Narration TechniquesNarration Techniquesforfor

Class XII YearClass XII Yearbyby

Lecturer Saima MustafaLecturer Saima MustafaEng. Dept. DCW Ph VIIIEng. Dept. DCW Ph VIII

Learning TensesLearning Tenses

Present, Past and Future tenses are discussed.Present, Past and Future tenses are discussed. Verb format in each tense is analyzed.Verb format in each tense is analyzed. Students contribute through debate.Students contribute through debate.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHDIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech is that form of narration in which the actual Direct speech is that form of narration in which the actual words of a speaker are reported.words of a speaker are reported.

She says, “I am working in the kitchen.”She says, “I am working in the kitchen.”Reporting Speech------- Reported SpeechReporting Speech------- Reported Speech

Indirect Speech is that form of speech in which what one Indirect Speech is that form of speech in which what one speaker says is reported by another with utmost accuracy but speaker says is reported by another with utmost accuracy but without using that person’s actual words.without using that person’s actual words.

Rules apply according to the tense of the Rules apply according to the tense of the Reporting speech.Reporting speech.

Narration Rules Narration Rules Changing from Direct into Indirect Changing from Direct into Indirect

SpeechSpeech Elimination of inverted commas.Elimination of inverted commas. Change of pronouns.Change of pronouns. Certain words that change when converted Certain words that change when converted

into indirect.into indirect. Change regarding questions and exclamations.Change regarding questions and exclamations.

Rules Contd.Rules Contd. In the indirect speech the commas are omitted.In the indirect speech the commas are omitted. The conjunction The conjunction that - that - except in certain cases except in certain cases

like commands, exclamations and questions - like commands, exclamations and questions - is used to join the reporting speech and the is used to join the reporting speech and the reported speech.reported speech.

The capital letter of the first word of the The capital letter of the first word of the reported speech is replaced by a small letter.reported speech is replaced by a small letter.

The pronouns in the reported speech are to be The pronouns in the reported speech are to be changed when necessary.changed when necessary.

Rules Contd.Rules Contd.

The tense of the reporting verb is never The tense of the reporting verb is never changed.changed.

The tense of the verb in the reported speech The tense of the verb in the reported speech changes to agree with the tense of the verb in changes to agree with the tense of the verb in the reporting speech to maintain the proper the reporting speech to maintain the proper sequence of tense.sequence of tense.

Change of PronounsChange of Pronouns Pronouns of the first person are changed to the person of the Pronouns of the first person are changed to the person of the

subject of the reporting speech.subject of the reporting speech.For example: He says, “I have no money with me.”For example: He says, “I have no money with me.”He says that he has no money with him.He says that he has no money with him. Pronouns of the second person are changed to the person of Pronouns of the second person are changed to the person of

the noun/pronoun to whom the reported speech is addressed.the noun/pronoun to whom the reported speech is addressed.For example: You said to Zain, “I would be happy to For example: You said to Zain, “I would be happy to welcome you in my house.”welcome you in my house.”You said to Zain that you would be happy to welcomeYou said to Zain that you would be happy to welcome him in your house.him in your house. Generally, the pronouns of third person in the direct speech Generally, the pronouns of third person in the direct speech

remain unchanged in the indirect speech.remain unchanged in the indirect speech.For example: He said, “ She is a good person.”For example: He said, “ She is a good person.”He said that she was a good person.He said that she was a good person.

Rules Regarding Tense Rules Regarding Tense

If the verb of the reporting speech is in the If the verb of the reporting speech is in the

Present or Future tense, the tense of the Present or Future tense, the tense of the

reported speech does not change.reported speech does not change.

Contd.Contd.

Present/Future Indefinite---- Remains the samePresent/Future Indefinite---- Remains the same

Present/Future Cont.--------- Remains the samePresent/Future Cont.--------- Remains the same

Present/Future Perfect------- Remains the samePresent/Future Perfect------- Remains the same

Present/Future Perfect Cont.- Remains thePresent/Future Perfect Cont.- Remains the samesame

ExamplesExamples

Direct: He says, “I am a poor but honest man.”Direct: He says, “I am a poor but honest man.” Indirect: He says that he is a poor but honest Indirect: He says that he is a poor but honest

man.man. Direct: He will say, “ I am a humble man and Direct: He will say, “ I am a humble man and

do not wish to offend anyone.”do not wish to offend anyone.” Indirect: He will say that he is a humble man Indirect: He will say that he is a humble man

and does not wish to offend anyone.and does not wish to offend anyone.

Examples Contd.Examples Contd.

Direct: Your father will say, “Life was very Direct: Your father will say, “Life was very hard during the war.”hard during the war.”

Indirect: Your father will say that life was very Indirect: Your father will say that life was very hard during the war.hard during the war.

Direct: He says, “Dogs would be hard to beat Direct: He says, “Dogs would be hard to beat in faithfulness.”in faithfulness.”

Indirect: He says that dogs would be hard to Indirect: He says that dogs would be hard to beat in faithfulness.beat in faithfulness.

Rules Regarding Tense Contd.Rules Regarding Tense Contd.

If the verb of the reporting speech is in the past If the verb of the reporting speech is in the past

tense, the verbs of the reported speech- in the tense, the verbs of the reported speech- in the

present tense- are changed to past tense.present tense- are changed to past tense.

Contd.Contd.

Present Indefinite is changed to Past IndefinitePresent Indefinite is changed to Past Indefinite

Present Continuous-------to Past ContinuousPresent Continuous-------to Past Continuous

Present Perfect----------to Past PerfectPresent Perfect----------to Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous-- to Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous-- to Past Perfect ContinuousContinuous

ExamplesExamples Direct: He said, “I am a school teacher.”Direct: He said, “I am a school teacher.” Indirect: He said that he was a school teacher.Indirect: He said that he was a school teacher. Direct: He said, “ I am going to sell my shares.”Direct: He said, “ I am going to sell my shares.” Indirect: He said that he was going to sell his shares.Indirect: He said that he was going to sell his shares. Direct: The guest said to his host, “I have really Direct: The guest said to his host, “I have really

enjoyed my stay at your house.”enjoyed my stay at your house.” Indirect: The guest said to his host that he had really Indirect: The guest said to his host that he had really

enjoyed his stay at his house.enjoyed his stay at his house. Direct: The student said, “I have been doing a lot of Direct: The student said, “I have been doing a lot of

hard work.”hard work.” Indirect: The student said that he had been doing a lot Indirect: The student said that he had been doing a lot

of hard work.of hard work.

Rules Regarding Tense Contd.Rules Regarding Tense Contd.

If the verb of the reporting speech is in the If the verb of the reporting speech is in the

Past tense and the tense of the reportedPast tense and the tense of the reported

speech is in the Future tense then will/shallspeech is in the Future tense then will/shall

change to would (in exceptions it changes to change to would (in exceptions it changes to should).should).

ExamplesExamples

Direct: The manager said to me, “I will Direct: The manager said to me, “I will personally see that you get all you need.”personally see that you get all you need.”

Indirect: The manager said to me that he Indirect: The manager said to me that he would personally see that I got all I needed.would personally see that I got all I needed.

Direct: He said, “I shall be coming back in a Direct: He said, “I shall be coming back in a day or two.”day or two.”

Indirect: He said that he would be coming Indirect: He said that he would be coming back in a day or two.back in a day or two.

Rules Regarding Tense Contd.Rules Regarding Tense Contd.

If the verb of the reporting speech is in the If the verb of the reporting speech is in the

Past tense and the tense of the reportedPast tense and the tense of the reported

speech is also in the Past tense then following speech is also in the Past tense then following

changes take place:changes take place:

Contd.Contd.

Past Indefinite changes to Past perfectPast Indefinite changes to Past perfect

Past Continuous-----to Past Perfect ContinuousPast Continuous-----to Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect remains as Past PerfectPast Perfect remains as Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous remains as PastPast Perfect Continuous remains as Past Perfect ContinuousPerfect Continuous

ExamplesExamples Direct: He said, “Jimmy was in the room.”Direct: He said, “Jimmy was in the room.” Indirect: He said that Jimmy had been in the room.Indirect: He said that Jimmy had been in the room.

Direct: I said to her, “I was planning to visit you.”Direct: I said to her, “I was planning to visit you.” Indirect: I said to her that I had been planning to visit her.Indirect: I said to her that I had been planning to visit her.

Direct: He said, “I had not expected my friend to reach so Direct: He said, “I had not expected my friend to reach so soon.”soon.”

Indirect: He said that he had not expected his friend to reach Indirect: He said that he had not expected his friend to reach so soon.so soon.

Direct: The nurse said, “I had been working voluntarily.”Direct: The nurse said, “I had been working voluntarily.” Indirect: The nurse said that she had been working voluntarily.Indirect: The nurse said that she had been working voluntarily.

NoteNote

If the reported speech expresses a universal If the reported speech expresses a universal truth,truth,

its tense will not change.its tense will not change.

ExampleExample

Direct: He said, “The world is round.”Direct: He said, “The world is round.”

Indirect: He said that the world is round.Indirect: He said that the world is round.

QuestionsQuestions

a. When a question witha. When a question with why, what, how, where, why, what, how, where,

when, etc. when, etc. is to be changed intois to be changed into indirect speech,indirect speech,

the verb of the reporting speech is replaced bythe verb of the reporting speech is replaced by

inquired, demanded or asked, inquired, demanded or asked, and theand the

conjunction conjunction that that is not used. The question is not used. The question

changes into a statement.changes into a statement.

ExamplesExamples

Direct: I said to him, “What is your next Direct: I said to him, “What is your next plan?”plan?”

Indirect: I asked him what his next plan was.Indirect: I asked him what his next plan was. Direct: He said to the little boy, “Why are you Direct: He said to the little boy, “Why are you

crying?”crying?” Indirect: He inquired of the little boy why he Indirect: He inquired of the little boy why he

was crying.was crying.

QuestionsQuestions

b. When questions beginning with an auxiliaryb. When questions beginning with an auxiliary verb are to be changed into indirect speech, verb are to be changed into indirect speech,

if if or or whether whether is used to join the reporting is used to join the reporting

speech and the reported speech, and the question speech and the reported speech, and the question

is converted into a statement.is converted into a statement.

ExamplesExamples

Direct: The stranger said to me, “Are you Direct: The stranger said to me, “Are you willing to contribute to our charity?”willing to contribute to our charity?”

Indirect: The stranger asked me if I was Indirect: The stranger asked me if I was willing to contribute to their charity.willing to contribute to their charity.

Direct: He said to the teacher, “Do you think Direct: He said to the teacher, “Do you think my essay is good?”my essay is good?”

Indirect: He asked the teacher whether she Indirect: He asked the teacher whether she thought his essay was good.thought his essay was good.

Commands and RequestsCommands and Requests

In indirect speech, commands and requests are In indirect speech, commands and requests are

introduced with an infinitive and the reporting introduced with an infinitive and the reporting

verb is replaced by verb is replaced by told, ordered, commanded, told, ordered, commanded,

requested etc., requested etc., according to the sense of the according to the sense of the

sentence.sentence.

ExamplesExamples

Direct: He said to his servant, “Fetch me a Direct: He said to his servant, “Fetch me a glass of water.”glass of water.”

Indirect: He ordered his servant to fetch him a Indirect: He ordered his servant to fetch him a glass of water.glass of water.

Direct: I said to him, “Please sit down.”Direct: I said to him, “Please sit down.” Indirect: I requested him to sit down.Indirect: I requested him to sit down. Direct: He said , “Let us go out for a walk.”Direct: He said , “Let us go out for a walk.” Indirect: He proposed that they should go out Indirect: He proposed that they should go out

for a walk.for a walk.

Desires and ExclamationsDesires and Exclamations

When desires and exclamations are changed into When desires and exclamations are changed into

indirect speech, the reporting verb is replaced by indirect speech, the reporting verb is replaced by

wished, desired, exclaimed, cried, wished, wished, desired, exclaimed, cried, wished,

prayed, desired etc. prayed, desired etc. and and that that is used as a conjunction to is used as a conjunction to

join the reporting speech and the reported speech.join the reporting speech and the reported speech.

ExamplesExamples

Direct: He said, “Hurrah! I have topped again.”Direct: He said, “Hurrah! I have topped again.” Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that he had topped Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that he had topped

again.again. Direct: She said, “How ugly do I look in this dress!”Direct: She said, “How ugly do I look in this dress!” Indirect: She exclaimed that she looked very ugly in Indirect: She exclaimed that she looked very ugly in

that dress.that dress. Direct: The old beggar said to me, “May God bless Direct: The old beggar said to me, “May God bless

you my son!”you my son!” Indirect: The old beggar called me his son and prayed Indirect: The old beggar called me his son and prayed

that God might bless me.that God might bless me.

Change of Words Denoting Time Change of Words Denoting Time and Positionand Position

The words showing nearness in time and spaceThe words showing nearness in time and space

are changed to words showing distance unlessare changed to words showing distance unless

the sense requires otherwise, for example inthe sense requires otherwise, for example in

He said, “I wandered here and there.”He said, “I wandered here and there.”

we cannot replace we cannot replace herehere by by therethere..

Change of Words Contd.Change of Words Contd.If the reporting verb is in the past tense:If the reporting verb is in the past tense: Direct Speech Indirect SpeechDirect Speech Indirect Speech this/these that/thosethis/these that/those here therehere there now thennow then last {the previouslast {the previous the…before…}the…before…} next {the next next {the next the following…the following… the …after}the …after} today that daytoday that day tonight that nighttonight that night yesterday {the previous dayyesterday {the previous day the day before}the day before} tomorrow {the next daytomorrow {the next day the following daythe following day the day after}the day after}the day before yesterday the day before the previous daythe day before yesterday the day before the previous daythe day after tomorrow the day after the next daythe day after tomorrow the day after the next day last night the previous nightlast night the previous night next week the following weeknext week the following week

Changing from Indirect to Direct Changing from Indirect to Direct SpeechSpeech

Use say/said as the reporting verb instead of Use say/said as the reporting verb instead of said/told/stated.said/told/stated.

If the reporting verb is in the past tense, make If the reporting verb is in the past tense, make the requisite change of tense in the direct the requisite change of tense in the direct speech.speech.

Make the necessary changes of person.Make the necessary changes of person. Replace words denoting remoteness by the Replace words denoting remoteness by the

corresponding words denoting nearness.corresponding words denoting nearness. Put the direct speech within inverted commas.Put the direct speech within inverted commas.

ExamplesExamples

Indirect: She says she likes going to the seaside.Indirect: She says she likes going to the seaside. Direct: She says, “I like going to the seaside.”Direct: She says, “I like going to the seaside.” Indirect: You said to me that you had been reading a Indirect: You said to me that you had been reading a

very interesting book the previous day.very interesting book the previous day. Direct: You said to me, “I was reading a very Direct: You said to me, “I was reading a very

interesting book yesterday.”interesting book yesterday.” Indirect: The girl asked her mother whether she might Indirect: The girl asked her mother whether she might

wear that dress.wear that dress. Direct: The girl said, “May I wear this dress mother?”Direct: The girl said, “May I wear this dress mother?”

Narration PracticeNarration Practice

Students build the ability to distinguish Students build the ability to distinguish between different rules.between different rules.

Students learn to choose correct method and Students learn to choose correct method and apply it.apply it.

Students improve their ability to come up with Students improve their ability to come up with correct answers.correct answers.

ENDEND

Thank YouThank You for your patience. By this time the for your patience. By this time the

concepts regarding Narration are pretty clear. Aconcepts regarding Narration are pretty clear. A

little practice off and on is required to make little practice off and on is required to make

the students ready for any challenges.the students ready for any challenges.