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TRANSCRIPT
NASA Technical Memorandum 107630
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CORRELATIVE MEASUREMENT OPPORTUNITIESBETWEEN ATLAS-1 AND UARS EXPERIMENTS
Edwin F. Harrison, Fred M. Denn, and Gary G. Gibson
May 1992
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53/67 0114000
N/LqANaliol_al Aeronallli(;s andSpace Adminislralion
Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia 23665-5225
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920021491 2020-05-29T00:27:48+00:00Z
CORRELATIVE MEASUREMENT OPPORTUNITIES
BETWEEN ATLAS-1 AND UARS EXPERIMENTS
Edwin F. Harrison*, Fred M. Denn t, and Gary G. Gibson t
SUMMARY
The first ATmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS-I)
mission was flown aboard the Space Shuttle from March 24 to April 2, 1992. The
ATLAS-1 instruments provided a large number of measurements which were
coincident with observations from experiments on the Upper Atmosphere
Research Satellite (UARS). During the ATLAS-1 mission, simulations were
performed to predict when and where coincident measurements between
ATLAS-1 and UARS instruments would occur. These predictions were used to
develop instrument operation schedules to maximize the correlative
opportunities between the two satellites. Results of the simulations provide
valuable information for ATLAS and UARS scientists to compare coincidentmeasurements between various instruments on the two satellites.
INTRODUCTION
A major goal of the ATLAS program (Torr and Sullivan, 1992) is to achieve
underflights of the UARS to obtain correlative measurements between the two
missions. The UARS (Reber, 1990), launched on September 12, 1991, carries a
variety of scientific instrumentation for studying the composition and dynamics of
the atmosphere. Several UARS instruments are making global measurements of
the vertical distributions of ozone, methane, water vapor, and several minor
species involved in the chemistry of the ozone layer. The ATLAS is a Shuttle
mission designed to be flown about once per year during an 11-year solar cycle to
obtain extensive observations of the Sun and the Earth's atmosphere. The
combination of the results from the UARS and the complementary atmospheric
measurements from ATLAS experiments will greatly advance the understanding
of the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. Maximum use of the two satellite data
sets will be provided when coincident measurements are obtained.
*Atmospheric Sciences Division, NASA Langley Research Center,
Hampton, VA 23665-5225
tLockheed Engineering and Sciences Company, Hampton, VA 23666
ORBITAL AND INSTRUMENT SIMULATIONS
Computer simulations of satellite orbital characteristicsand sensor techniqueswere developed to determine time and space coverage capabilities for the various
experiments on the two satellites (Harrison and Gibson, 1981). First-order orbital
perturbations were included to take into account Earth's nonsymmetrical
gravitational field and the motion of the Earth with respect to the Sun (Brooks,
1977). Coincident measurement opportunities between sensors on the two
spacecraft are determined by comparing the coverage of pairs of instruments(Harrison et al., 1990).
UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE (UARS)
The UARS orbital elements are given in Table 1. These elements are based on
orbital data supplied after the UARS yaw maneuver and orbit adjust burn on
March 23, 1992. The UARS orbit was updated on March 26. Four UARS
instruments are simulated: the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE),
Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer
(CLAES), and Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS). TheHALOE is a solar occultation instrument. The MLS and CLAES are limb scanners
mounted at a fixed azimuth (90") on the spacecraft. The UARS flight direction
(backward or forward) determines which way the MLS and CLAES view with
respect to the velocity vector. They always look toward the dark side of the
spacecraft. For our simulations, MLS and CLAES are the same. The ISAMS is also
a limb-viewing sensor, but can be programmed to look out either side of the
spacecraft. The ISAMS was not operating at the beginning of the ATLAS mission,
but did resume taking data on March 27, 1992. A summary of instrument viewing
characteristics used in the simulations is given in Table 2.
To aid in visualizing the coverage of the various UARS instruments, Figure la
shows the geographical distribution of HALOE occultation tangent points, and
Figure lb gives a latitudinal history of HALOE coverage for the ATLAS-1 mission
time frame. Figure 2 gives similar data for MLS and CLAES. This coverage also
applies to the ISAMS instrument whenever it is viewing in the same direction as
MLS and CLAES. Figure 3 shows geographical and latitude-temporal coverage for
the ISAMS viewing toward the illuminated side of the spacecraft (designated
ISAMS-R). The ISAMS-R coverage is shown only after the instrument resumed
operation on March 27. All data are for a tangent height of 30 km.
ATMOSPHERIC LABORATORY FOR APPLICATIONS AND SCIENCE (ATLAS-I)
The ATLAS-1 orbital elements are given in Table 1. The ATLAS-1 orbit was
updated twice during the mission, and the ATLAS-UARS coincident
measurement predictions revised as appropriate. Three ATLAS-1 instruments are
simulated: Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS), Millimeter-Wave
Atmospheric Sounder (MAS), and Shuttle Solar Backscatter UltraViolet (SSBUV).
The ATMOS is a solar occultation instrument. There are viewing obstructions at
2
azimuths within 15"of the spacecraft axis, but this constraint is not included in
the simulations. The azimuth angle (beta) is, however, given in the tabular
listings of coincident measurements. The Grille spectrometer (GRILLE) also looks
at occultations, so that instrument would have the same coverage as the ATMOS.
The MAS looks at an azimuth 90" to the velocity vector and, like the MLS and
CLAES on the UARS, views toward the dark side of the spacecraft. The MAS was
also simulated viewing toward the sunlit side of the spacecraft. This "reverse"
viewing option is referred to as the MAS-R. Other instruments such as the
Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imaging (AEPI) and Imaging Spectrometric
Observatory (ISO) look at the limb over the same Shuttle wing as the MAS, so
MAS results also apply to these instruments. Finally, the SSBUV is simulated as
nadir viewing with a restriction that solar zenith angle be 0" to 90". A summary
of instrument viewing characteristics used in the simulations is given in Table 2.
Figure 4a shows plots of ATLAS ATMOS (or GRILLE) occultation tangent points
latitude vs. longitude with separate symbols for sunrise and sunset; Figure 4b gives
latitude vs. time for this instrument. Figures 5, 6, and 7 show similar plots for the
MAS scanner viewing toward the dark side of the ATLAS, for the nadir-viewing
SSBUV, and for the MAS-R (viewing toward the sunlit side of the ATLAS),
respectively. All limb-viewing data are for a tangent height of 30 km.
ATLAS-UARS CORRELATIVE MEASUREMENTS
Computer programs were developed to compare each ATLAS measurement point
for a given instrument with all measurement points of a selected UARS sensor
that occur within a specified time interval. For each UARS orbit pass, the closest
point meeting both time and distance constraints is determined. For these
simulations, each ATLAS instrument was assumed to operate continuously
throughout the mission.
Correlative opportunities were determined for the various instrumentcombinations on the two satellites. A miss time of 3.5 hours was used for all cases.
Miss distance was 2000 km for the two occultation instruments (ATMOS vs.
HALOE), 500 km for occultation instruments vs. the limb scanners and nadir-
viewing sensor, and 200 km for coincident measurements between non-
occultation instruments. Plots of latitude vs. longitude and latitude vs. time are
presented for the coincident measurements between the ATLAS (ATMOS) and theUARS (HALOE) in Figures 8a and 8b. For these two experiments, there are 148
correlative measurement opportunities. Similar data for the ATMOS vs.
MLS/CLAES/ISAMS (93 opportunities) and ATMOS vs. ISAMS-R (14
opportunities) are given in Figures 9 and 10. Coincident measurements between
the HALOE and MAS (253 opportunities), HALOE and SSBUV (15 opportunities),
and HALOE and MAS-R (89 opportunities) are shown in Figures 11, 12, and 13,
respectively. Figure 14 presents the 335 correlative opportunities between the
SSBUV and MLS/CLAES/ISAMS, and Figure 15 shows SSBUV vs. ISAMS-R (707
opportunities). Finally, the 1282 coincident opportunities between the MAS and
MLS/CLAES/ISAMS are shown in Figure 16.
3
For each of these combinations, tabular data were generated to fully describe each
coincident measurement point. The tabular output includes (for each satellite) theGreenwich Mean Time (GMT), mission elapsed time, satellite latitude and
longitude, viewing angles with respect to the spacecraft velocity vector,
geographical location of the measurement point, time and distance between the
measurement points of the two instruments, and, in some cases, the solar zenith
angle at the viewed point. Tabular data are given in Table 3 for the two solaroccultation instruments (ATMOS and HALOE). The ATMOS measurements
coincident with MLS, CLAES, and ISAMS are presented in Table 4. Note that the
ISAMS instrument did not operate until March 27. ATMOS data coincident with
the ISAMS-R (ISAMS looking toward the sunlit side of UARS) are given in Table
5. Tables 6, 7, and 8 show coincident measurement results for HALOE compared
with MAS, SSBUV, and MAS-R, respectively.
The remaining cases are comparisons between limb scanners or between a limb
scanner and the nadir-viewing sensor. These comparisons involve a large
volume of data, require considerable computation time, and result in a large
number of coincident measurement opportunities. Tabular output for these casesis not included.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Data are presented to show the correlative measurement opportunities between
various experiments on ATLAS-1 and UARS. A large number of such
opportunities was available during the ATLAS-1 mission, and these predictions
were supplied to mission planners to aid in scheduling instrument operations to
maximize correlative data opportunities for the experiment scientists. The results
in this report should be useful to scientists in assessing the correlative data
available for analysis.
REFERENCES
Brooks, D. R.: An Introduction to Orbit Dynamics and Its Application to Satellite-
Based Earth Monitoring Missions. NASA RP 1009, November, 1977.
Harrison, Edwin F. and Gary G. Gibson: Orbital Analysis for the Upper-
Atmosphere Research Satellite Missions. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,
18, 138-140, 1981.
Harrison, Edwin F., Fred M. Denn, and Gary G. Gibson: Mission Analysis for
Coincident Measurements of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite and
Space Shuttle Experiments. AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Conference, AIAA-90-
2870, Portland, OR, August 20-22, 1990.
Reber, Carl A.: The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. Eos Transactions,
American Geophysical Union, 71, 1867, 1990.
Torr, Marsha R. and Kathryn D. Sullivan: The ATLAS-1 Shuttle Mission. Eos
Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 73, 105, 1992.
4
30
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LONGITUDE
Figure l a. Geographical distribution of UARS HALOE occultation points.
90
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TIME, DAYS
Figure 1b. Latitudinal history of HALOE coverage.
90
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Figure 2a. Geographical distribution of UARS MLS/CLAES/ISAMS scanner points.
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Figure 3a. Geographical distribution of UARS ISAMS-R scanner points.
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Figure 3b. Latitudinal history of ISAMS-R coverage.
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Figure 4a. Geographical distribution of ATLAS ATMOS/GRILLEsolar occultation points.
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Figure 4b. Latitudinal history of occultation coverage for ATMOS/GRILLE.
8
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Figure 5b. Latitudinal history of scanner coverage for MAS.
9
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Figure 7a. Geographical distribution of ATLAS MAS-R scanner points.
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Figure 8a. Geographical coverage of coincident measurement points betweenATLAS ATMOS/GRILLE and UARS HALOE.
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Geographical coverage of coincident measurement points betweenATLAS ATMOS/GRILLE and UARS MLS/CLAES/ISAMS.
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Figure 9b. Latitudinal coverage history of coincident measurement pointsbetween ATMOS/GRILLE and MLS/CLAES/ISAMS.
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Figure 10a. Geographical coverage of coincident measurement points betweenATLAS ATMOS/GRILLE and UARS ISAMS-R.
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14
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Figure 11 a. Geographical coverage of coincident measurement points betweenUARS HALOE and ATLAS MAS.
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Figure 12a. Geographical coverage of coincident measurement points betweenUARS HALOE and ATLAS SSBUV.
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Figure 12b. Latitudinal coverage history of coincident measurement pointsbetween HALOE and SSBUV.
16
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Figure 13a. Geographical coverage of coincident measurement points betweenUARS HALOE and ATLAS MAS-R.
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Figure 14a. Geographical coverage of coincident measurement points betweenATLAS SSBUV and UARS MLS/CLAES/ISAMS.
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Figure 16a. Geographical coverage of coincident measurement points betweenATLAS MAS and UARS MLS/CLAES/ISAMS.
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I Form ApprovedREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMa No.o7o4-o,_e
Pubhc r_,ocrtm:l _,,r0_c, _c;r (h,_ _:h_r_,,n _;f ;,,fo_m _t; _ '_ ,'_trmated _ l,*'_,_e 1 hour per re_pons(,, nc udmg the time for rev.ew,nq instructions, searchlnq e_rstmg data _our(e_.
_bertf"2 .,t_,9 m._m! _.q,_ lh_. J,_t,_ Jlt'£._d ,l_r_, ,m_h,_m; ,_.cl r_,._,_m_ the : _,lle_?lr_ ,-)t mforr_,_t_on Send (omrnent_ v_.'_ard_nq this b_rden p_t_rnale Or an_ other _sDect Of rh_sc._ll_Lt_, r_ bt ;r_,_rrn,_t_L_r_ r_ct_dl_ W _uGrJe_l :,_ f_r r,_d_, mq _h_ our_ n t,:: _-.'._h,n,_tor_ _,ea_quarter_ Services. Directorate for _nlorm_DOrl OPerations ,_nd _eF_brt_, 121_ 3efferson
[)_s H_Jll,Vd _, S:_I_ 120 '_., .\_l_r _IO_'. C, _2,'L1. _ 4 J_;; ,',d I;, th_ (3i!i I, _l \%_,,,_deme_t and Hudge_ .UaperworK Reductron Project (0704-0188), 4Vashtn£]%,3n, L_C 20503
1. AGENCY USE ONLY _Leave Mank) 12" REPORT DATE
i May Z 2, ,,4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Correlative Measurement OpportunitiesBetween ATLAS-1 and UARS Experiments
6. AUTHOR(S}
Edwin F. Harrison, Fred M. Denn, and
Gary G. Gibson7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAM[(_,) AND ADDRFSS(ES)
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA 23665-5225
9. SPONSORING, MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND AODRESS(FS)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, DC 20546-0001
3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVEREDTechni ca1 Memorandum5. FUNDING NUMBERS
618-22-31-02
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZ.ATIONREPORT NUMBER
10. SPONSORING/MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER
NASA TM-107630
tl. SUPPLEMENTARY NQTE'S
Edwin F. Harrison: Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia.Fred M. Denn and Gary G. Gibson: Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Company,
Hamtp_nLVirgi nia.12a DISTRIBUTION AVAdABRITY S';ATi_MINT i 12b D!STRtBUTION CODE
UNCLASSIFIED-UNLIMITED
Subject Category 47
The first ATmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS-I)
mission was flown aboard the Space Shuttle from March 24 to April 2, 1992.
The ATLAS-1 instruments provided a large number of measurements which
were coincident with observations from experiments on the Upper
Atmosphere Research Satellite COARS). During the ATLAS-I mission,
simulations were performed to predict when and where coincidentmeasurements between ATLAS and UARS instruments would occur. These
predictions were used to develop instrument operation schedules to maximize
the correlative opportunities between the two satellites. Results of the
simulations provide valuable information for the ATLAS and UARS scientists
to compare measurements between various instruments on the two satellites.
14 SUBJECT I[RMS
17
Correlative satellite
atmospheric sciences exISECURITY CLASSIFICATIGN |18
OF REPORT I OF
Unclassified _ U,'F..',: < _='_(> i, ' ._>L 1 _I!Q
'ements; orbital mechanics;
iments; ATLAS; UARSdRITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
[HIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT
classif£ed Unclassi f£ed
"_ NUMBER OF PAGES
6316 PRICE COD8
A0420. LIM;TJgTION OF ABSTRACT
_3".a_da_d Fo:m 298 (!'_v 2 89)