus s
no.
59
in
the
plan
on
p.
17,
fig.
5.
61.
Liagkouras
973-1974,
.
31,
pl.
42:.
62. Alexandri
973-1974a,
.
92;
Matthaiou
003,
p.
198. See
above,
p.
505 and n. 29.
63.
Stoupa
1997,
p.
52. These re-
mains rediscussed elow.
64.
Filippakis 966,p.
58.
65.
Krystalli
nd
Kaloudi
1964,
p.
61;
Clairmont
983,
p.
42.
66.
Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou
1978,
p.
21. Kiln
upports
ere ound
butnot
dated;
most f
the
vessels
ound
at the itewere ate Archaic o
Early
Classical.
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
12/42
LOCATION OF
THE ATHENIAN PUBLIC CEMETERY
509
of
child
n a drain xcavation
cross rom likarnassou
8;67
pit
n a
drain
xcavation
ear errn 4
and
Spyrou
atsi;68
rchaic
tratatAr-
gous
07;69
0 cremation
urials
nd ne ist
rave
t
MitrodoroundGe-
minou;70
nd tile-covered
rave ating
o ca. 500 at
Alamanas
17 and
Efthydimou.71
The
chronologicalandscape
hanges
hen he oad
eachesheAcad-
emy,
n area
with
long
ndrich
istory.
emains
ere nclude
sizeable
structuref he
Early
Helladic
eriod,
Geometric
Sacred
ouse,
nd
Geometric
ndArchaic
raves.72
he sacredharacterf
he rea ontinued
into nd
beyond
heClassical
eriod
Paus.1.30.2).
These scatteredinds
rovide general icture
f
funerary
ctivity
northwestfAthens
rior
o the stablishmentf
the
public
emetery.
They
eveal
wo reaswith ense oncentrationsf
pre-Classical
emains:
to thenortheastf heLeokoriou
ate,
where
re-Classicalraves
ri-
marily
lank heOld
Academy
oad,
nd n the rea f he
Academy
t-
self.73 total
f 178 sites avebeen xcavated ear he
Academy
oad
and112 ites ear heOldAcademyoad.Of the ormer,nly .8%pro-
duced
Geometric aterialnd
only
.7%
Archaic;
f the
atter,
3.4%
produced
eometric
aterialnd18.8%Archaic.74uturexcavations
ill
certainly
lter
hese
umbers,
ut doubt hat
hey
ill
rofoundly
ffecthe
ratios.75
In
light
f the
very
ifferentistoriesf these wo
roads,
t s
clear
that
he ocation f heAthenian
ublic emetery
s not
ust topographic
question.
he
choice,
n
the
years
round
00,
between
he
Academy
Road nd heOld
Academy
oadfor he ite f he emosionema arries
implications
or
ur
nderstanding
f he
elationship
etweenhe
young
democracy
nd ts ristocratic
ast.
or
Binder,
he
glory
oad or
rave
monuments as hemost
ogical lace
or he
emetery,
ut id he emos
really ant oplace tsnewpolyandriamongheseplendidelics f he
recent
ast?
67.
Lygkouri-Tolias
985,
p.
32.
68.Alexandril967,p.U4.
69.
Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou
1979,
.
20.
70.
Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou
1978,
p.
24-25.
71.
Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou
1979,
.
20.
72.
Txmlos,
thens,
p.
42-51;
Lygkouri-Tolias
987.Threatte
2007,
pp.
23-39)
succinctly
ummarizes
any
of hefinds rom he rea. ee also Fra-
zer
1913,
ol.
2,
pp.
387-390;
Judeich
1931,
pp.
412-414;
Ritchie
984,
pp.
686-711,
95-896;
Mazarakis
Ainian
997,
pp.
140-143.For
arly
archaeological
ork,
ee Kourouniotis
1930, 933;
Aristophron
933;
Kera-
mopoullos
933;
Stavropoullos
955,
1956, 958,
1959,1960a, 960b, 961,
1962, 963;
Murray
006.The site s
currentlyeing
tudied
y
A.
Mazara-
kis
Ainian;
ee now
MazarakisAinian
and Livieratou 010.
A
second
aper,
by
MazarakisAinian nd A.
Alexan-
dridou,
ill
be
published
n
the
pro-
ceedings
f he
onferenceThe Dark
Ages'
Revisited, olos,
une
4-17,
2007.)
73. Schilardi
1968,
pp.
39, 51)
no-
ticed hat he
Geometric
raves
ear
theLeokoriouGate werewealthiernd
thefindsmoremportanthan hose
from he
Kerameikos.
74.
Cf.
the
able
n
Parlama 990-
1991,
p.
244,
which
rovides
chrono-
logical
nd
typological
reakdownor
excavations
y
heThird
Ephoreia
rom
1960 to 1990.
1
count he
Kerameikos
excavationone as a
single
ite. do
not ount iteswhere
nly casualty
listwas found r
where
re-Classical
sherds ere ecovered
nly
n
road-
surfacing
aterial.
75. The dearth f
pre-Classical
remains rom he
Academy
oad
cannot e
attributedo thedestruc-
tion f
graves uring
he nitial ur-
facing
fthe
road
n
theLate Archaic
to
Early
Classical
eriod.
he first
surface,
hich s
roughlyontempo-
raneouswith he stablishmentfthe
demosion
ema,
was aid
directly
ver
the oft edrock. his surface as
extremely
ide,
nd would
havefilled
cuttings
or
ny
tructuresr
graves
that t
obliterated,
ffectivelyealing
the
vidence
f
pre-Classicalctivity.
Excavation
f
theroad t
many oints,
however,
as revealed o trenchesr
pits
n the
bedrock elow hefirst
road
urface.
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
13/42
5IO
NATHAN T.
ARRINGTON
Archaeological Evidence for
the
Location of
the
Cemetery
The
maps
n
Figures
-4
plot
he
ocations
here
materialasbeen ound
that seitherertainlyrpossiblyelatedoactivitynthedemosionema>
orthat s otherwiseelevantor
stablishing
he
emetery
boundaries.76
Locationsre dentifiedith bbreviations
uggesting
he aturef he inds:
Pol
polyandria),
L
(casualty
ists),
(hippie
material),
K
(the
hrinef
Artemis riste nd
Kalliste),
pi
(the
ardens
f
Epikouros),
ndPits
a
sitewith 0 trenchesr
pits
n
the
oad).
ince
indspots
re ften
aguely
recorded,
ome
ocations ust emain
pproximate;
he bbreviationsor
these re nderlinedn he
maps.
few
ites
iscussedelow o not
ppear
on
he
maps
t llbecause heirocation
annot edetermined.n
Figures
and
3,
excavations
n
which ncient oads ave
een ound remarked
y
green
ectanglesndicating
he rientationf he oads.77
he
courses
f
these ncient
oads re econstructed
n
Figure
. Thoseof he
Academy
Roadandthewagon oad o tswest, othntensivelyxploredver he
years,
re
more
ecure
han hose f he eokoriou
oads.
Inscribed
asualty
ists,
rganized
y
tribe,
ere rected bove he
graves
fthe
wardead.78
lthough
one
has
beenfound
n
situ,
ot ll
were
ransportedreat
istances.
ive
asualty
ists nce tood n a
large
inscribed
ase
IGV 1163d-f)
t
Leokoriound
Dipylon
treets
CL
I).79
The
base,
ound
n
1929
n
econdary
sewithin
heValerian
all,
as een
connectedith attlest
Koroneia,
elion,
nd
Sicily.80earby,
t
Agion
Asomaton2 and
Dipylou
2-14
CL 2),
excavations
aveuncovered
casualty
ist uiltnto heValerian all
SEG
LU
60).81
list f
he ead
fromheCorinthian
arwith relief
IG
IF
5221;
Fig.
5)
wasfound
n
1907
y
Valerios
tais,
nthe
roperty
f Mr.ZervastVasileos
rakleiou
(since
enamed
alogirou
amouil)
nd
Psaromiligkou
treets
CL 3).82
76. The course
f he
ity
wall
n
these
maps
s based
n excavation
e-
ports
ndTheocharaki 007
see
also
Theocharaki,
orthcoming);
hat f he
Academy eribolos
s based
on excava-
tion
eports,
hediscussion
y
Travlos
(Athens,
p.
42-43,
50, 300,318,
with
figs.
2,
417),
and the
ayout
fmodern
roads.
he boundaries
f
Hippios
Kolo-
nosfollow
he ontours
f hemodern
park, lthough
twas
surelyarger
n
antiquity.
or
more
ompletemap
of
allsites xcavated
n
the
vicinity
f he
demosionema nd a descriptionfthe
finds,
ee
Arrineton
010
pp. 126-239).
77.The ancient
oads
havebeen
mapped
sing
nformation
n
excava-
tion
eports
nd
Costala2006.
78.
Athenian
asualty
ists: G
P
1144-1148(?),
150-1153, 155(?),
1156(?),
157,1158,
1162-1163a-c,
1166,
1168,1169,1171,
1172,
1175-
1177,1180,
1183-1193*>,/GIF
221,
5222
cavalry);
GXLVIII
83,XLIX
370
on
which ee also LI
425,
LIII
354,
LV
413),
LII
60. Bases
for
he
lists: GV
503/504,
142(?), 163d-f,
1167,1170(?), 173,1179,
1181
caval-
ry).
ee furtherradeen
964; 1969;
Agora
VII,
pp.
3-34;
Bradeen
nd
Lewis
1979;
Dow
1983,
p.
98;
Pritchett
1985,
pp.
139-140;
Lewis
2000-2003;
Steinhauer
004-2009;
Spyropoulos
2009.
79.
Kyparissis
927-1928,
p.
56-
58;
Schilardi
968,
p.
36;
Tsirigoti-
Drakotou
000,
p.
104,
f.
p.
92-93;
Theocharaki
007,p. 181,
no.X2.5.
80. Koroneia:
yparissis
nd
Peek
1932;Peek1933; 1934;Bowra 938;
Bradeen
964,
pp.
25-29;
Clairmont
1983,
pp.
159-164;
Schachter
986,
p.
5,
n. 3. Delion:
Mattingly
1963]
1996,
pp.
92-93.
Sicily: apagianno-
poulos-Palaios
939,
pp.
101-102;
Tsirigoti-Drakotou
000,
pp.
104-
109. See
the
G P
entry
or dditional
bibliography.
81.
Tsirigoti-Drakotou
000;
Papa-
zarkadas
009,
p.
76.
Only
one stelehas
been
published,
ut ther
ragments
seem o havebeenfoundwith t
Tsi-
rigoti-Drakotou
000,
p.
87,
n.
2,
p.
111).
On the
xcavation,
ee also
EYnnO2
(1998),
p.
75;
3
(1999),
p.
84;
Touchais
000,
p.
765;
Costaki
006,
pp.
450-451,
no.V.
1;
Theocharaki
2007,
pp.
176-178,
no.X2.3.
82.
Bruckner
910,
p.
219;
Wenz
1913,
pp.
58-61;
Hlscher
973,
pp.
102-108;
Clairmont
983,
pp.
209-
212;
Kaempf-Dimitriadou
986;
Bugh
1988,
pp.
136-140;
Lawton
992,
p.
249;
Kaltsas
002,
p.
159,
no. 313.
Nearthe
ame
ntersection,
t Kalo-
girou amouil ndPsaromiligkou-7,
a
group
f
possibly
elated emains
ere
excavated
n1900
by
D.
Filios;
ee
Del-
brueck
900,
pp.
308-310;
Schilardi
1968,
pp.
41-42. The remains
ncluded
a
rectangularlatform,
ossibly
or
tumulus,
s
well s Geometric
essels,
Classical
raves,
nd a mudbrick
truc-
ture f
unknown orm
nd function.
Foundwith he
astwas a lead sheet
inscribed
n
theDoric
dialect nd dated
to the th
entury.
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
14/42
LOCATION OF
THE ATHENIAN
PUBLIC CEMETERY
51I
Figure
2. Modern street
map
ofthe
demosionema nd
environs,
ith xcavations nd discoveries
elated o the
public
cemetery
marked
n
red
Pol
=
polyandria;
L
=
casualty
ists;
H
=
hippie
material;
K
=
sitesrelated
o the hrine f
Artemis
Ariste nd
Kalliste;
Epi
=
sites elated o the
gardens
f
Epikouros;
Pits
=
sitewith10 trenches r
pits
n the
road).
Underlined
abels ndicate
pproximate
ocations.Green
rectangles
mark
ites
where ncient oad
segments
ave
been
found.N.T.
Arrington
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
15/42
512
NATHAN T. ARRINGTON
Figure
3. Detail of
Figure
2,
showing
the outhern
art
fthedemosion
sema nd
environs. ee
Figure
2 for
key.
N.T.
Arrington
Further
est,
lose to the
Dipylon
Gate
and within he Kerameikos
archaeological ark,
heTomb
of heLakedaimonians
Pol
1)
can be iden-
tified n thebasis
of
iterary
nd
epigraphic
estimony.83
his was
certainly
part f hedemosionema.A long, arrowmonument,onstructednseveral
phases,
t housed24
Lakedaimonianswho
fell
ighting
n
the side of the
Thirty
Tyrants
n 403.84
An
inscription
ound
nearby
IG
IP
11678),
once built
nto the structurend
facing
he
Academy
Road,
secures
he
identification.85
rrowheads ere ound
n someof he
keletons,
ncluding
the astone
to be buried.
he dead were
arefully
reated,
ound
n fabric
with theirheads
resting
n stones.There
were no
signs
of
disrespect
or abuse.
The bodies are
obviously
war
casualties,
nd
they
ie
in
close
proximity
o
many
ther iteswith inks o the
militaryemetery.oreigners
werenotout
of
place
nthedemosionema: ausanias
1.29.6-8)
mentions
83. For
bibliography,
ee
n.
7,
above.
84. Cf.Xen.Hell.2.4.33. Scholars
assign ifferentarts f hemonument
to the
ctual akedaimonian
omb f
403.
1
follow hedivision
f Stroszeck
(2006),
which s
argely
asedon
the
manner
n which he oldiers
ere
buried: ee
pp.
102-103
and
fig.
,
where he
tructuresssociated
ith
burials -9 and 15
are he
arliest,
10-14 and 16 are
ater,
nd
17-24 are
the
ast.Others
e.g.,
Willemsen
977)
consider
nly
4 burials o
belong
o
the omb
roper.
ienlin
2003,
pp.
114-118,121-122)
believes he
multiple hasesndicate hat ot ll
of hedeadwere ssociated
ith he
event ecorded
yXenophon.
85.
A lambda nd
alpha
re
pre-
served
rom he
restored)
eading
Aaiceaiuvioi,
eneath
hich re he
names
hibrakos nd
Chairon,
den-
tified
s
polemarchs
nd known
rom
Xenophon's
ccount.
ienlin
2003,
pp.
116-118,121)
agrees
with he
identificationf he
omb,
ut
rgues
that
he
nscription
as
too
ong
o
belong
o the
monument. e errs
n
assuminghat heheading adto be
written
n
one ordered
ine:
ompare
the
heading
f
n
Argive
asualty
ist
(IG
P
1149),
which urves
own he
right
ideof hemonument.
ore-
over,
e assumes hat
nathyrosis
n
the
right
ideof he tone
elongs
o
its
use n theLakedaimonian
omb,
although
wo
uttings
or telai n the
undersidef he
nscription
ndicate n
earlier r
ater
eriod
fuse
as well.
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
16/42
LOCATION
OF
THE
ATHENIAN
PUBLIC
CEMETERY
5X3
Figure
.
Map
of thedemosion
ema
and environs ith
hecourses f
ancient
oadsreconstructed.
N. T.
Arrington
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
17/42
5H
NATHAN
T. ARRINGTON
Figure
5. Relief
rowning
list
ofAthenian asualties t
Corinth
and
Koroneia,
94/3b.c.
(CL 3).
Athens,
National
Archaeological
Museum 2744. Photo
E.
Babnik,
ourtesy
National
Archaeological
useum,
thens
polyandria
or
hessalians,Cretans,Kleonians,
nd
Argives.
One
might
object
hat he ther
oreigners
n this
ist id notdiewhile
ighting
gainst
Athenians,
ut the entombed
akedaimonianswere lso allies of at least
some Athenian itizens.
Nor does a comment
n
the funeral ration f
Lysias, requently
dduced
n
discussions
fthis
omb,
xclude t from he
public emetery,s somehave rgued.86n a speech ver hosewho died n
the
Corinthian
War,
heorator efers
o theTomb oftheLakedaimonians
as close .. to thismonument
eyyu
. .
xoe
tox>
vriuorco,
ys.
2.63).
Here
uvfjucc
oes notrefer o the
demosionema s a wholebut o the omb
of thedead
whosevirtues he orator xtols.87
hus,
when
Lysias ays
hat
the ombs f
heLakedaimonians renear he
mnema,
e does not
xclude
them rom he demosion
ema,
fwhich
hey
re
n
fact
part.
We should
be
wary,
owever,
f
drawing
oo
many
onclusions
boutthe
ppearance
of he
emetery
rom
single olyandrion.
he
orientationf heTomb of
theLakedaimonians
nd themonument t the hird
oroshas
encouraged
scholars o
envisage
he
cemetery
s a series f tombs
trictly
ordering
the
road;
he
rectangularolyandria
iscoverednSalaminos treet
Pol
4,
discussed elow)reveal hat hiswasnotalways he case.
Also indicative f state
burials,
ut on the basis of ceramic vidence
rather han structural
emains,
re a
significantroup
of tombs ound
close to the
Dipylon
Gate
in
1900
(Pol
2),
of which
we know
ittle
part
from he fact hatthe funeral
fferings
ncluded miniature thenian
kylix
fthe econd
uarter
f the5th
century
nd,
more
ignificantly,
wo
mid-5th-century
oiotian
antharoi.88o
myknowledge,
o other oiotian
objects
avebeen found
n
the reanorthwest
f
Athens,
nd t s
probable
86.
E.g.,
Ritchie
984,
pp.
772-773,
777.
87.Todd
2007,
p.
199)
translatest
as monument.
n
only
ne other
occasion
32.21)
does
Lysias
se the
word
uvfjua,
nd there oo
t referso
an ndividual
rave
and
a
private
ne),
not o a
cemetery.
88. Schilardi
980;
Stichel
998,
pp.
150-151
map),
154.
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
18/42
LOCATION OF THE
ATHENIAN
PUBLIC CEMETERY
515
that hese antharoi
elonged
o state
rave
or
oreigners.89
erhaps
hey
date o he
eriod
etween
57
and
47,
when he
Athenians,
ollowing
he
victory
t
Oinophyta,
eld
way
n
Boiotia ntil heir efeat t Koroneia
(Thuc.1.108.2-3, 13.2-4).
Pausanias1.29.2)mentions shrine fArtemis riste nd Kalliste
along
his route o the
Academy,hortly
efore e describesheburials
in the demosionema. his shrine as ocatednear he ntersectionf
Agisilaou
ndPlataion treets
AK 1, ).
n
1922 xcavations
y
Alexander
Philadelpheus
t
11
Plataion
AK2)
revealed wall f
arge,
ell- orked
poros
tones
orming
n
angle,
ossibly art
f the
anctuary
nclosure,
together
ith wobasesdedicated o
Kalliste,
ated n letter orms
o
the4thor 3rd
entury
IG
IP
4665,4668);
a votive elief f a
goddess
holding
torch,
f imilar ate
IG
IP
4666);
3rd-century
arble elief
dedicated o Kalliste
IG
IP
4667);
and three ther otive eliefs ith
representations
f emale
natomy.90
arlierxcavationsonducted
n
1896
at a site a.200
m
northwestfthe
Dipylon ate
AK 1)
had
exposed
paved urface,lm wide,s well s an nscriptionreuseds a drainover)
mentioning
rtemis riste ndKallistenddated o
235/4
/GIP 788).91
The evidencerom
hese wo xcavationshows hat
he hrinemust ave
been
n
the mmediate
icinity.
he
fact hatPausanias s silent bout
polyandriap
to this
oint
n
his
route, owever,
eednot ndicate
hat
the
ublic raves egan nly
fter
he hrine. e
may
ave
aken cross-
street rom heOld
Academy
oad to the
hrine,
r his
ilence
may
e
attributableo thefact hat
he
graves
loseto the
city
wallshad been
covered
p
n
the th
entury.92
A
short istance
urther
orth,
n
nscription
ith n nthemionelief
listing
he
avalry
asualtiesrom
attlestCorinth
ndKoroneia
n
394/3
(/GIP 5222)
wasdiscovereda.
1870 tthe evendis ile
kiln,
ocated
n
Plataion,erhapsear erameikouCL 4).93nthe ame rea,5th-century
casualty
ist
SEG
LI
52)
and n
arly-4th-century
elief
f horseman
iding
over is
pponent
ere oundt
Kerameikou3 and
lataion
CL
5).94
lso
89. Potsdo not
qualpeople,
ut he
unique
nature f hefind nd the ttes-
tation f
foreigners
lsewhere
n
the
cemetery
tronglyuggest
hat hese
vesselswere
ssociated ith Boiotian
grave. part
rom heTombof he
Lakedaimoniansnd
stelai or
roxenoi,
the
nly
ther ndicationf he
pres-
ence f
foreigners
n
the
rea s an
n-
scribedead sheet
n
theDoric
dialect
found earCL 3 (seen.82, above). orBoiotian
ottery
ound nder hefloors
ofmodern
uildings
ear he
Agora,
see Ure
1962;
Papadopoulos
003,
pp.
234-235.
90. On the ite nd the
finds,
ee
Frazer
913,
ol.
2,
p.
379;
Philadel-
pheus
927,
pp.
157-163;
Judeich
931,
p.
412;Travlos,
thens,
p.
301-302;
Papachatzis
974-1981,
ol.
1,
p.
385,
n.
1;
Forsn
996,
p.
58,
nos.
5.1, 5.2,
and
p.
136;
Mikalson
998,
pp.
148-
149;Tsirigoti-Drakotou
006,
p.
291.
91.
Kawadias
1896,
pp.
20-22;
AM
21
(1896),
p.
463;
Philadelpheus
927,
pp.
161-162;
Judeich
931,
p.
412;
Travlos,
thens,
p.
301-302;
Mikalson
1998,
pp.
148-149;
Tsirigoti-Drakotou
2006,
p.
291;
Costaki
006,
pp.
490-
491,
no.VI. 12.The sitewas ocated
between lataion nd Salaminos
Streets,
robably
n Peiraios.
ostaki
(2006,
pp.
490-491,
no.
VI.12)
identi-
fies tas the ntire ast
ideof heblock.
92. On the
overing
fthe
graves,
see n.
9,
above.
93. On the
findspot,
hich emains
approximate,
ee
Matthaiou
003,
p.
198;
also
Stichel
998,
pp.
150-151
(with
map),
157,
with urther
ibliog-
raphy.
n the
nscription
nd the
relief,
see Wenz
1913,
pp.
61-66;
Tod
1948,
pp.
18-20,
no.
104;
Clairmont
983,
pp.
212-214;
Bugh
1988,
pp.
136-140;
Lawton
1992,
p.
242;
APMA
,
p.
67,
no.
77;
Nmeth
994;
Kaltsas
002,
p.
158,
no.
312;
Rhodes
nd Osborne
2003,
pp.
40-43,
no.
7A;
Hildebrandt
2006,
pp.
96-98.
94.
On the
ite,
ee
Karagiorga-
Stathakopoulou979,pp.22-23;
Costaki
006,
p.
484,
no.
V1.3.Mat-
thaiou
2003,
p.
199)
reports aving
seen he
asualty
ist
n
the
toreroom
of he
phoreia.
t
may
havebeen
re-
used n
one ofthe
Roman nd
Late
Roman
graves
r
theLate
Roman
building
mentionedn
the xcavation
report.
orthe
relief,
ee
Kaempf-
Dimitriadou986.
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8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance
19/42
5l6
NATHAN T.
ARRINGTON
from lataion
treet,
utwith o cross-street
ecorded,
ornes
complete
casualty
ist romhe
ighting
n
theChersonesen 447
IG
F
1162).95
Near he
indspots
f hese
ists,
t
KerameikoundPlataion treets
(Pits),
0
regularits
L. 1.10-1.35,
W.
0.35-0.65,
. 0.80-1.05
m)
were
foundugnto heAcademyoad.96hepits ormedroughemicirclef
three
rregular
ows ear hewestern
dge
f he oad.
lairmont
uggested
that
hey riginally
eld arnakes
ontaining
he shes ffallen
oldiers,
with ases or telai
earingasualty
ists et bove hem.97
he
positions
of he
its resentchallenge
o Clairmont
nterpretation,
owever,
or
the
haphazard lacement
fthe
graves
nd the
ccompanying
telai n
the oad tself ouldhave
reatedmore f nuisance
especially
or
he
relay
unners
ho
ompeted
nthe
oad)
han n
mpressive
nd
espectful
memorial.98
oreover,
ome
of the
nscribed
istswould have been
crowdednd concealed
y
others,
aking
hem ifficulto read. here
were o traces f shorwoodwithinhe
uttings.99
he
chronology,
oo,
is
problematic
or lairmont
nterpretation.
he
pits ppear
ohave ut
throughour f he ive ncienturfacesf heAcademy oad andwere
in urn ut
y
Hellenisticrain.
lthough
he
ublished
eport
oes
not
provide
ates
or he oad
urfaces,
comparison
ith hedated urfaces
furtherorth t Plataion 4 and
Zografou uggests
hat he
digging
f
the
its
ook
lace
n theHellenistic
eriod.100
f
so,
he
pits
hemselves,
and
any
monuments
heymight
avebeenassociated
ith,
wouldnot
have een isible or
ong,
ecause
f heir estruction
y
heHellenistic
drain.
erhaps,
ather
han
eing eceptacles
or
arnakes,
he
its
erved
some unctionelated
o theracesheld
long
heroad.
heymay
have
supported
stand or
pectators
r
udges.
Alternatively,heymay
ave
been ssociated
ith ther ctivitiesf
he
phebes
ho
gathered
t the
Marathon
enotaph.
n
any
vent,
n
ight
f heir
ocation ndunusual
nature,t eemsikelyhat he itsweren omeway onnected ith vents
that o