nasa facts a new dimension in space experimentation

8/6/2019 NASA Facts a New Dimension in Space Experimentation

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I V / % S A FactsAn Edu cational Publicationof the NASA-NF-14 U)National Aeronautics and L ik ch I tIL j TA Tl %jbSpace Administration pdce Ad willisti df / Fu^ nvc /17[ NV

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A New Dimension in space Experimentation

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1 ; : -space Shuttle has brought a totally newdimension to space travel and to the possibilities forscientific experimentation in space. The Long Duration

Exposure Facility (LDEF) provides a bold new opportunityfor scientific research which will take advantage of the

Shuttle's ability to place payloads in space and later

retrieve them.

The LDEF is a large, unmanned facility which in-

expensively accommodates numerous technol.)gy,science and applications expenments requiring a free-flying exposure in space. The reusable, 12-sided structureis approximately 14 feet (4.3 meters) in diameter arid 30feet (9.1 meers) long, just the right size to comfortably fit

in half of the Shuttle's payload bay. I-DEF will be placedin orbit by the Space Shu r9e during its spring 1984 mission.

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A New Dimension in SpaceExpetimerriabon

Fifty-three scientific and technological experimentsdeveloped by more than 200 investigators from univer-sities, private industry and govemment laborato r ies areparticipating in the first LDEF mission. LDEF contains 86trays into which experiments are mounted. Each experimenter received one or more trays, approximately 50inches (127 cm) long and 38 inches (5 16.5 cm) vMrfe, with

depths of 3, 6, or 12 inches (7.6 cm, 15.2 cm and 30.5cm), into which his,'her experiment was placed. Theloaded trays were then sent to NASA for placement onLDEF . After the flight, the experim ents will be returned tothe individual experimenters for laboratory analysis.Guidelines for LDEF experiments included modest elec-trical power and data processing requirements and theability to benefit from postflight studies.

The Shuttle's remote manipulator system willremove the LDEF from the payload bay. Before release,the LDEF's longit , tdinal axis will be aligned with the localEarth vertical axis After careful orientation, the gravity

stabilized facility will ^-e released in ;pace in a low-Earthorbit about 300 miles (482 kilometers) above the Earth'ssurface.

After approximate, one year in space, the LDEFMil be retrieved by the Shutt:9 and returned to Earth.

The LDEF opportunity is an exciting one for in-vestigators. As a retrievable spacecraft, it allows in-vestigators to gather data over a long period of time andhave their experiments returned to them for in-depthanalysis. This greatly increases the kinds of testing thatcan be done and the number of investiga t ors who can beinvolved.

The LDEF undergoes final checkout at NASA's Langley Research

Center poor to shipment to Kennedy Space Center for experiment tray

integration.

Typical LDEF Expenment Tray


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SHUTTLE-LDEF MISSION PROFILE

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The LDEF Is a relatively Inexpensive spacecraft. Inthe past, very sophisticated and expensive spacecraft

have beer, required for scientific experimen ation in space.The experiments have had to rely on telemetry and com-plex systems to transmit data back to Earth. LDEFdramatically reduces costs because it allows experimentsto be accomplished with very inexpensiv. flight hardware.Its retrievability eliminates the need for e; pensive

telemetry to transmit data, and because t uses gravity forstabilization, it doesn't require a propulsi r m system andhas no need for equipment to ke? ) it or cou,se.

LDEF is reusable and can be Rod with new ex-penment trays for subsequent missions, which could oc-cur about every 18 months.

Understanding Our Cosmic Origins

A number of LDEF experiments should ulrlocksome of the secrets of space and provide valuable infor-mation about our universe and its origins. These experiments will obtain samples for postflight laboratorystudy of cosmic dust, interstellar gases and evenpreviously unobtainable subatomic radiation particles.

Each of these samples can contribute unique informationto guide scientists to make better models of the creationand evolution of our universe.

The comets and planets were probably formedfrom the same primordial gas and dust reservoir. The

original dust, which contributed to the build up of ourEarth and the other planets in our solar system, has beensignificantly altered and no longer resembles the originalmaterial. Comets, on the other hand, have spent most oftheir life in the frozen depths of outer space; and thus thedust which resulted in their buildup has escaped many ofthe external proceoses that have altered the planers.LDEF will fly experiments to capture cometary dust. Thepostflight laboratory analysis of this dust will reveal bothits chemical and isotopic composition important keys to

its creation.

By sampling and studying space matter, such as cosmic dust. cosmic

rays and interstellar gases. LDEF experiments should provide new In

sight Into the origin and evolution of our un,veme Shown here Is theOrior- Nehula a huge mass of ^n!erstellar duSt and ctas

There are many theories as to how our universeevolved. Many of these theories are based on the ob-served abundance of various elements and isotopes in thesmall sample ofnaterial that has been observed from oursolar system. The LDEF will fly the Interstella r Gas Experi-

ment to obtain samples of gases that originated outsideour solar system. Postflight analysis of the abundance of

isotopes of the inactive gases present in the samples willprovide new data for the evaluation of current theories of

the origin and evolution of the Universe. Scientists shouldgain insight into the nucleosynthetic (element building)processes that have occurred in the evolutionary process.


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Much of the radiation encountered in space is, it

fact, the encountering of subatomic particles. Cosmicrays, for example, are the nuclei of atoms travelingthrough space at speeds approaching the speed :)f light.

LDEF's Ultra-Heavy Cosmic Ray Nuclei Experi-

ment will gather data which can be used in determiningthe relati .te abundance of ultra-heavy nuclei of elementsvarying in density from zinc to uranium. The relativeabundance of these nuclei is important in identifying thespecific processes that took place in the creation andevolution of the universe. These uhra-heavy nuclei arerare in space. Because of its size and the I3ngth of itsmission, LDEF wili gather ten times more data on thesenuclei than has been gathered by all experiments per-formed to date. In addition to providing a betterunderstanding of how our universe evolved, this experi-ment may reveal currently unknown nuclei processes.

Determining The Long Term Effects of the SpaceEnvironment on Living Things

Space is still a new frontier for man, for he hasspent relatively little time 'beyond the confines of his

planet. The longest time period that any United States'astronauts have logged in space occurred during the84-day mission of Skyiab 4 in 1273. There is much to belearned about the nature of the environment of outerspace and the effects of prolonged exposure on the peo-ple, materials and equipment sent there. Because it is im-possible to duplicate the space environment on Earth, theonly viable laboratory for studying the space environmentis in space itself.

Radiation is a natural phenomenon present inspace. As people spend greater periods of time in space,they will be exposed to larger doses of radiation. It is

known that radiation xpost r ,

- has a cumulative effectand that substantial es over time can lead to medicalr nmplications. Because it is impractical to increase thethickness of spacecraft for greater shielding, it is criticalthat we understand the kinds and levels of radiation towhich humans in space will be exposed. Radiation, infact, may ultimately be the deciding facto. on how long aperson may stay in space.

LDEF's Biostack Experiment will study the effectsof radiation on living organisms. Numerous layers ofplastic will be stacked with living organisms, including

biomolecules and plants. Organisms selected for this ex-

periment had to be small enough to fn into the experi-

These deformed shrimp were grown from eggs flown aboard theApol lo 17mission. LDE F's B ostack Experimentwill 6etermine the long-term etfects of space exp osure on shrimp egg s and other livingorganisms.

ment package and capahle of surviving the prolongedperiod in space. In postflight analysis, researchers will be

able to trace the path of the nuclei striking the experi-ment and also to analyze the effects of radiation on theorganisms. For example, the shrimp eggs being flown onthis experiment will later be cultivated. Scientists will beable to identify which eggs have been struck by c smicrays and to determine what impact this encounter hashad on the developing organism.

Long-Term Effects of the Space Environment onMaterials and Hardware

A substantial number of LDEF experiments aredesigned to gather information on how materials,coatings, electronic parts and thermal control systems areaffected by exposure to the space environment. LDEF of-fers a unique opportunity to measure the effects of en-vironmental factors such as radiation, vacuum, extremetemperatures and collision with spare matter. Researchersknow from experience that materials and hardware used

in spacecraft degrade over time and this degrading im-pacts the valid4y o1 data being transmitted. Prior to mak-ing a significant economic, investment in large spacestructures or space stations, engineers must u, iderstandhow structural and mechanical properties o f materials andcoatings change over time in space so they can assuretheir durability in space for time periods of up to 20 yearsor longer.

Monitoring the Earth's thermal balance is criticei tofife on Earth. Changes in the Earth's energy balance --called the Earth radiation budget could result in changesin climate and growing seasons, as well as increased in-cidence of skin cancer.


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Solar and thermal radiation detectors on pastEarth radiation budget satellites have degraded over timein space, changing the sens.4ivity of spacecraft in-struments ano causing the generation of incorrect data.One LDEF experiment will expose instruments like those

used on previous Earth radiation budget satellites to thespace environment. Researchers hope to learn moreabout what causes the degradation so that future in-struments can be built to assure greater stability.

Polymer Matnx Composite Materials Ecpenmew

A number of experiments will expose a wide varie-

ty of composite materials to the space environment.Composites, plastic materials with extremely high-strength

fibers placed Inside, are planned for use in the building ofspace platforms, space stations and other space struc-tures because they are lighter and stronger than metaisThese experiments will provide critical information on the

durability of composites in space.

The rhermal Control Surfaces Ecpenr-ent is a flying laboratory which

takes daily measurements of surface changes in 25 samplas of thermalcontrol materials

Coatings, such as paints and other insulativematerials, act as passive thermal controls in helpingspacecraft systems maintain their required operating

temperatures. The integrity of coatings is essential tospacecraft function. Changes in absorptivity and emissivi-

ty of the coatings, caused by such factors as atomic ox-ygen impingement and radiation, can radically affectsystem performance. Several LDEF experiments will pro-vide long-term space ex p osure for a wide variety ofcoatings.

The atomic oxygen present in space degradesmaterials, often causing sur`ace erosion and changed sur-facz! characteristics. One experiment will expose selectthermal control surfaces to atomic oxygen in near-Earth

orbit. By analyzing exposed samples, investigators wi ll geta clearer picture of the effects of atomic oxygen. Thisdata will be helpful in assuring the flight worthiness of

future Shuttle payloads such as the Space Telescopeand the High Energy Astronomy Observatory.


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Active Optimal Sy,temr, Components Expenment

Other materials experiments deal with dosimeters(radiation detectors), semi-conductors, mirrors, lenses,polymer films, fiber optics and balloon materials. The e'-fW,s of long duration exposure on active optical svcemscomponents, such as cameras, lamps and laser tubes.Will 31SO be studied.

Seeds In Space - An Opportunity ForStudent Investigation

Upper elementary through university level students

will have an exciting opportunity for first-hand experimen-tation with tomato seeds flown aooard LDEF.

Packaged tomato seeds being plaufd in canMeta for the. `,pace Expos

ad Expenment Developed for Students.

Approximately twelve million seeds, packaged indacron bags and sealed in aluminum canisters, will beflown in the SEEDS (Space Exposed ExperimentDeveloped for Students) tray. An equivalent number ofseeds from the same seed lot will be stored in a ground-based facility and will serve as the control seeds. Allseeds were provided by the Park Seed Company ofGreenwood, S.C.

After the LDEF is retrieved from o,bh and broughtback to Earth, NASA will return the flight seeds to ParkSeed Company for analysis and subsequent packaging in-

to laboratory kits for educational use. Each kit will contain50 control seeds and 50 flight seeds, along with at leastone recommended experiment. Students will be able touse the seeds to design their own experiments.

A wide variety of experimental possibilities existusing the flight and control seeds. Germination rates,seed embryos, photctropic reactions and fruit productsmay be compared. Students could also consider the im-pact of changes in environmental factors, such as water,humidity, soi! and pollutants. University students couldperform chromosome studies and studies of hormonaland growth regulators.

The program encourages active student involve-ment and a multidisciplinary approach. It allows studentsto design their own experiments and to be involved indecision making, data gathering and reporting of finalresults.

Tomato seeds were selected because their smallsize permitted large quantities to be flown in a relativelysmall area and because tomatoes are a plant type familiarto all areas of the United States. Also, they are relativelysimple to germinate and grc w.

Information on how educators can obtain the kitswill be disseminated during the 1994-85 school yearthrough professional meetings and educational journals

The kits will be distributed during the fall of 1995. Duringthe spring of 1996, students will be asked to report theirresults back to NASA, which will issue a summary reportfor distribution to all SEEDS participants.


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Power Generation In Space

Electrical power is critical to the function of mostspacecraft. Once most spacecraft achieve orbit, they re-

quire electricity for activities such as experiment operationand data transmission.

Solar cells, which harness solar energy and con-

vert it to electricity, have proven to be a very effectivemeans of generating power in space. Small, lightweightand relatively inexpensive, they convert the Sun's energyto meet spacecraft electrical needs.

As experiments become more complex, so dotheir power requirements. Space experimentation in thefuture will place e ien q.-eater demands on solar cells.

Because solar cells mu s t remain relatively unshield-

ed to be effective, they are part;-Harty vulnerable to thedegrading effects of space (radiation, particulate con-tamination, etc.) which result in decreased efficiency. OneLDEF experiment will attempt to determine the effects ofspace on solar cells and components such as covers,adhesives and encapsulants. Preflight and postflightmeasurements of chemical, electrical and optical proper-ties of thrse materials will help researchers evaluate the

effects c r long-term space exposure.

Advanced Notovoltak Expenment

The Advanced Photovoltaic Experiment will deter-mine the performance and endurance of advanced solarcell designs under space conditions. This highly

sophisticated flying laboratory will provide a time historyof cell performance in space. Data recorded in this experi-

ment will provide information for solar cell calibration toassure accurate results over time in space.

Spacecraft encounter streams of charged particlesas they move through space. These particles act as con-ductors, draining electrical power and sometimes causingarcing, which can result in a loss of energy from arrays of

solar cells. The Space Plasma High Voltage Drainageexperiment will study this phenomenon by subjectingsamples of nonconductive materials used in solar arraysto high voltage fields in space to determine their in-spacecurrent drainage behavior. After postflight analysis,researchers hope to be able to specify allowable voltagelevels for the tested materials when they receive pro-longed use in space.

Fiber Optic Data Transmission Experiment shown during receptionand inspection activity.

Fiber optic materials have potential use onspacecraft in place of conductors in electrical systems. Inan effort to assure the invulnet ability of fiber opticssystems to radiation, NASA and the Department ofDefense are flying fiber optic cables on LDEF to see howthe space environment may affect the accuracy of datatransmission.


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Experimentation With Crystals

Crystals, extensively used in integrated circuitry,

need to be of high purity. Because the production cfpure crystals is greatly improved in a gravity-free environment, space provides the perfect medium for theirgrowth.

These calcium tartrate cry stals were grown in space during the Apollo,Soyuz Test Project. Experiments on the growth of lead sulfide, calciumcarbonate and TTF-TCN O crystals in space will be flown aboard thefirst LD EF mission.

Thermal Control Experiments

Several LDEF experiments test a relatively simple

device called a heat pipe to assure precise temperaturecontrol.

A heat pipe is a mechanism that operates totransfer heat or cold from one spacecraft component toanother. It uses a substance, such as ammonia orethanol, which is a liquid at the cool end of the pipe and

a gas at the hot end. The substance naturally movesback and forth along a wick to transfer heb, and co f, asneeded .

A number of spacecraft applications could benerrtfrom such a precise temperature control system that a-quires no electrical power. Several LDEF experiment, willevaluate the performance capability of different heat pipedesigns. Heat pipes work most efficiently in the zero-

gravity environment of space which provides the ultimatetest environment for these devices.

LDEF

Some crystal experiments have flown already onShuttle missions. Those being flown aboard the first

LDEF mission will be able to grow crystals for a longerperiod and will result in crystals of greater size.

Tiny crystal wafers used to store information willbe part of another crystal experiment. Lasers are used towrite information on the crystal, which is later read by a3-D illuminating light source. These wafers can storeenormous quantities of data approximately 10' 1 bits ofinformation in an area the size of a fingernail. Researcherswill be stuOying how the crystals . nd their stored datamight degenerate during the exposure period.

Another experiment will study the effect of orbitalradiation on quartz crystal oscillators. These oscillators,

used as clocks on satellites, often experience frequencydrift caused by space radiation. This experiment shouldlead to a better understanding of the frequency drift pro-blem.

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Summary

The Long Duration Exposure Facility will explore

the space environment for future long duration spacemissions. It is a test bed for materjals and system com-ponents to be used in future spacecraft and space stationmissions.

This mi&. ,n will reveal something of man'scosmic roots and perhaps provide insight into the future

of our solar system. The knowledge gained from LDEF'sexperiments will have far reaching implications on man'sfuture in space and should result in new technology thatwill improve his life on Earth.


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LDEF Experiments and Principal Investigators

Materials. Coating and Therm al Systems

GRO WTH OF CRYSTALS FROM SOLUTIONS IN L;1W GRA VITY - M. David Lind, Rockwell International Scienceand K jeld F. Nielsen, Technical Universir/ of Denm ark.

ATOM IC OXY GEN STIMULATED OU TGASSING - Robert L. Scott, Jr. , Southern University and Roger C. Linton, N

Marshall Space Flight Center.

THE INTERACTION O F ATOMIC OXYG EN W ITH SOLID SURFA CES AT OR BITAL ALTITUDES John C. GregoUniversity of Alabam a in Hu ntsville, and Palmer N . Peters, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.

INFLUENCE OF EXTENDED EXPOSURE IN SPACE O N MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-TOUGHNESS G RAEPDX Y CO MPO SITE MATE RIAL - David K. Felbeck, University of Michigan.

EFFECT OF SPACE EXPO SURE O N SPACE BASED RADAR PHASED A RRAY ANTENN A - Richard J. Delasi, MartRossi, James B. W hiteside, Martin Kesselman, Ronald L. Heuer, and Frederick J. Kuehne, Grum man A erospace Corpora-tion.

EFFECT OF SPACE EXPOSURE ON SOME EPDXY MATRIX COMPOSITES ON THEIR THERMA L EXPANSION ' \NDMECH ANICAL PR OPER TIES - Robert Elberg, S.A. Matra, France.

SPACE EXPO SURE OF CO MPOSITE MATERIALS FOR LAR GE SPACE STRUCTUR ES - Wayne S Slemp, NASALangley Research Center.

EFFECT O F THE SPAC E ENV IRON MENT O N CO MPO SITE MATERIALS - Michel Parcelier, Aeroapatiale, France.

MICROW ELDING O F VARIOU S METALIC MATERIALS UND ER ULTRA VACUU M - Jean Pierre Assie, AerospatialFrance.

EVALUATION O F LONG-DURATION EXPOSURE TO THE NATURAL SPACE ENVIRONMENT ONGRA PHITE/POLYIMIDE AND GR APHITE/EPDXY MECHAN ICAL PROPERTIES - J. Howard Powell and Douglas WW elch, Roa kw ell International Corporation.

THE EFFECT OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT EXPOSURF ON THE PROPERTIES OF POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITE

MATE RIAL - R.C. Tennyson and J.S. Hansen, Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto.

SPACE EN VIRON MENT E FFECTS ON SPACECR AFT MA TERIALS - Paul Schall, The Aerospace Corporation andcui; ,estigators.

BALLO ON MATER IALS DEGR ADA TION David H. Allen, Texas AEtM University.

THERMA L CON TROL COATING S EXPER IMENT - A . Paillous, CERT/ONERA DEBTS, France, and J.C. GuillavmonCNES/CST, France.

EXPOSUR E OF SPA CECRAFT C OATINGS W ayne S. Slemp, NASA Langley Research Center.

THERMA L CON TROL SURFACES EXPERIMEN T - Donald R. Wilkes and Harry M. King, NASA M arshall Space FligCenter

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ION BEAM TEXTURED AND COATED SURFACES EXPERIMENT - Mic iael J. Mirtich, Jr., NASA Lewis Research Center.

CASCADE VARIABLE CONDUCTANCE HEAT PIPE Michael G. C: r o.e and Leslie D. Calhoun ll, McDonnell DouglasAstronautics Company.

LOW TEMPERATURE HEAT PIPE EXPERIMENT PACKAGE FOR LDEF Roy Mclntosf , Jr., and Stanford 011endorf,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; and Craig R. McCreight, NASA Ames Research Cer'vr.

TRANSVERSE FLAT PLATE HEAT PIPE EXPERIMENT James W. Owen, NASA Marshall Space Flip!,! Center, and FredEdelstein, Grumman Aerospace Corporation.

LDEF THERMAL MEASUREMENTS SYSTEM - Rebert F. Greene,Jr.,

NASA Langley Research Center.

Power and Propulsion

SPACE PLASMA HIGH VOLTAGE DRAINAGE EXPERIMENT - William W. L. Taylor and Gene K. Komatsu, TRW Space

and Technology Group.

SOLAR ARRAY MATERIALS PASSIVE LDEF EXPERIMENT - Ann F. Whitaker, Charles F. Smith, Jr., and Leighton G.

Your , q, NA;,A Marshall :,pace Flight Center; Henry W. Brandhorst, Jr., and A. F. Forestieri, NASA Lewis Research Center;Edward M. Gaddy and James A. Bass, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; and Paul M. Stella, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

ADVANCED PHOTOVOLTAIC EXPERIMENT - Henry W. Brandhorst, Jr., and A. F. Forestieri. NASA Lewis Research

Center.

INVESTIGATION OF CRITICAL SURFACE DEGifADATION EFFECTS ON COATINGS AND SOLAR CELLS DEVELOPED

IN GERMANY Ludwig Preuss, Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm, Space Division, Federal Republic of Germany.

SOLID ROCKET MATERIALS SPACE AGING EXPERIMENT - Leon L. Jones Morton Thiokol Inc.

Science

INTERSTELLAR GAS EXPERIMENT Don L. Lind, NASA Johnson Space Center; and Johannes Geiss and Fritz Buhler,University of Berri, Switzerland.

A HIGH RESOLUTION STUDY OF ULTRA-HEAVY COSMIC RAY NUCLEI Denis O'Sullivan, Alex Thompson and

Corrnac O'Ceallaigh, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland; and Vicewe Domingo and Klaus-Peter Wenzel, Euro-pean Space Agency, ESTEC, The Netherlands.

HEAVY IONS IN SPACE Maurice M. Shapiro, James H. Adams, .Jr., Rein Silberberg and C.H. Tsao, Naval ResearchLaboratory.

TRAPPED PROTON ENERGY SPECTRUM DETERMINATION - Frederick J. Rich and Irving Michael, Air Force GeophysicsLaboratory; Gerald J. Fishman, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Paul ' . Sagalyn, Army Materials Et MechanicsResearch Center; Peter J. McNulty, Clarkson College of Technolog y : Y.V. Rao, Emmanuel College; and Christopher E.Laird, Eastem Kentucky University.

MEASUREMENT & 7 HEAVY COSMIC RAY NUCLEI ON LDEF Rudolf Beaujean, WoHgang Enge and Georg Siegmon,Kiel University, Federal Republic of Germany.

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RADIATION DO SE A ND LET SPECT RA M E/ ' SUREME NTS - Eugene V . Benton, Universi ty of San Frencisco, and A. P3mell, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.

MU LTIPLE F0IL MICRO ABR ASION PAC KAGE - J .A.M. McD onnell , D.G. Ashwonh, W.C. Carey, R.P. Flavill anJennison, University of Kent, United Kingdom .

STUDY OF ME TEOROID IMPACT CRATE RS ON VA RIOUS MATERIALS - J -C. Mandeville , CERT/ONERA D EBTS,France.

ATTEM PT AT DUST DEBR IS COLLECTION WITH STACKED DETE CTORS - J-C. Mandevil le , CERT/ONE RA DEFrance.

THE C HEM ISTRY OF M ICROM ETEO ROIDS - Friedrich Horz, David S. McKay, and Donald A. Morrison, NASA JSpac e Center; Donald E. Brow nlee, University of Wa shington; and Robert M. Hou sley, Rockwell International SciencCenter.

CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC MEASUREM Er TS OF MICROMETEROIDS BY SECONDARY ION MASS SPE CTRJohn Foo te, Patrick Swan, Ro bert M. Walker, and Ernst% inner, McDonn ell Center for the Space Science s; Dieter Ba

Hugo Fecht; 1, and F lm a Jessberger, Max-Planck Instrtut fur Kemphysik, Federal Republic of Germany,- Eduard IgenbergUwe Kreitmayr, and Heribert Kuczera, Technische Universitat Munchen, Federal Republic of Germany; Eb3rhard S chneErnst Mach-Institut, Federal h, publi,; of Germany,- and Norbert Pailer, Domier System GmbH, Federal Republic of Ger

INTERPLANE TARY D UST E XPERIME NT - S. Fred Singer and John E. Stanley, University of Virginia, and Philip C. Kassel,J r _ NASA Langley Research Center.

SPAC E DEB RIS IMPACT E XPER IMENT - Donald H. Humes, NASA Langley Research Center.!METEOROID DAMAGE TO SPACECRAFT - Consortium of Investigators.

FREE FLYER BIOSTACK E XPERIMENT - Horst Bucke r, DFVL R, Institute for Flight Medicirro. Federal Rep ublic of Germaand 37 -ornvestigators.

SEE DS IN SPA CE George B. Park , Jr., and J im A . Als ton , George WP ark Seeo Compa ny, Inc.

SPACE EXPOSED EXPERIMENT DEVELOFED FOR STUDENTS (SEEDS), Doris Grigsby, Experiment Coordinator, NHeadquarters.

Electronics and Optics

HOLOG PAPH IC DATA STO RAGE CRYSTA LS FOR THE LDE F - W. Russell Callen and Thomas K. Gaylord, GeorgInstitute of 'echno logy

E X PO URE TO SPA CE RADIATION OF HIGH PERFORM ANCE INFRARED M ULTILAYER FILTERS AND Ml 'TETE( JOLO GY EX PER IMEN TS John S. Seeley, R. Hunnernan and A. Whatley, University of Reading, United Kiam) R. Lipscombe, British Aerospace Co rporation, United Kingdom,

EFFECT OF SPACE EXPOSURE ON PYROELECTRIC INF RARE D D ETECTO RS Jam es B R ober tson , !van 0 . Clark , andRoger K. Crouch, NASA Lang:,-y Research Center.

THIN ME TAL FILM AND MULTILAYERS EXPE RIMENT - J . P. Delaboudirr iere and J . .,1 . Berset , CNRS/ LPSP, Fr

VACUUM-DEPOSITED OPTICAL COATINGS EXPERIMENT - A. Malherbe, MATRA/SFOM Optical Division, FrI


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RULED AND HOLO GRAP HIC GRA TINGS EXPFR IMENT - Gilbert Moreau, Instn,ment SA'JOBIN YVO N Uivision

OPTICAL FIBERS AND CO MPO NENTS EX'ERIMEN T - J . BouTieau, CERT/ONE RA-DEBTS, France.

PASSIVE EXPOSURE OF EARTH RADIATION BUDGET E XPERIMENT COM PONENTS - John R. Hickey and FranGriffin, The Eppley Laboratory Inc.

EFFECT OF S OLAR RADIATION O r ' GLASSES - Ronald L. Nichols , NASA M arsnall Space Fl ight Center, and DonaKinser, Vanderbilt Urive sits.

STUDY OF FACTO RS DETERM INING THE RAD IATION SENSITIVITY OF QUA RTZ CRYSTAL. OSCILLATORS -

Venables and Joh n S. Ahearn, M artin Marietta Labor3t0nes.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECI S OF LONG DURATION FXPOSUR E ON ACTIVE OPTICAL Sti STEM COM PON- M. Dona ld Blue, James J. G allagher, and R-G. Sha ckelford, Georgia Instituteo f Technology.

FIBER OP TIC DATA TRANSM ISSION EXPERIMEN T - Alan R. Johnston and Larry A. Beroman, . le t PropulsionLaboratory.

SPACE E NVIRONM ENT EFFECTS O N FIBER OPTICS SYSTE MS Edward W . Taylor, Air Force Weapons Laborato

SPACE ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. , and Richard G. Madonna, Air Force Technical ApplicatioCenter-, Lynn P. Altadonna, Perkin-Elmer,- Michael D. D'Agostir,o and Joseph C hang, Grum man Aerospace Co rpo(ation;and R. R. Alf ano and Van L . Caplan, The City College, New York City.

Fur aIr 1,) tItr Ruprrin I rndrnl - , rI1initrtt l!_ V 4 G,,t rrnmrt t Print lny; tt@Irr Wa. I,I ng It, it. 11 t' 2414112

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nasa facts a new dimension in space experimentation

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